Dissertationen zum Thema „Germany Rates“
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1
Lübbert, Christoph, Lisa Zimmermann, Julia Borchert, Bernd Hörner, Reinier Mutters und Arne C. Rodloff. „Epidemiology and recurrence rates of Clostridium difficile infections in Germany“. Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-213878.
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Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is the most common cause of health-care-associated infectious diarrhea. Recurrence rates are as high as 20–30% after standard treatment with metronidazole or vancomycin, and appear to be reduced for patients treated with fidaxomicin. According to the literature, the risk of CDI recurrence increases after the second relapse to 30–65%. Accurate data for Germany are not yet available. Methods: Based on the research database of arvato health analytics (Munich, Germany), a secondary data analysis for the incidence, treatment characteristics and course of CDI was performed. The database included high granular accounting information of about 1.46 million medically insured patients covering the period 2006–2013, being representative for Germany. The analysis was based on new-onset CDI in 2012 in patients which either received outpatient antibiotic therapy for CDI or were hospitalized. Results: The ICD-10 coded incidence of CDI in 2012 was 83 cases per 100,000 population.
2
Nitzsche, Dirk. „The term structure of interest rates in the UK and Germany“. Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.307921.
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3
Flaig, Barbara [Verfasser]. „Corporate Bankruptcies in Germany. : Recovery Rates in Insolvency Plans. / Barbara Flaig“. Berlin : Duncker & Humblot GmbH, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1238496954/34.
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4
Richter, Christian. „Learning and the term structure of interest rates in Britain and Germany“. Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366905.
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5
Woo, Kai-Yin. „Empirical testing for bubbles during the inter-war European hyperinflations“. Thesis, University of Stirling, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/25424.
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In this thesis, I undertake an empirical search for the existence of price and exchange rate bubbles during the inter-war European hyperinflations of Germany, Hungary and Poland. Since the choice of an appropriate policy to control inflation depends upon the true nature of the underlying process generating the inflation, the existence or non-existence of inflationary bubbles has important policy implications. If bubbles do exist, positive action will be required to counter the public's self-fulfilling expectation of a price surge. Hyperinflationary episodes have been chosen as my case study because of the dominant role that such expectations play in price determination. In the literature, there are frequently expressed concerns about empirical research into bubbles. The existence of model misspecification and the nonlinear dynamics in the fundamentals under conditions of regime switching may lead to spurious conclusions concerning the existence of bubbles. Furthermore, some stochastic bubbles may display different collapsing properties and consequently appear to be linearly stationary. Thus, the evidence against the existence of bubbles may not be reliable. In my thesis, I attempt to tackle the above empirical problems of testing for the existence of bubbles using advances in testing procedures and methodologies. Since the number of bubble solutions is infinite in the rational expectations framework, I adopt indirect tests, rather than direct tests, for the empirical study. From the findings of my empirical research, the evidence for stationary specification errors and the nonlinearity of the data series cannot be rejected, but the evidence for the existence of price and exchange rate bubbles is rejected for all the countries under study. It leads to the conclusion that the control of the inter-war European hyperinflations was attributable to control of the fundamental processes, since the dynamics of prices and exchange rates for these countries might not be driven by self-fulfilling expectations.
6
Ohainski, Aenne. „The euro effect – the impact of EU bilateral real exchange rates on German net FDI : evidence from Germany and seven EU-countries“. Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Nationalekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-44384.
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In literature it has been stated that in times of low capital barriers policies can impact real exchange rates (RERs) and, it has been shown that RERs influence foreign direct investment (FDI). As inward FDI is a growth stimulating factor for the German economy and as more than a third of inward FDI stems from countries in the European Union (EU), this study investigates the RER-FDI link between Germany and seven EU countries. The impact of bilateral RERs between Germany and seven EU countries on German net FDI inflows is examined for the period 1974-2018. Further, it is investigated how the euro introduction in 1999 affected the RER-FDI links. Using Ordinary Least Squares models it is found that in the pre-euro period a real German currency appreciation led to decreases in net FDI from most economies in scope. This negative RER-FDI link endures for the non-euro countries Sweden, Denmark, and the United Kingdom after the euro introduction. France, Italy, and Spain, euro countries, are subject to the euro-effect: the negative RER-FDI link changes to a positive link with the euro introduction. This phenomenon indicates an altering investment behavior. The results are strengthened by a panel estimation as robustness check. As the euro-effect was not discovered in previous studies nor is a theory established explaining the altering investment behavior of euro firms, this thesis suggests an alternative explanation.
7
Theel, Thomas M. „The relation between currency value and stock returns evidence from Germany /“. View electronic thesis, 2008. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2008-3/rp/theelt/thomastheel.pdf.
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8
Biewald, Anne. „A dynamic life cycle model for Germany with unemployment uncertainty“. Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2008. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2009/3311/.
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This work analyzes the saving and consumption behavior of agents faced with the possibility of unemployment in a dynamic and stochastic life cycle model. The intertemporal optimization is based on Dynamic Programming with a backward recursion algorithm.
The implemented uncertainty is not based on income shocks as it is done in traditional life cycle models but uses Markov probabilities where the probability for the next employment status of the agent depends on the current status. The utility function used is a CRRA function (constant relative risk aversion), combined with a CES function (constant elasticity of substitution) and has several consumption goods, a subsistence level, money and a bequest function.Diese Arbeit modelliert das Spar- und Konsumverhalten von Individuen in Deutschland mit einem Lebenszyklusmodell. Dabei hat das Modell zwei Besonderheiten, erstens trifft die Möglichkeit arbeitslos zu werden nicht jeden Agenten des Models mit der gleichen Wahrscheinlichkeit, sondern wird von Bildungsabschluss und dem Beschäftigungsstatus des Agenten beeinflußt und zweitens weicht die verwendete Nutzenfunktion von den Standardnutzenfunktionen ab und implementiert Vererbung, Geld, verschiedene Güter und Subsistenzlevel. Der Optimierungsalgorithmus basiert auf Dynamischer Programmierung.
9
Osterday, Elyse Rene. „Government Policy and Total Fertility Rates: An Analysis of Germany in Stage Five of the Demographic Transition Model“. University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1383228026.
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10
Vikuk, Veronika [Verfasser], Jochen [Gutachter] Krauss und Jana [Gutachter] Petermann. „Epichloë endophyte-grass symbioses in Germany – Infection rates, alkaloid concentrations and possible intoxication risks / Veronika Vikuk ; Gutachter: Jochen Krauss, Jana Petermann“. Würzburg : Universität Würzburg, 2020. http://d-nb.info/122063414X/34.
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11
Rothe, Ulrike, Alexander Bendas, Wieland Kiess, Thomas Michael Kapellen, Thoralf Stange, Ulf Manuwald, Eckhard Salzsieder et al. „Trends in Incidence Rates during 1999-2008 and Prevalence in 2008 of Childhood Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in GERMANY – Model-Based National Estimates“. Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-191895.
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Aims
To estimate the national incidence rate and trend of type 1 diabetes (T1DM) in Germany from 1999 to 2008 and the national prevalence in 2008 in the age group 0–14 years.
Methods
Data were taken from a nationwide registry for incident cases of T1DM in the ages 0–4 years and 3 regional registries (North-Rhine-Westphalia, Baden-Wuerttemberg and Saxony) for incident cases of T1DM in the ages 0–14 years covering 41% of the child population in Germany. The degree of ascertainment was ≥ 97% in all registries. Incident and prevalent cases were grouped by region, sex, age (0–4, 5–9, 10–14 years), and, for incident data, additionally by two 5-year periods (1999–2003, 2004–2008). Poisson regression models were fitted to the data to derive national estimates of incidence rate trends and prevalence in the age groups 5–9, 10–14 and 0–14 years. We used direct age-standardization.
Results
The estimated national incidence rate in 0-14-year-olds increased significantly by 18.1% (95%CI: 11.6–25.0%, p<0.001) from 1999–2003 to 2004–2008, independent of sex, corresponding to an average annual increase of 3.4% (95%-CI: 2.2–4.6%). The overall incidence rate was estimated at 22.9 per 100,000 person-years and we identified a within-country west-east-gradient previously unknown. The national prevalence in the ages 0–14 years on 31/12/2008 was estimated to be 148.1 per 100,000 persons.
Conclusions
The national incidence rate of childhood T1DM in Germany is higher than in many other countries around the world. Importantly, the estimated trend of the incidence rate confirms the international data of a global increase of T1DM incidences.
12
Rothe, Ulrike, Alexander Bendas, Wieland Kiess, Thomas Michael Kapellen, Thoralf Stange, Ulf Manuwald, Eckhard Salzsieder et al. „Trends in Incidence Rates during 1999-2008 and Prevalence in 2008 of Childhood Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in GERMANY – Model-Based National Estimates“. Public Library of Science, 2015. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A29141.
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Aims
To estimate the national incidence rate and trend of type 1 diabetes (T1DM) in Germany from 1999 to 2008 and the national prevalence in 2008 in the age group 0–14 years.
Methods
Data were taken from a nationwide registry for incident cases of T1DM in the ages 0–4 years and 3 regional registries (North-Rhine-Westphalia, Baden-Wuerttemberg and Saxony) for incident cases of T1DM in the ages 0–14 years covering 41% of the child population in Germany. The degree of ascertainment was ≥ 97% in all registries. Incident and prevalent cases were grouped by region, sex, age (0–4, 5–9, 10–14 years), and, for incident data, additionally by two 5-year periods (1999–2003, 2004–2008). Poisson regression models were fitted to the data to derive national estimates of incidence rate trends and prevalence in the age groups 5–9, 10–14 and 0–14 years. We used direct age-standardization.
Results
The estimated national incidence rate in 0-14-year-olds increased significantly by 18.1% (95%CI: 11.6–25.0%, p<0.001) from 1999–2003 to 2004–2008, independent of sex, corresponding to an average annual increase of 3.4% (95%-CI: 2.2–4.6%). The overall incidence rate was estimated at 22.9 per 100,000 person-years and we identified a within-country west-east-gradient previously unknown. The national prevalence in the ages 0–14 years on 31/12/2008 was estimated to be 148.1 per 100,000 persons.
Conclusions
The national incidence rate of childhood T1DM in Germany is higher than in many other countries around the world. Importantly, the estimated trend of the incidence rate confirms the international data of a global increase of T1DM incidences.
13
Boltersdorf, Stefanie Helene [Verfasser], und Willy [Akademischer Betreuer] Werner. „A critical appraisal of accumulative biomonitors to assess and to map sources and rates of atmospheric nitrogen deposition on different regional scales in Germany / Stefanie Helene Boltersdorf ; Betreuer: Willy Werner“. Trier : Universität Trier, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1197700579/34.
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14
Kiffner, Christian [Verfasser], Stefan Akademischer Betreuer] Schütz, Stephan [Akademischer Betreuer] Neumann und Christian [Akademischer Betreuer] [Ammer. „Surveillance of tick-parasitized voles, mice and roe deer in Germany: Arboviral infection rates in relation to population densities and host characteristics / Christian Kiffner. Gutachter: Stephan Neumann ; Christian Ammer. Betreuer: Stefan Schütz“. Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2010. http://d-nb.info/104226161X/34.
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15
Schanze, Livia Sophie. „Language and immigration in Germany : the role of German language in recent immigration debates“. Thesis, University of Southampton, 2010. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/344779/.
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All nations with significant dimensions of immigration and ethnic minorities are facing policy tensions stemming from two contradicting fundamental constitutional principles. The establishment and preservation of nationhood seems to require cultural homogeneity and associated integration of the population living on a specified territory. However, the aim of integration is challenged by the principle of recognising and safeguarding cultural identities of minorities and immigrants. One of central debates concerns language policy. This country study concerns the recent relation of language policy and immigration policy in Germany. It is based on the analysis of public discourses circling around the legislative process and the subsequent application and amendment of the foreigners’ statute of 1997 and the immigration statute of 2004 including the Green card initiative (2000) and the debate about restrictive policies after the Madrid bombing (2004). It also contains a case study of the controversies on the German-only policy on the playground of a multi-ethnic school in Wedding, a district of Berlin. Recent media coverage shows that this example, picked in 2006, has since achieved a paradigmatic quality. The thesis outlines and applies aspects of critical discourse analysis for the interpretation of selected relevant texts, mainly contained in national quality newspapers. The case study is also based on interviews and use of correspondence addressed to the school.
16
Wallberg, Martin, und David La. „Optimal kapitalstruktur : En undersökning tillämpad på skandinaviska och tyska företag“. Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-156767.
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This paper describes and develops a trade off model of optimal capital structure by Bradley et al. (1984). The model is then tested to examine how changes in corporate tax rates affect the optimal capital structure of firms. Based on theoretical implications of the model, four hypotheses are derived stating that firms’ optimal debt-to-value ratio is (1) negatively related to financial distress costs, (2) negatively related to non-debt tax shields, (3) negatively related to firm volatility and (4) positively related to the corporate tax rate. Based on the results of two regression models applied on 753 Scandinavian and German firms, we find empirical support for hypothesis 1 and 3 while we find no empirical support for hypothesis 2 and 4. These results can be explained by problematic empirical proxies and in the light of the pecking-order theory.
17
Brandt, Birgit. „The transformation of modern citizenship ethnic minorities and the politics of citizenship in Germany“. Thesis, University of Warwick, 1999. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/59536/.
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This study examines through a case study of Germany and its politics of citizenship vis-a-vls members of ethnic minorities a) the deficiencies of a nationally bound concept of citizenship in countries of immigration; b) the transformation of citizenship into a concept that is increasingly oblivious to national borders as a result of international migration and ethnic heterogeneity. This is a development that takes place despite strenuous efforts by the nation state to maintain a nationally bounded notion of citizenship; c) finally, the role of members of ethnic minorities in inducing this transformation will be analysed by focussing on the case of Berliners of Turkish origin. The thesis is an original contribution to the development of sociological accounts of citizenship for three reasons: First, it integrates three central debates around citizenship - as regards legal status, rights and participation. Second, it contributes to the development of a new dimension to citizenship studies by analysing the social construction of citizenship from below. Finally, it provides important empirical findings that illuminate current debates on citizenship which have so far been highly abstract and theoretical. The thesis is based on empirical research that was carried out in Berlin in October/November 1996, from April to June 1997 and in May 1998. In this context, I conducted interviews with civil servants, officials and politicians at the national and city level; with members/employees of social initiatives, academics and journalists. Furthermore, I carried out qualitative, semistructured interviews with a) young Berliners of Turkish origin, and with persons of the same background who are b) active members of German political parties and trade unions; c) active in immigrant organisations.
18
Stubblebine, Michael A. „An Empirical Test of the Real Interest Rate in Germany, 1970-2000“. Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34866.
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This thesis is a empirical test of the constancy of the real rate of interest in Germany over the period of 1970 to 2000. The methodology, based on Mishkin (1981), employs Ordinary Least Squares regressions to search for correlation in movements of real rates with lagged inflation, time trends, and ten other variables that commonly appear in the literature. Overall results reject the hypothesis of the constancy of the real rate. The Fisher Effect (Fisher, 1930), that movements in nominal interest rates reflect changes in expected inflation, is found to be only moderate for Germany. The monetary policy implication is that nominal interest rates contain little information about real interest rates and therefore on the tightness of monetary policy. Overall lack of significance in the test results may (as Mishkin found) be because there is so little variation in real rate movements.Master of Arts
19
Kim, Yong Chan. „Migration system establishment and Korean immigrant association development in Germany and the United Kingdom“. Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2006. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1535/.
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20
collet, CLAIRE, und Kimberlay Duquennoy. „Did the pattern of poverty in West Germany change because of the reunification? : A cross-sectional study of poverty in West Germany“. Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för nationalekonomi och statistik (NS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-85939.
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The reunification of West Germany and East Germany occurred in 1990 and had a great impact on the country. This essay investigates the impact that reunification had on the poverty structure of West Germany on the long-run. The results indicate that reunification had a negative impact on poverty since it increased the poverty rate by 4.88 percentage point in 2000 and by 6.16 percentage point in 2005. The structure of the poor population slightly changed the year following the reunification. Five years later, the structure of the poor population was similar to what it was before the reunification. However, during this period, the income transfer became more efficient since it decreased poverty by 6 percentage point to 16 percentage point more after reunification than it used to do before.
21
Philburn, R. „Facework in English and German sociable episodes“. Thesis, University of Salford, 2003. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/2163/.
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This research focuses on cross-cultural differences in facework between English and German conversation. Specifically, the research addresses facework occurring as part and parcel of sociable conversation, as it is played out within moments of focused topic development - what I term 'sociable episodes'. Drawing on extant literature, the study identifies a range of communicative parameters along which English and German communicative style has been shown to differ, non more so than those suggesting different facework norms, and orientation to face needs as opposed to such things as ideational aspects of talk. In an attempt to address these differences, the study develops a model of facework - facework as alignment -which is posited as being appropriate to the study of essentially apolite conversational interaction. Further, although utilising the notions of ritual equilibrium (Goffman 1967) and positive - negative aspects of face (Brown and Levinson), the posited model of facework focuses specifically on aspects of sociable selfhood informing sociable conversation. It is argued that facework in sociable episodes is a matter of positive and negative alignment of sociable selves in and through the claiming of solidarity with and autonomy from other co-participants in terms of expressions of definitions, evaluations, experiences. In terms of English - German differences, these are demonstrated to be a matter of alignment of different sociable selves, ones normatively and routinely positively and negatively aligned in the achievement of sociable conversation, and ones indexing prevailing but culturally differing positive social values (Goffman 1967). The study concludes by identifying areas for future research based on the facework as alignment model developed and applied throughout the thesis.
22
Mai, Thi Van Anh. „The effects of exchange rate volatility on export : Empirical study between Sweden and Germany“. Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-14929.
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The relationship between exchange rate volatility and trade flow has been examined in a number of previous researches. The paper mainly focuses on investigating the impact of exchange rate volatility on export values from Sweden to Germany during 2000:01 and 2011:06. The Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model is employed to obtain the estimates of the long run equilibrium and the short run dynamics, simultaneously. The results indicate that the exchange rate volatility has significant short run effects on export value in majority of estimated industries while its meaningful long run impacts do not appear in any cases. However, applying the “bounds test” approach, the co-integration is also found in more than half cases due to long run impacts of other factors such as foreign income on export earnings.
23
Cieslarová, Andrea. „Analýza vývoje sazeb DPH a zdanění příjmů ve vyspělých zemích“. Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-114679.
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This thesis is dealing with development and analysis of value added tax rates and income tax rates in developed countries. Developed countries are member states of European Union and member states of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Standard value added tax rates are analysed during period 1971 till 2011 for both formations with following comparison. The development of corporate tax rates is observed from 1981 to 2011 again for both formations with comparison afterwards. For the same period of time are analysed free marginal rates of personal income tax but only within OECD. Next can be found analysis and comparisons of rates mentioned above from seven chosen states including the Czech Republic. In the final part, the development of tax rates in chosen states with respect to the development of GDP in these states is presented. The development in chosen states is surveyed for the period 1981-2011.
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Stumpfegger, Eva. „To explore how social identity influences German-Turks' financial investment decisions“. Thesis, University of Gloucestershire, 2013. http://eprints.glos.ac.uk/1056/.
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In my thesis, I explore German-Turks’ social identity and research its impact on their financial investment decisions. A systematic literature review reveals a research gap on financial investment decision making, as well as on qualitative research on social identity. I collected primary data by means of semi-structured, in-depth, multiple interviews with German-Turkish participants, who are interested in and/or hold financial investments. I analyze the data using a phenomenological approach. Social identity is found to have many different bi-cultural shades, but financial investments are clearly viewed through the lens of professional German social identity. Notwithstanding, financial investments are found to be a family affair. This includes involving experienced family members in the decision-making process, as well as providing financial support to the extended family in order to maintain a web of loyalty. My study extends social identity theory to financial investment decision making of the ethnic Turkish population in Germany, identifies a new mechanism of social creativity and explains the mechanism of bi-cultural social identity. Practical implications of my study draw on the identification of decision making processes, which involve not only the customer herself/himself but also financially literate family members. Financial services institutions can gain better understanding and access to this target group. Appropriate communication with customers and those who significantly influence buying decisions can increase customer satisfaction. Social identity theory is usually associated with quantitative research, using questionnaires and experiments for generating data; therefore my qualitative approach is methodologically relevant. Thus, I demonstrate that a qualitative approach can be applied successfully and meaningful results are obtained.
25
Aronson, Polina. „Health beliefs and help-seeking practices of migrants from the former USSR into Germany“. Thesis, University of Warwick, 2011. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/50831/.
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Persons from the former USSR constitute a significant proportion of the migrant population in contemporary Germany. Current research on their health is scarce and carried out from a medical perspective, mostly focusing on health outcomes and patterns of healthcare utilisation. In contrast, this thesis is based on a sociological approach to health as a phenomenon embedded in a complex system of social stratification and cultural traditions. The research question of this thesis is about the relationship of identity to health beliefs and help-seeking practices, and they ways migration transforms ways people think of themselves and their health. To answer this question, qualitative research needs to establish migrants' own interpretations of health and illness in the biographical context. Setting out to identify and explain a variety of native conceptualisations of health, this thesis, on the one hand, seeks to establish differences between migrant and non-migrant population, and, on the other hand, to reflect on heterogeneity of health beliefs and help-seeking behaviours across different sub-groups of former Soviet citizens in Germany. In order to pursue these research objectives, comparative qualitative research design was employed, whereby different groups of migrant population were compared with each other and contrasted to native Germans. The empirical fieldwork was carried out in Berlin in 2009-2010, and included 35 semi-structured interviews (of which 8 were carried out with experts). This thesis suggests that health beliefs and help-seeking practices of migrants from the former USSR in Germany are highly heterogeneous. Attitudes to health make up components of diverse identities acquired in the sending country and that are transformed throughout the migratory processes. First, these findings argue against generalisations about 'fatalistic' health beliefs resulting from communist ideology, a stereotype appearing in some Western literatures. Second, this thesis draws attention to the effects of socialisation in the sending country on conceptualisations of health in the country of immigration, suggesting prospects for research in future migrant generations. And third, it demonstrates that folk conceptualisations of health are hugely heterogeneous, and diverge greatly from medical views of health as an absence of illness.
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Leuwer, David. „Essays on The German Automobile Industry“. Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-149835.
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This thesis consists of four essays that study the effect of demand and supply shocks (namely exchange rate shocks, policy shocks and oil price shocks) on the German automobile industry using time series analysis techniques; i.a. intervention analysis, (time-varying) VAR models, state space modeling and Kalman filtering. Chapter 2 investigates the degree of (EUR/USD) exchange rate susceptibility of the German automobile industry (and mechanical engineering industry). It is shown that – in contrast to well-known warnings by business representatives and politicians alike – an appreciation of the Euro does not necessarily cause German vehicle producing companies “pain” in the sense of an aggravated business climate (although the (quantity) effects on exports are as predicted by theory). Chapter 3 first of all deals with the effect of the global economic crisis on the German manufacturing sector in general and the German automobile industry in particular. Even more important, the influence of the scrapping scheme, that was introduced as part of the “Konjunkturpaket II” in 2009, is researched. Chapter 4 focusses on the role of (systematic) monetary policy as well as the automobile industry in the transmission of oil price shocks to the economy. Chapter 5 extends the results of chapter 4 by examining carefully the role of fuel-efficiency in explaining the different degrees of sensitivity of the vehicle industries in Germany, Japan and the US with regard to oil price shocks.
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Guest, Sarah Alicia. „Narrating the self – women in the professions in Germany 1900-1945“. Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2011. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/2967/.
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Women’s perception of university education and professional life during the period 1900 to 1945 is the focus of this study. In order to examine these perceptions, the thesis undertakes a close textual analysis of autobiographical writings by two medical doctors, Rahel Straus (1880-1963) and Charlotte Wolff (1897-1986) and the aviator Elly Beinhorn (1907-2007). The images employed in these texts indicate the intricate ways that individual women in the professions define their sense of who they are in relation to their surroundings and how that sense may shift in different settings and at different times, or may ostensibly not shift at all. I have developed a differentiated language for the purposes of articulating the fluidity. This language allows me to take apart narrative levels and to examine the importance that is attached to gender in relation to religion, race, nationality, sexuality and professional identities. Through differentiating between narrative levels I am able to juxtapose life experiences that at first glance seem unconnected and to show this can be done without imposing binary classifications such as ‘emancipated’ or ‘un-emancipated’, as ‘political’ or ‘apolitical’ or ‘victim’ or ‘perpetrator’. The language that I have developed enables me to explore the articulation of self where it cannot be classified and where self should not be judged.
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Newton, Paul. „An Analysis of the Behavior of the Risk Premium in the German Deutschemark Forward Market: A Comparison of Pre- and Post-German Reunification of 1990 Exchange Rates“. TopSCHOLAR®, 1994. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/947.
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The German reunification of 1990 and the methods of economic integration exerted considerable pressure on both the German economy and the deutschemark. This thesis addresses the issue that the reunification undermined the stability of the deutschemark, detectable through a change in the implied risk premium. Emphasis is placed on the forward deutschemark in the context of interest rate parity in order to detect a change in the implied risk premium. By using three month U.S. and German bank Certificate of Deposit rates as the basis for the IRP calculations, a considerable shift in this implied risk premium was detected and attributed to a riskier deutschemark.
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Mamalis, Spyridon. „The statistical relationship between the EUR/USD exchange rate and the Greek, Spanish, and German Stock Market“. Thesis, Högskolan i Jönköping, Internationella Handelshögskolan, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-30689.
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Gumustekin, Basak. „The J Curve At The Industry Level: An Examination Of Bilateral Trade Between Turkey And Germany“. Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614352/index.pdf.
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This thesis examines the relationship between the bilateral real exchange rate and the trade balances of 20 industries in which majority of the trade between Turkey and her leading partner Germany is carried out, both for the short and long run, in search of the existence of any J-curve effect. Using quarterly data over the period 1989:1-2011:3, the relationship is analyzed empirically through the bounds testing approach to cointegration and error correction modeling. The findings show that, although the pattern created by a depreciation does not follow the compl ete J curve in any of the industries, still the exchange rate as well as foreign and domestic real incomes are effective determinants of bilateral trade balance between Turkey and Germany in majority of the cases both in the short and in the long run. Moreover, this thesis provides strong support for the assertion that at the disaggregate level industries exhibit unique and distinct trade balance responses to exchange rate fluctuations, by showing that these responses vary significantly across different sectors both in the short and long run.
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Schwaag, Sylvia Maria. „Monetary cooperation and exchange rate management in the 1950s : Britain, Germany and France in the return to currency convertibility“. Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1997. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1457/.
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The architects of the post-World War II international economic order considered the free convertibility of currencies for current account purposes one of the fundamental prerequisites of multilateral trade and thus of economic growth. While the Bretton Woods system started operating in 1946, the Western European countries only formally established currency convertibility in December 1958. So far, analytical studies of the return to convertibility are scarce. The few studies that exist generally treat convertibility as a technical, monetary issue, even a simple formality. The prevailing view is that, because of its trade-facilitating characteristic, convertibility was a widely accepted and uncontroversial economic policy objective shared by the Western European countries. This assumption follows from the belief that the Bretton Woods period was characterized by an international consensus on the benefits and desirability of international trade and long-term economic growth. The collective move to convertibility is regarded as proof of this consensus and of the willingness to cooperate to achieve common goals. Therefore, most accounts consist of historical narratives of Western Europe's path to convertibility rather than analyses of the development within the context of national policy aims. The comparison of Britain, France and the Federal Republic of Germany shows that convertibility was a far more complex, even controversial issue than has so far been argued in the literature. This thesis analyzes the national policy on convertibility in each country, respectively, by comparing the importance of convertibility for trade, macroeconomic policy, foreign policy and economic adjustment. Economic and political considerations played a crucial role in each country's policy on convertibility. The comparative analysis of the three leading countries' national economic policy on convertibility reveals a fundamental divergence in general long-term policy orientations in the three countries, challenging the widely accepted idea of a post-war consensus among Western European countries on the long-term policy objectives. The collective return to convertibility represented a very versatile tool, which the key countries employed to fulfill different, often incompatible, objectives. The national economic and political circumstances, which determined French, British and German policy on convertibility explain why the return to convertibility occurred in December 1958 and why the key countries coordinated their efforts. In particular, the establishment of convertibility was intricately linked to national policies on European integration. As a vehicle for national economic policy the return to convertibility provides important new insights into the formation of national exchange rate policy and international monetary cooperation in the 1950s.
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Can, Elif [Verfasser]. „Supervisors’ perspective on medical thesis projects and dropout rates : survey among thesis supervisors at a large German university hospital / Elif Can“. Berlin : Medizinische Fakultät Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1133493017/34.
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Barumwete, Lyna Alami, und Feiyi Rao. „Exchange rate risk in Automobile Industry: An Empirical Study on Swedish, French and German Multinational Companies“. Thesis, Umeå University, Umeå School of Business, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1788.
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Recently, both company executives as well as national media have claimed that short currency exchange rate fluctuations are negatively affecting the stock returns of certain firms. However, most previous studies focusing on companies in the US and Asia have been unable to find empirical support for a statistically significant linkage between firm value and exchange rate risk. By using a quantitative method with a deductive approach,the present research investigates if currency exchange rate movements impact the stock return of European based car companies with market interests in the US. By selecting French Renault and Peugeot, German Audi and BMW and Swedish Saab and Volvo, we were able to analyze three currencies exchange rates in our study: SEK/USD, SEK/Euro and Euro/USD. In addition, we included three macroeconomic factors: GDP, stock market index and Oil price to perform a multiple regression analysis. In consistency with the earlier studies, our results indicate that for five out of the six investigated companies, short movements in the three exchange rates do not significantly affect the stock returns of the companies investigated. By analyzing the annual report of the investigated companies, we found that derivatives instruments such as currency option, foreign exchange forwards, currency futures and currency swaps were used to hedge exchange risk. This might be one of the reasons why it was difficult to capture exchange rate risk. The fact that BMW was the only company showing a significant effect could indicate that the company is not applying the accurate hedging strategy. Another reason might be that the company is more exposed to exchange risk due to its large exporting activity compared to the other investigated companies.
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Tunlid, Sara. „Work-family conflict in Sweden and Germany : A study on the association with self-rated health and the role of gender attitudes and family policy“. Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Centrum för forskning om ojämlikhet i hälsa (CHESS), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-104302.
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Work-family conflict refers to the stress and tension which arise when demands from work and family are competing and incompatible. The aim of this study was to examine the experience of work-family conflict among men and women in Sweden and Germany, and whether there was an association between work-family conflict and self-rated health. Special attention was paid to the directions of the conflict: work to family (WIF) and family to work (FIW). Moreover, the importance of gender attitudes and family policy was examined. By using cross-sectional data from the European Social Survey, the associations were analysed using regression analysis. The results showed that men in Germany experience the highest levels of work-family conflict and women in Germany the lowest. Having egalitarian gender attitudes was associated to slightly lower conflict among men only. Furthermore, high levels of work-family conflict were related to poorer self-rated health. Gender attitudes did not play a significant role in moderating this association. Altogether, the study demonstrated the importance of gender attitudes and family policy for individuals’ possibility to reconcile work and family. Hence, by facilitating for men and women to successfully combine the two domains, the risk of negative health consequences from work-family conflict may be reduced.
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Badenhoop, Sophie Elisabeth. „Calling for the super citizen : contemporary naturalisation procedures in the United Kingdom and Germany“. Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2018. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/9133/.
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Naturalisation procedures through which states symbolically and legally recognise noncitizens as citizens offer the most secure legal status for migrants and a means for them to evade global inequalities in the world system of nation-states. This study critically examines contemporary citizenship admission procedures in the UK and Germany following the introduction of citizenship tests, courses and ceremonies in the early 2000s. Based on a multi-sited state ethnography of both countries, this thesis argues that naturalisation does not simply separate citizens by discretionary application from citizens by automatic right of birth. Rather, citizenship admission procedures suggest a specific subjectivity, the Super Citizen, insofar as ‘new’ German and British citizens are expected to become a political, economic and cultural asset to the state. This study thus conceptualises naturalisation processes as a specific subject-formation regime created through particular problematisations, rationalities, authorities and techniques as institutionalised by the state. The analysis begins with a brief reconstruction of the genealogy of naturalisation in Britain and Germany, focussing on the emergence of the distinction between nationals and ‘aliens’ or ‘foreigners’, respectively, as well as on the legal mechanisms put in place to differentiate their access to full membership. Using a thematic analysis of qualitative interviews, observations and official documents, the study then tracks contemporary citizenship applications in four research locations in the two countries. It visits ceremony halls, classrooms and naturalisation offices and considers the perspective of a range of actors involved in citizenship admission procedures. This includes those who implement naturalisation on behalf of the state such as officials, legal advisers, teachers, politicians, and guest speakers, as well as the lived experience of the citizenship applicants themselves. The thesis concludes that naturalisation procedures in both the UK and in Germany produce the Super Citizen as a particular, neoliberal and neonational subjectivity that holds newly naturalized citizens responsible for developing a new nationalism.
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Wittling, Carsten [Verfasser]. „Development of internist patient care with a focus on haematology / oncology and the mortality rate in cancerous diseases in Germany / Carsten Wittling“. Göttingen : Cuvillier Verlag, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1183058527/34.
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Weerapana, Akila. „Testing for speculative bubbles in foreign exchange markets“. Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 1993. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1342201983.
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Kaltschuetz, Denise. „Study abroad and the development of L2 requests : the development of pragmalinguistic behaviour as operationalised in request realisations of UK based study abroad students in Germany/Austria“. Thesis, University of Southampton, 2014. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/376524/.
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This longitudinal mixed methods study traces the request development of eight UK based students learning German in Germany and Austria. Although language socialisation was used as an underlying contextual framework, the main focus was on the development of politeness as operationalised in requests, and the factors which may have influenced this development such as the establishment of an L2 identity and membership in communities of practice (CofPs). Five participants were English native speakers, two had grown up bilingually, one speaking Croatian and English and the other Italian and Twi, and one was a French native speaker. The requests were primarily elicited in semi-structured role plays carried out with German native speakers, yet the participants were also asked to record authentic interactions in service encounter scenarios, expected to lead to the utterance of requests. The role play data, which amount to 144 role plays, were collected before, during and after the students’ stay abroad. In-sojourn, the participants were also asked to record authentic exchanges, three of which were used in the present study. In addition, the students were also interviewed pre-in-and post-sojourn (24 interviews) and were asked to fill in an online background questionnaire before going abroad and a language engagement questionnaire while they were abroad. The role plays were coded based on the CCSARP coding scheme to determine the degree of directness and of internal and external mitigation in learner requests. The authentic data were analysed with Conversation Analysis. The data show a shift towards more directness, i.e. less internal and more external mitigation in-sojourn, thus indicating an adaptation to target community specific language behaviour. However, the degree of adaptation varied partly in line with participants’ degree of awareness of differences in linguistic politeness and identification with German society, and partly in line with the extent of their engagement with local CofPs. The variables which mostly influenced the change between pre-and in-sojourn request realisations, were the awareness of differences in linguistic politeness and the successful establishment of an L2 identity. Interaction with the host-community, which did not have a noticeable influence on the general pre- to in-sojourn change data, and awareness of difference in linguistic politeness, did however impact the change in pre- to in-sojourn request variation. The CA analysis of the authentic exchanges and the corresponding role plays both show the same preference structure for requests, thus providing researchers in the field with important new validation for role play methodology.
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Wittling, Carsten [Verfasser]. „Development of internist patient care with a focus on haematology / oncology and the mortality rate in cancerous diseases in Germany : Short Version / Carsten Wittling“. Göttingen : Cuvillier Verlag, 2019. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:101:1-2019040917225071982512.
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40
Hartmann, Andrea S., Tanja Poulain, Mandy Vogel, Andreas Hiemisch, Wieland Kiess und Anja Hilbert. „Prevalence rates of pica and rumination behaviors in German children aged 7-14 and their associations with feeding, eating, and general psychopathology: A population-based study“. Springer, 2018. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A33740.
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Despite potentially severe medical consequences of pica and rumination disorder (RD), little is known about
their prevalence and association with other psychopathology in childhood. As a part of a larger population-based
study, 804 youths aged 7–14 years and their parents were asked about their experience of pica and RD behaviors,
and associated eating, feeding and general psychopathology. A total of 12.31% and 11.49% of youth reported
having engaged in pica or RD behaviors at least once. Recurring pica or RD behaviors had been experienced by
4.98% and 1.49% of the participants. The behaviors showed a significant, but small correlation with one another
(r = .28, p < .01). Correlations with symptoms of avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) were
significant, but small (pica: r = .18, RD: r = .27, both p < .01). Prevalence rates of recurring pica behavior were
significantly increased if recurring RD was present (58.33%), and also greater vice versa (17.50%). The
prevalence rates for recurrent pica and RD behaviors were also increased in the presence of an ARFID diagnosis
(both behaviors 12.0%). However, correlations with restraint, eating, weight, and shape concern were nonsignificant
(all p > .05). In addition, RD behavior was positively correlated with emotional and conduct problems
(r = .15 and .22, both p < .01) and both behaviors were negatively correlated with prosocial behavior (r = −.10
and −.09, both p < .05). Our findings underscore the clinical significance of pica and RD behaviors. More
research is warranted on both disorders, their association and their relation with ARFID, in order to reach a
further understanding of their presentation and to ascertain diagnostic validity.
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Schierenbeck, Carsten. „On the governance of regional innovation systems. Case studies from four city-regions within the German federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia : Aachen, Dortmund, Duisburg and Düsseldorf“. Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2010. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/1087/.
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This thesis investigates the governance of so-called regional innovation systems. It studies regional and sub-regional dynamics in building institutional environments conducive to innovation. The research employs a qualitative research methodology that comprises semi-structured interviews with 47 policy-makers, practitioners and academics in four case studies of city-regions within the German Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia: Aachen, Dortmund, Duisburg and Düsseldorf. It identifies factors influencing the systemic-ness of business and innovation support, particularly within the triple helix of university-industry-government relations. It argues that important sub-regional governance dynamics are neglected by many contemporary regional conceptualisations and proposes considering local innovation systems as an alternative. Hence, it scrutinises the appropriateness of the current academic conceptualisations and, in particular, criticises their value in terms of operational guidance. The thesis argues that certain regional innovation policies and governance dynamics fail to constitute a regional innovation system and calls for organisational innovation in the framework structure to revive or maintain inter-institutional dynamics and cooperative relationships towards achieving a coherent, holistic and strategic policy approach. This thesis aims to contribute to the understanding of how to make a regional innovation system work and what important aspects are to be considered for implementing innovation policy – including cluster policy – successfully.
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Macintyre, Alison J. „An empirical examination of the consequences of national pride: Analyses of survey and experimental data“. Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2015. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/86692/1/Alison_Macintyre_Thesis.pdf.
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National pride is both an important and understudied topic with respect to economic behaviour, hence this thesis investigates whether: 1) there is a "light" side of national pride through increased compliance, and a "dark" side linked to exclusion; 2) successful priming of national pride is linked to increased tax compliance; and 3) East German post-reunification outmigration is related to loyalty.
The project comprises three related empirical studies, analysing evidence from a large, aggregated, international survey dataset; a tax compliance laboratory experiment combining psychological priming with measurement of heart rate variability; and data collected after the fall of the Berlin Wall (a situation approximating a natural experiment).
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Sirotková, Blanka. „Komparace daňové zátěže zaměstnanců v ČR a v Německu“. Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-198225.
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This master's thesis presents a comparison of the tax burden in the Czech Republic and in Germany. The first two chapters cover the major types of taxes and differences in the tax systems of both countries. In the third part of the thesis is about key features of the Czech and the German Income Tax Act and it is primarily focused on taxation of employment. The practical part is compared to taxation of certain types of taxpayers at different levels of the average wage.
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Bevan, Robert Graham. „Oswestry, Hay-on-Wye and Berwick-upon-Tweed : football fandom, nationalism and national identity across the Celtic borders“. Thesis, Cardiff University, 2016. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/94131/.
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Little research has been devoted to studying the interconnections between the ambiguous border identities along the so-called ‘Celtic fringe’ in the UK. It is important to explore whether, in the new context of the devolved Welsh and Scottish states, people resident in the border areas of Wales and Scotland will increasingly come to identify with the Welsh or Scottish “nation” and with its official “nationality”. Using the sociological approach advocated by Robert K. Yin, this thesis draws on ethnographical research to explore the precise nature of the relationship between contemporary national identity, nationalism, borderlands and football fandom. It examines supporters in three border towns: Oswestry (Shropshire), Hay-on-Wye (Powys), and Berwick-upon-Tweed (Northumberland). Focus groups were conducted with match-going supporters of Welsh league champions The New Saints of Oswestry Town, Scottish League Two side Berwick Rangers and Hay St. Mary’s Football Club, who compete in both the Herefordshire and Mid Wales leagues. Examining football fans’ expressions of identity, this study discusses national sentiment and explores identity – local, regional and national – in the England-Wales and England-Scotland border regions from a theoretical and comparative perspective. A detailed and grounded study of national identity and nationalism amongst fans in the borderlands of Wales and Scotland will appeal to academics and students of sports history and with interests in ethnography, the sociology of sport, football fandom, debatable borderlands and contemporary national identities.
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Komarova, Evgeniia. „Brown coal char CO2-gasification kinetics with respect to the char structure“. Doctoral thesis, Technische Universitaet Bergakademie Freiberg Universitaetsbibliothek "Georgius Agricola", 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:105-qucosa-227770.
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This research has been performed in the framework of the Virtuhcon project, which intends to virtualize high temperature conversion processes. Coal gasification is one of these processes, which is nowadays considered as a promising technology for the chemical industry. This study is devoted to the coal char physical structure, which is one of the most important parameters influencing coal gasification reaction.
First, this study presents the extensive literature review of the char physical structure role during its conversion. Collection of the char structural properties as well as their changes during char conversion are shown and discussed.
Literature review is followed by the experimental investigations. Chars prepared from two brown coals (Lusatian and Rhenish) were gasified in a laboratory scale fluidized bed reactor in CO2 at temperatures of 800, 850, 900, and 950 °C and atmospheric pressure. Char samples were gasified completely as well as partially in order to evaluate the reaction kinetics and char structural changes during the reaction, respectively. Complete gasification curves were evaluated by different methods, including application of three gasification models (the Random Pore Model, the Volume Reaction Model, and the Shrinking Reaction Model), instantaneous reaction rate approach as well as the self-developed surface-related reaction rate approach. The results of different approaches were compared.
This study also presents a comprehensive methodology to analyze coal char physical structure. The variety of measurement techniques (gas physical adsorption, mercury porosimetry, helium pycnometry, SEM, etc.) were applied to assess structural properties of the char, such as specific surface area, particle density, porosity, pore size and shape, structure morphology, etc. Problems associated with the choice of a proper measurement technique and the comparability of the data delivered by different techniques were discussed.
The main objective of the study was to link char structural changes to the char gasification kinetics. The specific task of this thesis was to investigate pore size in relation to their availability for the reaction. As such, specific surface areas of pores of different sizes (from sub-micro to mesopores) were correlated to the instantaneous reaction rates.
Both chars exhibit similar trends in their structural changes during gasification, although the absolute values differ, especially with respect to the pores of microscale. Furthermore, structural changes were caused not only by the reaction but also by the influence of the heat treatment, especially at the earlier stages of the reaction. The most reasonable correlation has been achieved between the instantaneous reaction rate and the specific surface area of mesopores. Sub-micro- and micropores did not govern the gasification reaction under given conditions.
Finally, kinetic parameters derived from different evaluation methods were reapplied in order to test their ability to predict the experimental data. Each of the method has its advantages and disadvantages as used for the kinetic evaluation.
The results of this study represent a substantive base of the experimentally derived data concerning physical structure and morphology of coal char. The findings can be used in numerical and simulation studies for development, validation, and improvement of the models which consider coal particle as a reactive porous solid.
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Malá, Hana. „Zdanění příjmů ze závislé činnosti v České republice a v Německu“. Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-262337.
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The purpose of this master thesis is comparing the taxation of income of employees in the Czech Republic and Germany. The theoretical part is focused on describing the taxation of income of employees in both analyzed states. This part also includes an explanation of the social insurance system in both countries. The empirical part of thesis oncentrates on a comparison between the tax burden of Czech and German employees among various income groups and various taxpayer. The tax burden is then compared with the effective tax rate. The final section of this thesis compares values of redistribution indicators, such as indicators of interval and global progressivity (Lorenz curve, Gini coefficient.
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ELEFTHERIOU, Maria. „Empirical essays on interest rate rules“. Doctoral thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/4912.
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Defence date: 10 April 2006Examining board: Prof. Michael Artis, University of Manchester and EUI ; Prof. Sophocles N. Brissimis, University of Pireus and Bank of Greece ; Prof. Helmut Lütkepohl, EUI, Supervisor ; Prof. Juergen Wolters, Freie Universität Berlin
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
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Vikuk, Veronika. „Epichloë endophyte-grass symbioses in Germany – Infection rates, alkaloid concentrations and possible intoxication risks“. Doctoral thesis, 2020. https://doi.org/10.25972/OPUS-21389.
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Endophytes live in partial symbiosis inside a plant and have been detected in all tested plants. They belong to the group of fungi or bacteria and their ecological function is mostly unknown. The fungal endophytes of the genus Epichloë belong to a special group of endophytes. Epichloë endophytes live symbiotically inside cool season grass species and some of them are able to produce alkaloids toxic to vertebrates and insects. Their symbiosis is seen as mutualistic for the following reasons: the fungus provides the plant herbivore resistance by producing alkaloids, and it increases the plant’s drought tolerance as well as its biomass production. In return, the grass provides the fungus shelter, nutrients and dispersal. Epichloë endophytes are host specific and the ability to produce alkaloids differs between species. In order to estimate intoxication risks in grasslands, it is necessary to detect infection rates of different grass species with Epichloë endophytes, and to determine the genotypes and chemotypes of the Epichloë species as well as the produced alkaloid concentrations. Factors like land-use intensity or season may have an influence on infection rates and alkaloid concentrations. Also, different methodological approaches may lead to different results. In this doctoral thesis my general aim was to evaluate intoxication risks in German grasslands caused by Epichloë endophytes. For that I investigated infection rates of different grass species and the genotypes and chemotypes of their Epichloë endophytes in German grasslands (Chapter II). Furthermore, I compared alkaloid concentrations detected with dry and fresh plant weight and different analytical methods. I also detected possible changes on the influence of season or land-use intensity (Chapter III). Additionally, I examined infections with Epichloë endophytes and alkaloid concentrations in commercially available grass seed mixtures and determined how that influences the intoxication risk of grazing animals in Europe (Chapter IV). It is of agricultural interest to estimate intoxication risks for grazing livestock on German grasslands due to Epichloë infected grass species. Therefore, it is important to investigate which grasses are infected with the Epichloë endophyte, if the endophytes have the ability to produce vertebrate and invertebrate toxic alkaloids and if the alkaloids are indeed produced. I showed that Epichloë festucae var. lolii infecting agriculturally important Lolium perenne lacked the starting gene for ergovaline biosynthesis. Hence, vertebrate toxic ergovaline was not detected in the majority of the collected L. perenne plants. The detection of alkaloid concentrations is an important tool to estimate intoxication risk for vertebrates, but also invertebrates. My studies showed that the usage of dry plant material is crucial to quantify the correct alkaloid concentrations, and that alkaloid concentrations can vary depending on the detection method. Hence, the usage of validated, similar detection methods is important to be able to compare alkaloid concentrations from different studies. Nevertheless, the trends of seasonal changes and the influence of land-use intensity stayed the same, regardless if dry or fresh plant weight was used. Also, alkaloid concentrations were below toxicity thresholds on population level, regardless of the method used. Two commercially available forage grass and two commercially available turf grass seed mixtures were infected with Epichloë endopyhtes and alkaloids were detected. This might contribute to the spreading of Epichloë endopyhtes in Germany, therefore seed mixtures should be tested for Epichloë infections. My results indicate that the intoxication risk is generally low in Germany at the moment, although that might change due to climate change, an increase of monocultural land-use, or the seeding of Epichloë infected grass seedsEndophyten leben, zumindest zeitweise, symbiontisch in Pflanzen und sind bisher in allen untersuchten Pflanzen nachgewiesen worden. Es handelt sich dabei um Pilze oder Bakterien und ihre ökologische Funktion ist meistens unbekannt. Eine spezielle Gruppe der Endophyten sind Pilzendophyten der Gattung Epichloë. Diese leben symbiontisch innerhalb von kaltgemäßigten Grasarten und einige sind in der Lage vertebraten- und/oder insektentoxische Alkaloide herzustellen. Die Symbiose wird meist als mutualistisch bezeichnet, weil der Pilz der Pflanze einen Herbivorenschutz durch die Produktion der Alkaloide und eine gesteigerte Trockenresistenz und Biomassesteigerung bietet. Das Gras hingegen bietet dem Pilz Unterkunft, Nährstoffe und Verbreitung. Epichloë Endophyten sind wirtsspezifisch und die Fähigkeit Alkaloide zu produzieren schwankt zwischen den Arten. Um das Vergiftungsrisiko im Grünland einzuschätzen, ist es nötig Infektionsraten verschiedener Grasarten mit Epichloë Endophyten, die Geno- und Chemotypen der Epichloë Arten, und die produzierten Alkaloidkonzentrationen zu bestimmen. Faktoren wie Landnutzungsintensität oder die Jahreszeit können Infektionsraten und Alkaloidkonzentrationen beeinflussen. Ebenso können Alkaloidkonzentrationen von methodischen Faktoren abhängen. In dieser Doktorarbeit habe ich Infektionsraten verschiedener Grasarten in Deutschland und die Geno- und Chemotypen ihrer Epichloë Endophyten untersucht (Kapitel II). Außerdem habe ich Alkaloidkonzentrationen mit Frisch- bzw. Trockengewicht gemessen und mit verschiedenen analytischen Methoden verglichen, um mögliche Änderungen beim Einfluss von Jahreszeiten oder der Landnutzungsintensität zu detektieren. Des Weiteren habe ich das Vergiftungsrisiko auf deutschen Grasflächen abgeschätzt (Kapitel III). Zusätzlich habe ich kommerziell erhältliche Grassaatgutmischungen auf Epichloë Infektionen und Alkaloidgehalt untersucht und habe versucht einzuschätzen, wie sich das auf das Vergiftungsrisiko von Weidevieh in Europa auswirkt (Kapitel IV). Die Einschätzung von Vergiftungsrisiken für Weidevieh aufgrund von Epichloë infizierten Grasarten auf deutschen Graslandflächen ist von landwirtschaftlichem Interesse. Deshalb ist es wichtig zu untersuchen, welche Grasarten mit Epichloë Endophyten infiziert sind, ob der Endophyt in der Lage ist vertebraten- oder insektentoxische Alkaloide zu produzieren und ob diese tatsächlich produziert werden. Ich konnte zeigen, dass Epichloë festucae var. lolii, welches das landwirtschaflich wichtige Lolium perenne infiziert, das Startgen für die Ergovalinbiosynthese fehlt. Deshalb wurde das vertebraten-toxische Ergovalin in der Mehrheit der gesammelten L. perenne Pflanzen nicht nachgewiesen. Die Detektion von Alkaloidkonzentrationen ist ein wichtiges Werkzeug, um das Vergiftungsrisiko für Vertebraten aber auch Invertebraten einschätzen zu können. Ich konnte zeigen, dass die Verwendung von trockenem Pflanzenmaterial essenziell ist, um korrekte Alkaloidkonzentrationen zu quantifizieren und dass Alkaloidkonzentrationen in Abhängigkeit von der Detektionsmethode schwanken können. Deshalb ist die Verwendung von validierten, ähnlichen Detektionsmethoden wichtig, um die Alkaloidkonzentrationen von verschiedenen Studien vergleichen zu können. Dennoch blieben die jahreszeitlichen Trends und der Einfluss von Landnutzungsintensität gleich, egal ob Trocken- oder Frischgewicht der Pflanze verwendet wurde und Alkaloidkonzentrationen lagen unter der Toxizitätsschwelle auf Populationsebene. Ich konnte außerdem zeigen, dass zwei kommerziell erwerbliche Futtergrasmischungen, sowie zwei Rasengrasmischungen mit Epichloë Endophyten infiziert waren und auch Alkaloide detektiert werden konnten. Das könnte zu einer weiteren Ausbreitung von Epichloë-Endophyten in Deutschland beitragen, weshalb Saatgutmischungen auf Epichloë Infektionen getestet werden sollten. Meine Ergebnisse zeigen, dass das Vergiftungsrisiko in Deutschland im Moment generell eher niedrig ist. Allerdings kann sich das auf Grund von Klimawandel, zunehmenden Monokulturen in der Landnutzung, aber auch der Aussaat von Epichloë infiziertem Saatgut ändern
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Jan, Andreas Felix. „Empirical evidence on the difference between the effective and the statutory tax rates for listed groups in Germany“. Master's thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/15413.
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The difference between the statutory and effective tax rate for listed groups is a complex variable influenced by a variety of factors. This paper aims to analyze whether this difference exists for listed groups in the German market and tests which factors have an impact on it. Thus the sample consists of 130 corporations listed in the three major German stock indices. The findings suggest that the companies that pay less than the statutory rate clearly outweigh the ones that pay more, and that the income earned from associated companies has a significant impact on this difference.
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„An Economic modelling forecast of the real Deutschemark exchange rate three years after the German economic and money reunification of July 1, 1990“. Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1991. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5887165.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
by Chan Yeung-Ki.Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1991.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 54-55).
ABSTRACT --- p.1
TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.2
Chapter I. --- BACKGROUND --- p.3
Chapter II. --- THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK --- p.7
Purchasing Power Parity --- p.7
Real Exchange Rate --- p.9
Monetary Approach --- p.12
Explaining the model --- p.16
Chapter III. --- APPLICATION --- p.23
Scenario 1 --- p.39
Scenario 2 --- p.41
Chapter IV. --- CONCLUSION --- p.44
EXHIBIT --- p.47
BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.54