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1
Staude, Hermann S., Marion Maclean, Silvia Mecenero, Rudolph J. Pretorius, Rolf G. Oberprieler, Simon An Noort, Allison Sharp et al. „Geometroidea: Geometridae: Geometrinae, Larentiinae, Sterrhinae; Uraniidae“. Metamorphosis 31, Nr. 3 (21.03.2022): 125–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/met.v31i3.8.
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EXPLANATION OF THE MASTER LISTSThere are 28 master lists, grouped as convenient taxon groups and split in such a way as to make each list individually downloadable but form an integral part of the main article. Citations to these master lists should be as indicated for the main article. Each master list contains a table that is made up of eight columns and each row represents information on one rearing record. For each master list, the rearing records are ordered under family, subfamily and sometimes tribe headings (in some cases we offer a superfamily instead of a family name where we were uncertain of the family placement). The records are ordered by family, subfamily, species and then rearer name. Explanation of the information contained in each column is as follows:Ref. no. This column contains references to a unique rearing number that links the notes, photographs and reared specimens gathered during the course of the rearing. A blank field indicate that there was no reference number submitted.Lepidoptera species. This column contains the best identification that could be made of the Lepidoptera taxon at the time of publication given the resources available. The name of the taxon specialist who identified the species (if not an author) is given in brackets. A blank cell means that we were unable to identify the taxon with some certainty.Host species (Family). This columns contain the best identifications that could be made of the host species, on which the caterpillar was feeding, at the time of publication given the resources available. A blank cell means that we were unable to identify the plant species to that level with some certainty or that feeding by the caterpillar was not confirmed. In the majority of cases the host indicated is the host on which the life stage was collected in the wild and on which the caterpillar fed subsequently. In cases where the host was presented to the larva in captivity, this is indicated. Where relevant, the name of the determiner is given in brackets. The host family name is given at the end in brackets. The phrase “reared ab ovum” means that the pictured larva was reared from the egg, meaning that the entire life-history of the species (all larval instars) was recorded and documented. In most cases such larvae were reared from eggs laid by a female moth collected at a light but raised on a natural host-plant of the species (though not necessarily one occurring at the locality where the female was taken), in some cases such larvae were reared from eggs found laid on a host-plant in the wild, and in a few cases the larvae were reared on an unnatural (exotic) host-plant in captivity. Such imprecisions regarding host use are, however, also contained in records of field-collected larvae, as mature larvae sometimes feed on plants they will not take in the early instars but do switch to at a later stage, and many also naturally feed on exotic plants in the wild.Locality. This column contains a short standardised reference to the locality where the specimen used in the rearing was collected, be it any life stage or a female from which eggs were obtained. The locality field lists, in order, the locality description, followed by the closest town, province (where relevant) and then country.Date of collection (c), pupation (p), emergence (e). This column contains the dates as indicated, where available. Missing dates are indicated by a “?”.Rearer. This column contains the name(s) of the person(s) who conducted the rearing, who may or may not have been the person who collected the rearing material.Final instar larva. This column contains the photographs of the caterpillar of the species reared. In most cases they depict the final-instar larva and at the time it was still feeding, but in some cases they show the larva in the pre-pupation phase (usually on the ground) and in a few cases an earlier instar, where for some reason a photograph of the final instar was unavailable.Adult. This column contains photographs of the actual adult specimen reared from the caterpillar shown in the previous column. Photographs marked with * are not of the actual adult specimen which emerged from the imaged larva.
2
Staude, Hermann S., Marion Maclean, Silvia Mecenero, Rudolph J. Pretorius, Rolf G. Oberprieler, Simon Van Noort, Allison Sharp et al. „Geometroidea: Geometridae: Ennominae (2)“. Metamorphosis 31, Nr. 3 (17.03.2022): 91–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/met.v31i3.6.
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EXPLANATION OF THE MASTER LISTSThere are 28 master lists, grouped as convenient taxon groups and split in such a way as to make each list individually downloadable but form an integral part of the main article. Citations to these master lists should be as indicated for the main article. Each master list contains a table that is made up of eight columns and each row represents information on one rearing record. For each master list, the rearing records are ordered under family, subfamily and sometimes tribe headings (in some cases we offer a superfamily instead of a family name where we were uncertain of the family placement). The records are ordered by family, subfamily, species and then rearer name. Explanation of the information contained in each column is as follows:Ref. no. This column contains references to a unique rearing number that links the notes, photographs and reared specimens gathered during the course of the rearing. A blank field indicate that there was no reference number submitted.Lepidoptera species. This column contains the best identification that could be made of the Lepidoptera taxon at the time of publication given the resources available. The name of the taxon specialist who identified the species (if not an author) is given in brackets. A blank cell means that we were unable to identify the taxon with some certainty.Host species (Family). This columns contain the best identifications that could be made of the host species, on which the caterpillar was feeding, at the time of publication given the resources available. A blank cell means that we were unable to identify the plant species to that level with some certainty or that feeding by the caterpillar was not confirmed. In the majority of cases the host indicated is the host on which the life stage was collected in the wild and on which the caterpillar fed subsequently. In cases where the host was presented to the larva in captivity, this is indicated. Where relevant, the name of the determiner is given in brackets. The host family name is given at the end in brackets. The phrase “reared ab ovum” means that the pictured larva was reared from the egg, meaning that the entire life-history of the species (all larval instars) was recorded and documented. In most cases such larvae were reared from eggs laid by a female moth collected at a light but raised on a natural host-plant of the species (though not necessarily one occurring at the locality where the female was taken), in some cases such larvae were reared from eggs found laid on a host-plant in the wild, and in a few cases the larvae were reared on an unnatural (exotic) host-plant in captivity. Such imprecisions regarding host use are, however, also contained in records of field-collected larvae, as mature larvae sometimes feed on plants they will not take in the early instars but do switch to at a later stage, and many also naturally feed on exotic plants in the wild.Locality. This column contains a short standardised reference to the locality where the specimen used in the rearing was collected, be it any life stage or a female from which eggs were obtained. The locality field lists, in order, the locality description, followed by the closest town, province (where relevant) and then country.Date of collection (c), pupation (p), emergence (e). This column contains the dates as indicated, where available. Missing dates are indicated by a “?”.Rearer. This column contains the name(s) of the person(s) who conducted the rearing, who may or may not have been the person who collected the rearing material.Final instar larva. This column contains the photographs of the caterpillar of the species reared. In most cases they depict the final-instar larva and at the time it was still feeding, but in some cases they show the larva in the pre-pupation phase (usually on the ground) and in a few cases an earlier instar, where for some reason a photograph of the final instar was unavailable.Adult. This column contains photographs of the actual adult specimen reared from the caterpillar shown in the previous column. Photographs marked with * are not of the actual adult specimen which emerged from the imaged larva.
3
Staude, Hermann S., Marion Maclean, Silvia Mecenero, Rudolph J. Pretorius, Rolf G. Oberprieler, Simon Van Noort, Allison Sharp et al. „Geometroidea: Geometridae: Ennominae (3)“. Metamorphosis 31, Nr. 3 (17.03.2022): 110–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/met.v31i3.7.
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EXPLANATION OF THE MASTER LISTSThere are 28 master lists, grouped as convenient taxon groups and split in such a way as to make each list individually downloadable but form an integral part of the main article. Citations to these master lists should be as indicated for the main article. Each master list contains a table that is made up of eight columns and each row represents information on one rearing record. For each master list, the rearing records are ordered under family, subfamily and sometimes tribe headings (in some cases we offer a superfamily instead of a family name where we were uncertain of the family placement). The records are ordered by family, subfamily, species and then rearer name. Explanation of the information contained in each column is as follows:Ref. no. This column contains references to a unique rearing number that links the notes, photographs and reared specimens gathered during the course of the rearing. A blank field indicate that there was no reference number submitted.Lepidoptera species. This column contains the best identification that could be made of the Lepidoptera taxon at the time of publication given the resources available. The name of the taxon specialist who identified the species (if not an author) is given in brackets. A blank cell means that we were unable to identify the taxon with some certainty.Host species (Family). This columns contain the best identifications that could be made of the host species, on which the caterpillar was feeding, at the time of publication given the resources available. A blank cell means that we were unable to identify the plant species to that level with some certainty or that feeding by the caterpillar was not confirmed. In the majority of cases the host indicated is the host on which the life stage was collected in the wild and on which the caterpillar fed subsequently. In cases where the host was presented to the larva in captivity, this is indicated. Where relevant, the name of the determiner is given in brackets. The host family name is given at the end in brackets. The phrase “reared ab ovum” means that the pictured larva was reared from the egg, meaning that the entire life-history of the species (all larval instars) was recorded and documented. In most cases such larvae were reared from eggs laid by a female moth collected at a light but raised on a natural host-plant of the species (though not necessarily one occurring at the locality where the female was taken), in some cases such larvae were reared from eggs found laid on a host-plant in the wild, and in a few cases the larvae were reared on an unnatural (exotic) host-plant in captivity. Such imprecisions regarding host use are, however, also contained in records of field-collected larvae, as mature larvae sometimes feed on plants they will not take in the early instars but do switch to at a later stage, and many also naturally feed on exotic plants in the wild.Locality. This column contains a short standardised reference to the locality where the specimen used in the rearing was collected, be it any life stage or a female from which eggs were obtained. The locality field lists, in order, the locality description, followed by the closest town, province (where relevant) and then country.Date of collection (c), pupation (p), emergence (e). This column contains the dates as indicated, where available. Missing dates are indicated by a “?”.Rearer. This column contains the name(s) of the person(s) who conducted the rearing, who may or may not have been the person who collected the rearing material.Final instar larva. This column contains the photographs of the caterpillar of the species reared. In most cases they depict the final-instar larva and at the time it was still feeding, but in some cases they show the larva in the pre-pupation phase (usually on the ground) and in a few cases an earlier instar, where for some reason a photograph of the final instar was unavailable.Adult. This column contains photographs of the actual adult specimen reared from the caterpillar shown in the previous column. Photographs marked with * are not of the actual adult specimen which emerged from the imaged larva.
4
Staude, Hermann S., Marion Maclean, Silvia Mecenero, Rudolph J. Pretorius, Rolf G. Oberprieler, Simon Van Noort, Allison Sharp et al. „Geometroidea: Geometridae: Desmobathrinae, Ennominae (1)“. Metamorphosis 31, Nr. 3 (17.03.2022): 72–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/met.v31i3.5.
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EXPLANATION OF THE MASTER LISTSThere are 28 master lists, grouped as convenient taxon groups and split in such a way as to make each list individually downloadable but form an integral part of the main article. Citations to these master lists should be as indicated for the main article. Each master list contains a table that is made up of eight columns and each row represents information on one rearing record. For each master list, the rearing records are ordered under family, subfamily and sometimes tribe headings (in some cases we offer a superfamily instead of a family name where we were uncertain of the family placement). The records are ordered by family, subfamily, species and then rearer name. Explanation of the information contained in each column is as follows:Ref. no. This column contains references to a unique rearing number that links the notes, photographs and reared specimens gathered during the course of the rearing. A blank field indicate that there was no reference number submitted.Lepidoptera species. This column contains the best identification that could be made of the Lepidoptera taxon at the time of publication given the resources available. The name of the taxon specialist who identified the species (if not an author) is given in brackets. A blank cell means that we were unable to identify the taxon with some certainty.Host species (Family). This columns contain the best identifications that could be made of the host species, on which the caterpillar was feeding, at the time of publication given the resources available. A blank cell means that we were unable to identify the plant species to that level with some certainty or that feeding by the caterpillar was not confirmed. In the majority of cases the host indicated is the host on which the life stage was collected in the wild and on which the caterpillar fed subsequently. In cases where the host was presented to the larva in captivity, this is indicated. Where relevant, the name of the determiner is given in brackets. The host family name is given at the end in brackets. The phrase “reared ab ovum” means that the pictured larva was reared from the egg, meaning that the entire life-history of the species (all larval instars) was recorded and documented. In most cases such larvae were reared from eggs laid by a female moth collected at a light but raised on a natural host-plant of the species (though not necessarily one occurring at the locality where the female was taken), in some cases such larvae were reared from eggs found laid on a host-plant in the wild, and in a few cases the larvae were reared on an unnatural (exotic) host-plant in captivity. Such imprecisions regarding host use are, however, also contained in records of field-collected larvae, as mature larvae sometimes feed on plants they will not take in the early instars but do switch to at a later stage, and many also naturally feed on exotic plants in the wild.Locality. This column contains a short standardised reference to the locality where the specimen used in the rearing was collected, be it any life stage or a female from which eggs were obtained. The locality field lists, in order, the locality description, followed by the closest town, province (where relevant) and then country.Date of collection (c), pupation (p), emergence (e). This column contains the dates as indicated, where available. Missing dates are indicated by a “?”.Rearer. This column contains the name(s) of the person(s) who conducted the rearing, who may or may not have been the person who collected the rearing material.Final instar larva. This column contains the photographs of the caterpillar of the species reared. In most cases they depict the final-instar larva and at the time it was still feeding, but in some cases they show the larva in the pre-pupation phase (usually on the ground) and in a few cases an earlier instar, where for some reason a photograph of the final instar was unavailable.Adult. This column contains photographs of the actual adult specimen reared from the caterpillar shown in the previous column. Photographs marked with * are not of the actual adult specimen which emerged from the imaged larva.
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Fields, Paul G., John T. Arnason, Bernard J. R. Philogène, Richard R. Aucoin, Peter Morand und Chantal Soucy-Breau. „PHOTOTOXINS AS INSECTICIDES AND NATURAL PLANT DEFENCES“. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 123, S159 (1991): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/entm123159029-1.
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AbstractThe thiophenes alpha-terthienyl and methyl-alpha-terthienyl are found in many species of the family Asteraceae and are highly phototoxic to mosquito larvae. These compounds and a synthetic analogue, cyano-alpha-terthienyl, controlled Aedes intrudens Dyar (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae at application rates between 10 and 40 g per hectare in field trials. These concentrations are similar to those currently used with chemical control agents. Piperonyl butoxide, a synergist used with pyrethrin, greatly increased the mortality of mosquito larvae at low application rates of the most potent phototoxin, cyano-alpha-terthienyl.Although we have demonstrated previously that these phototoxic defences are effective against some phytophagous insects, more recently we studied insects that are able to feed on a phototoxic plant, in order to examine modes of resistance to phototoxins. Chrysolina spp. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) larvae are susceptible to phototoxicity but avoid it by feeding on Hypericum perforatum L. (Hypericaceae) at dawn and by hiding during the day. Chrysolina adults avoid phototoxicity by the presence of opaque cuticles that block the sunlight. First-instar larvae of Anaitis plagiata (L.) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) avoid feeding on the glands that contain the phototoxin. Later-instar larvae feed on the entire leaf, yet are not susceptible to phototoxicity, indicating they have biochemical defenses against photo-induced damage.
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Pinault, Lauren, Graham Thurston und Dan Quiring. „Interaction of foliage and larval age influences preference and performance of a geometrid caterpillar“. Canadian Entomologist 141, Nr. 2 (April 2009): 136–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n08-052.
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AbstractIn two recent studies it was reported that feeding on foliage of multiple age classes can improve insect fitness, but it was not determined whether the increase in fitness was due to larvae obtaining a more balanced diet (the balanced-diet hypothesis) or to a difference in the nutritional requirements between young and old larvae (the ontogenetic hypothesis). To test these two hypotheses, we examined the foraging behaviour and performance of young (second or third to fourth instar) and old (third or fourth to fifth instar) larvae of the pale-winged gray moth, Iridopsis ephyraria (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), on different-aged foliage of eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière (Pinaceae), during an outbreak in southwestern Nova Scotia. Defoliation attributed to I. ephyraria was highest on current-year foliage and gradually declined with foliage age. Young larvae were only observed feeding on current-year shoots but old larvae fed on foliage of all ages. When forced to feed on foliage of specific ages in manipulative field studies, survival rates of young and old larvae were highest on current-year and old (≥1 year old) foliage, respectively. However, both young and old larvae had higher survival rates when provided with access to foliage of all age classes than when they were forced to feed on only young or old foliage. Thus, this study supports both the balanced-diet and ontogenetic hypotheses.
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Adair, R. J., und J. K. Scott. „The life-history and host specificity of Comostolopsis germana Prout (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), a biological control agent of Chrysanthemoides monilifera (Compositae)“. Bulletin of Entomological Research 79, Nr. 4 (November 1989): 649–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300018800.
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AbstractLarvae of the southern African geometrid moth Comostolopsis germana Prout feed on the shoot apices and axillary buds of Chrysanthemoides monilifera, a serious alien weed of native vegetation in Australia. The insect was found in low abundance throughout the distribution of its hosts, C. incana and C. monilifera, in southern Africa. Larvae were present throughout the year in subtropical Natal, but were absent in winter in the cooler, Mediterranean type climate of Cape Province. In host-specificity tests using 65 plant species from 26 families, Comostolopsis germana completed development only on Chrysanthemoides monilifera monilifera and C. monilifera rotundata. Insignificant, exploratory feeding occurred on Olearia axillaris (Compositae) and pea, Pisum sativum (Leguminosae). In multiple-choice oviposition tests eggs were laid on 41 species, but a strong preference was shown for the foliage and stems of C. monilifera. Larvae grazing the flower buds, pedicels and peduncles of C. monilifera may reduce the reproductive capacity of their host and contribute to its control. Comostolopsis germana has been approved for release as a biological control agent of Chrysanthemoides monilifera in Australia.
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Fields, Paul G., John T. Arnason und Bernard J. R. Philogène. „Behavioural and physical adaptations of three insects that feed on the phototoxic plant Hypericum perforatum“. Canadian Journal of Zoology 68, Nr. 2 (01.02.1990): 339–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z90-049.
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Chrysolina hyperici, C. quadrigemina (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), and Anaitis plagiata (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) all feed on St. John's-wort (Hypericum perforatum), in spite of the presence of the phototoxin hypericin, which has been shown to be toxic to other insects. Fourth instar Chrysolina spp. larvae fed at dawn, then hid in the soil for the remainder of the day. When larvae were forced to remain in the light, mortality was positively correlated with light intensity. This susceptibility to light may be related to the highly transparent larval cuticle which transmitted over 60% of the photosensitizing wavelengths (540–610 nm). Chrysolina adults differed from the larvae in that they were sun loving, fed on St. John's-wort during the day, and basked at the tips of the branches. Adult cuticles only transmitted 0.1–0.2% of the photosensitizing wavelengths. Third instar A. plagiata larvae remained on the plant at all times, feeding both during the day and night. In the 5th instar, larvae burrowed into the soil during the day and fed mostly at night, much like late instar Chrysolina larvae. However, A. plagiata larvae suffered no ill effects if forced to remain in the light. Part of their resistance to photosensitization may be explained by the low transmittance of their cuticle (20%).
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Huff, A. N., T. N. Meacham und M. L. Wahlberg. „Feeds and feeding: A review“. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 5, Nr. 2 (Januar 1985): 96–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0737-0806(85)80056-3.
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Chagan, Farida Karim, Sidra Malik Fayyaz und Iram Saddiqa Aamir. „BREAST FEEDING OUTCOME“. Professional Medical Journal 23, Nr. 06 (10.06.2016): 715–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2016.23.06.1620.
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Objectives: To determine the prevalence of prelacteal feeding among mothers ofPakistan and to find out the various concepts behind this practice and fundamentally to establishthe association of prelacteal feeding with breastfeeding outcomes. Background: In Pakistan,many efforts have been done to emphasize the nutritional importance and adequacy of breastmilk for the newborns. Despite such efforts, it has been witnessed on multiple occasions thatprior to the commencement of breastfeeding, prelacteal feeds are introduced by the mothers totheir young ones. Prelacteal feed (PLF) are food supplements that are given to newborns orally.Design: Qualitative, descriptive, cross sectional Survey. Setting: The Lady Dufferin Hospital(LDH) and Jinnah Medical College hospital (JMCH). Methods: Study includes 400 Mothersincluding young mothers and data was collected with use of a pre-assessed authenticatedquestionnaire. Results: A large group of, both educated and uneducated, mothers knew aboutPLF administration (90.5%). Out of these, 70% mothers routinely give prelacteal feeds, withreadymade ghutti and honey being the most widely used supplements, 19.5% and 37.2%respectively .However their reasons for doing so differed significantly. Family tradition (27.8%)and religious credence (21.8%) are the most popular reasons for practicing prelacteal feeding.The other minor reasons are breast milk insufficiency, prevention of dehydration, hypoglycaemia,preparation of the gastrointestinal tract for digestion and to quench thirst. However, majorityof the subjects were aware of the benefits of breastfeeding and 99% mothers breastfed theirchildren. Conclusions: Regardless of the fact that mothers understand the significance ofbreast milk, most mothers routinely and unnecessarily give prelacteal feeds. Therefore, mothersshould be discouraged for the unsafely administration of prelacteal feeds and re-emphasizedabout the importance and nutritional adequecy of breastfeeding.
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Erdélyi, István, Péter Bársony, Tamás Pálfy, Istvánné Hermán und Tamás Pálfy. „Heat treated feeds in turkey feeding“. Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, Nr. 26 (16.07.2007): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/26/3047.
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The main aim of our study was to determine the effect of expanded and pelleted feeds, as well as the only pelleted feed based on wheat and corn, on the production of turkeys. In May 2006,, a fattening experiment on turkeys was started on the starter farm of Habar Ltd in Szarvas, owned by the Gallicoop Corporation. 17 day old male turkeys were involved in the fattening experiment. The experiment lasted 117 days. At that time, theanimals were 134 days old. After the experiment was completed, they were slaughtered. The following parameters were examined: growth, feed conversion ratio, carcass traits. Turkey feed were produced separately at different times. Similarly to the standard method of turkey fattening, 8 phases feeding was carried out. The fattening experiment was adjusted on male turkeys in 4×12×6 grouping (4 treatments: expanded and pelleted, and only pelleted corn and wheat feed; 12 repeats: number of pens/treatments; 6 birds/pen) 6-6 turkeys from 12 pens per each treatments were measured individually from the 17th day (starter) and at the time of each following feeding changes and mortality. The average of the group was calculated. The average daily weight gain, proportion of the given feed per pen, feeding changes and mortality were determined. The average daily feed intake and the feed conversion ratio were calculated.
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Isenalumhe, Anthony E., und Osawaru Oviawe. „Prelacteal feeds and breast-feeding problems“. Indian Journal of Pediatrics 54, Nr. 1 (Januar 1987): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02751246.
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B. D., Manjunath, und Abhishek G. „Early versus delayed enteral feeding in acute pancreatitis“. International Surgery Journal 5, Nr. 3 (26.02.2018): 942. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-2902.isj20180808.
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Background: Early enteral feeding through a nasoenteric feeding tube is often used in patients with acute pancreatitis, as compared to previous notion of pancreatic rest. This study aims to compare various outcomes of early and late enteral feeding in severe acute pancreatitis.Methods: This study was a randomized trial conducted at Victoria hospital, Bengaluru between July 2016 and June 2017. Patients with severe acute pancreatitis were randomized into early enteral feeding and late enteral feeding groups in the ratio of 1:1. Early enteral feeding group were started on oral feeds within 24 hours of admission. Late enteral feeding group were started on oral feeds after 72 hours of admission. Patient demographics, clinical findings, investigations, length of hospital stay, complications were assessed and compared.Results: In 124 out of 132 patients were included who met inclusion criteria. The mean age of patients was 28.6 years. There were 120 males (96.7%) and 4 females (3.2%). There were no significant differences in age, sex ratio and comorbidities between the two groups. Early enteral feeds group showed lesser number of gastrointestinal adverse effects after initiation of enteral feeds, lesser number of days taken to develop full tolerance to enteral feeds, lesser number of days of admission, lesser complications like necrotizing pancreatitis, single or multiple organs failure, lesser number of ICU admissions, requiring mechanical ventilation, including lesser mortality when compared to delayed enteral feeds group.Conclusions: Patients with severe acute pancreatitis can safely be started on early enteral feeds within 24 hours of admission.
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Buragohain, Rajat, und Kalidas Upadhyaya. „Economic Feeding of Pigs in Mizoram: A Field Study for Assessment of Nutritional Constraints and Identifying the Useful Local Feed Resources for Economic Feeding“. International Journal of Bio-resource and Stress Management 13, Nr. 4 (30.04.2022): 357–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.23910/1.2022.2470.
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The study was conducted in the Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University (Imphal), Aizawl, Mizoram during 2018-19. The objective of the research was to assess the nutritional constraints of feeding pigs in Mizoram and to put forward some solutions by identifying and utilizing local feed resources for economic feeding. Numbers of unconventional feeds were used for feeding pigs in Mizoram and fourteen among them were identified to be commonly used in day-to-day preparation of home-made cooked feed, which was the composite feed given to all categories of pigs. Constraints of the existing feeding practice were identified as high cost of conventional feeds, low dry matter intake causing deficient energy consumption, poor digestibility of nutrients when home-made cooked feed was fed, high tannin content of unconventional feeds. Except crude protein, apparent digestibility of dry matter, ether extract, crude fibre, nitrogen free extract and organic matter were low under the existing feeding practice. Based on nutrient contents, unconventional local feeds were categorized as protein and energy rich for substitution of conventional ingredients in ration formulation. Few rations with unconventional feeds substituting conventional ones suggested for grower and finisher pigs. Complete feed block of conventional and unconventional feeds was found acceptable to pigs. The study indicated the possibility of economic feeding of pigs by utilizing the local feeds keeping in view their nutritive and anti-nutritive contents and taking into consideration the constraints associated with nutrient intakes under the existing feeding management.
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Chandrashekhar, TS, HS Joshi, VS Binu, PR Shankar, MS Rana und U. Ramachandran. „Breast-feeding initiation and determinants of exclusive breast-feeding – a questionnaire survey in an urban population of western Nepal“. Public Health Nutrition 10, Nr. 2 (Februar 2007): 192–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980007248475.
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AbstractObjectiveTo assess rates of initiation of breast-feeding and exclusive breast-feeding within 2 months after delivery and to determine the factors influencing exclusive breast-feeding.DesignA health worker-administered questionnaire survey was carried out during the time period 1 August–30 September 2005.SettingImmunisation clinics of Pokhara, a submetropolitan city in western Nepal.SubjectsThree hundred and eighty-five mothers who had delivered a child within the previous 2 months.ResultsThe rates of initiation within 1 h and within 24 h of delivery were 72.7 and 84.4%, respectively. Within 2 months after delivery, exclusive breast-feeding was practised by 82.3% of the mothers. Breast milk/colostrum was given as the first feed to 332 (86.2%) babies but 17.2% of them were either given expressed breast milk or were put to the breast of another lactating mother. Pre-lacteal feeds were given to 14% of the babies. The common pre-lacteal feeds given were formula feeds (6.2%), sugar water (5.9%) and cow's milk (2.8%). Complementary feeds were introduced by 12.7% of the mothers. By logistic regression analysis, friends' feeding practices, type of delivery and baby's first feed were the factors influencing exclusive breast-feeding practice of the mothers.ConclusionsDespite the higher rates of initiation and exclusive breast-feeding, practices such as pre-lacteal feeds and premature introduction of complementary feeds are of great concern in this urban population. There is a need for promotion of good breast-feeding practices among expectant mothers and also the community, especially the families, taking into account the local traditions and customs.
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Jain, Agam, Aditya Kumar Gupta, Kana Ram Jat und Sushil Kumar Kabra. „Late dumping syndrome in an infant on feeding jejunostomy“. BMJ Case Reports 12, Nr. 5 (21.05.2019): e228471. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2018-228471.
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This article presents the case of a 3-month-old male child, who while on bolus jejunostomy tube feeds, developed recurrent episodes of hypoglycaemia. This infant had presented with failure to thrive with moderate gastroesophageal reflux necessitating a feeding jejunostomy. The infant was started on bolus feeds through the jejunostomy tube but developed recurrent episodes of hypoglycaemia. On evaluation, these episodes were hyperinsulinaemic and the baby was subsequently diagnosed with a late dumping syndrome. On changing the feeds to a continuous infusion and by eliminating added sugar from the feeds, the glucose fluctuations resolved. Dumping syndrome is a well-known complication in adults undergoing gastric surgeries. In the paediatric age group, dumping syndrome has been reported rarely, most commonly as a complication of Nissen fundoplication.
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Shaker, Catherine. „Reading the Feeding“. ASHA Leader 18, Nr. 2 (Februar 2013): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/leader.ftr1.18022013.42.
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The amount of milk a preemie drinks largely determines readiness for discharge from the neonatal intensive care unit. But just because an infant feeds well today doesn't mean it will last. In the long term, fostering a child's consistent, positive response to feeding may be more important.
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Walsh, Gary. „Biotechnology in Animal Feeds and Animal Feeding“. Trends in Food Science & Technology 7, Nr. 6 (Juni 1996): 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0924-2244(96)81253-2.
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G. N., Madhu, und Harish S. „Complementary feeding practices among mothers of children aged six months to two years admitted in a tertiary care hospital“. International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 5, Nr. 1 (21.12.2017): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20175566.
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Background: Optimal infant and young child feeding (IYCF) is an evidence-based measure for improving child nutrition and child survival. After 6 months of exclusive breast feeding, introduction of appropriate complementary feeds is essential. To ensure desirable growth and development of children, complementary feeding should be timely, culturally acceptable, nutritionally adequate, safe and responsive. Objective of this study was to assess the complementary feeding practices among the mothers of children between 6 months and 1 year of age with respect to the time of introduction, quantity and quality.Methods: This is a hospital based cross sectional survey among the mothers of children aged 6 months to 2 years admitted in pediatric wards at KIMS Bangalore during a study period of 6 months. A predesigned questionnaire was used for the collection of data. Details including socio demographic profile of the family and feeding practices of the infant were collected in detail.Results: Out of the 200 participants, 59% were males. 74.5% of the respondent mothers were housewives. Complementary feeds were started at appropriate time in 64.5% of the cases. The feeds were adequate in amount and frequency in 34.5% of the children. Bottle feeding was noted in 33.5% of the cases. Conclusions: Apart from the timely introduction of complementary feeds to infants, emphasis also should be given to the adequacy and quality of the feeds with respect to nutrients. Health professionals should focus on counseling the mothers on appropriate complementary feeding during antenatal, delivery, postnatal, and immunization services.
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Kushnerenko, V. H. „Liquid feeding of pigs in comparison with feeding with traditional feeds“. Taurian Scientific Herald, Nr. 125 (2022): 147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.32851/2226-0099.2022.125.21.
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Kalyan, Geetanjli, Neetu Gujjar, Jogender Kumar und Praveen Kumar. „Nifty cup versus katori-spoon feeding in preterm infants – Study protocol of a randomized controlled trial“. IP Journal of Paediatrics and Nursing Science 5, Nr. 3 (15.09.2022): 108–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijpns.2022.018.
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Preterm neonates need an alternative method of feeding before breastfeeding. : To compare the Nifty cup with Katori-spoon feeding in preterm neonates on full gavage feeds and deemed fit for oral feeding.This open-label, parallel, randomized controlled trial will be done at the step-down unit of a tertiary care center in Northern India. We will include preterm neonates (< 34 weeks gestation) on gavage feeds. Our primary outcome will be the time taken to achieve full oral feeds (defined as 150 mL/kg/day) and the duration of the feeding transition. The secondary outcomes will be time to attain full breastfeeds, time spent during the feeding sessions, spillage of feeds, adverse events (including mortality), anthropometry (weight, length, occipitofrontal circumference) at discharge, and duration of hospitalization.We will also take the opinion of mothers/caregivers and nurses on Nifty cup use by the use of an indigenously designed questionnaire. We will need 94 participants to detect a significant difference of 3 days in transition duration with 5% α error and 80% power. To account for non-compliance/crossover, we will enroll 106 participants (53 in each group).We will do intention to treat analysis. All data will be analyzed using SPSS version 23 statistical software for Windows. We will do a regression analysis to determine if the intervention is an independent predictor of time to full oral feeds after adjusting for pre-specified variables like gestational age, birth weight, and PMA at enrolment.The study will provide evidence on the best feeding method for feeding preterm neonates. This evidence will guide nurses/health care professionals in deciding the feeding method for preterm infants.
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Musial, Abigail, Amanda Schondelmeyer, Owen Densel, Angela Younts, Jodi Kelley, Lori Herbst und Angela M. Statile. „Decreasing Time to Full Enteral Feeds in Hospitalized Children With Medical Complexity Experiencing Feeding Intolerance“. Hospital Pediatrics 12, Nr. 9 (29.08.2022): 806–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/hpeds.2021-006496.
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Children with medical complexity (CMC) with gastrostomy and jejunostomy tubes are commonly hospitalized with feeding intolerance, or the inability to achieve target enteral intake combined with symptoms consistent with gastrointestinal dysfunction. Challenges resuming feeds may prolong length of stay (LOS). Our objective was to decrease median time to reach goal feeds from 3.5 days to 2.5 days in hospitalized CMC with feeding intolerance. METHODS A multidisciplinary team conducted this single-center quality improvement project. Key drivers included: standardized approach to feeding intolerance, parental buy-in and shared understanding of parental goals, timely formula delivery, and provider knowledge. Plan-do-study-act cycles included development of a feeding algorithm, provider education, near–real-time reminders and feedback. A run chart tracked the effect of interventions on median time to goal enteral feeds and median LOS. RESULTS There were 225 patient encounters. The most common cooccurring diagnoses were viral gastroenteritis, upper respiratory infections, and urinary tract infections. Median time to goal enteral feeds for CMC fed via gastrostomy or gastrojejunostomy tubes decreased from 3.5 days to 2.5 days within 6 months and was sustained for 1 year. This change coincided with implementation of a feeding intolerance management algorithm and provider education. There was no change in LOS. CONCLUSIONS Implementation of a standardized feeding intolerance algorithm for hospitalized CMC was associated with decreasing time to goal enteral feeds. Future work will include incorporating the algorithm into electronic health record order sets and spread of the algorithm to other services who care for CMC.
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McLennan, John D. „Changes in caesarean section rates and milk feeding patterns of infants between 1986 and 2013 in the Dominican Republic“. Public Health Nutrition 19, Nr. 15 (18.04.2016): 2688–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980016000847.
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AbstractObjectiveThe relationship between caesarean sections (C-sections) and infant feeding varies between different samples and indicators of feeding. The current study aimed to determine the relationship between C-sections and five indicators of infant milk feeding (breast-feeding within 1 h after delivery, at the time of the survey (current) and ever; milk-based prelacteal feeds; and current non-breast milk use) over time in a country with a rapidly rising C-section rate.DesignSecondary data analysis on cross-sectional data from Demographic and Health Surveys from six different time points between 1986 and 2013.SettingDominican Republic.SubjectsInfants under 6 months of age.ResultsOver 90 % of infants were ever breast-fed in each survey sample. However, non-breast milk use has expanded over time with a concomitant drop in predominant breast-feeding. C-section prevalence has increased over time reaching 63 % of sampled infants in the most recent survey. C-sections remained significantly related to three infant feeding practices – the child not put to the breast within 1 h after delivery, milk-based prelacteal feeds and current non-breast milk use – in multivariate models that included sociodemographic control variables. However, current non-breast milk use was no longer related to C-sections when milk-based prelacteal feeds were factored into the model.ConclusionsReducing or avoiding milk-based prelacteal feeds, particularly among those having C-sections, may improve subsequent breast-feeding patterns. Simultaneously, efforts are needed to understand and help reduce the exceptionally high C-section rate in the Dominican Republic.
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O'Mara, Keliana L., Saleem Islam, Janice A. Taylor, Daniel Solomon und Michael D. Weiss. „Gabapentin Improves Oral Feeding in Neurologically Intact Infants With Abdominal Disorders“. Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics 23, Nr. 1 (01.01.2018): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5863/1551-6776-23.1.59.
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Feeding intolerance, poor oral feeding skills, and retching are common symptoms seen in medically complex infants with a history of abdominal disorders and surgical interventions, such as gastrostomy tube placement and Nissen fundoplication. Visceral hyperalgesia may play a role in the underlying pathophysiology. We report the use of orally administered gabapentin in 3 infants with presumed visceral hyperalgesia presenting as poor tolerance of enteral and oral feeds. Retching and outward discomfort associated with feeds was resolved within 2 to 3 days of initiation of therapy. Full oral feeds were obtained in all 3 patients within 3 to 4 months of starting gabapentin without changing adjunctive medications or therapies. After attainment of full oral feeds, all patients were successfully weaned off gabapentin over a month, with no notable side effects, signs of withdrawal, or impact on ability to feed by mouth.
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Baran, Murat Sedat, Selçuk Altaçli, Oktay Kaplan und Suphi Deniz. „The Determination of Nutrient Value, Digestibility and Energy Levels of Compound Feeds Used for Ruminant Nutrition by in Vitro Methods“. Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 5, Nr. 7 (23.07.2017): 832. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v5i7.832-835.1226.
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There are small number of tables that show digestibility and energy contents of compound feeds produced by feed factory in different regions of Turkey. Thus, in this paper, four different compound feed types (dairy cattle, beef cattle, calf and lamb growing feeds), totalling 78 compound feeds were analysed to determine their feeding value, dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) digestibility and energy content (digestible energy (DE), metabolisable energy (ME) and net energy for lactation (NEL). As a result of this study, the crude fiber (CF) levels were higher than standard values in calf and lamb compound feeds and beef cattle compound feeds; however, in the dairy cattle and calf and lamb compound feeds, the crude protein (CP) values were lower than standard values. These findings are considered highly important for the region’s animal feeding. According to our results, the compound feeds for dairy cattle and lamb being used for ruminant nutrition in Diyarbakir Province of Turkey were found to have low nutrient qualities; however, in the calf feed both the metabolisable energy level and nutrient quantities were low.
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LIU, Jinyuan, Hui DENG, Bin DING und Xiaolong NIU. „A symmetrically feeding structure for dual-polarized feeds“. TURKISH JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING & COMPUTER SCIENCES 25 (2017): 308–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3906/elk-1504-120.
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Gupta, Lokesh. „Feeds and Feeding of Dromedary Camels: A Review“. Journal of Camel Practice and Research 28, Nr. 3 (2021): 249–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2277-8934.2021.00040.0.
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Anderton, A. „Bacterial contamination of enteral feeds and feeding systems“. Clinical Nutrition 12 (Januar 1993): S16—S32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0261-5614(09)90005-x.
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Heyland, Daren K., und Gordon Wood. „Effect of Acid Feeds on Feeding System Contamination“. Nutrition in Clinical Practice 13, Nr. 3 (Juni 1998): S33—S37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/088453369801300311.
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Heyland, Daren K., und Gordon Wood. „Effect of Acid Feeds on Feeding System Contamination“. Nutrition in Clinical Practice 13, Nr. 3_suppl (Juni 1998): S33—S37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08845336980130s310.
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Akindolire, Abimbola, Alison Talbert, Ian Sinha, Nicholas Embleton und Stephen Allen. „Evidence that informs feeding practices in very low birthweight and very preterm infants in sub-Saharan Africa: an overview of systematic reviews“. BMJ Paediatrics Open 4, Nr. 1 (August 2020): e000724. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2020-000724.
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BackgroundOptimal feeding of very low birthweight (VLBW <1500 g)/very preterm (gestation <32 weeks) infants in resource-limited settings in sub-Saharan Africa (sSA) is critical to reducing high mortality and poor outcomes.ObjectiveTo review evidence on feeding of VLBW/very preterm infants relevant to sSA.MethodsWe searched the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Embase, PubMed and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) from inception to July 2019 to identify reviews of randomised and quasi-randomised controlled trials of feeding VLBW/very preterm infants. We focused on interventions that are readily available in sSA. Primary outcomes were weight gain during hospital stay and time to achieve full enteral feeds (120 mL/kg/day). Secondary outcomes were growth, common morbidities, mortality, duration of hospital stay and cognitive development. Quality of evidence (QOE) was assessed using the Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR2).ResultsEight systematic reviews were included. Higher feed volume of day 1 (80 mL/kg) reduced late-onset sepsis and time to full enteral feeds, and higher feed volume (up to 300 mL/kg/day) improved weight gain without adverse events (QOE: low–moderate). Rapid advancement of feeds (30–40 mL/kg/day) was not associated with harm. Breast milk fortification with energy and protein increased growth and with prebiotics increased growth and reduced duration of admission (QOE: low–very low) and did not result in harm. Evidence regarding feeding tube placement and continuous versus bolus feeds was insufficient to draw conclusions. We found no reviews meeting our selection criteria regarding when to start feeds, use of preterm formula, cup-and-spoon feeding or gravity versus push feeds and none of the reviews included trials from low-income countries of sSA.ConclusionsThe evidence base informing feeding of VLBW/very preterm babies in resource-limited settings in sSA is extremely limited. Pragmatic studies are needed to generate evidence to guide management and improve outcomes for these highly vulnerable infants.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42019140204.
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Lawlor, P. G., P. B. Lynch, P. J. Caffrey, W. D. Henry und D. Harrington. „Response of weaned pigs to choice feeding of a complete diet“. Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1995 (März 1995): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200592023.
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Choice feeding of complete feeds offers the potential for a more gradual transition to feeds of lower specification as the pig grows. This may result in more efficient production as the pig consumes a blend of nutrients which provides the optimum match to its nutrient requirement for growth. The objective of this study was to compare performance of weaned pigs fed a sequence of commercial feeds with pigs allowed consume these diets free choice.Two experiments were carried out using pigs weaned at 22-26 days of age, penned in groups of 16 and fed the test diets for a 26 day period from weaning. The test diets were commercial starter, link and weaner feeds, marketed as suitable for pigs of 3-8kg, 8-15kg and 15-30kg respectively. Each group had two self feeders, 0.75m long with one diet in each. After the 26 day trial period all pigs received a common grower diet (barley, wheat, soyabean meal, fishmeal, DE: 14.4 MJ/kg, lysine: 1.19%) to about 36kg liveweight
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Lawlor, P. G., P. B. Lynch, P. J. Caffrey, W. D. Henry und D. Harrington. „Response of weaned pigs to choice feeding of a complete diet“. Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1995 (März 1995): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600029731.
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Choice feeding of complete feeds offers the potential for a more gradual transition to feeds of lower specification as the pig grows. This may result in more efficient production as the pig consumes a blend of nutrients which provides the optimum match to its nutrient requirement for growth. The objective of this study was to compare performance of weaned pigs fed a sequence of commercial feeds with pigs allowed consume these diets free choice.Two experiments were carried out using pigs weaned at 22-26 days of age, penned in groups of 16 and fed the test diets for a 26 day period from weaning. The test diets were commercial starter, link and weaner feeds, marketed as suitable for pigs of 3-8kg, 8-15kg and 15-30kg respectively. Each group had two self feeders, 0.75m long with one diet in each. After the 26 day trial period all pigs received a common grower diet (barley, wheat, soyabean meal, fishmeal, DE: 14.4 MJ/kg, lysine: 1.19%) to about 36kg liveweight
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SHAHID, AFSHAN, Muhammad Hussain KHAN, MAHMOOD AHMED, Muhammad Arshad und MOHAMMAD WASIF KHAN. „INFANT FEEDING“. Professional Medical Journal 16, Nr. 02 (10.06.2009): 274–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2009.16.02.2936.
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b j e c t i v e s : To evaluate the infant feeding beliefs and practices of mothers in our setup. D e s i g n of S t u d y : A crosssectionalstudy. Settings: Fauji Foundation Hospital. Rawalpindi. P e r i o d : From Jan 2007 to September 2007. Materials a n d M e t h o d s :366 mothers of infants attending Fauji Foundation Hospital were interviewed by using pre-tested questionnaire. Data was collected forMothers beliefs ad practices regarding infant feeding. Descriptive statistics like percentages, mean and range were obtained by using SPSSversion 11. Results: 366 mothers from rural and urban areas attending hospitals were interviewed. 63.9% mothers believed that breast milkshould be given as first feed. Pre-lacteal feeds were given to 56% of infants. Major source of information for giving pre-lacteal feeds wasrelatives. At birth, 43.7% mothers discarded clostrum considering it harmful and useless for baby. Frequency of breast feeding was highinitially at birth but declined rapidly by early supplementation with bottle feeding. Inadequate weaning in terms of timing, quality and quantitywas observed. Cultural beliefs and taboos like hot and cold food influenced 61.5% of mothers due to which they restricted important fooditems. C o n c l u s i o n s : A targeted health education campaign should stress the main advantages of breast feeding. Messages should stressthe protective benefits of clostrum and encourage mothers to start breast feeding immediately after birth. Potentially hazardous practicesincluding pre lacteal feeding should be discarded. Local cultural and traditional practices and beliefs regarding different food items shouldbe identified. This will help to improve the food intake of infants by strengthening the useful beliefs and discontinuing harmful ones.
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SHIMA, HIROSHI, TOMOKAZU ABE und MARTIN LIBRA. „Tachinid flies (Diptera: Tachinidae) reared from deciduous plant-feeding lepidopteran larvae at Hokkaido University Tomakomai Forest (Japan), with descriptions of three new species“. Zootaxa 5060, Nr. 2 (29.10.2021): 125–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5060.2.8.
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Seven species of tachinid flies reared from herbivorous lepidopterans collected from the deciduous forest canopy at Hokkaido University Tomakomai Experimental Forest (0.2 ha plot), Hokkaido, Japan, are recorded and described: Blepharomyia brevicornis sp. nov. ex Erannis golda Djakonov (Geometridae), Catocala lara Bremer and Orthosia odiosa (Butler) (both Noctuidae); Ctenophorinia grisea Mesnil ex Himeropteryx miraculosa Staudinger (Notodontidae); Blepharipa carbonata (Mesnil) ex Marumba jankowskii (Oberthür) (Sphingidae); Cyzenis equifacialis sp. nov. ex Faristenia geminisignella Ponomarenko (Gelechiidae), Archips crataegana (Hübner), A. nigricauda Walshingham, Epinotia exquisitana Christoph and Pseudohedya gradana Christo (all Tortricidae); Cyzenis tetrasetosa sp. nov. ex Lomographa simplicior (Butler), Operophtera brunnea Nakajima and O. relegata Prout (Geometridae); Eulasiona zimini Mesnil ex Archips crataegana (Hübner), Pseudohedya gradana (Christoph), Rhopobota naevana (Hübner) and Rhopobota sp. (all Tortricidae); Panzeria sp. (nr. japonica Shima) ex Erannis golda Djakonov (Geometridae). The genus Eulasiona Townsend is moved to the subfamily Tachininae from its present position in the subfamily Dexiinae, and the female and puparium of Eulasiona zimini Mesnil are described for the first time. The parasitization rates and life habits of these tachinids are briefly discussed.
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Gonzalez-Voyer, Alejandro, und Hugh Drummond. „Is broodmate aggression really associated with direct feeding?“ Behaviour 144, Nr. 4 (2007): 373–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853907780756049.
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The Feeding Method hypothesis (FMH) proposes that the way parents transfer food to chicks influences whether broodmates compete for it aggressively or non-aggressively. The FMH assumes that aggression is more efficient for securing a large share of food when prey items pass from bill to bill (direct feeds) than when prey is deposited on the nest floor (indirect feeds). In species with a developmental transition from indirect to direct feeding, the hypothesis predicts more aggression during direct than indirect feeds and an increase in rates of aggression as feeding becomes increasingly direct. We quantified development of aggression and feeding in two-chick cattle egret ( Bubulcus ibis ) broods in order to test the FMH's assumption and its two developmental predictions. We also examined whether changes in rates of aggression early in the nestling period are better predicted by the Feeding Method, Food Amount or Early Dominance Establishment hypotheses. Neither the assumption nor either of the predictions of the FMH was supported and, if anything, senior broodmates were more aggressive early in the nestling period when feeding was indirect. These observations cast doubt on the ultimate influence of feeding method on use of aggression and, especially, on the role of direct feeding as a proximate trigger for aggression. Rates of aggression better fitted the temporal patterns predicted by Early Dominance Establishment and Food Amount hypotheses.
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Shenoi, Arvind, und V. S. V. Prasad. „Research issues in low birth weight feeding“. Journal of Neonatology 23, Nr. 4 (Dezember 2009): 291–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097321790902300404.
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Survival of premature and low birth weight infants has markedly improved during the last few decades. Nutrition is believed to play a fundamental role in optimizing the growth and development of these infants both during their period of hospital stay and post discharge. Feeding of low birth weight babies is a very challenging issue as trials dealing with various aspects are lacking. There is need for information on the choice of milk for a preterm in hospital and post discharge, fortification, dilemmas regarding when to initiate feeds, progression and frequency of feeds and lastly management of feed intolerance. The purpose of this review is to highlight the paucity of evidence in certain areas of LBW feeding and suggest important areas of future research.
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Banfield, M. J., und J. M. Forbes. „Effects of whole wheat dilution v. substitution on coccidiosis in broiler chickens“. British Journal of Nutrition 86, Nr. 1 (Juli 2001): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn2001378.
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To test the hypothesis that inclusion of whole cereals in the diet of broiler chickens reduces the severity of a coccidial infection, the effects were investigated, in birds infected with Eimeria acervulina, of feeding a complete pelleted control food, the control food diluted with whole wheat (400 g/kg), or a diet in which ground wheat in the pellets was substituted with whole wheat (400 g/kg) so as to achieve the same composition as the control diet. In the weeks prior to and after infection, (days 14–20 and days 21–27), no significant differences in performance were observed between birds fed the complete pellet and substituted feeds. Birds fed the diluted feeds had significantly lower gains per unit of feed and numerically lower weight gains than the birds fed the control and substituted feeds during this period. No significant differences in performance were observed between treatments from days 28–34. Diluting feeds with whole wheat (400 g/kg) significantly increased ileal digesta viscosity levels, compared with feeding the control and substituted feeds in birds dissected on day 21, although no significant differences in digesta viscosity levels were observed in birds dissected on day 35. Whole wheat feeding, either by dilution or substitution, significantly increased gizzard sizes in birds dissected on day 21 and day 35. Neither dilution nor substitution of feeds with whole wheat (400 g/kg) significantly affected the level of an Eimeria acervulina infection, as measured by daily and total faecal oocyst yields.
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Laving, Ahmed R., Syeda Ra’ana Hussain und Daisy O. Atieno. „Overnutrition: Does Complementary Feeding Play a Role?“ Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 73, Suppl. 1 (2018): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000490088.
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Globally, obesity is considered an epidemic due to an increase in its prevalence and severity especially among young children and adolescents. This nutritional disorder is not limited to affluent countries as it is becoming increasingly prevalent in developing countries. Obesity is associated not only with cardiovascular, endocrine, gastrointestinal, orthopedic, and respiratory diseases, but also with psychological complications, implying a problem of far-reaching consequences for health and health services. Recently, evidence-based studies have shown that the duration of exclusive breastfeeding and the type of complementary feeds during the weaning period of an infant may have an effect on overnutrition later on in life. Thus, stemming the tide of obesity early on in life would potentially decrease the prevalence and complications of adult obesity, which could have significant implications for health care and the economy at large. This review explores the role of complementary feeding in obesity and approaches to prevention and treatment of childhood obesity by summarizing key systematic reviews. In conclusion, we found that although the relationship between complementary feeding and childhood obesity has been suspected for a long time, specific risk parameters are not as firmly established. Early introduction of complementary feeds (before the 4th month of life), high protein and energy content of feeds, and nonadherence to feeding guidelines may be associated with overweight and obesity later in life.
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Thornton, Kimberly M., Hongying Dai, Seth Septer und Joshua E. Petrikin. „Effects of Whole Body Therapeutic Hypothermia on Gastrointestinal Morbidity and Feeding Tolerance in Infants with Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy“. International Journal of Pediatrics 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/643689.
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Objective. This retrospective cohort study evaluated the effects of whole body therapeutic hypothermia (WBTH) on gastrointestinal (GI) morbidity and feeding tolerance in infants with moderate-to-severe hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE).Study Design. Infants ≥ 35 weeks gestational age and ≥1800 grams birth weight with moderate-to-severe HIE treated from 2000 to 2012 were compared. 68 patients had documented strictly defined criteria for WBTH: 32 historical control patients did not receive WBTH (non-WBTH) and 36 cohort patients received WBTH.Result. More of the non-WBTH group infants never initiated enteral feeds (28% versus 6%;P=0.02), never reached full enteral feeds (38% versus 6%,P=0.002), and never reached full oral feeds (56% versus 19%,P=0.002). Survival analyses demonstrated that the WBTH group reached full enteral feeds (median time: 11 versus 9 days;P=0.02) and full oral feeds (median time: 19 versus 10 days;P=0.01) sooner. The non-WBTH group had higher combined outcomes of death and gastric tube placement (47% versus 11%;P=0.001) and death and gavage feeds at discharge (44% versus 11%;P=0.005).Conclusion. WBTH may have beneficial effects on GI morbidity and feeding tolerance for infants with moderate-to-severe HIE.
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Cavalea, Alexander C., Robert E. Heidel, Brian J. Daley, Christy M. Lawson, Darrell A. Benton und James M. Mcloughlin. „Pneumatosis Intestinalis in Patients Receiving Tube Feeds“. American Surgeon 83, Nr. 8 (August 2017): 825–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313481708300830.
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Pneumatosis intestinalis (PI) identified on computed tomography (CT) suggests an underlying pathology including bowel ischemia. Patients receiving tube feeds can develop PI, potentially requiring surgical intervention. We identify clinical factors in PI to predict those that may be safe to observe versus those that need immediate intervention. We retrospectively reviewed patients from a single institution from 2008 to 2016 with CT findings of PI and an enteric feeding tube. Patients who had not received tube feeds within one week of the CT were excluded. We analyzed clinical, operative, and outcome data to differentiate benign from pathologic outcomes. P values < 0.05 were set as significant. Forty patients were identified. We classified 24 as benign (no intervention) and 16 as pathologic (requiring intervention). A pathologic outcome was demonstrated for free fluid on CT [odds ratio (OR) = 5.00, confidence interval (CI) 1.23-20.30, P = 0.03)], blood urea nitrogen (BUN) elevation (OR = 8.27, CI 1.53-44.62, P = 0.01), creatinine (Cr) elevation (OR = 5.00, CI 1.27-19.62, P = 0.02), BUN/Cr ratio >30 (OR = 8.57, CI 1.79-40.98, P = 0.006), and vomiting/ feeding intolerance (OR = 9.38, CI 1.64-53.62, P = 0.01). Bowel function within 24 hours of the CT, bowel dilatation (small ≥ 3 cm; large ≥6 cm), and lactic acidemia were not significant. Peritonitis was only seen in pathologic states, but this did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.06). This represents the largest single-center retrospective analysis of tube feeding-induced PI to date. The presence of free fluid on CT, BUN and Cr elevation, BUN/Cr >30, vomiting/feeding intolerance and peritonitis were predictive of a pathologic etiology of PI.
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Krishnegowda, Sushma, Prajwala Hassan Vasudev, Srinivasa Murthy Doreswamy, S. Veena und M. Hemavathi. „A Study of Variation in the Tube Feeding Rate by Nurses in a Tertiary NICU“. Journal of Nepal Paediatric Society 36, Nr. 3 (16.04.2017): 222–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v36i3.16136.
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Introduction: 50-60% of the low birth weight babies in a neonatal unit are on gravity feed via gavage tube as they often are not strong enough to sustain on oral feeds. Successful feeding depends on nursing skill and individual variation can be expected. As with many other nursing practices in NICU, considerable variation can be expected in gravity feeding rate as well. The objective was to determine the intra individual and inter individual variation in the rate of gravity feeding among the nurses.Material and Methods: This was a Prospective study done in a Tertiary Neonatal care unit. Babies weighing < 2 kgon enteral feeds were included in study. The nurses carried out feeding in the standard prescribed manner. Time taken for feeds was noted.Results: 21 nurses participated in the study. 15 babies were included and there were 342 feed events. During 75(22%) feeding events, the nurses had an assignment of less than four babies. During rest of the 267 (78%) feeding events, they had more than four babies assigned for care. The median volume of feed was 14 ml and median duration was 8 minutes. Feeding rate variation within same nurse varied from one to 37.5 times their base line rate and in between the nurses varied by minimum of 17 times.Conclusion: A wide intra and interpersonal variation among the nurses, with respect to the rate of feeding of newborns was observed in our study.
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Sharma, Vipin, Uday Somashekar, Dileep Singh Thakur, Reena Kothari und Dhananjaya Sharma. „Prospective randomised trial of bolus vs. continuous regime of jejunostomy feed“. Tropical Doctor 52, Nr. 1 (20.11.2021): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00494755211058949.
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Enteral alimentation can be administered continuously, cyclically, intermittently, or by a bolus technique. Current literature does not suggest superiority of any one regime. Most studies have used nasogastric feeds, little is known about the outcome of jejunal feeding. This study compares the efficiency and safety of bolus and continuous jejunostomy feeding. 46 adults undergoing a feeding jejunostomy for nutritional support or as an adjunct to a major upper GI surgery, were randomised to bolus feeding (BF group, n = 24) and continuous feeding (CF group, n = 22). Demographic, anthropometric, and laboratory parameters were measured preoperatively and on post-operative days (POD) 3, 7, 15, and 30. These parameters; as well as nutritional and functional outcomes, and complications at POD 30; were comparable in both groups. Both groups tolerated jejunal feeds well. Bolus feeding is simple, inexpensive, and permits daily physical activities. Hence it may be preferred over continuous jejunostomy feeding for enteral alimentation.
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KHAINOVSKY, A. V., L. V. SYCHEVA und J. A. PEREVOYKO. „FATTENING OF YOUNG PIGS USING PREMIXES. PREMIXES IN COMPOUND FEED - THE LOWEST COST OF FEED PER UNIT OF PRODUCTION“. PIG-BREEDING, Nr. 5 (2022): 21–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.37925/0039-713x-2022-5-21-23.
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The article presents the results of research on the use of premixes in feeding young pigs on fattening. It was found that the inclusion of premixes of KPLE (9892) and PC-55-6, in the recipes of compound feeds allowed to obtain high fattening and meat productivity. The highest average daily increase in live weight of 822.6 g with the lowest feed costs of 3.4 EKE was obtained when feeding compound feeds with the inclusion of the premix of KPLE (9892).
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Chapple, D. G., K. P. A. Wheeler und G. Perrott. „Evaluation of sugar beet feeds and maize distiller's dark grains as supplements for pregnant ewes fed straw-based diets“. Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1998 (1998): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200597543.
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The feeding of lowland sheep on straw-based systems during pregnancy was developed at ADAS Rosemaund during the last decade (Davies and Chappie 1995). Results showed that ewe and lamb performance were satisfactory, providing adequate compound supplementation was fed. Whole barley and soya bean meal has been the standard ration, but feeds based on high protein molassed sugar beet feed (Probeet Trident Feed) and maize distiller's dark grains could improve palatability and be easier to feed. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects on ewe and lamb performance of feeding sugar beet feeds and maize distiller's dark grains to pregnant ewes on a straw-based feeding system.
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Chapple, D. G., K. P. A. Wheeler und G. Perrott. „Evaluation of sugar beet feeds and maize distiller's dark grains as supplements for pregnant ewes fed straw-based diets“. Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1998 (1998): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600033158.
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The feeding of lowland sheep on straw-based systems during pregnancy was developed at ADAS Rosemaund during the last decade (Davies and Chappie 1995). Results showed that ewe and lamb performance were satisfactory, providing adequate compound supplementation was fed. Whole barley and soya bean meal has been the standard ration, but feeds based on high protein molassed sugar beet feed (Probeet Trident Feed) and maize distiller's dark grains could improve palatability and be easier to feed. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects on ewe and lamb performance of feeding sugar beet feeds and maize distiller's dark grains to pregnant ewes on a straw-based feeding system.
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Kolapo, Ademola Augustine, und Gbadeyanka Afees. „DETERMINATION OF NATURAL RADIONUCLIDE AND ASSESSMENTS OF HEALTH HAZARDS IN CHICKEN FEEDS AND MEAT CONSUMED IN LAGOS, NIGERIA“. Malaysian Journal of Science 40, Nr. 2 (30.06.2021): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/mjs.vol40no2.5.
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Poultry farming is a highly profitable and not capital intensive agricultural project. It is becoming one of the highest investments in agriculture in Nigeria. The proliferation of self -produced feeds by the Farmers with the addition of some minerals to stimulate growth could elevate the levels of radionuclides in feeds. This, therefore, calls for the determination of the health effects from the consumption of these chicken meats and organs. 10 samples of broilers and 30 feed samples (10 each of Starter, Grower, and Finisher feeds used in feeding the chicken) were used; collected from five selected poultry- farms in Lagos State, Nigeria, and analyzed using spectrometry analysis with NaI (Tl). The results obtained showed that concentrations of 40K, 232Th, and 226Ra were 49.0±25.8, 24.9 ±12.2, and 32.9 ±16.2 Bqkg-1 respectively, in chicken meats. In the feeds, their values were below the UNSCEAR recommendation. The annual effective doses in chicken meats and organs were lower than the 70µSv/yr limit. The cancer risk was within the recommended limit, and the internal hazard indices were below unity. The mean values of the transfer coefficient (TC) were also below 1 for 40K, higher than unity for 226Ra in Finisher feeds, and 232Th in Starter feeds. The starter and finisher feeds were moderately contaminated. So, feeding chicken with these feeds may expose the consumers to the danger of over-exposure to 226Ra and 232Th.
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Giriyappa, Venugopal Hunasanahalli, Shilpa Mariappa Casaba und Vinay Boppasamudra Nanjegowda. „Role of feeding jejunostomy in patients undergoing pancreatoduodenectomy: a single center experience“. International Surgery Journal 5, Nr. 9 (25.08.2018): 3030. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-2902.isj20183717.
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Background: Concomitant placement of Feeding Jejunostomy (FJ) tubes is common after pancreaticoduodenectomy for optimizing postoperative nutrition. The aim of this study is to determine the role FJ tube placement for postoperative nutrition following pancreaticoduodenectomy.Methods: All patients undergoing concomitant FJ following pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipples procedure) from July 2014 to July 2016 were reviewed retrospectively. FJ feeds were routinely started on POD 2. Jejunostomy feeds were discontinued once patient is able to take adequate oral feeds. Data were represented by frequency and mean.Results: A total of 28 patients underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy in the study period and concomitant FJ was performed in all those patients. A total of 18 (64.3%) were men and mean age was 47.1 years. Majority (25, 89.3%) of these patients had malignancy as an indication for surgery. Only 6 out of 28 (21.4%) patients required nutrition supplementation through FJ on POD 7. Only 2 out of 28 (7.1%) patients required FJ feeds on POD 30. None of these patients had tube related complications in 30-day postoperative period. There was no FJ related mortality in 30-day postoperative period. The patients who required prolonged FJ feeds had grade C pancreatic leak, gastrojejunal anastamotic leak and GJ anastamotic stricture.Conclusions: Concomitant FJ can be used as a routine in patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy. It is especially beneficial among patients requiring prolonged postoperative nutritional supplementation due to grade c pancreatic leak and gastrojejunal anastamotic leak. Literature review suggested that one third of the nasojejunostomy tubes dislodge and TPN doubles the risk of infection, hence FJ is considered safe and effective adjunct for patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy.
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Jackson, Dorothy A., Stella M. Imong, A. Silprasert, S. Ruckphaopunt, M. W. Woolridge, J. D. Baum und K. Amatayakul. „Circadian variation in fat concentration of breast-milk in a rural northern Thai population“. British Journal of Nutrition 59, Nr. 3 (Mai 1988): 349–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19880044.
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1. Twenty-five northern Thai mothers, breast-feeding their infants on demand, were studied in their homes for 24 h. All breast-feeds were test-weighed and pre- and post-feed expressed breast-milk samples (0·5 ml) taken at each feed.2. The fat concentration of milk taken during a feed showed significant circadian variation, with maximum values between 16.00 and 20.00 hours and minimum values between 04.00 and 08.00 hours. Fat concentration at the start and at the end of a feed also varied significantly over 24 h.3. Multiple regression analysis showed that the most important predictor of fat concentration at a feed was the length of time elapsed since the previous feed – the longer this interval, the lower the subsequent fat concentration. Other significant predictors were the fat concentration at the end of the previous feed, and the milk intake at the previous and at the current feed.4. Fat concentration declined between feeds in proportion to the length of time between feeds, but the decline was less between sleep feeds than between waking feeds. This would appear to be a reflection of the lower post-feed fat concentration and higher pre-feed fat concentration of sleep feeds compared with waking feeds, when other variables relating to feeding pattern are taken into account.5. The larger the milk intake at a feed, the greater was the increase in fat concentration from the start to the end of the feed. The change in fat concentration was less in feeds taking place during the sleep period than in daytime feeds.
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Martini, Silvia, Arianna Aceti, Silvia Galletti, Isadora Beghetti, Giacomo Faldella und Luigi Corvaglia. „To Feed or Not to Feed: A Critical Overview of Enteral Feeding Management and Gastrointestinal Complications in Preterm Neonates with a Patent Ductus Arteriosus“. Nutrients 12, Nr. 1 (27.12.2019): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12010083.
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The management of enteral feeds in preterm infants with a hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus (hs-PDA) is a major challenge for neonatologists due to the fear of gastrointestinal (GI) complications. This review aims to analyze the available evidence on the complex relation between the presence and management of PDA, enteral feeding practices, and GI outcomes in the preterm population. There is limited evidence, based on small and heterogeneous trials, that hs-PDA may affect the splanchnic hemodynamic response to enteral feeds. While the presence of PDA seems a risk factor for adverse GI outcomes, the benefits of feeding withholding during pharmacological PDA treatment are controversial. The lack of robust evidence in support of or against a timely feeding introduction or feeding withholding during pharmacological PDA closure in preterm neonates does not allow to draw any related recommendation. While waiting for further data, the feeding management of this population should be carefully evaluated and possibly individualized on the basis of the infants’ hemodynamic and clinical characteristics. Large, multicentric trials would help to better clarify the physiological mechanisms underlying the development of gut hypoperfusion, and to evaluate the impact of enteral feeds on splanchnic hemodynamics in relation to PDA features and treatment.