Dissertationen zum Thema „Glass grid“

This thesis explores an alternate typology for a residential high rise in the Hudson Square neighborhood in Manhattan. The units that make up the building are organized with stairs and corridors placed along the interior perimeter of the unit which both bound the central floor space and expose it, creating a layered vertical circulation space around a central, permeable core. The collective organization of units within the building recapitulate their interior organization to form the building object creating a whole that is governed by the same organizational rules as the parts. The building is created as an object in the city meant to frame the duality between transparency and reflection, between lines and surfaces and ultimately between exhibition and anonymity.
Master of Architecture

The diploma thesis deals with the design of an additional device for the application of glass grid rolls GlasGrid® and functional calculations. Diploma thesis was created in collaboration with company Saint-Gobain ADFORS. The designed equipment must be able to lay all the currently produced sizes of the rolls, connectable to the widest possible range of laying machines and must be possible to transport the equipment over a longer distance. The laying equipment must also comply with the strength analysis and functional calculations.

Introduction: The survival of dental implants depends on osseointegration. Modifications to the implant surface are attractive for promoting the success of the implant. Abrading the surface of the implant with bioactive glass is an attractive option for improving the speed of osseointegration. Aims: To develop a bioactive glass that has the ability to enhance the surface roughness of the implant by embedding particles into the surface and to investigate the effect of grit blast parameters on the removal of the titanium from the surface. Methods: Three glasses based on SiO2-CaO-Na2O-P2O5-CaF2 were synthesized by a melt quench technique. The glasses were characterised and investigated for their bioactivity. Titanium discs were abraded with coarse glass particles by using a grit blast technique with different parameters, such as, distance, air pressure and speed. The depth, width of the abraded line and surface roughness (Ra) were measured by light profilometer. The distribution of the glasses on the titanium surface was measured by SEM-EDX. The biocompatibility of the abraded discs was tested in vitro using MC3T3-E1 cell line. Results: All glasses exhibited an amorphous structure with varied bioactivity. Changing the abrasion parameters influenced the amount of titanium removed and the surface coverage. The harder the glass the lower the amount of titanium removed and the wider the width of the abraded area. The Ra was significantly increased from 0.1μm to 1.6μm. The SEM-EDX analysis confirmed that the glasses were widely distributed and a higher coverage was seen with the harder glass. The abraded discs showed good biocompatibility in vitro. Conclusions: The designed compositions were successfully modifying the surface of the titanium. They are abrasive enough to significantly embed into the titanium surface by using the grit blast technique and increase their surface roughness. TheIntroduction: The survival of dental implants depends on osseointegration. Modifications to the implant surface are attractive for promoting the success of the implant. Abrading the surface of the implant with bioactive glass is an attractive option for improving the speed of osseointegration. Aims: To develop a bioactive glass that has the ability to enhance the surface roughness of the implant by embedding particles into the surface and to investigate the effect of grit blast parameters on the removal of the titanium from the surface. Methods: Three glasses based on SiO2-CaO-Na2O-P2O5-CaF2 were synthesized by a melt quench technique. The glasses were characterised and investigated for their bioactivity. Titanium discs were abraded with coarse glass particles by using a grit blast technique with different parameters, such as, distance, air pressure and speed. The depth, width of the abraded line and surface roughness (Ra) were measured by light profilometer. The distribution of the glasses on the titanium surface was measured by SEM-EDX. The biocompatibility of the abraded discs was tested in vitro using MC3T3-E1 cell line. Results: All glasses exhibited an amorphous structure with varied bioactivity. Changing the abrasion parameters influenced the amount of titanium removed and the surface coverage. The harder the glass the lower the amount of titanium removed and the wider the width of the abraded area. The Ra was significantly increased from 0.1μm to 1.6μm. The SEM-EDX analysis confirmed that the glasses were widely distributed and a higher coverage was seen with the harder glass. The abraded discs showed good biocompatibility in vitro. Conclusions: The designed compositions were successfully modifying the surface of the titanium. They are abrasive enough to significantly embed into the titanium surface by using the grit blast technique and increase their surface roughness. The glass abraded discs show both good bioactivity and biocompatibility in vitro.

Cette thèse traite de l’effet des grilles en fibre de verre, utilisées pour renforcer les structures routières, sur la liaison entre deux couches d’enrobés bitumineux, la durée de vie en fatigue et le module de rigidité des ´éprouvettes cylindriques renforcées, ainsi que sur les déflexions mesurées sur une section de route renforcée in situ. Des essais de cisaillement (LEUTNER) ainsi que de module et de fatigue (ITT) ont été conduit sur des éprouvettes renforcées et non renforcées en utilisant différentes grilles, différentes émulsion ainsi que différentes quantités d’émulsion. Pour ces essais, une surface de test a été construite in-situ, de laquelle les ´éprouvettes ont ´été extraites. Une section de route in-situ a ´également été construite, renforcée avec 3 différentes grilles et avec deux sections de références. Les déflexions de la chaussée ont été déterminées avant et après les travaux. Une modélisation de la structure a été faites basée sur les résultats des mesures de déflexion
This PhD-study evaluates the impact of glass fibre grids, used to reinforced asphalt structures, on the bonding between two asphalt layers, the fatigue life and the stiffness modulus of reinforced cylindrical specimens as well as on the deflections measured on a reinforced in-situ road section. Shear tests (LEUTNER) as well as modulus-tests and fatigue-tests (ITT) were conducted on reinforced and unreinforced specimens, using different grids, different emulsions and different emulsion quantities. For this tests, an outdoor test-surface was constructed, from which the specimens were extracted. A in-situ road test section was also constructed, reinforced with 3 different grids and having two reference sections. The deflections of the road were determined before and after the construction works. A modelisation of the structure, based on the deflection measurements, was made

L’effet du renforcement de la grille en fibre de verre sur le béton bitumineux est étudié numériquement par la méthode des éléments discrets. En ce qui concerne les matériaux quasi-fragiles, l’élasticité de la modélisation est calibrée et le comportement à la rupture est vérifié par une mécanique de la rupture élastique Le comportement et la défaillance de l’interface prédominent dans la fracture des échantillons, ce qui donne lieu à un modèle d’interface simplifié. L’étalonnage des paramètres sur le module de Young et le coefficient de Poisson est effectué entre le modèle d’interface et la méthode des éléments discrets. Grâce à l'ajustement avec les résultats expérimentaux, la résistance de l'interface et le taux de libération d'énergie sont également identifiés par la méthode des éléments discrets et un modèle d'interface simplifié. En comparaison avec la mécanique de la rupture élastique linéaire, la rupture de l'interface présente une plus grande quantité du taux de libération d'énergie. La force et le taux de libération d'énergie sont réduits en raison de l'application de la grille en fibre de verre. Le comportement en fatigue est étudié à l’aide de simulations d’essais de fatigue en flexion en 4 points. Le modèle de fatigue de Bodin 'L2R' est adapté à la méthode des éléments discrets. L'effet de chaque paramètre sur l'évolution des dommages est étudié séparément. L’effet d’interface est observé lors de la prolongation de la résistance à la fatigue de toutes les phases. Les essais monotoniques et les essais de fatigue indiquent qu’une bonne liaison entre deux couches de béton bitumineux est importante pour la résistance de rupture
The effect of fiberglass grid reinforcement in asphalt concrete is studied numerically by discrete element method in this work. Firstly, concerning on the quasi-brittle material, the elasticity of modelling are calibrated, and the rupture behaviour is verified with linear elastic fracture mechanics. Then the simulations of wedge splitting tests are performed under monotonic load. The interface elasticity and failure dominate in the fracture propagation of samples, which gives rise to a simplified interface model. The parameter calibration on Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio is conducted between interface model and discrete element method. Through the fitting with experimental results, the interface strength and energy release rate are also identified by discrete element method and simplified interface model. Comparing with linear elastic fracture mechanics, the interface rupture presents more released energy. The strength and energy release rate are reduced because of the application of the fiber glass grid. The fatigue behaviour is studied by simulations of 4-point bending fatigue tests. Bodin’s fatigue model 'L2R' is adapted with discrete element method. The effect of each parameter on the damage evolution is studied respectively. The fiber glass grid helps to extent the fatigue life mainly after the fatigue cracks cross the grid. The interface effect is observed on prolonging the fatigue life of all the phases. From both monotonic and fatigue tests, it indicates that good bonding between two asphalt concrete layers is important to the resistance of rupture

The theme of diploma thesis is design of convention center situated in area of BVV Trade Fairs Brno. The location of designed buildings is reacting on surrounding buildings and important compositional axes.The convention center is crossing axis leading from historical entrance and its front glass facades open the view for dominant feature of hotel zone in south part of area.The convention center is designed as two three-storey buildings connected by bridge with sightseeing terrace and main entrance underneath. The bigger building contains main convention hall with a maximal capacity of 2300 people, two halls with a capacity of 500 and 600 people and other conference and meeting rooms with various capacity. The other building contains plenary hall with a capacity of 1100 in circular seating arrangement. The buildings are connecting to pavillions C and B, which provide spaces for opening and exhibiton parts of cenvention events. Designed convention center provides spaces for big diversity of conventional events thanks to its capacities and location.

Les verres métalliques ont commencé à être produit dans les années 1960 et sous forme massive dans les années 1980. De nombreuses études se sont intéressées à ces matériaux sous leur forme amorphe et ont conclu qu’ils avaient une forte résistance mécanique mais présentaient un comportement très fragile. Dans le cadre du projet EDDAM débuté en 2011, ces matériaux ont été introduits sous forme de petites sphères dans une matrice d’aluminium. Le premier objectif de notre étude est de voir si le verre métallique sous cette forme permet de le rendre peu fragile. Le second objectif est de trouver une alternative aux renforts céramique dans les composites à matrice métallique qui présentent une faible cohésion à l’interface matrice/inclusion. Dans le but de caractériser l’endommagement dans des nouveaux composites amorphe-cristallins métalliques, la tomographie aux rayons X a été utilisée. Cette technique permet de caractériser de manière non destructive l’endommagement des matériaux et de le visualiser en 3D. Cela apporte une contribution à l’étude des matériaux composites par rapport aux techniques classiques utilisées. L’objectif général de cette thèse a été d’étudier l’endommagement en termes d’amorçage, de croissance et de coales- cence des matériaux composites amorphe-cristallins métallique par tomographie aux rayons X lors d’essais de traction monotone in situ. Les matériaux sélectionnés sont constitués d’une matrice aluminium ("molle" de type 1070A ou "dure" de type 5083) et de renforts en verre métallique Zr57Cu20Al10Ni8Ti5 de taille peu dispersée et répartis de manière homogène, avec différentes fractions volumiques (1%, 4% et 10%). Les matériaux composites ont été élaborés par la voie de la métallurgie des poudres au Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) suivi d’une étape d’extrusion à chaud. Une attention particulière a été portée sur la caractérisation microstructurale des constituants de base. L’analyse qualitative a permis de comparer l’ensemble des composites fabriqués au SPS et ceux extrudés à chaud après SPS. Les différents modes d’amorçage de l’endommagement ont été observés ainsi que la croissance et la coa- lescence amenant la rupture des composites. L’analyse quantitative a été essentiellement consacrée au premier stade de l’endommagement. La croissance et la coalescence étant très rapide, il a été difficile de les suivre lors des essais interrompus. La modélisation d’un composite amorphe-cristallin métallique à matrice molle a été introduite dans le but de reproduire l’endommagement observé lors des analyses expérimentales. Cette première approche nécessite d’être approfondie dans le but de prédire, compte tenu des propriétés mécaniques des différentes phases et de la fraction volumique des renforts, le mode d’endommagement préférentiel apparaissant dans les composites étudiés. Elle montre cependant les prémices d’une modélisation innovante basée sur la microstructure expérimentale
Metallic glasses have been produced in the 1960s and bulk metallic glasses in the 1980s. Many studies, focused on these materials in their amorphous state, concluded that they had high mechanical strength but shown low ductility. As part of EDDAM project that started in 2011, these materials were introduced as small particles in an aluminum matrix. The first objective of this study is to see if the metallic glass is less brittle in this form. The second objective is to find an alternative of ceramic reinforcements in metal matrix composites. These materials have low cohesion at the matrix/inclusion interface. In order to characterize the damage in new amorphous-crystalline composite, X-ray tomography was used. This allows to characterize damage in materials and to obtain a 3D viewing. The main objective of this thesis was to study damage (nucleation, growth and coalescence) in composite materials using X-ray tomography during tensile tests. Selected materials are constituted of an aluminum matrix and small metallic glass reinforcements (Zr57Cu20Al_10Ni8Ti5). Composites with different volume fractions (from 1vol.% to 10vol.%) were prepared by Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) and hot extrusion. A particular attention was paid to the microstructural characterization of the basic constituents. Qualitative analysis was used to compare SPS composites with SPS plus hot extrusion composites. Damage nucleation, growth and coalescence were observed. Quantitative analysis was mainly devoted to the first damage step. Growth and coalescence were difficult to follow due to fast rupture and interrupted tensile tests. The modeling of an amorphous-crystalline composite has been introduced in order to reproduce experimental damage analyses. The first approach requires further investigation to predict damage with different volume fractions. However, this part shows the beginning of an innovative model based on the experimental microstructure

The Ghost Water exhibition of artworks by Michael Sharp was comprised of four main works titled: 30 x 60 Minute Grid Series, Suspension, History/Prehistory, and Lake Bonneville Remnants. The artwork was created as a reaction to the land that once held the prehistoric Lake Bonneville and to its current remnant Great Salt Lake. The work explores the dialogue between absence and presence.

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A reciclagem de vidros surge como alternativa ao impacto causado pelo seu descarte no meio ambiente, contribuindo para preservação dos recursos naturais, redução na emissão de gases e diminuição no volume dos aterros e lixões. O vidro pode ser infinitamente reciclado, sem que haja perda de massa ou de suas propriedades. Além disso, destaca-se pela sua beleza, por ser um dos poucos materiais capazes de refletir luz, cuja aplicação pode resultar em produtos de elevado apelo estético. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo o desenvolvimento de pastilhas para revestimento pelo processo de reciclagem de resíduos de vidros sódico-cálcicos, a partir de estudos de tratamento térmico de fusão e recozimento. Inicialmente, os vidros foram separados por cor, triturados manualmente, distinguidos em diferentes granulometrias e acondicionados em moldes de concreto celular. Em seguida, foram submetidos a diferentes tratamentos térmicos, que resultaram na fusão e recozimento, este último processo para minimizar as tensões internas que fragilizam o vidro. Desta forma, buscou-se analisar a influência das granulometrias e dos tratamentos térmicos sobre os aspectos visuais das peças; os estudos dos materiais dos moldes e sua interação com o vidro, a desmoldabilidade e o acabamento das pastilhas; os equipamentos utilizados para a cominuição dos cacos de vidro. Como resultados, definiu-se o tratamento térmico quatro (TT4) para os vidros incolores e o tratamento térmico cinco (TT5) para os vidros coloridos (azul, âmbar, verde claro e verde escuro), em busca de obter peças de textura enrugada, aspecto vítreo e superfície brilhosa. Quanto ao tratamento térmico, as análises realizadas por microscopia óptica mostraram a eliminação das tensões internas que fragilizam o vidro, assim como o teste de impacto demonstrou uma maior resistência ao choque para amostras com recozimento, comprovando, assim, sua eficácia. Quanto à viabilidade de produção, os resultados demonstraram que as pastilhas são passíveis de serem confeccionadas pelo grupo CAVI, em escala artesanal, utilizando tecnologias e recursos acessíveis ao grupo, numa perspectiva de tecnologia social.
Glass recycling is an alternative to the impact caused by its disposal in environment, contributing to preservation of natural resources, reduction in gas emissions and decrease in volume of landfills and dumps. Glass can be recycled endlessly without any loss of mass or its properties. In addition, stands out for its beauty, for being one of few materials capable of reflecting light, the implementation of which may result in high aesthetic appeal products. This research aims to develop glass pastilles for coatings by recycling process of sodium-calcium glass residues, from heat treatment studies of melting and annealing. Initially, glasses were separated by color, manually grinded, distinguished into different granulometries and conditioned in cellular concrete molds. Then were subjected to different heat treatments, which resulted in melting and annealing, the latter process to minimize the internal tensions that weaken glass. Thus, it sought to analyze the influence of grain size and thermal treatments of visual aspects of the pieces; studies of materials of molds and their interaction with glass, demoldability and finish of the tablets; equipment used for comminution of the glass. As a result, it defined the heat treatment four (TT4) for colorless glass and heat treatment five (TT5) for tinted (blue, amber, light green, dark green) in seeking to obtain pieces of wrinkled texture, glassy and glossy surface. About heat treatment, the analysis performed by optical microscopy showed elimination of internal stresses which weaken the glass, and impact test showed a greater shock resistance for samples annealed, confirming thus its effectiveness. As for viability of production, results showed that pastilles are likely to be made by CAVI group, artisanal scale, using technologies and resources accessible to the group, in a perspective of social technology.

碩士
國立彰化師範大學
機電工程學系
106
Displacement sensing is widely used in the industry and our daily life in many different ways. Capacitive displacement sensing is one of the most popular displacement sensing methods. The major advantage of capacitive sensing is non-contact sensing behavior, so it can reduce the physical wear, tear and the interference from the environment. This paper focus on the development of a novel capacitive proximity sensor and its applications. We proposed a capacitive sensor. It consists of parallel enameled copper wires and staggered positive and negative electrodes for (1) yield ratio detection of the glass ball grid array (GBGA) and (2) displacement sensing. In the aspect of the yield ratio detection of the micro assembled glass ball array, designed and fabricated the copper wire capacitor staggered positive and negative electrode scan detect the vacancy of the GBGA by monitoring the capacitance drop. One can monitor the yield ratio of the micro-assembly process of GBGA by measuring the change of the capacitance. In the aspect of displacement sensing, the relative displacements between the copper wires and the GBGA in longitudinal and transverse directions causes capacitance variations. The measurements of capacitance variations in longitudinal relative displacement have stepwise features. These features have not been seen in other capacitive displacement sensors yet. Through the computer aided simulations and experiments, we designed, fabricated, tested, and verified this capacitive device which can be used not only in yield ratio detection but also capacitive displacement sensing.

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
化學工程研究所
81
The preparation of GRIN lenses through ion-exchange between BK1 optical glass and molten saltcontaining RbCl and ZnCl was successful. A magnified imge was obvious by looking through a so-obtained GRIN lens with two flat surfaces. The magnification effect was caused by the refractive index gradient in the radial direction which was formed mainly due to the repalcement of K ion in glass by Rb ion from molten salt. Zn ion penetration near surface was detected, however,its penetration depth was shallow. The concentration profiles of K and Rb could be properly described by the solution of a nonlinear partial differential equation by assuming two monovalent ions underwent ion-exchange. Self- diffusion coefficients of K and Rb were obtained from the best fit of concentration of concentration profiles at 450℃ 、470℃、 500℃、540℃. The activation energies of K and Rb for diffusion were 55.17 kcal/mole、63.89 kcal/mole respectively. Attempts to exchange ions between LiCl/ CaClmolten salt and BK1/ZK1 optical glass failed. Thefailure was mainly due to the enhancedcrystalliza tion rate with the presence of Li.Some interesting optical phenomena was noted in the glass which was immersed in solder glass instead of molten salt. Nevertheless, we could not explain the cause of it ; we were sure it was not caused by the ion-exchange. We also successfully obtained optical glass chunks by melting. The effort was meant to fabricate optical glass with proper compositionon our own in the future. This high titania glass had no bubble, no striae by naked eyes. Unfortunately it was tinted (light brown).

碩士
聖約翰科技大學
自動化及機電整合研究所
100
The paper aims to study the aspheric glass lens micro-grind processing to improve the processing efficiency and reduce the rear of polishing process. The main topics include; Optical Lens Design, Taguch Method Optimal, Grind Force Measurements and On-line Inspection. It is adapted the Borland C++ Builder to create the window interface and design optical lens, the machining path with be produced by substituting the aspheric parameters. Taguch Method is used to find the optimum grinding parameters. compared with resin and electroform tool. Those parameters are spindle speed, feed speed, grinding direction and grinding depth. The quality characteristic is surface roughness. The result shows optimum parameters speed 50,000(rpm), forward grind, feed 10 (min/mm), deep 0.02(mm) ,that the roughness of surface in less than 0.03μm. On the other hand grinding force measurement, design regulations dynamometer measurement to optimize the grinding force of the eight-ring-type strain, The measurements in the vertical direction of the grinding force is 3.2kg, the horizontal direction is 4kg. As for visual inspection, set up the CCD camera on the machine. As the processing is completed. doing the processing of image immediately for contour detection. In order to reduce the disassembly error.

碩士
國立臺灣海洋大學
機械與輪機工程學系
92
Abstract The aims of thesis is to build a Grind-Polishing system in Incnpnated an asised energy made from vibration and flexible Fixture for a brittle workpiece such as-boron glass.The experimental results show that the cutting force is reduced And the vibration frequency plays an important role on the accuracy of the workpiece.Finally a machining strategy is PMWPM(Precision Machining Without Precision Machine),for applying to the practical system,with 95％ confidence interval,The adequate stastical models for Grind-Polishing force and surface finish are derived.The vertification experiments showed the errors are kept within 5％.