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Sharpe, David R., und Peter J. Barnett. „Significance of Sedimentological Studies on the Wisconsinan Stratigraphy of Southern Ontario“. Géographie physique et Quaternaire 39, Nr. 3 (04.12.2007): 255–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/032607ar.
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ABSTRACTDetailed facies mapping along Lake Erie and Lake Ontario Bluffs, plus other studies illustrate that sedimentological studies, especially those with geomorphic or landform control, have had three main effects on the Wisconsinan stratigraphy of Ontario: (1) improved understanding of depositional processes and environments of several major rock stratigraphic units, without altering the stratigraphic framework, (2) aided correlation of drift sequences, and (3) questioned previous interpretations and stratigraphic correlations of drift sequences. Thus sedimentological analysis can not be separated from stratigraphy because the interpretation of depositional environnments of many mapped strata relies on their geometry and the inclusion of regional data. The geomorphic control provided by sedimentological study of surface landforms is also important because assessment of older buried sediments such as those at the Scarborough Bluffs has been hampered by the failure to determine landform control. The Late Wisconsinan stratigraphy of Southern Ontario generally remains unchanged, except for questions on the role of climate versus ice margin dynamics. The pre-Late Wisconsinan stratigraphy is scarce and not well defined, yet sedimentary studies support the presence of glacial ice in the Ontario Lake basin for all of the Middle Wisconsinan and possibly earlier, including the formation of the Scarborough delta. Large channel cut and fill sequences in the Toronto area (Pottery Road Formation), initially interpreted as resulting from subaerial erosion, were probably formed by subaqueous or subglacial meltwater erosion. If so, the pre-Late Wisconsinan stratigraphy in southern Ontario changes because the Pottery Road Formation may not be an Early Wisconsinan correlative of the St. Pierre beds. The channel example illustrates that stratigraphie correlation without sedimentological investigations may be misleading.
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Liu, Cheng Zhi, und Hui Cui Sun. „Geological and Seismic Stratigraphy of Wangfu Sag“. Advanced Materials Research 912-914 (April 2014): 1637–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.912-914.1637.
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By combining seismic with geology, we processing a detailed stratigraphic classification in the Wangfu depressed areas. In this way, targeting the geologic horizons and seismic horizons in the wells according to the synthetic seismic logs. We may gain an Corresponding Relation between seismic with geology. Then compare the stratigraphic division . From the point of evolutionary history of regional structure, geological information generated by tectonic movement was recorded, for example, plane of unconformity, sedimentary cycle, lithology, lithofacies, and their responds in the seismic profile.
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Prather, Bradford E., Oriol Falivene und Peter M. Burgess. „Stratigraphic analysis of XES02: Implications for the sequence stratigraphic paradigm“. Journal of Sedimentary Research 92, Nr. 10 (19.10.2022): 934–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2022.008.
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ABSTRACT Sequence stratigraphy has the potential to provide a consistent method for integrating data, correlating strata, defining stratigraphic evolution, and generating quantifiable predictions. However, the consistent application requires a precise definition of concepts, stratigraphic units, bounding surfaces, and workflow. Currently no single generally accepted approach to sequence stratigraphic analysis exists, nor are there any robust tests of models and methods. Applying conventional sequence stratigraphic analysis to strata from an analog laboratory experiment (eXperimental EarthScape02, XES02) with known boundary conditions and chronology provides some initial robust testing of the models and methods. Despite stratigraphic architectures apparently consistent with those expected within the sequence stratigraphic paradigm, blind-test applications yield: 1) deducted erroneous base-level curves, 2) systems-tract classification mismatches, 3) disconnected systems-tracts type and actual base level, 4) time-transgressive basin-floor fans, and 5) missing systems tracts. Stratigraphic forward models using base-level curves derived from Wheeler diagrams cannot match the timing, redeposited-sediment volume, and depositional environments observed in the XES02 experiment. These mismatches result from common Wheeler diagram construction practice, producing poorly resolved base-level minima timing and base-level fall durations, hence inaccurate fall rates. Consequently, reconstructions of controlling factors based on stratal architectures remain uncertain, making predictions similarly uncertain. A reasonable path forward is to properly acknowledge these uncertainties while performing stratigraphic analysis and to address them through multiple scenario analysis and modeling.
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Eagan, William E. „Reading the Geology of Canada: Geological Discourse as Narrative“. Scientia Canadensis 16, Nr. 2 (08.07.2009): 154–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/800352ar.
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ABSTRACT This article suggests that Sir William Logan's Geology of Canada can be read as a narrative describing the past dynamic changes that shaped the present structure of the earth. The author also suggests, since the foundation of nineteenth century geology was a bio-stratigraphic consensus that combined stratigraphy and the fossil record, that the use of a narrative offered Logan a dynamique method for presenting his central argument.
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Masuda, Fujio. „The geology of stratigraphic sequence“. Sedimentary Geology 116, Nr. 3-4 (März 1998): 279–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0037-0738(97)00108-5.
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Miall, Andrew D., John M. Holbrook und Janok P. Bhattacharya. „The Stratigraphy Machine“. Journal of Sedimentary Research 91, Nr. 6 (15.06.2021): 595–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2020.143.
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ABSTRACT There is a significant difference between the average sedimentation rate of a lengthy stratigraphic section spanning many millions of years, and the rate that can be calculated from any short segment within such a section, such segments typically yielding rates several orders of magnitude more rapid than the overall rate. Stratigraphic successions contain numerous surfaces of nondeposition and erosion representing time spans from minutes to many millions of years, which collectively may account for as much as 90% of the total elapsed time that the succession represents. The stratigraphic record is constructed by a range of geological processes that operate over all time scales from seconds to billions of years, and at rates that vary by ten orders of magnitude. The generation of the stratigraphic record can be conceptualized in the form of a mechanical device, which we term the “Stratigraphy Machine.”
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Kreager, B. Z., N. D. LaDue, T. F. Shipley, R. D. Powell und B. A. Hampton. „Spatial skill predicts success on sequence stratigraphic interpretation“. Geosphere 18, Nr. 2 (25.02.2022): 750–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/ges02428.1.
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Abstract Sequence stratigraphic interpretation and three-dimensional spatial and spatiotemporal skills are considered important for the petroleum industry. However, little is known about the relationship between the two. This study begins to fill this gap by testing whether spatial skills predict success on a sequence stratigraphic interpretation task. Students in this study (N = 78) were enrolled in undergraduate or graduate stratigraphy-focused courses at three U.S. state universities. Students completed (1) a sequence stratigraphic interpretation task with a sequence stratigraphic diagram and Wheeler diagram and (2) two spatial skills tests. Findings of simple linear regressions show that both disembedding (extracting or finding a pattern among other features, which is typically assessed by the hidden-figures test) and mental folding and unfolding (as assessed by the surface development test) are predictive of student success on the full sequence stratigraphic interpretation task. A nested regression, entering mental folding as the initial variable and disembedding as the secondary variable, showed that mental folding and unfolding accounted for almost all of the variance accounted for by disembedding in the simple regression. This may reflect the need to employ disembedding for the test of mental folding. Because the test of disembedding and the test of mental folding and unfolding were correlated, the distinct role of disembedding in stratigraphy remains unclear. However, the results clearly show that mental folding and unfolding is related to student success in sequence stratigraphic interpretation. Future studies should characterize how students utilize these skills, try to determine the causal direction of this effect, and identify good practices for supporting students in the classroom.
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Hart, Bruce S. „Whither seismic stratigraphy?“ Interpretation 1, Nr. 1 (01.08.2013): SA3—SA20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2013-0049.1.
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Here, I provide an historical summary of seismic stratigraphy and suggest some potential avenues for future collaborative work between sedimentary geologists and geophysicists. Stratigraphic interpretations based on reflection geometry- or shape-based approaches have been used to reconstruct depositional histories and to make qualitative and (sometimes) quantitative predictions of rock physical properties since at least the mid-1970s. This is the seismic stratigraphy that is usually practiced by geology-focused interpreters. First applied to 2D seismic data, interest in seismic stratigraphy was reinvigorated by the development of seismic geomorphology on 3D volumes. This type of reflection geometry/shape-based interpretation strategy is a fairly mature science that includes seismic sequence analysis, seismic facies analysis, reflection character analysis, and seismic geomorphology. Rock property predictions based on seismic stratigraphic interpretations usually are qualitative, and reflection geometries commonly may permit more than one interpretation. Two geophysics-based approaches, practiced for nearly the same length of time as seismic stratigraphy, have yet to gain widespread adoption by geologic interpreters even though they have much potential application. The first is the use of seismic attributes for “feature detection,” i.e., helping interpreters to identify stratigraphic bodies that are not readily detected in conventional amplitude displays. The second involves rock property (lithology, porosity, etc.) predictions from various inversion methods or seismic attribute analyses. Stratigraphers can help quality check the results and learn about relationships between depositional features and lithologic properties of interest. Stratigraphers also can contribute to a better seismic analysis by helping to define the effects of “stratigraphy” (e.g., laminations, porosity, bedding) on rock properties and seismic responses. These and other seismic-related pursuits would benefit from enhanced collaboration between sedimentary geologists and geophysicists.
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Krayenbuehl, Thomas, Nadeem Balushi und Stephane Gesbert. „Novel geometric classification of 3D seismic and its application to the Habshan clinoforms of Western Oman“. Leading Edge 40, Nr. 3 (März 2021): 186–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/tle40030186.1.
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The principles and benefits of seismic sequence stratigraphy have withstood the test of time, but the application of seismic sequence stratigraphy is still carried out mostly manually. Several tool kits have been developed to semiautomatically extract dense stacks of horizons from seismic data, but they stop short of exploiting the full potential of seismo-stratigraphic models. We introduce novel geometric seismic attributes that associate relative geologic age models with seismic geomorphological models. We propose that a relative sea level curve can be derived from the models. The approach is demonstrated on a case study from the Lower Cretaceous Kahmah Group in the northwestern part of Oman where it helps in sweet-spotting and derisking elusive stratigraphic traps.
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de Beer, C. H. „Update to the South African Stratigraphic Code and Guidelines for Standardised Lithostratigraphic/Lithodemic Descriptions“. South African Journal of Geology 122, Nr. 2 (01.06.2019): 257–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.122.0018.
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Summary The South African Committee for Stratigraphy (SACS) is the official body in South Africa which regulates the nomenclature and definition of lithostratigraphic and lithodemic rock units, unconsolidated deposits and soils. The robust framework set in the existing stratigraphic code and guide for publication by the Council for Geoscience (CGS) have for many years provided leadership in this field, but there are a number of aspects in need of reconsideration. One example is the non-compliance of our nomenclature for high-grade supracrustal rocks with international (and South African) stratigraphic codes and another is manuscript format changes necessitated by publishing SACS descriptions in the SAJG. Any stratigraphic code is a living document that should be able to accommodate changing views and circumstances. This review provides a consensus opinion from experts on how to deal with changing needs.
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Lanteaume, Cyprien, François Fournier, Matthieu Pellerin und Jean Borgomano. „Testing geologic assumptions and scenarios in carbonate exploration: Insights from integrated stratigraphic, diagenetic, and seismic forward modeling“. Leading Edge 37, Nr. 9 (September 2018): 672–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/tle37090672.1.
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Carbonates are considered complex, heterogeneous at all scales, and unfortunately often poorly seismically imaged. We propose a methodology based on forward-modeling approaches to test the validity of common exploration assumptions (e.g., chronostratigraphic value of seismic reflectors) and of geologic interpretations (e.g., stratigraphic correlations and depositional and diagenetic architecture) that are determined from a limited amount of data. The proposed workflow includes four main steps: (1) identification and quantification of the primary controls on carbonate deposition and the prediction of the carbonate stratigraphic architecture (through stratigraphic forward modeling); (2) identification of diagenetic processes and prediction of the spatial distribution of diagenetic products (diagenetic forward modeling); (3) quantification of the impact of diagenesis on acoustic and reservoir properties; and (4) computation of synthetic seismic models based on various scenarios of stratigraphic and diagenetic architectures and comparison with actual seismic. The likelihood of a given scenario is tested by quantifying the misfit between the modeled versus the real seismic. This workflow illustrates the relevance of forward-modeling approaches for building realistic models that can be shared by the various disciplines of carbonate exploration (sedimentology, stratigraphy, diagenesis, seismic, geomodeling, and reservoir).
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Rijsdijk, K. F., S. Passchier, H. J. T. Weerts, C. Laban, R. J. W. van Leeuwen und J. H. J. Ebbing. „Revised Upper Cenozoic stratigraphy of the Dutch sector of the North Sea Basin: towards an integrated lithostratigraphic, seismostratigraphic and allostratigraphic approach“. Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 84, Nr. 2 (Juli 2005): 129–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016774600023015.
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AbstractA revised Upper Cenozoic stratigraphic framework of the Dutch sector of the North Sea Basin is presented whereby offshore stratigraphic units are integrated or correlated with onshore units. The framework is based on an integrated stratigraphic approach that combines elements of lithostratigraphy, seismostratigraphy and allostratigraphy. Offshore formations are redefined in terms of seismofacies and lithofacies associations, and are differentiated on the basis of common genesis and stratigraphic position. These facies associations represent five major depositional environments, which occur in repetitive successions in the subsurface of the Netherlands: Marine, Coastal, Glacial, Fluvial, and Local Terrestrial. Five conceptual basin-wide bounding discontinuities are identified in the North Sea-Basin that span land and sea. They are represented by both seismostratigraphic and lithostratigraphic unconformities and interpreted as surfaces that formed as a result of North Sea Basin-wide changes in depositional systems. Their formation relates to sea level rise, continental-scale glaciations, and tectonic processes. The bounding discontinuities separate informal allostratigraphic groups of formations that have a grossly uniform geologic setting in common. While the allostratigraphic principles provide a view on the stratigraphy on the largest spatial and temporal scale, the genetic concept facilitates mapping on a local scale.
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Al-Husseini, Moujahed, und Robley K. Matthews. „Arabian Orbital Stratigraphy: Periodic Second-Order Sequence Boundaries?“ GeoArabia 10, Nr. 2 (01.04.2005): 165–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/geoarabia1002165.
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ABSTRACT A simplified model of orbital-forcing suggests that the Phanerozoic Eon may be represented by 38 periodic second-order depositional sequences (DS2) each lasting about 14.58 million years (my). The DS2s are separated by second-order sequence boundaries (SB2, maximum regression surface) that should be manifested as regional stratigraphic discontinuities (unconformity, disconformity, time hiatus). To test this simple model, the Arabian succession was reviewed to identify candidate regional stratigraphic discontinuities that might be periodic at 14.58 my. Of the 38 predicted SB2s, 34 regional stratigraphic discontinuities were identified within the uncertainty of biostratigraphic-radiometric age dating, or by stratigraphic position. One SB2 could not be positioned in the succession because of ambiguous biostratigraphic dating. One was predicted within a long-lasting hiatus, and another two were predicted within an undifferentiated formation. The four unidentified SB2s reflect on the limitations of the data sample, rather than on the viability of the model. Because the stratigraphic discontinuities represent age spans with bounding ages that are at best believed to have accuracies of about ± 3.0 my, the model-data correlation was considered inconclusive. The resulting analysis, however, demonstrates that the ages in million years before present (Ma) of interpreted Arabian (and possibly global) sequence stratigraphic surfaces and depositional sequences, as estimated by biostratigraphic-radiometric dating techniques, are highly inaccurate (± 5–10 my). This conclusion suggests that presently used chronostratigraphic correlations across the Arabian Platform should be treated with great caution. The correlation of model SB2s to regional stratigraphic discontinuities, affords an alternative time scale that may eventually assist in the calibration of the biostratigraphic-radiometric time scale. An orbital-forcing time scale has a decided advantage in that it comes with precise third- and fourth-order stratigraphic predictions imbedded as sea-level fluctuations. The next level of testing is whether these orbital-forcing predictions hold up to precise correlation to stratigraphy.
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Visher, Glenn S. „Stratigraphic sequences“. Leading Edge 22, Nr. 12 (Dezember 2003): 1212–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1641373.
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Boreham, Steve, und Karolina Leszczynska. „The Geology of the Middle Cam Valley, Cambridgeshire, UK“. Quaternary 2, Nr. 3 (12.07.2019): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/quat2030024.
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This study offers a new understanding of the stratigraphy and context of the Pleistocene (including Elsterian and Weichselian) and Holocene deposits of the Middle Cam valley, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom, and provides a unique and detailed view of the sediment architecture of these valley-fill and interfluve sediments. The new insights into the geology of the area, including dating, pollen analyses, and sediment architecture, are presented with reference to a series of nine cross-sections through Holocene and Pleistocene deposits, as well as Cretaceous bedrock across the region. The structural geology of the bedrock and the stratigraphic arrangement of younger deposits are used to explain the landscape evolution of the area.
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McAnany, Patricia A., und Ian Hodder. „Thinking about stratigraphic sequence in social terms“. Archaeological Dialogues 16, Nr. 1 (Juni 2009): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1380203809002748.
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AbstractFor archaeologists, stratification is an important character of archaeological deposits. Through it, layering is discerned and cultural and evolutionary interpretations are proposed. Archaeologists possess much implicit knowledge about the social practices that produce stratigraphic sequence and the specific, contextualized manner in which layers were built upon or cut into previous deposits. The aim of this paper is to gather together and formalize this knowledge so as to codify conceptual ‘tools to think by’ when recording and interpreting stratigraphy. Relevant literature is widely dispersed and here can only be sampled; authors consider stratigraphy in terms of (1) techniques of terraforming, (2) processes enacted and (3) meaning and interpretation. Techniques and processes are discussed within larger social interpretations such as memory, history-building, forgetting, renewing, cleansing and destroying. Examples are drawn from the Turkish Neolithic site of Çatalhöyük and the ancestral Maya site of K'axob in Belize, Central America, to illustrate the applicability of an approach that here is called ‘social stratigraphy’. A practice-based history of stratigraphy – the recording and interpretation of strata – within archaeology is problematized in reference to codependence with geology, the deployment of labour and centralized authority within the emergent 19th- to early 20th-century field of archaeology. The contributions of and conflicts between British and American stratigraphic schools are considered in light of a potential rapprochement. Contested issues of cultural heritage – such as preservation of selected strata – suggest that thinking about stratigraphic sequence in social terms is more than an academic exercise.
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Aalto, K. R. „Philip Tyson's 1849 study of California gold prospects“. Earth Sciences History 36, Nr. 1 (01.01.2017): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/1944-6178-36.1.30.
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Philip Thomas Tyson (1799–1877) toured privately through central California, from San Francisco through the Sierra Nevada foothills gold prospects in 1849, to assess their potential and the general geology of the region. He produced the first regional map with geologic notations and several rough topographic/geologic cross-sections. He described Coast Range basement rocks, now described as Franciscan Complex mélange and broken formation, the stratigraphic configuration of the Great Valley, and general geology of the Sierra Nevada foothills. He recognized that the older Coast Range and Sierran basement were deformed prior to recent volcanism and extensive terrestrial fluvial sedimentation, likely Neogene in age.
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Yousif, Samir, und Ghalib Nouman. „Jurassic Geology of Kuwait“. GeoArabia 2, Nr. 1 (01.01.1997): 91–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/geoarabia020191.
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ABSTRACT Until the late 1970s only one well penetrated the entire Jurassic section of Kuwait. A few other scattered wells partially penetrated it. During the 1980s an appreciable number of deep wells revealed that the Jurassic sequence is inverted with respect to the Cretaceous sequence and that the main Cretaceous arches were sites of Jurassic sedimentary troughs. This new interpretation marks a revolution in the existing concepts for Jurassic oil exploration in Kuwait. One of the most effective methods for defining of Jurassic structures is the isopach of the Upper Jurassic Gotnia Formation. The main Jurassic reservoirs include the Najmah, Sargelu and Marrat formations which were detected as a result of the exploration activities during the 1980s. Selective stratigraphic and structural cross-sections reveal the stratigraphic relationships of the Jurassic sediments.
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Konradi, P. „Cenozoic stratigraphy in the Danish North Sea Basin“. Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 84, Nr. 2 (Juli 2005): 109–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001677460002299x.
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AbstractThis paper provides a concise review of investigations into the Cenozoic stratigraphy of the Danish North Sea Basin. In the Danish North Sea, mainly Pliocene and Pleistocene strata are found. Results of published seismic and sequence stratigraphic analyses are combined with biostratigraphic analyses and correlated to marine formations found onshore.
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Long, Joshua H., Till J. J. Hanebuth und Thomas Lüdmann. „The Quaternary stratigraphic architecture of a low-accommodation, passive-margin continental shelf (Santee Delta region, South Carolina, U.S.A.)“. Journal of Sedimentary Research 90, Nr. 11 (30.11.2020): 1549–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2020.006.
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ABSTRACT The Quaternary stratigraphy of the continental shelf offshore of South Carolina consists of stratigraphic units deposited in coastal-plain, shallow marine, and shelfal environments bounded by composite erosional surfaces that developed in response to numerous glacioeustatic cycles and were overprinted by regional uplift. These units are commonly distributed laterally, rather than stacked vertically, a function of the long-term low shelf gradient and the resulting lack of accommodation. Additionally, marine processes such as waves and geostrophic currents can rework both relict and modern sediments across the continental shelf. This study integrates high-resolution geological and geophysical datasets acquired offshore and onshore with existing data onshore into a comprehensive conceptual model describing the Quaternary geologic evolution of the coastal plain and continental shelf within a study area of approximately 8,000 km2. We use seismic facies and core analysis to define stratigraphic units associated with transgressive, regressive, and lowstand systems offshore. Regressive systems include progradational wave- and river-dominated deltaic and shoreface deposits. Lowstand systems consist of a complex network of paleo-incisions produced by regional, Piedmont-draining fluvial systems and smaller coastal plain rivers. Transgressive systems include paleochannel-fill successions dominated by mud-rich, tidally influenced backbarrier deposits, cuspate and linear shelf sand ridges, and transgressive sand sheets and shoals. The low-accommodation setting of the continental shelf influences the stratigraphic record in several ways: 1) the geometry of progradational coastal lithosomes, 2) the development of composite allogenic erosional surfaces, 3) the deposition of widespread, thin transgressive sand sheets, and 4) the restriction of thicker transgressive deposits to paleo-incisions. In this setting, the use of a bounding surface scheme that is hierarchical is preferable to the more common sequence stratigraphic or allostratigraphic convention for several reasons: 1) major erosional bounding surfaces are commonly amalgamated; 2) lower-order surfaces capture internal variability, which is key to the genetic interpretation of stratigraphic units, and 3) stratal stacking patterns typically used to define a sequence stratigraphic framework are rare.
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Alsop, G. I. „The geometry and structural evolution of a crustal-scale Caledonian fold complex: the Ballybofey Nappe, northwest Ireland“. Geological Magazine 131, Nr. 4 (Juli 1994): 519–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800012139.
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AbstractThe gross geometries exhibited by crustal-scale fold nappes are considered a consequence of both original stratigraphic relationships associated with sub-basin configuration, coupled with the nature of the structural regime and tectonic processes involved in the generation of the nappe pile. The Neo-Proterozoic Dalradian metasediments of northwestern Ireland provide a well-constrained and correlatable stratigraphy which defines a sequence of sub-reclined, tight-isoclinal Caledonian (c. 460 Ma) fold nappes. Within this fold complex, the dominant structure is the crustal-scale Ballybofey Nappe, which may be traced for 40 km along strike and is responsible for a regional (500 km2) stratigraphie inversion. The gentle, NE-plunging attitude of this fold results in a complete spectrum of tectonic levels and deformation gradients being exposed. Relatively low strains in the upper fold limb gradually increase down through the nappe, resulting in the generation of composite foliations and lineations and the development of a 10 km thick shear zone which culminates in a high strain basal detachment with underlying pre-Caledonian basement. The Ballybofey Nappe nucleated and propagated along a major zone of lateral sedimentary facies variation, coincident with the margin of a major Dalradian sub-basin. The large amplitude of the nappe is strongly influenced by the lateral heterogeneity within the metasedimentary sequence, and is associated with a minimum of 25–30 km ESE-directed translation concentrated within the overturned limb. Additional significant displacement is also focused along the basal décollement. Generation of the nappe complex resulted in significant crustal thickening and amphibolite facies metamorphism consistent with 15–18 km of burial, induced by a sequence of nappes propagating in the direction of overshear. The ESE-directed translation of the major fold nappes is away from the Caledonian foreland and a gravity-driven mechanism of nappe emplacement is suggested. Rigorous structural analysis within the cohesive stratigraphie framework enables relationships between the tectonic evolution and stratigraphic patterns to be distinguished, thus allowing models of fold nappe generation and mid-crustal deformation to be evaluated.
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Roux, Rosanne M. „Ship Shoal Block 91 field, offshore Louisiana: Discovery and development of a stratigraphic field“. GEOPHYSICS 52, Nr. 11 (November 1987): 1466–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442264.
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The Ship Shoal 91 field is a subtle stratigraphic play which consists of a seismic amplitude whose updip limits do not fit structure. The amplitude corresponds to both gas and oil in the Upper Miocene sand. To attempt to predict pay sand distribution accurately, several geologic models were defined as development drilling progressed. The models utilized self‐potential curve shape, core, and seismic character analyses, combined with computer modeling studies, engineering data, and scanning electron microscope studies. Four geologic models evolved, ranging from a structural trap formed by small faults, to a stratigraphic pinchout of the pay sand, to a channel sand, and finally to a complex channel sand, resulting in the current model: a faulted stratigraphic trap. The development strategy for determining well locations also evolved, due to unexpected well results. The initial strategy was based on the presence of seismic amplitudes, until it became apparent that the amplitude alone is not a reliable hydrocarbon indicator. The revised strategy is based on complex attribute analysis, including the amplitude envelope and the weighted frequency. The discovery and development of this stratigraphic field required thorough integration of geology, geophysics, and engineering disciplines. The Ship Shoal 91 field demonstrates that complex stratigraphic fields are still of exploration interest and can be successfully developed by using an integrated approach.
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FULLER, J. G. C. M. „The invention and first use of stratigraphic cross-sections by John Strachey, F.R.S., (1671–1743)“. Archives of Natural History 19, Nr. 1 (Februar 1992): 69–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.1992.19.1.69.
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Stratigraphic cross-sections, or horizontally extended representations of strata in profile, were introduced into scientific literature in the year 1719 by John Strachey, of Sutton Court, near Stowey Somersetshire, England. Before that time, English-language stratigraphical geology had been practised chiefly by drillers searching for coal, whose published records of vertical sequences of strata and of lateral correlations among subsurface borehole sections, go back to 1639. Strachey's sections were new in several ways: they were drawings rather than lists of strata, they represented true dips, and most importantly they demonstrated stratigraphic correlation in the subsurface and across landscape gaps, where for structural or topographic reasons the intervening strata were obscured or missing. To achieve such delineations in the form of drawings or “draughts”, Strachey assumed as selfevident that the strata were regular in their order of superposition and that they had lateral continuity through concealed areas. His published observations and measurements were widely copied, and William Smith, generally regarded as one of the fathers of geology, seems to have found significant inspiration among Strachey's writings.
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Prosser, Giacomo, Giuseppe Palladino, Dario Avagliano, Francesco Coraggio, Eleonora Maria Bolla, Marcello Riva und Daniele Enrico Catellani. „Stratigraphic and Tectonic Setting of the Liguride Units Cropping Out along the Southeastern Side of the Agri Valley (Southern Apennines, Italy)“. Geosciences 11, Nr. 3 (09.03.2021): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11030125.
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This paper shows the main results of a multidisciplinary study performed along the southeastern sector of the Agri Valley in Basilicata (Southern Italy), where Cenozoic units, crucial for constraining the progressive evolution of the Southern Apennine thrust and fold belt and, more in general, the geodynamic evolution of the Mediterranean area are widely exposed. In particular, we aimed at understanding the stratigraphic and tectonic setting of deep-sea, thrust-top Cenozoic units exposed immediately to north of Montemurro, between Costa Molina and Monte dell’Agresto. In the previous works different units, showing similar sedimentological characteristics but uncertain age attribution, have been reported in the study area. In our study, we focussed on the Albidona Formation, pertaining to the Liguride realm, which shows most significant uncertainties regarding the age and the stratigraphic setting. The study was based on a detailed field survey which led to a new geological map of the area. This was supported by new stratigraphic, biostratigraphic and structural analyses. Biostratigraphic analysis provided an age not older than the upper Ypresian and not younger than the early Priabonian. Recognition of marker stratigraphic horizons strongly helped in the understanding of the stratigraphy of the area. The study allowed a complete revision of the stratigraphy of the outcropping Cenozoic units, the recognition of until now unknown tectonic structures and the correlation between surface and subsurface geology.
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Boreham, S. „The Geology of the Wicken Vision Area, lower Cam valley, Cambridgeshire, UK“. Netherlands Journal of Geosciences - Geologie en Mijnbouw 92, Nr. 1 (April 2013): 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016774600000275.
Annotation:
AbstractThe geology of the Wicken Vision Area in the lower Cam valley is described with reference to a stacked series of ten cross-sections through Holocene and Pleistocene deposits, and Cretaceous/Jurassic bedrock across the region. A detailed cross-section through a Holocene palaeochannel, with radiocarbon dating and pollen analyses is also presented. The structural geology of the bedrock and the stratigraphic arrangement of the Pleistocene and Holocene deposits are used to describe landscape development for the area. This study offers a new understanding of the stratigraphy and context of the Holocene, Weichselian and earlier Pleistocene deposits of the lower Cam valley, and provides a unique view of sediment architecture in valley-fill sediments at the fen edge.
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Grabowski, Jacek, Jozef Michalík, Andrzej Pszczółkowski und Otília Lintnerová. „Magneto-, and isotope stratigraphy around the Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary in the Vysoká Unit (Malé Karpaty Mountains, Slovakia): correlations and tectonic implications“. Geologica Carpathica 61, Nr. 4 (01.08.2010): 309–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10096-010-0018-z.
Annotation:
Magneto-, and isotope stratigraphy around the Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary in the Vysoká Unit (Malé Karpaty Mountains, Slovakia): correlations and tectonic implications Magneto- and isotope stratigraphic studies in the Vysoká Nappe (Hlboča section, Fatric Unit, Malé Karpaty Mts, Slovakia) were performed. A generally decreasing δ13C isotope curve is interpreted as a primary trend from the Late Oxfordian (3.3 ‰ V-PDB) to the Late Tithonian (1.8-1.4 ‰ V-PDB). Data from the Tithonian part of the Tegernsee Formation probably reflect "local" basin processes connected with the breccia formation in the latest Tithonian/earliest Berriasian and/or with possible diagenetic overprint. The C-isotope record of the Berriasian Padlá Voda Formation is more homogeneous (1.4-1.8 ‰ V-PDB) and assumed to be primary. Magnetostratigraphic investigations were focused on the Jurassic/Cretaceous (J/K) boundary strata. Upper Tithonian nodular limestones of the Tegernsee Formation differ substantially from Lower Berriasian calpionellid limestones of the Padlá Voda Formation in rock magnetic properties. Hematite is present in the Tegernsee Formation, while magnetite is the only magnetic mineral of the Padlá Voda Formation. Additionally, the latter formation contains superparamagnetic magnetite, which significantly influences its magnetic susceptibility. Correlation of normal and reversed magnetic intervals with the Late Tithonian global polarity time scale was supported by microfossil stratigraphy. M21n to M20n magnetozones were distinguished, including the short reversed Kysuca (M20n1r) Subzone within M20n. Interpretation of Lower Berriasian magnetostratigraphy was more complex due to presence of breccia horizons and a stratigraphic gap at the J/K boundary in the lower part of the Padlá Voda Formation embracing M19r and most of M19n magnetozones. This formation was also partially affected by remagnetization. Detailed correlation between the isotope- and magnetic stratigraphy of the Tithonian-Berriasian interval between Hlboča and Brodno sections is also complex due to J/K stratigraphical gap within the Hlboča section. The primary B component accounts for counter-clockwise rotation of the Vysoká Unit with a magnitude of ca. 50°. Since the paleodeclination of Paleogene and Karpatian-Eggenburgian rocks in the area is similar, the rotation must have taken place after Early Miocene. The paleoinclinations of several Upper Tithonian-Berriasian sections of the Central Western Carpathians and western part of the Pieniny Klippen Belt are consistent and indicate paleolatitude of 27-30°N.
27
Tipper, John C. „Estimating Stratigraphic Completeness“. Journal of Geology 95, Nr. 5 (September 1987): 710–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/629166.
28
Michelsen, Olaf. „Stratigraphic correlation of the Danish onshore and offshore Tertiary successions based on sequence stratigraphy“. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 41 (30.11.1994): 145–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.37570/bgsd-1995-41-14.
Annotation:
The results of a sequence stratigraphic study of the Tertiary sedimentary succession in the Danish North Sea sector, and the adjacent parts of the Norwegian, German, and Dutch sectors are reviewed in the present paper. Lithology and thickness variations of seven major sequence stratigraphic units, comprising twentyone sequences, are shortly described. The chronostratigraphic and genetic relationships between the North Sea sequences and the Danish onshore lithostratigraphic formations are emphasized. Six major sequence stratigraphic boundaries are pointed out, being time-equivalent with regional unconformities in the onshore area. The six surfaces bound five sedimentary packages, which are isochronous in their recognized lateral extension, and comprise genetically related deposits. It is suggested to define the five units as allostratigraphic units, and thus to create a stratigraphic subdivision, which is mappable in the southeastern North Sea region, possibly in the main part of the North Sea. The five allostratigraphic units can be identified in all areas by the available data; seismic sections and logs in the offshore area, and lithology in onshore outcrops and shallow wells. The definition of an allostratigraphic scheme would create a common nomenclature across the national borders and the present coastlines, and hopefully increase the accuracy of the chronostratigraphic correlation between profiles in the North Sea region.
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Mattner, Joerg, und Moujahed Al-Husseini. „Essay: applied cyclo-stratigraphy for the Middle East E&P industry“. GeoArabia 7, Nr. 4 (01.10.2002): 734–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/geoarabia0704734.
Annotation:
Summary The modeling of ordered sedimentary cycles through orbital forcing (cyclo-stratigraphy) could impact the Middle East E&P industry practices from regional exploration to reservoir engineering. The correlation of longer period cycles could detect thinning or disappearing reservoir intervals over structures. These terminations may be due to erosion or non-deposition, and used to guide exploration for stratigraphic traps. The correlation of shorter period cycles may be used to map the disappearance or diagenetic alteration of reservoir flow units between wells. The Permian and Mesozoic carbonates and evaporites that constitute the main Middle East hydrocarbon reservoirs and seals, manifest cycles at many scales, and are particularly suited for cyclo-stratigraphic analysis.
30
Zhemchugova, Valentina A., Vadim V. Rybalchenko und Tatiana A. Shardanova. „Sequence-stratigraphic model of the West Siberia Lower Cretaceous“. Georesursy 23, Nr. 2 (25.05.2021): 179–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.18599/grs.2021.2.18.
Annotation:
Apparently, conceptual base of the sequence stratigraphy is one of the most acknowledged methodologies in the geological world at the present time for the sedimentary strata structure prediction. It is based on the complex analysis of the seismic, stratigraphic and sedimentary data on the depositional bodies where the structure and facies filling is regulated by the relative sea level changes. The Lower Cretaceous section of the Western Siberia in this regard is the unique object, as it is represented by the full range of the clastic depositional environments – from relatively deep-water to the continental, which are very sensitive to the conditions changes. Sequence-stratigraphic analysis results can be used to complete the pragmatic tasks in the petroleum geology as the analysis is based on the reconstruction of the sedimentogenesis processes in the past, and the understanding of that processes is the key to the generalized depositional model development. This model can be used to create the models, which can be applied to the unique local objects that occur in the Lower Cretaceous section.
31
Qu, Quan Gong, und Feng Yun Zhu. „Study on Stratigraphy Correlation of EPC Oilfield in Mexico“. Advanced Materials Research 1073-1076 (Dezember 2014): 2252–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1073-1076.2252.
Annotation:
Stratigraphy correlation is the basis of study on oilfield reservoir characterization. According to region study results, marine environments correlation pattern were used in EPC Oilfield, stratigraphic sequence were summarized, based on the feature of lithology and responding of core data and wired logging data, correlation markers were summarized in each sequence, formation distribution were described based on the zonation, geology model were summarized for the main oil bearing formation. Following study on reservoir were based on these results.
32
Schroot, B. M. „Structural development of the Dutch Central Graben“. Danmarks Geologiske Undersøgelse Serie B 16 (31.12.1991): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.34194/serieb.v16.7090.
Annotation:
After Heybroek (1975) described the structure of the Dutch Central North Sea Graben and NAM and RGD (1980) published a stratigraphic nomenclature of the Netherlands containing a stratigraphic model for the Jurassic sediments, further work continued, both within the industry and the Geological Survey. Because Herngreen and Wong (1989) set up a revised stratigraphy for the Late Jurassic of the Central Graben and neighbouring areas, it was felt necessary to have a closer look at the structural geology of the Central Graben and to review its hydrocarbon potential. The results of this study have been reported by Wong et al. (1989). This work just about coincided with an increased interest of the industry in the south-eastern extension of the Graben because of the Dutch seventh round of exploration licenses.
33
Matthews, Robley K., und Moujahed I. Al-Husseini. „Orbital-forcing glacio-eustasy: A sequence-stratigraphic time scale“. GeoArabia 15, Nr. 3 (01.07.2010): 155–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/geoarabia1503155.
Annotation:
ABSTRACT This essay provides further explanation of the mathematical details of orbital forcing and glacio-eustatic modeling (Parametric Forward Modeling, PFM) aspects and applications. A slight tune-up of the Earth’s eccentricity calculations (LA04 of Lasker et al., 2004) produces a near-perfect repeat of 14.58 million-year period and allows PFM to predict the glacio-eustatic component of sea-level fluctuation throughout the Phanerozoic. Generalities of an exploratory grid search of the parameter space of the model are reviewed and repetitive peak sea levels and low sea levels are noted in context of the Arabian Orbital Stratigraphy (AROS) terminology and time scale. Emphasis on the straton (405,000 year “tuning fork” of stratigraphic time) will lead to improvements in sequence-stratigraphic methods and results.
34
Alekseev, Alexander S., Svetlana V. Nikolaeva, Nataliya V. Goreva, Nina B. Donova, Olga L. Kossovaya, Elena I. Kulagina, Nadezhda A. Kucheva et al. „Russian regional Carboniferous stratigraphy“. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 512, Nr. 1 (12.11.2021): 49–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp512-2021-134.
Annotation:
AbstractSeveral existing schemes for Carboniferous stratigraphy officially adopted in regions of the Russian Federation are summarized and discussed. These regions with different geological histories and distinct depositional settings include the Moscow Basin, the Urals, North Timan, Siberia, the Kuznetsk Basin and the Mongol–Okhotsk, Verkhoyansk–Okhotsk and Kolyma–Omolon regions. Broad correlations based on macro- and microfossils are possible between the regions, while all regional schemes are correlated to the official Russian General Stratigraphic Scheme for the Carboniferous, using zonations based on orthostratigraphic fossils. The Russian General Stratigraphic Scheme is correlated to the International Stratigraphic Scale using ammonoids, conodonts, foraminifers and palynomorphs.
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Lin, Wen, David Kynaston, Curtis Ferron, Janok P. Bhattacharya und William Matthews. „Depositional and sequence stratigraphic model of transgressive shelf sandstone: The Late Cretaceous Tocito Sandstone, San Juan Bain, New Mexico, U.S.A.“ Journal of Sedimentary Research 91, Nr. 4 (01.04.2021): 415–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2020.121.
Annotation:
ABSTRACT There has long been debate about the origin of long, linear, isolated shallow marine sandstones. In the 1980s these were routinely interpreted as wave- or tide-modulated shelf sandstones. With the advent of sequence stratigraphy, many of these sandstones were reinterpreted as top-truncated forced-regressive to lowstand delta or shoreface, inviting the question regarding whether the concept of a shelf sandstones remain a viable depositional model. More recent syntheses demonstrate that shelf sands tend to be derived by reworking of underlying sediment through transgressive erosion and show varying levels of detachment and reworking into discrete ridges and bars by wave and tidal processes as they become more evolved. The Late Cretaceous Tocito Sandstone in the Western Interior Seaway, which overlies the regressive Gallup Formation, is a candidate for a transgressive shelf sandstone. In this study, we present detailed facies analysis, based on sedimentological sections measured from well-exposed outcrops of the Tocito Sandstone and its related stratigraphic units in northwest New Mexico, USA. With high-resolution sequence stratigraphic control, facies analysis, detrital-zircon anatomy, and petrographic analysis are integrated to investigate the sequence stratigraphic evolution and depositional processes of the Tocito Sandstone. Detrital zircons indicate that the Tocito, Torrivio, and Gallup deposits are derived from different source areas, and therefore imply separate sequence stratigraphic origins. The Tocito Sandstone is interpreted to have been deposited as shelf sand ridges in retrogradational estuarine to drowned-barrier-system environments with tidal and wave influence, characterized by intense bioturbation. The Tocito was deposited in an overall transgressive systems tract and sourced from reworking of the underlying Torrivio and Gallup units through processes of transgressive erosion.
36
Branagan, D. F., und D. T. Moore. „W. H. Fitton's Geology of Australia's Coasts, 1826“. Historical Records of Australian Science 19, Nr. 1 (2008): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hr08001.
Annotation:
In an appendix to Phillip Parker King's 1826 book Narrative of a Survey of the ... Coasts of Australia..., W. H. Fitton attempted, largely on the basis of the rock specimens collected on King's and earlier expeditions, to summarize the geological (mainly lithological) character of Australia's coastal regions. We have examined and identified the specimens, preserved in the Natural History Museum, London, in terms of modern concepts, indicating their stratigraphic affinities. Fitton realized the limitations of his work and, wishing to encourage better knowledge, appended 'Instructions for collecting geological specimens', stressing the need to understand not only the materials, but the order of formation. Fitton was indicating that a sense of stratigraphy was essential to the progress of geology. Despite its deficiencies, Fitton's paper was an important step towards understanding the geology of an almost unknown continent.
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Gearon, James H., Cornel Olariu und Ronald J. Steel. „The supply-generated sequence: A unified sequence-stratigraphic model for closed lacustrine sedimentary basins with evidence from the Green River Formation, Uinta Basin, Utah, U.S.A.“ Journal of Sedimentary Research 92, Nr. 9 (20.09.2022): 813–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2021.096.
Annotation:
Abstract Closed lakes and oceans are stratigraphically distinct systems. However, closed-lake stratigraphy is often interpreted using conventional sequence stratigraphic concepts which were generated for marine settings. As a consequence, lacustrine stratigraphy has long been vexing and applied on an ad-hoc basis. To remedy this, we present a novel, unified sequence stratigraphic model for hydrologically closed (endorheic) basins: the Supply-Generated Sequence (SGS) Model. This model was generated to interpret our outcrop-based correlation—the largest to date at ∼ 30 km—across the Sunnyside Interval member of the middle Green River Formation in Nine Mile Canyon near Price, Utah, USA. The SGS model is based on the fundamental sedimentological and hydrodynamic differences between closed lakes and marine settings wherein the relationship between water discharge and sediment discharge is highly correlated. The SGS model divides packages of genetic lacustrine strata by bounding correlative surfaces, conformable or unconformable, separating facies and surfaces associated with low clastic supply (e.g., carbonates, mudstones, or exposure surfaces) from facies characteristic of relatively higher amounts of clastic supply (subaerial channelized sandstones, subaqueous siltstones, and pedogenic mudstones). We use the SGS model to correlate regional sequences at a higher resolution than previous interpretations and find the greatest amount of clastic deposition occurs during periods of lake-level rise, indicating that the SGSs are characteristically transgressive. Additionally, this model removes the implicit and explicit base-level assumptions of previous sequence stratigraphic models while being agnostic to the source of increased sediment discharge and therefore generalizable to other closed lacustrine settings. We use the high-resolution supply-generated sequences (meters thick) to argue for a climatic origin of the cyclic Sunnyside interval deposits based on sequence durations (40–50 kyr), and aligning sequences with recognized early Eocene transitory hyperthermal event timing and their associated climatic shifts across the region, increasing riverine discharge of sediment and water.
38
Matthews, Robley K., und Cliff Frohlich. „Maximum flooding surfaces and sequence boundaries: comparisons between observations and orbital forcing in the Cretaceous and Jurassic (65-190 Ma)“. GeoArabia 7, Nr. 3 (01.07.2002): 503–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/geoarabia0703503.
Annotation:
ABSTRACT We have undertaken a simplified calculation of orbital forcing back through the Cretaceous to the Late to Middle Jurassic from 65 to 190 Ma. So long as the Earth has a continental ice volume, orbital forcing will impose a 400-ky periodicity upon glacioeustasy and thereby on fourth-order sequence stratigraphy cycles. Similarly, third-order cycles were defined by orbital forcing of 2.4 ± 0.4 my (predominately 2.0- and 2.8-my cycles). These concepts greatly simplified the task of unraveling sequence stratigraphy. Our sea-level calculations are comparable with stratigraphic observations and the results are consistent with a persistent continental ice volume throughout the Late to Middle Jurassic and Cretaceous. In general, they compare well with the Arabian Plate Maximum Flooding Surfaces and the Cretaceous and Jurassic stage boundaries, within the limits of the recognized stratigraphic time scales. We used simple Parametric Forward Models (PFMs) for modeling changes in sea level, subsidence, and sedimentation and noted that PFMs can be applied to other tasks. The results will provide for rapid, cost-effective forward modeling on tasks such as reservoir characterization and flow simulation.
39
Nikitenko, B. L., V. P. Devyatov, E. B. Pestchevitskaya, A. Yu Popov, E. A. Fursenko und S. N. Khafaeva. „Stratigraphy, Lithology, and Geochemistry of Coastal and Shallow-Sea Sections of the Uppermost Middle Jurassic–the Lowermost Cretaceous Section in the Anabar River Region (Arctic Siberia)“. Russian Geology and Geophysics 63, Nr. 5 (01.05.2022): 558–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/rgg20204262.
Annotation:
Abstract —Concepts of the stratigraphy of the coastal and shallow-sea sections of the uppermost Middle Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous, exposed on the right bank of the Anabar River, have radically changed many times. The performed study and analysis of the published data are aimed at refining the bio- and lithostratigraphic subdivision of the section, substantiating its stratigraphic completeness, and describing the identified stratigraphic units in detail. Comprehensive biostratigraphic studies of the uppermost Bathonian — the lowermost Boreal Berriasian reveal a sequence of nine biostratigraphic units with dinocysts and palynoflora in the ranks of zones and local zones. Some of the palynological biostratigraphic units have been identified for the first time. Foraminiferal assemblages of the boreal standard zones are recorded in the sections under study. The obtained biostratigraphic data and analysis of all known ammonite occurrences make it possible to demonstrate the stratigraphic continuity of the section in the Anabar River region, despite the reduced thickness of the stratigraphic units. The stratigraphic position of the boundary between the Sodiemykha and Buolkalakh formations is accurately defined. According to the interpretation proposed, the basal horizon of the Buolkalakh Formation is associated with a beginning of a new major sedimentation stage in the late Oxfordian–early Kimmeridgian, identified as the lower boundary of lithostratigraphic units of different ranks throughout the entire Arctic Region and partially in the Boreal Region. The lithogeochemical parameters of the studied formations are obtained for the first time. The content of Corg in the studied samples does not exceed its Clarke values, and the pyrolytic parameter Tmax indicates that the organic matter is immature and the petroleum potential is low. The considered organic matter of the rocks is characterized by a heavy isotope composition of carbon, suggesting its mostly terrigenous genesis.
40
Philip, Jean M., Jack Roger, Denis Vaslet, Fabrizio Cecca, Silvia Gardin und Abdullah M. S. Memesh. „Sequence stratigraphy, biostratigraphy and paleontology of the Maastrichtian-Paleocene Aruma Formation in outcrop in Saudi Arabia“. GeoArabia 7, Nr. 4 (01.10.2002): 699–718. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/geoarabia0704699.
Annotation:
ABSTRACT The Aruma Formation is a predominantly carbonate lithostratigraphic unit of Late Cretaceous age that crops out in Saudi Arabia. It consists of three members: from base to top they are Khanasir Limestone Member, Hajajah Limestone Member, and Lina Shale Member. In order to establish a stratigraphic revision of the Formation, a reference section near Al Kharj, southeast of Riyadh in central Saudi Arabia, was logged and a hierarchical organization of the depositional sequences established. The Aruma corresponds to four third-order cycles bounded by erosional unconformities. Integrated biostratigraphical data mainly based on ammonites, nannoflora, rudists, and larger foraminifera point to a Maastrichtian age for the Khanasir and Hajajah members, and a Paleocene age for the Lina Member. Regional stratigraphic correlations were established within the outcropping Aruma Formation in Saudi Arabia. Biostratigraphy and sequence stratigraphy allowed a correlation framework to be proposed between the Aruma and the Qahlah and Simsima formations of the United Arab Emirates and the Oman Mountains, and with the Sharwayn Formation of the Hadramawt and Dhofar. The high-resolution stratigraphic scheme established for the Aruma Formation in Saudi Arabia is expected to be useful for subsurface correlations and in petroleum exploration.
41
Zolnikov, I. D., A. V. Shpansky und M. V. Mikharevich. „PROBLEMS OF THE QUATERNARY STRATIGRAPHY OF THE SIBERIAN REGION“. Geology and mineral resources of Siberia, Nr. 10s (Dezember 2021): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.20403/2078-0575-2021-10c-3-6.
Annotation:
This special issue of the journal is devoted to modern controversial subjects arising during the research of the Siberian Quaternary system. The initiative to discuss these problems and new factual material that requires rethinking outdated stratigraphic constructions belonged to the section of the Quaternary system of SIBRMSK and was supported by leading experts actively working in the region. It should be noted that this issue does not cover all the unresolved issues on the geology, stratigraphy and paleogeography of the Quaternary period of Siberia.
42
Al-Husseini, Moujahed, und Robley K. Matthews. „STRATIGRAPHIC NOTE: Jurassic-Cretaceous Arabian orbital stratigraphy: The AROS-JK Chart“. GeoArabia 13, Nr. 1 (01.01.2008): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/geoarabia130189.
43
Tipper, J. C. „Techniques for quantitative stratigraphic correlation: a review and annotated bibliography“. Geological Magazine 125, Nr. 5 (September 1988): 475–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800013224.
Annotation:
AbstractThe development of techniques for quantitative stratigraphic correlation has tended to outstrip their acceptance by practising stratigraphers. To make these techniques more readily accessible and to encourage their use, this paper presents a brief, general review of the problem of quantitative stratigraphic correlation and then shows how, using a natural framework for stratigraphic correlation, the stratigraphic time-series, there can be seen an orderly pattern among them. The annotated bibliography, of almost 400 articles, includes a majority of those references concerned with quantitative stratigraphic correlation, in whatever sense: the scheme of annotation provides a straightforward, albeit subjective indication of the general thrust of each article.
44
Shaw, Alan B., und F. X. Miller. „Quantitative Stratigraphic Correlation“. Sedimentary Geology 45, Nr. 3-4 (November 1985): 316–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(85)90009-0.
45
SHLEMON, R. J. „Application of Soil-Stratigraphic Techniques to Engineering Geology“. Environmental & Engineering Geoscience xxii, Nr. 2 (01.05.1985): 129–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gseegeosci.xxii.2.129.
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Tipper, J. C. „Patterns of Stratigraphic Cyclicity“. Journal of Sedimentary Research 70, Nr. 6 (01.11.2000): 1262–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/031700701262.
47
Dub, S. A. „Neoproterozoic Deposits of the Bashkir Mega-Anticlinorium (Southern Urals): State of the Art in Regional Stratigraphy“. Russian Geology and Geophysics 62, Nr. 11 (01.11.2021): 1240–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/rgg20204205.
Annotation:
Abstract —This paper presents an alternative variant of stratigraphic subdivision of the upper Riphean–Vendian deposits (approximately corresponding to the Neoproterozoic Erathem of the International Chronostratigraphic Chart (ICC)) of the Bashkir Mega-Anticlinorium (BMA), based on the modern concepts of changes in the biosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere (and, accordingly, in the climate and the course of sedimentary processes) in the period ~1000–540 Ma, with regard to the results of recent studies and the proposals for improving the Russian General Stratigraphic Scale (GSS) of the Precambrian. The strict necessity of subdividing chronostratigraphic and lithostratigraphic units is shown. The presented data give grounds to regard the Zil’merdak Formation as a Group and assign three of its lower formations to the Middle Riphean (Yurmatinian). It is shown that the period of accumulation of the Karatau Group (comprising the Katav, Inzer, Min’yar, and Uk formations) was significantly shorter than the duration of the Late Riphean (Karatavian). Special attention is focused on the age of the Uk Formation (analysis of the existing data made it possible to refine its stratigraphic position): It formed, most likely, in the period 780–740 Ma. A high uncertainty of the stratigraphic position of the overlying geologic bodies is demonstrated. The Bakeevo, Tolparovo, Suirovo, and Kurgashla formations must be regarded as part of the Terminal Riphean (Arshinian). The Arsha Group, comprising the Bainas, Makhmutovo, Igonino, and Shum formations in the Tirlyan trough and represented by the Krivaya Luka Formation in the Krivaya Luka syncline, should not be totally assigned to the Terminal Riphean. It is proposed to exclude the Bakeevo Formation and the Tolparovo–Suirovo sequence from the Asha Group, because these deposits are, most likely, a modification of the Arsha Group located on the western flank of the BMA. The Uryuk Formation is probably of pre-Vendian age. The current contradictory data on the stratigraphy of the supra-Uryuk unit of the Asha Group are interpreted. The ages of the geologic bodies composing the Group and its stratigraphic interval still call for a thorough study.
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Somali, Fuad, und Yasin Charles El-Taha. „Geophysicists meet in Muscat to discuss advancements in land geophysical acquisition technologies“. Leading Edge 39, Nr. 6 (Juni 2020): 434–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/tle39060434.1.
Annotation:
In recent years, technological advancements have paved the way to acquire seismic data in innovative ways. Adopting these technologies led to increased trace densities and increased data volume. In the past, conventional acquisition with low trace densities and limited offset and azimuth distribution served well to image simple geologic targets. This led to the discovery of currently producing fields. However, exploration strategies have changed by focusing on more complex geology (e.g., unconventional reservoirs and stratigraphic traps). High density and broadband acquisition are therefore essential to map subtle and complex targets. Advancements in equipment manufacturing and survey design have made this possible.
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Sahoo, Hiranya, M. Royhan Gani, Nahid D. Gani, Gary J. Hampson, John A. Howell, Joep E. A. Storms, Allard W. Martinius und Simon J. Buckley. „Predictable patterns in stacking and distribution of channelized fluvial sand bodies linked to channel mobility and avulsion processes“. Geology 48, Nr. 9 (01.06.2020): 903–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g47236.1.
Annotation:
Abstract Despite the importance of channel avulsion in constructing fluvial stratigraphy, it is unclear how contrasting avulsion processes are reflected in stratigraphic-stacking patterns of channelized fluvial sand bodies, as a proxy for how river depocenters shifted in time and space. Using an integrated, geospatially referenced, three-dimensional data set that includes outcrop, core, and lidar data, we identify, for the first time in an outcrop study, a predictive relationship between channelized sand body architecture, paleochannel mobility, and stratigraphic-stacking pattern. Single-story sand bodies tend to occur in vertically stacked clusters that are capped by a multilateral sand body, indicating an upward change from a fixed-channel system to a mobile-channel system in each cluster. Vertical sand body stacking in the clusters implies reoccupation of abandoned channels after “local” avulsion. Reoccupational avulsion may reflect channel confinement, location downstream of a nodal avulsion point that maintained its position during development of the sand body cluster, and/or aggradation and progradation of a backwater-mediated channel downstream of a nodal avulsion point. Sand body clusters and additional multilateral sand bodies are laterally offset or isolated from each other, implying compensational stacking due to “regional” switching of a nodal avulsion point to a new, topographically lower site on the floodplain. The predictive links between avulsion mechanisms, channel mobility, and resultant sand body distributions and stacking patterns shown in our findings have important implications for exploring and interpreting spatiotemporal patterns of stratigraphic organization in alluvial basins.
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Ganti, Vamsi, Michael P. Lamb und Austin J. Chadwick. „Autogenic Erosional Surfaces in Fluvio-deltaic Stratigraphy from Floods, Avulsions, and Backwater Hydrodynamics“. Journal of Sedimentary Research 89, Nr. 8 (27.08.2019): 815–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2019.40.
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Abstract Erosional surfaces set the architecture of fluvio-deltaic stratigraphy, and they have classically been interpreted in terms of changes in boundary conditions such as climate, tectonics, and base level (allogenic forces). Intrinsic dynamics of sedimentary systems (autogenic dynamics) can also create a rich stratigraphic architecture, and a major knowledge gap exists in parsing the relative roles of autogenic versus allogenic processes. Emerging theoretical and experimental work suggests that backwater hydrodynamics play an important role in driving transient channel incision in river deltas, even those experiencing net aggradation. Here, we identify and quantify two autogenic mechanisms that produce broad erosional surfaces in fluvio-deltaic stratigraphy, namely, floods and avulsions. Using a simple mass-balance model for single-threaded delta channel systems, we show that flood-induced scours begin near the shoreline, and avulsion-induced scours begin at the avulsion site, and both propagate upstream over a distance that scales with the backwater length, bed slope, and bed grain size. We also develop scaling relationships for the maximum scour depths arising from these mechanisms, which are functions of characteristic flow depth and formative flood variability. We test our theoretical predictions using a flume experiment of river delta evolution governed by persistent backwater hydrodynamics under constant relative sea level. Results indicate that autogenic dynamics of backwater-mediated deltas under conditions of constant base level can result in stratigraphic surfaces and shoreline trajectories similar to those often interpreted to represent multiple sea-level cycles. Our work provides a quantitative framework to decouple autogenic and allogenic controls on erosional surfaces preserved in fluvio-deltaic stratigraphy.