Dissertationen zum Thema „Géométrie cellulaire“
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Couzon, Cécile. „Effet de l'écoulement sur l'adhésion de cellules en géométrie confinée“. Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00351427.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBleybel, Ali. „Décomposition cellulaire et applications“. Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066405.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePriault, Cédrik. „Diamètre critique de transmission d'une détonation : influence de la géométrie de diffraction“. Poitiers, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003POIT2268.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis work deals with the detonability of reactive gaseous mixtures in relation with the critical diameter of detonation transmission from a cylindrical tube into a half space. The aim of this study was to improve the transmission of the detonation in modifying the diffraction geometry by adding a central obstacle (of various shapes) in the terminal section of the tube. Applications of this study are on one hand to improve the safety of industrial equipments involving reactive mixtures and on the other for propulsion by detonation ("PDE" pulsed detonations engine). The experimental study shows that a central obstacle (50% of blocage ratio) makes systematically the detonation transmission easier. Numerical simulations (2D-axisymmetrical) with the "EFAE" code reproduce faithfully the unsteady mechanisms observed experimentally. So this code can be considered as a predictive tool for detonation phenomena
Lu, Wei. „New Results on Stochastic Geometry Modeling of Cellular Networks : Modeling, Analysis and Experimental Validation“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLS253/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe increasing heterogeneity and irregular deployment of the emerging wireless networks give enormous challenges to the conventional hexagonal model for abstracting the geographical locations of wireless transmission nodes. Against this backdrop, a new network paradigm by modeling the wireless nodes as a Poisson Point Process (PPP), leveraging on the mathematical tools of stochastic geometry for tractable mathematical analysis, has been proposed with the capability of fairly accurately estimating the performance of practical cellular networks. This dissertation investigated the mathematical tractability of the PPP-based approach by proposing new mathematical methodologies, fair approximations incorporating practical channel propagation models. First, a new mathematical framework, which is referred to as an Equivalent-in-Distribution (EiD)-based approach, has been proposed for computing exact error probability of cellular networks based on random spatial networks. The proposed approach is easy to compute and is shown to be applicable to a bunch of MIMO setups where the modulation techniques and signal recovery techniques are explicitly considered. Second, the performance of relay-aided cooperative cellular networks, where the relay nodes, the base stations, and the mobile terminals are modeled according to three independent PPPs, has been analyzed by assuming flexible cell association criteria. It is shown from the mathematical framework that the performance highly depends on the path-loss exponents of one-hop and two-hop links, and the relays provide negligible gains on the performance if the system is not adequately designed. Third, the PPP modeling of cellular networks with unified signal attenuation model is generalized by taking into account the effect of line-of-sight (LOS) and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) channel propagation. A tractable yet accurate link state model has been proposed to estimate other models available in the literature. It is shown that an optimal density for the BSs deployment exists when the LOS/NLOS links are classified in saturate load cellular networks. In addition, the Monte Carlo simulation results of the real BSs deployments with empirical building blockages are compared with those with PPP distributed BSs with the proposed link state approximation at the end of this dissertation as supplementary material. In general, a good matching is observed
Hamieh, Batoul. „Assemblages et études de la différenciation cellulaire des cellules souches sur des surfaces de géométrie et chimie contrôlées“. Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0320/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe cell responds to the physical constraints exerted by its environment by a set of mechanisms grouped under the term of mechanotransduction. These processes involve the molecules involved in cell adhesion, the cytoskeleton and the nucleus. These environmental constraints, whether related to the rigidity of the support, to its topography or to the nature of its surface chemistry, will modulate the cellular morphology and impact the behavior of the cell. In order to study this influence of the support, we have seeded bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells from a primary culture on virgin mica surfaces or functionalized homogeneously with natural molecules (fibronectin and the cyclic RGD peptide) or with polyelectrolyte multilayers (five cycles of Chitosan/PAA or Chitosan/PSS). We then studied the morphology, proliferation and differentiation of these cells after 12 days of culture. As a result, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells adhere to all surfaces, whether treated or not, and although they are less spread on virgin surfaces, they adopt a fibroblastic type morphology similar to their physiological phenotype. Their percentage of confluence varies significantly depending on the surface treatment used. Indeed the maximum confluence was observed for the surfaces grafted with fibronectin (93.25 ± 2.75%) whereas the surfaces treated with the polyelectrolyte multilayers have much lower confluence percentages (61.00 ± 4.08% for the chitosan/PAA couple) and 54.75 ± 1.75% for the Chitosan/PSS couple), mainly due to cell latency at the beginning of culture. Finally, cells cultured on our surfaces do not respond to any of the three Oil Red O, Alcian Blue or Alizarin Red S stains, suggesting a lack of differentiation in the adipogenic, chondrogenic or osteogenic pathways induced by these surfaces. Thus, the control of the support chemistry alone does not allow control of cell differentiation. This study paves the way for the next step in which the influence of controlled chemistry and geometry media will be studied. Similarly, the E. coli strain (pathogenic bacterium) responds to the physical and chemical constraints imposed on it. These constraints, whether related to the topography or the nature of surface chemistry, involve natural molecules involved in the behavior of bacteria and their morphology, in particular their size. To study this impact, we contacted E.coli strain E2146 with virgin mica surfaces or treated homogeneously or patterned with natural molecules (fibronectin and cyclic RGD peptide). Then we studied the recovery rate and the size of the bacteria. As a result, the bacteria adhere to all surfaces although adhesion is less on virgin mica surfaces. Their recovery rate varies significantly for a given area. Indeed, the recovery rate and the maximum size are observed on patterned surfaces grafted with fibronectin which proves their effectiveness and the impact they have on the behavior of E. coli. We have therefore demonstrated in this thesis the influence of surface properties on the growth of living cells such as stem cells or bacteria
Chevillon, Romain. „Efficacité énergétique des communications Device-to-Device dans les réseaux hétérogènes“. Thesis, Nantes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NANT4072/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe objective of this thesis is the study of the energy efficiency of D2D communications in heterogeneous networks. We first propose to analyze the energy consumption of a three device, then introduce a new topology taking into account the data entropy, in order to increase the overall energy efficiency. Subsequently, we study the energy consumption and the influence of interference in a cell for the use case of a natural disaster. We then introduce a new resource allocation protocol based on Fuzzy C-Means clustering. We then use tools and metrics from stochastic geometry to analyze and compare energy and spectral efficiency among multiple types of networks comprising D2D communications. The first study is done on a network in which the cellular and WiFi resources are shared. In a second step, we introduce the notions of directional antennas with millimeter waves. To do this, we evaluate the influence of the mmWave channel and introduce the concepts of blocking, and sectored models of antennas, for mathematical purposes. The use of millimeter waves, and more particularly ULA directional antennas, proves to be a totally appropriate choice in the primary objective of this thesis, which is to increase both the spectral efficiency (therefore the bit rate) and the energy efficiency within a heterogeneous network including D2D communications
Boahen, Frank. „Modélisation de l'impact de la géométrie sur la signalisation électrique et calcique dans les épines dendritiques avec la méthode des éléments finis“. Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27915.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAltieri, Andres Oscar. „On Large Cooperative Wireless Network Modeling through a Stochastic Geometry Approach“. Thesis, Supélec, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014SUPL0019/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe main goal of this work is to study cooperative aspects of large wireless networks from the perspective of stochastic geometry. This allows the consideration of important effects such as the random spatial distribution of nodes, as well as the effects of interference and interference correlation at receivers, which are not possible when a single link is considered in isolation.First, some aspects of the performance of the relay channel in the context of a large wireless network are considered. Mainly, the performance, in terms of outage probability (OP), of a single full-duplex relay channel utilizing decode-and-forward (DF) or compress-and-forward, when the interference is generated by uniform spatial deployment of nodes, modeled as a Poisson point process. The OP performance of these two protocols is compared with a point-to-point transmission and with a half-duplex DF protocol. Afterwards, the case in which more than one transmitter in the network may use a relay is considered. The effects of cooperation versus interference are studied, when the users use either full-duplex DF, or point-to-point transmissions. In a second phase, this work explores the advantages that could be obtained through out-of-band device-to-device (D2D) video file exchanges in cellular networks. These advantages are measured in terms of the fraction of requests that can be served in a time-block through D2D, thus avoiding a downlink file transfer from the base station. For this, a stochastic geometry framework is introduced, in which the user file-caching policy, user pairing strategy, and link quality and scheduling issues are considered
Cachoux, Victoire. „Biophysical Regulation of Epithelial Apoptosis“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPSLS023.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleApoptosis is a form of programmed cell death which plays a key role in shaping multicellular organisms during development, in adult tissue homeostasis, as well as in pathological conditions such as cancer. While the molecular pathways triggering apoptosis have been extensively studied, the role of biophysical factors in driving cell death is far less understood. In particular, cell size and geometry impact a variety of cell processes, yet their possible interplay with apoptotic pathways remains unknown. Using the developing dorsal thorax (or notum) of the Drosophila as a model, I developed during my PhD advanced quantitative analyses of time-lapse microscopy data that, combined with the powerful genetic tools available in Drosophila, aimed at uncovering the biophysical mechanisms regulating apoptosis. First, I investigated the early characteristics of apoptotic cells and discovered two predictive geometrical features of these cells: small absolute and relative apical areas. Second, I studied in detail these two geometrical parameters and showed that their actions were linked to distinct genetic pathways, which I identified. By doing so, I also uncovered a novel coupling between cell proliferation and cell death in the control of tissue development. Overall, this work provides a new perspective to the understanding of epithelial apoptosis by identifying geometrical parameters that play an early role in the regulation of cell survival
Karray, Mohamed Kadhem. „Evaluation analytique des performanes des réseaux sans-fil par un processus de Markov spatial prenant en compte leur géométrie, leur dynamique et leurs algorithmes de contrôle“. Phd thesis, Télécom ParisTech, 2007. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00003009.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNoël, Vincent. „Modèles réduits et hybrides de réseaux de réactions biochimiques : applications à la modélisation du cycle cellulaire“. Phd thesis, Rennes 1, 2012. https://ecm.univ-rennes1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/c5511bf6-4a76-4986-8e51-4fd1ed4e4b7b.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleModeling of complex biological systems, especially at a molecular scale, is an emerging field of research, inspired by the recent development of high throughput techniques in molecular biology. The corresponding objective for mathematical modeling is to be able to analyze the behavior of these high dimensional dynamical systems. This is an important challenge, because the understanding of normal and pathological functioning of cells at a molecular level could guide us to develop targeted therapies for systemic diseases such as cancer. To free ourselves from problems related to parameter uncertainty, this thesis propose to work with orders of magnitude, instead of accurate parameter values. This leads us naturally to the use of tropical analysis for obtaining reduced and hybrid models. These developments open new mathematical perspectives regarding dynamical systems. We obtain some results concerning the comparison between the solutions of differential equations systems and the solutions of truncated, piecewise smooth systems obtained by tropicalization. Another part of this work is dedicated to the numerical study of hybrid systems. The question in this part is how to build a hybrid model which reproduces a given experimental behavior, and how to identify the parameters of the hybrid model from time-series data. We propose an original identification algorithm, combining linear and nonlinear programming. This algorithm splits the problem into two subproblems : the identification of mode behavior parameters that is solved by simulated annealing, and the identification of mode control parameters, that is solved by linear programming. Relatively large scale applications are addressed by this approach, notably a mammalian cell cycle model
Noël, Vincent. „Modèles réduits et hybrides de réseaux de réactions biochimiques : applications à la modélisation du cycle cellulaire“. Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00807737.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWang, Shanshan. „Modeling and Performance Evaluation of Spatially-correlated Cellular Networks“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS079.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn the modeling and performance evaluation of wireless cellular communication, stochastic geometry is widely applied, in order to provide more efficient and accurate solutions. Homogeneous Poisson point process (H-PPP) with identically independently distributed variables, is the most widely used point process to model the spatial locations of base stations (BSs) due to its mathematical tractability and simplicity. For strong spatial correlations between locations of BSs, only point processes (PPs) with spatial inhibitions and attractions can help. However, the long simulation time and weak mathematical tractability make non-Poisson PPs not suitable for system level performance evaluation. Therefore, to overcome mentioned problems, we have the following contributions in this thesis: First, we introduce a new methodology for modeling and analyzing downlink cellular networks, where the base stations constitute a motion-invariant point process that exhibits some degree of interactions among the points. The proposed approach is based on the theory of inhomogeneous Poisson PPs (I-PPPs) and is referred to as inhomogeneous double thinning (IDT) approach. The proposed approach consists of approximating the original motion-invariant PP with an equivalent PP that is made of the superposition of two conditionally independent I-PPPs. The inhomogeneities of both PPs are created from the point of view of the typical user. The inhomogeneities are mathematically modeled through two distance-dependent thinning functions and a tractable expression of the coverage probability is obtained. Sufficient conditions on the parameters of the thinning functions that guarantee better or worse coverage compared with the baseline homogeneous PPP model are identified. The accuracy of the IDT approach is substantiated with the aid of empirical data for the spatial distribution of the BSs. Then, based on the IDT approach, a new tractable analytical expression of mean interference to signal ratio (MISR) of cellular networks where BSs exhibits spatial correlations is introduced.For non-Poisson PPs, we apply proposed IDT approach to approximate the performance of non-Poisson PPs. Taking β-Ginibre point process (β -GPP) as an example, we propose new approximation functions for key parameters in IDT approach to model different degree of spatial inhibition and we successfully prove that MISR for β -GPP is constant under network densification with our proposed approximation functions. We prove that of MISR performance under β-GPP case only depends on the degree of spatial repulsion, i.e., β , regardless of different BS densities. We also prove that with the increase of β or (given fixed γ or β respectively), the corresponding MISR for β-GPP decreases. The new approximation functions and the trends are validated by numerical simulations. Third, we further study meta distribution of the SIR with the help of the IDT approach. Meta distribution is the distribution of the conditional success probability given the point process. We derive and compare the closed-form expression for the b-th moment under H-PPP and non-Poisson PP case. Since the direct computation of the complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF) for meta distribution is not available, we propose a simple and accurate numerical method based on numerical inversion of Laplace transforms. The proposed approach is more efficient and stable than the conventional approach using Gil-Pelaez theorem. The asymptotic value of CCDF of meta distribution is computed under new definition of success probability. Furthermore, the proposed method is compared with some other approximations and bounds, e.g., beta approximation, Markov bounds and Paley-Zygmund bound. However, the other approximation models and bounds are compared to be less accurate than our proposed method
Gurtner, Gérald. „Géométrie, topologie et optimisation des réseaux et structures cellulaires“. Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA077165.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSome particular networks of very different essences - electrical, thermal, fluidic, mecanic - exhibit, in a first approximation, some strong mathematical analogies, allowing us to conduct a common analysis of their emergent properties - electrical, thermal or fluidic conductivity, and elastic moduli. With a variationnal approach, we established absolute bounds on these quantifies as well as a set of geometrical necessary and sufficient conditions (NSC) to reach them. These conditions lead to new optimal structures, both in two and three dimensions. Thanks to a numerical program, which allowed us to verify these predictions, we then characterized the bending/streching transition which appears in fibrous networks. With the help of the NSC, we computed analytically some statistic, microscopic features of these networks, which might be of importance in the future to understand this phenomenon, as our analyze suggests it. Moreover, we used the programm to investigate the problem of the junctions' energy and showed the presence of several transitions, described by power laws. Finally, we calculated the macroscopic characteristics of some networks close to the optimality, and introduced a new average quantity based on the NSC which seemed to be of importance to quantify this deviation from optimality
Besson, Tom. „Discrétisation automatique de machines à signaux en automates cellulaires“. Thesis, Orléans, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ORLE2009/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn the context of abstract geometrical computation, signal machines have been developed as a continuous counter part of cellular automata capturing the notions of particles, signals and collisions. An important issue is the automatic generation of a cellular automaton mimicking the dynamics of a given signal machine. On the one hand, ad hoc conversions exist.On the other hand, it is not always possible since some signal machines exhibit “purely continuous” behaviors. Therefore, automatically discretizing such structures is often complicated and not always possible. This thesis proposes different ways to automatically discretize signal machines into cellular automata, both with and without handling the possiblity of approximation.The first is concerned with a subcategory of signal machines, which has properties ensuring an exact automatic discretization for any machine of this type. The second is usable on all machines but cannot guarantee the exactness and correction of the result. The third is based on a new expression of the dynamics of a signal machine to propose a discretization.This dynamical expression takes the name of modularity and is described before being used to discretize
Maignan, Luidnel. „Points, distances, et automates cellulaires : algorithmique géométrique et spatiale“. Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA112325.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSpatial computing aims at providing a scalable framework where computation is distributed on a uniform computing medium and communication happen locally between nearest neighbors. We study the particular framework of cellular automata, using a regular grid and synchronous update. We propose to develop primitives allowing to structure the medium around a set of particles. We consider three problems of geometrical nature: moving the particles on the grid in order to uniformize the density, constructing their convex hull, constructing a connected proximity graph establishing connection between nearest particles. The last two problems are considered for multidimensional grid while uniformization is solved specifically for the one dimensional grid. The work approach is to consider the metric space underlying the cellular automata topology and construct generic mathematical object based solely on this metric. As a result, the algorithms derived from the properties of those objects, generalize over arbitrary regular grid. We implemented the usual ones, including hexagonal, 4 neighbors, and 8 neighbors square grid. All the solutions are based on the same basic component: the distance field, which associates to each site of the space its distance to the nearest particle. While the distance values are not bounded, it is shown that the difference between the values of neighboring sites is bounded, enabling encoding of the gradient into a finite state field. Our algorithms are expressed in terms of movements according to such gradient, and also detecting patterns in the gradient, and can thus be encoded in finite state of automata, using only a dozen of state
Perabathini, Bhanukiran. „Limites fondamentales de l'efficacité énergétique dans les réseaux sans fil“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLC011/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe task of meeting an ever growing demand for better quality of user experience in wireless communications, is challenged by the amount of energy consumed by the technologies involved and the methods employed. Not surprisingly, the problem of reducing energy consumption needs to be addressed at various layers of the network architecture and from various directions. This thesis addresses some crucial aspects of the physical layer of wireless network architecture in order to find energy efficient solutions.In the first part of this thesis, we explore the idea of energy efficiency at a fundamental level. Starting with answering questions such as - emph{What is the physical form of `information'?}, we build a simple communication device in order to isolate certain key steps in the physical process of communication and we comment on how these affect the energy efficiency of a communication system.In the second part, we use tools from stochastic geometry to theoretically model cellular networks so as to analyze the energy efficiency of the system. Exploiting the tractability of such a mathematical modeling, we explore the conditions under which the consumption of energy can be reduced. Further in this part, we introduce the concept of caching users' data at the edge of the network (namely the final ac{BS} that is contact with the user) and show quantitatively how caching can help improve the energy efficiency of a cellular network. We also extend this treatment to a ac{HetNet} scenario (namely when there are more than one type of glspl{BS} deployed) and study various key performance metrics. We also explore the conditions where energy efficiency of such a system can be improved.The results in thesis provide some key ideas to improve energy efficiency in a wireless cellular network thereby contributing to the advancement towards the next generation (5G) cellular networks
Nouvel, Bertrand. „Rotations discrètes et automates cellulaires“. Lyon, École normale supérieure (sciences), 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ENSL0370.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDeveaux, Vincent. „Modèles markoviens partiellement orientés. Approche géométrique des Automates cellulaires probabilistes“. Phd thesis, Université de Rouen, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00325051.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAu cours de la première, nous définissons la notion de chaîne partiellement ordonnée qui généralise celle d'automate cellulaire probabiliste. Cette définition se fait par l'intermédiaire de spécification partiellement ordonnée de la même façon que les mesures de Gibbs sont définies à l'aide de spécifications. Nous obtenons des résultats analogues sur l'espace des phases : caractérisation des mesures extrêmes, construction/reconstruction en partant des noyaux sur un seul site, critères d'unicité. Les résultats sont appliqués tout au long du texte à des automates déjà connus.
La deuxième partie est essentiellement vouée à l'étude d'automates cellulaires unidimensionnels à deux voisins et deux états. Nous donnons deux décompositions des configurations spatio-temporelles en flot d'information. Ces flots ont une signification géométrique. De cela nous tirons deux critères d'unicité.
En annexe, nous donnons une démonstration de transition de phase d'un automate cellulaire défini par A. Toom, le modèle NEC. Tout au long du texte, des simulations sont présentées.
Deveaux, Vincent. „Modèles markoviens partiellement orientés. Approche géométrique des automates cellulaires probabilistes“. Phd thesis, Rouen, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008ROUES004.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe global subject of this thesis is probabilistic cellular automata (PCA). It is divided into two parts. In the first part, we define the notion of partially ordered chains (POC) that generalise PCA. They are defined thought partially ordered specification (POS) in analogy with the statistical mechanics notion of Gibbs measure. We obtain the analogous of Gibbs measure phase space properties characterization of extremal measures, construction/reconstruction starting from single site kernels, criterion of uniqueness. These results are applied to some well-known PCA. The second part is essentially devoted to 1-dimensional PCA with two neighbours and two states. We show two decompositions of space-time configurations in flow of information. Those flows have a geometrical meaning that induce two uniqueness criteria. In appendix, we give a version of the proof of phase transition of the NEC Toom's PCA. The whole thesis is punctuated by simulations
Nouvel, Bertrand. „ROTATIONS DISCRETES ET AUTOMATES CELLULAIRES“. Phd thesis, Ecole normale supérieure de lyon - ENS LYON, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00444088.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBastug, Ejder. „Les méthodes de caching distribué dans les réseaux small cells“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLC017/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis explores one of the key enablers of 5G wireless networks leveraging small cell network deployments, namely proactive caching. Endowed with predictive capabilities and harnessing recent developments in storage, context-awareness and social networks, peak traffic demands can be substantially reduced by proactively serving predictable user demands, via caching at base stations and users' devices. In order to show the effectiveness of proactive caching techniques, we tackle the problem from two different perspectives, namely theoretical and practical ones.In the first part of this thesis, we use tools from stochastic geometry to model and analyse the theoretical gains of caching at base stations. In particular, we focus on 1) single-tier networks where small base stations with limited storage are deployed, 2) multi-tier networks with limited backhaul, and) multi-tier clustered networks with two different topologies, namely coverage-aided and capacity-aided deployments. Therein, we characterize the gains of caching in terms of average delivery rate and mean delay, and show several trade-offs as a function of the number of base stations, storage size, content popularity behaviour and target content bitrate. In the second part of the thesis, we take a more practical approach of proactive caching and focus on content popularity estimation and algorithmic aspects. In particular: 1) We first investigate the gains of proactive caching both at base stations and user terminals, by exploiting recent tools from machine learning and enabling social-network aware device-to-device (D2D) communications; 2) we propose a transfer learning approach by exploiting the rich contextual information extracted from D2D interactions (referred to as source domain) in order to better estimate the content popularity and cache strategic contents at the base stations (referred to as target domain); 3) finally, to estimate the content popularity in practice, we collect users' real mobile traffic data from a telecom operator from several base stations in hours of time interval. This amount of large data falls into the framework of big data and requires novel machine learning mechanisms to handle. Therein, we propose a parallelized architecture in which content popularity estimation from this data and caching at the base stations are done simultaneously.Our results and analysis provide key insights into the deployment of cache-enabled small base stations, which are seen as a promising solution for 5G heterogeneous cellular networks
Ghatak, Gourab. „Millimeter wave multi-RAT small cells for heterogeneous mobile services : performance analysis and optimization“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLT010/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFuture wireless applications anticipate an explosion in the plethora of use-cases and services, which cannot be sustained by incremental improvements on the existing communication schemes. For this, two research directions are particularly attractive: network densification using small cells and millimeter wave (mm-wave) wave communications. In this thesis, we model and evaluate cellular networks consisting of multi-radio access technique (RAT) mm-wave small cells deployed on top of the legacy macro-architecture. First, we mathematically model a homogeneous deployment of multi-RAT small cells and characterize the user and network performance in terms of signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) coverage probability, downlink throughput, and the cell overloading probability. Then, we study users association to different tiers and optimal selection of different RATs, so as to optimize these performance metrics. Generally, cellular network models that assume homogeneous deployments of small cells fail to take into account the nuances of urban blockage characteristics. To address this, we model the small cell locations along the roads of a city, and subsequently, we take into consideration the signal blockages due to buildings or moving vehicles on the roads. In this network, we assume that the operator supports three types of services v.i.z., ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC), massive machine-type communications (mMTC), and enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) with different requirements. Consequently, we study the optimal RAT selection for these services with varying vehicular blockages. Finally, based on the on-road deployment model of mm-wave small cells, we study a network designed to support positioning and data services simultaneously. We characterize the positioning accuracy based on the localization bounds and then study optimal resource partitioning and beamwidth selection strategies to address varied positioning and data-rate requirements
Arrano, Scharager Hernan. „Full-duplex for cellular networks : a stochastic geometry approach“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020IPPAT001.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFull-duplex (FD) is a principle in which a transceiver can receive and transmit on the same time-frequency radio resource. The principle was long held as impractical due to the high self-interference that arises when simultaneously transmitting and receiving in the same resource block. When assuming perfect self-interference cancellation, FD can potentially double the spectral efficiency (SE) of a given point-to-point communication. In practice though, it is not possible to achieve the aforementioned characteristic. Moreover, under a cellular network context, not only the self-interference limits the performance, since additional co-channel interference is created by base stations (BSs) and users equipment (UEs). However, even with the higher interference dowlinks (DLs) still obtain higher SE performances, whereas uplinks (ULs) are generally critically degraded, when compared to half-duplex (HD). We focus our work in the study of alternatives that can help improve the impaired ULs in FD networks, while still trying to profit from the gains experienced by DLs.In this regard, we use stochastic geometry along the thesis as a means to characterize key performance indicators of cellular networks, such as: coverage probability, average SE and data rates. The thesis is divided into three major studies. Firstly, we propose a duplex-switching policy which enables BSs to operate in FD- or HD- depending on the UL and DL conditions. Secondly, we investigate the performance of hybrid HD/FD networks under a millimeter wave context. Finally, we propose a novel algorithm based on nonorthogonal multiple-access (NOMA) and successive interference cancellation (SIC), which allows BSs to coordinate on their respective transmission schemes to reduce the BS-to-BS interference. We demonstrate that the models presented in the thesis allow to balance the gains of one link over the other; reducing the UL degradation, while maintaining DL gains. In addition, we show that scenarios in which equipment is able to perform beamforming are ideal for FD deployments, since they directly reduce the cochannel interference
Lahsen-Cherif, Iyad. „Spectral and Energy Efficiency in 5G Wireless Networks“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS506/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleToday's networks continue to evolve and grow resulting more dense, complex and heterogeneous networks.This leads to new challenges such as finding new models to characterize the nodes distribution in the wireless network and approaches to mitigate interference. On the other hand, the energy consumption of WMNs is a challenging issue mainly in rural areas lacking of default electrical grids. Finding alternative technologies and approaches to reduce the consumed energy of these networks is a interesting task. This thesis focuses on proposing and evaluating interference management models for next generation wireless networks (5G and Very Dense High WLANs), and providing tools and technologies to reduce energy consumption of Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs). Two different problems are thus studied; naturally the thesis is divided into two parts along the following chapters.The contribution of the first part of the thesis is threefold. Firstly, we develop our interference management coordination (CoMP-JT) model. The main idea of CoMP-JT is to turn signals generating harmful interference into useful signals. We develop a new model where BSs inside the coordinated set send a copy of data to border's users experiencing high interference. We consider the r-l Square point process to model the BSs distribution in the network. We derive network performance in terms of coverage probability and throughput. Additionally, we study the impact of the size of coordination set on the network performance. Secondly, we extend these results and provide a new model adopted for Dense Very high throughput WLANs. We take into consideration constraints of WLANs in our model such as carrier sensing range. Thirdly, we tackle resource allocation strategies to limit the interference in LTE networks. We study three cyclic allocation strategies: (i) the independent allocation, (ii) the static allocation and (iii) the load-dependent strategy. We derive tractable analytical expression of the first and second mean of interference. We validate the model using extensive simulations. Reducing the energy consumption and improving the energy efficiency of WMNs is our concern in the second part of the thesis. Indeed, we aim at studying the impact of directional antennas technology on the performance of WMNs, using both analysis and simulations. Fisrt, We derive the Number of Links (NLs) for the chain and grid topologies for different antennas beams. These results are based on the routing tables of nodes in the network. We consider different scenarios such as 1Source-NDestinations to model the downlink communications, NSources-1Destination to model the uplink communications and the 1Source-1Destination as a baseline scenario. Using ns-3 simulator, we simulate network performance in terms of Mean Loss Ratio, throughput, energy consumption and energy efficiency. Then, we study the impact of number of beams, network topology and size, the placement of the gateway on the network performance. Next, we go beyond simulations and propose an optimization framework minimizing the consumed energy while maximizing the network throughput for DAs WMNs. We consider a weighted objective function combining the energy consumption and the throughput. We use power control to adapt transmission power depending on the location of the next hop. This model is a first step to approve the obtained simulation results. We use ILOG Cplex solver to find the optimal solution. Results show that DAs improves the network throughput while reduce the energy consumption and that power control allows saving more energy. In this direction, the LCI4D Project aims at providing low cost infrastructure to connect isolated rural and sub-urban areas to the Internet. In order to reduce the installation and maintenance costs, LCI4D proposes the usage of self-configured Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) to connect multimode outdoor femtocells to the remote Marco cell (gateway)
Blankenburg, Christoph. „Estimation of Curvature and Torsion of Discrete Mammalian Cell Paths through Porous Media“. Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0026/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe extraction of cancerous cells from body uids is an important procedure in clinical diagnostics and therapy. Notably, when the separation technique is based on cell chromatography, it is important to have precise knowledge about binding capacities of target cells in porous media. Therefore, experiments using time-resolved micro-computed tomography were designed and carried out at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility. The curvature and torsion distributions of cell paths in a two-phase ow through a porous medium are valuable information to characterize the efficiency of chromatographic processes. However, the computation of torsion is very challenging, since it is based on higher order derivatives which are very sensitive towards discretization noise. In this thesis, two new curvature and torsion estimation methods of particle paths are presented. The first method is based on a Fourier approximation. Case studies showed a decrease of the torsion estimation error of at least 65% compared to the commonly used spline approximation. Moreover, the smoothing parameter of the Fourier approximation can remain unchanged for both a wide range of lateral resolutions and curvatures and torsion values. Since this Fourier approximation approach cannot be applied at non-equidistant points, a second method based on the discretization of the differential-geometric formulas (DDGF) was developed. The spline approximation and the DDGF led to similar mean torsion errors. However, the filter mask remains unchanged for the DDGF, whereas the smoothing parameter of the spline approximation must be adapted to the curve shape and discretization
Song, Jian. „A Stochastic Geometry Approach to the Analysis and Optimization of Cellular Networks“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS545.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe main focus of this thesis is on modeling, performance evaluation and system-level optimization of next-generation cellular networks by using stochastic geometry. In addition, the emerging technology of Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RISs) is investigated for application to future wireless networks. In particular, relying on a Poisson-based abstraction model for the spatial distribution of nodes and access points, this thesis develops a set of new analytical frameworks for the computation of important performance metrics, such as the coverage probability and potential spectral efficiency, which can be used for system-level analysis and optimization. More specifically, a new analytical methodology for the analysis of three-dimensional cellular networks is introduced and employed for system optimization. A novel resource allocation problem is formulated and solved by jointly combining for the first time stochastic geometry and mixed-integer non-linear programming. The impact of deploying intelligent reflecting surfaces throughout a wireless network is quantified with the aid of line point processes, and the potential benefits of RISs against relaying are investigated with the aid of numerical simulations
Guan, Peng. „Stochastic Geometry Analysis of LTE-A Cellular Networks“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLS252/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe main focus of this thesis is on performance analysis and system optimization of Long Term Evolution - Advanced (LTE-A) cellular networks by using stochastic geometry. Mathematical analysis of cellular networks is a long-lasting difficult problem. Modeling the network elements as points in a Poisson Point Process (PPP) has been proven to be a tractable yet accurate approach to the performance analysis in cellular networks, by leveraging the powerful mathematical tools such as stochastic geometry. In particular, relying on the PPP-based abstraction model, this thesis develops the mathematical frameworks to the computations of important performance measures such as error probability, coverage probability and average rate in several application scenarios in both uplink and downlink of LTE-A cellular networks, for example, multi-antenna transmissions, heterogeneous deployments, uplink power control schemes, etc. The mathematical frameworks developed in this thesis are general enough and the accuracy has been validated against extensive Monte Carlo simulations. Insights on performance trends and system optimization can be done by directly evaluating the formulas to avoid the time-consuming numerical simulations
Rozin, Marie-Noëlle. „Etude géométrique et cinématique de la programmation des très grandes grilles de processeurs synchrones“. Paris 8, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA080842.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDurand-Lose, Jérôme. „Calculer géométriquement sur le plan - machines à signaux -“. Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00548817.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAmitai, Assaf. „Stochastic Analysis of Polymer Models Unveils DNA Dynamics and Nuclear Organization“. Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA077257.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn this dissertation I study processes in the cell nucleus, which is a rich and yet insufficiently explored fundamental domain, where diffusion is the main driver of molecular motion. Thus, the encounter of small chromosomal sites regulates gene expression, the exchange of genetic material, or the repair of DNA breaks. Another example of a search for a small target is that of bringing a transcription factor bound to the DNA close to its promoter site by forming a loop. None of these examples is solvable with the methods developed so far for search models of a pointwise diffuser in 2 and 3 dimensions. Therefore, these processes call for a new framework and quantification that requires deriving physical models, analysis of the associated equations, simulations, and methods for analyzing data
Cointepas, Yann. „Modélisation homotopique et segmentation 3D du cortex cérébral à partir d'IRM pour la résolution des problèmes directs et inverses en EEG et en MEG“. Phd thesis, Télécom ParisTech, 1999. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00005652.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTu, Lam Thanh. „New Analytical Methods for the Analysis and Optimization of Energy-Efficient Cellular Networks by Using Stochastic Geometry“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS157/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn communication networks, system-level analysis and optimization are useful when one is interested in optimizing the system performance across the entire network. System-level analysis and optimization, therefore, are relevant for optimally operating current networks, and for deploying and planning future networks. In the last few years, the system-level modeling and analysis of cellular networks have been facilitated by capitalizing on the mathematical tool of stochastic geometry and, more precisely, on the theory of spatial point processes. It has been empirically validated that, from the system-level standpoint, the locations of cellular base stations can be abstracted as points of a homogeneous Poisson point process whose intensity coincides with the average number of based stations per unit area.In this context, the contribution of the present Ph.D. thesis lies in developing new analytical methodologies for analyzing and optimizing emerging cellular network deployments. The present Ph.D. thesis, in particular, provides three main contributions to the analysis and optimization of energy-efficient cellular networks.The first contribution consists of introducing a tractable approach for assessing the feasibility of multiple-antenna cellular networks, where low-energy mobile devices decode data and harvest power from the same received signal. Tools from stochastic geometry are used to quantify the information rate vs. harvested power tradeoff. Our study unveils that large-scale antenna arrays and ultra-dense deployments of base stations are both necessary to harvest, with high reliability, a sufficiently high amount of power. Furthermore, the feasibility of receiver diversity for application to downlink cellular networks is investigated. Several options that are based on selection combining and maximum ratio combining are compared against each other. Our analysis shows that no scheme outperforms the others for every system setup. It suggests, on the other hand, that the low-energy devices need to operate in an adaptive fashion, by choosing the receiver diversity scheme as a function of the imposed requirements.The second contribution consists of introducing a new tractable approach for modeling and optimizing the energy efficiency of cellular networks. Unlike currently available analytical approaches that provide either simple but meaningless or meaningful but complex analytical expressions of the coverage probability and spectral efficiency of cellular networks, the proposed approach is conveniently formulated in a closed-form expression that is proved to be simple and meaningful at the same time. By relying on the new proposed formulation of the spectral efficiency, a new tractable closed-form expression of the energy efficiency of downlink cellular network is proposed, which is used for optimizing the transmit power and the density of cellular base stations. It is mathematically proved, in particular, that the energy efficiency is a unimodal and strictly pseudo-concave function in the transmit power, given the density of the base stations, and in the density of the base stations, given the transmit power. The optimal transmit power and density of base stations are proved to be the solution of simple non-linear equations.The third contribution consists of introducing a new tractable approach for analyzing the performance of multi-tier cellular networks equipped with renewable energy sources, such as solar panels. The proposed approach allows one to account for the spatial distribution of the base stations by using the theory of point processes, as well as for the random arrival and availability of energy by using Markov chain theory. By using the proposed approach, the energy efficiency of cellular networks can be quantified and the interplay between the density of base stations and energy arrival rate can be quantified and optimized
Villoutreix, Paul. „Aléatoire et variabilité dans l’embryogenèse animale, une approche multi-échelle“. Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA05T016/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWe propose in this thesis to characterize variability quantitatively at various scales during embryogenesis. We use a combination of mathematical models and experimental results. In the first part, we use a small cohort of digital sea urchin embryos to construct a prototypical representation of the cell lineage, which relates individual cell features with embryo-level dynamics. This multi-level data-driven probabilistic model relies on symmetries of the embryo and known cell types, which provide a generic coarse-grained level of observation for distributions of individual cell features. The prototype is defined as the centroid of the cohort in the corresponding statistical manifold. Among several results, we show that intra-individual variability is involved in the reproducibility of the developmental process. In the second part, we consider the mechanisms sources of variability during development and their relations to evolution. Building on experimental results showing variable phenotypic expression and incomplete penetrance in a zebrafish mutant line, we propose a clarification of the various levels of biological variability using a formal analogy with quantum mechanics mathematical framework. Surprisingly, we find a formal analogy between quantum entanglement and Mendel’s idealized scheme of inheritance. In the third part, we study biological organization and its relations to developmental paths. By adapting the tools of algebraic topology, we compute invariants of the network of cellular contacts extracted from confocal microscopy images of epithelia from different species and genetic backgrounds. In particular, we show the influence of individual histories on the spatial distribution of cells in epithelial tissues
Dos, Santos Morgane. „Modélisation de la topologie des dépôts d'énergie créés par un rayonnement ionisant à l'échelle nanométrique dans les noyaux cellulaires et relation avec les événements précoces radio-induits“. Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00931869.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBachtobji, Soumaya. „Performance Analysis of Enhancement Techniques for 3-D Cellular Networks“. Thesis, Le Mans, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LEMA1028.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWith the explosive growth of mobile data demand, cellular networks have experienced several major evolutions, from the first generation to the present the fifth generation new radio cellular networks. These networks can cover a larger geographical area, with high network capacity, and low power consumption. For the next generation, the cellular networks consist in deploying a big number of small cells, such as femto-cells and picocells, which offers a lager zone of radio coverage. In fact, cell densification presents a simple and efficient solution to increase the network capacity, which relies on densely reusing the spectrum across a geographical area and hence brings base stations closer to users. Thus, the 3-D modeling and the performance enhancement of the increasingly heterogeneous cellular networks become important issues. The current thesis focuses on the study and the enhancement of 3-D cellular networks. The research work introduced in this thesis has two main axes. First, we focus on three-dimensional modeling of wireless communication networks. These models, not only describe the system when the blockages effect are neglected, but also capable of modeling the obstacles (such as buildings) in order to study their effect and propose solution to overcome. Second, new transmission schemes are proposed to enhance the performances of the urban wireless communication systems
Dos, Santos Morgane. „Modélisation de la topologie des dépôts d’énergie créés par un rayonnement ionisant à l’échelle nanométrique dans les noyaux cellulaires et relation avec les événements précoces radio-induits“. Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR14865/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIonizing radiations are known to induce critical damages on biological matter and especially on DNA. Among these damages, DNA double strand breaks (DSB) are considered as key precursor of lethal effects of ionizing radiations. Understand and predict how DNA double and simple strand breaks are created by ionising radiation and repaired in cell nucleus is nowadays a major challenge in radiobiology research. This work presents the results on the simulation of the DNA double strand breaks produced from the energy deposited by the irradiation at the intracellular level. At the nanometric scale, the only method to accurately simulate the topological details of energy deposited on the biological matter is the use of Monte Carlo codes. In this work, we used the Geant4 Monte Carlo code and, in particular, the low energy electromagnetic package extensions, referred as Geant4-DNA processes.In order to evaluate DNA radio-induced damages, the first objective of this work consisted in implementing a detailed geometry of the DNA on the Monte Carlo simulations. Two types of cell nuclei, representing a fibroblast and an endothelium, were described in order to evaluate the influence of the DNA density on the topology of the energy deposits contributing to strand breaks. Indeed, the implemented geometry allows the selection of energy transfer points that can lead to strand breaks because they are located on the backbone. Then, these energy transfer points were analysed with a clustering algorithm in order to reveal groups of aggregates and to study their location and complexity.In this work, only the physical interactions of ionizing radiations are simulated. Thus, it is not possible to achieve an absolute number of strand breaks as the creation and transportation of radical species which could lead to indirect DNA damages is not included. Nevertheless, the aim of this work was to evaluate the relative dependence of direct DNA damages with the DNA density, radiation quality, cell nuclei morphology or also chromatin condensation. The results presented in this work have allowed the quantification of the influence of these different parameters in the number and complexity of directs DNA damages which can then contribute to the late effects on cell fate
Poudret, Mathieu. „Transformations de graphes pour les opérations topologiques en modélisation géométrique - Application à l'étude de la dynamique de l'appareil de Golgi“. Phd thesis, Université d'Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00503818.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleJouini, Hana. „Radio Resource Management in LTE Networks : Load Balancing in Heterogeneous Cellular Networks“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, CNAM, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017CNAM1153.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHigh demands on mobile networks provide a fresh opportunity to migrate towardsmulti-tier deployments, denoted as heterogeneous network (HetNet), involving a mix of cell types and radio access technologies working together seamlessly. In this context, network optimisation functionalities such as load balancing have to be properly engineered so that HetNet benefit are fully exploited. This dissertation aims to develop tractable frameworks to model and analyze load balancing dynamics while incorporating the heterogeneous nature of cellular networks. In this context we investigate and analyze a class of load balancingstrategies, namely adaptive handover based load balancing strategies. These latter were firstly studied under the general heading of stochastic networks using independent and homogeneous Poisson point processes based network model. We propose a baseline model to characterize rate coverage and handover signalling in K-tier HetNet with a general maximum power based cell association and adaptive handover strategies. Tiers differ in terms of deployment density and cells characteristics (i.e. transmit power, bandwidth, and path loss exponent). One of the main outcomes is demonstrating the impact of offloading traffic from macro- to small-tier. This impact was studied in terms of rate coverage and HO signalling. Results show that enhancement in rate coverage is penalized by HO signalling overhead. Then appropriate algorithms of LB based adaptive HO are designed and their performance is evaluated by means of extensive system level simulations. These latter are conducted in 3GPP defined scenarios, including representation of mobility procedures in both connectedstate. Simulation results show that the proposed LB algorithms ensure performance enhancement in terms of network throughput, packet loss ratio, fairness and HO signalling
Remila, Eric. „Pavage de figures par des barres et reconnaissance de graphes sous-jacents à des réseaux d'automates“. Lyon 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LYO10037.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleJouini, Hana. „Radio Resource Management in LTE Networks : Load Balancing in Heterogeneous Cellular Networks“. Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017CNAM1153/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHigh demands on mobile networks provide a fresh opportunity to migrate towardsmulti-tier deployments, denoted as heterogeneous network (HetNet), involving a mix of cell types and radio access technologies working together seamlessly. In this context, network optimisation functionalities such as load balancing have to be properly engineered so that HetNet benefit are fully exploited. This dissertation aims to develop tractable frameworks to model and analyze load balancing dynamics while incorporating the heterogeneous nature of cellular networks. In this context we investigate and analyze a class of load balancingstrategies, namely adaptive handover based load balancing strategies. These latter were firstly studied under the general heading of stochastic networks using independent and homogeneous Poisson point processes based network model. We propose a baseline model to characterize rate coverage and handover signalling in K-tier HetNet with a general maximum power based cell association and adaptive handover strategies. Tiers differ in terms of deployment density and cells characteristics (i.e. transmit power, bandwidth, and path loss exponent). One of the main outcomes is demonstrating the impact of offloading traffic from macro- to small-tier. This impact was studied in terms of rate coverage and HO signalling. Results show that enhancement in rate coverage is penalized by HO signalling overhead. Then appropriate algorithms of LB based adaptive HO are designed and their performance is evaluated by means of extensive system level simulations. These latter are conducted in 3GPP defined scenarios, including representation of mobility procedures in both connectedstate. Simulation results show that the proposed LB algorithms ensure performance enhancement in terms of network throughput, packet loss ratio, fairness and HO signalling
Hasan, Cengis. „Optimisation de l'allocation de ressources dans les réseaux celluaires : une approche efficace en énergie“. Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00942967.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLalonde, Martin. „Modélisation par automates cellulaires de brèches hydrothermales“. Mémoire, 2006. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/2101/1/M9213.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleJafari, Bidhendi Amirhossein. „Mechanics of cell growth and tissue architecture in plants“. Thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/25037.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePlant development entails cell division, cell growth and shaping, and the differentiation of meristematic cells into highly specialized cell types. Differentiation and cell shape are closely linked and involve the regulation of the mechanical properties of the cell wall. The mechanisms leading to the generation of the diverse array of shapes and functionalities found in plant tissues are perplexing and poorly understood. In my Ph.D. research, I investigated the mechanical principles underlying the formation of wavy leaf pavement cells. Further, I studied the putative mechanical advantage that emerges from the interlocking patterns. Epidermal pavement cells consist of two parallel periclinal walls connected by vertical anticlinal walls. At the borders, wavy pavement cells make interlocking indentations and protrusions. 3D confocal micrographs of cotyledons stained with cellulose-specific fluorophores revealed a significant accumulation of cellulose at the sites of indentation on the periclinal walls extending down the anticlinal walls. Staining the cotyledon samples with COS488 also suggested a higher abundance of de-esterified pectin at these sites. I developed finite element models of the cell wall deformation and simulated the biochemical inhomogeneities by assigning alternately stiffened regions across and along the periclinal walls on two sides of an anticlinal wall. It was observed that the non-deforming stiffened regions develop into sites of indentations when the internal pressure stretches the cell wall. The model also suggested higher stresses to associate with the neck regions. The model results indicate that a positive feedback loop between stress and cell wall stiffness could generate wavy shapes starting from infinitesimally small differences in cell wall stiffness or stress. Further, the model suggests that stochastic buckling events can initiate the cell shaping process. It has been long hypothesized that the interlocking pattern of pavement cells improves cell-cell adhesion and thus the tensile strength of the epidermis. Stretching to rupture the leaf samples of wild-type Arabidopsis or any1 mutant with reduced cell waviness did not show any cell detachment upon failure. However, I hypothesized the undulating cell borders could enhance the resistance of the epidermis against the propagation of damage. I observed a considerable anisotropy in the tear behavior of onion epidermis parallel and perpendicular to the cells’ main axis. Tears along the cell lines propagated without much resistance resulting in brittle failure of the tissue. This was observed to originate from tears propagating by cell detachment. Perpendicular to the cells’ main axis, tears had considerable difficulty in propagating. Fracturing the leaf samples with wavy epidermal cells, I noticed the cracks propagated in both the cell borders and the cell wall intermittently. I hypothesized that this pattern of fracture in the epidermis with wavy cells indicates an increase in the fracture toughness. To untangle the influence of material anisotropy from the cell geometry on fracture toughness, I designed macroscopic physical models of the epidermis by laser engraving the cell patterns on polymethylmethacrylate. This way, the isotropic material would allow studying only the effect of cell geometry. While fracturing the control specimens with no engraving and the specimens with longitudinally placed cells demonstrated a brittle fracture, fractures transverse to cell lines in the onion cell patterns or across the Arabidopsis cotyledon wavy cell pattern showed an increased fracture toughness. I suggest the wavy shape of pavement cells in the epidermis results from the alternate placement of stiffer regions in the cell wall, a process that can initiate from a stochastic stress anisotropy due to buckling. Further, these shapes increase the fracture toughness of the plant epidermis protecting it against the spread of damage; an ingenious defense mechanism at the most exposed surfaces.