Zeitschriftenartikel: „Geographical authentication“

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Katerinopoulou, Katerina, Achilleas Kontogeorgos, Constantinos E. Salmas, Angelos Patakas und Athanasios Ladavos. „Geographical Origin Authentication of Agri-Food Products: A Review“. Foods 9, Nr. 4 (13.04.2020): 489. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9040489.

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This study is a systematic literature review of geographical origin authentication by elemental analytical techniques. Authentication and certification of geographic origin of agri-food products is a useful tool toward the protection of the quality for products. The aim of this work was to map the current state of research in the area of agricultural products and food, identifying emerging fields to the geographical origin of products. The article is divided in three parts. The first part of the article deals with the analytical techniques applied in the food authentication. Special mention is made to elemental analysis and multiple isotope ratio. The second section focuses on statistically published data concerning published research for geographical origin authentication for the period 2015–2019. Specific results are presented inter alia: number of articles according to the type of product, articles according to the type of the analytical techniques, and others. The third part contains characteristic results from articles that were published in the period 2015–2019, on certification of geographical origin on specific agricultural products.

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Cardin, Marco, Barbara Cardazzo, Jérôme Mounier, Enrico Novelli, Monika Coton und Emmanuel Coton. „Authenticity and Typicity of Traditional Cheeses: A Review on Geographical Origin Authentication Methods“. Foods 11, Nr. 21 (26.10.2022): 3379. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11213379.

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Food fraud, corresponding to any intentional action to deceive purchasers and gain an undue economical advantage, is estimated to result in a 10 to 65 billion US dollars/year economical cost worldwide. Dairy products, such as cheese, in particular cheeses with protected land- and tradition-related labels, have been listed as among the most impacted as consumers are ready to pay a premium price for traditional and typical products. In this context, efficient food authentication methods are needed to counteract current and emerging frauds. This review reports the available authentication methods, either chemical, physical, or DNA-based methods, currently used for origin authentication, highlighting their principle, reported application to cheese geographical origin authentication, performance, and respective advantages and limits. Isotope and elemental fingerprinting showed consistent accuracy in origin authentication. Other chemical and physical methods, such as near-infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance, require more studies and larger sampling to assess their discriminative power. Emerging DNA-based methods, such as metabarcoding, showed good potential for origin authentication. However, metagenomics, providing a more in-depth view of the cheese microbiota (up to the strain level), but also the combination of methods relying on different targets, can be of interest for this field.

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Fechner, Diana C., Melisa J. Hidalgo, Juan D. Ruiz Díaz, Raúl A. Gil und Roberto G. Pellerano. „Geographical origin authentication of honey produced in Argentina“. Food Bioscience 33 (Februar 2020): 100483. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2019.100483.

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Uttl, Leos, Kamila Hurkova, Vladimir Kocourek, Jana Pulkrabova, Monika Tomaniova und Jana Hajslova. „Metabolomics-based authentication of wines according to grape variety“. Czech Journal of Food Sciences 37, No. 4 (23.08.2019): 239–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/82/2019-cjfs.

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In 2008, the European Commission highlighted the risk of wine mislabelling regarding the geographical origin and varietal identification. While analytical methods for the identification of wine by geographical origin exist, a reliable strategy for authentication of wine variety is still missing. Here, we investigate the suitability of the metabolomic fingerprinting of ethyl acetate wine extracts, using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. In total, 43 white wine samples (three varieties) were analysed within our study. The generated data were processed by principal component analysis and then by partial least squares discriminant analysis. The resulting statistical models were validated and assessed according to their R2 (cum) and Q2 (cum) parameters. The most promising models were based on positive ionisation data, enabling successful classification of 92% of wine samples.

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Won, Eun-Ji, Seung Hee Kim, Young-Shin Go, K. Suresh Kumar, Min-Seob Kim, Suk-Hee Yoon, Germain Bayon, Jung-Hyun Kim und Kyung-Hoon Shin. „A Multi-Elements Isotope Approach to Assess the Geographic Provenance of Manila Clams (Ruditapes philippinarum) via Recombining Appropriate Elements“. Foods 10, Nr. 3 (18.03.2021): 646. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10030646.

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The increasing global consumption of seafood has led to increased trade among nations, accompanied by mislabeling and fraudulent practices that have rendered authentication crucial. The multi-isotope ratio analysis is considered as applicable tool for evaluating geographical authentications but requires information and experience to select target elements such as isotopes, through a distinction method based on differences in habitat and physiology due to origin. The present study examined recombination conditions of multi-elements that facilitated geographically distinct classifications of the clams to sort out appropriate elements. Briefly, linear discriminant analysis (LDA) analysis was performed according to several combinations of five stable isotopes (carbon (δ13C), nitrogen (δ15N), oxygen (δ18O), hydrogen (δD), and sulfur (δ34S)) and two radiogenic elements (strontium (87Sr/86Sr) and neodymium (143Nd/144Nd)), and the geographical classification results of the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum from Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPR Korea), Korea and China were compared. In conclusion, linear discriminant analysis (LDA) with at least four elements (C, N, O, and S) including S revealed a remarkable cluster distribution of the clams. These findings expanded the application of systematic multi-elements analyses, including stable and radiogenic isotopes, to trace the origins of R. philippinarum collected from the Korea, China, and DPR Korea.

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Sentellas, Sonia, und Javier Saurina. „Authentication of Cocoa Products Based on Profiling and Fingerprinting Approaches: Assessment of Geographical, Varietal, Agricultural and Processing Features“. Foods 12, Nr. 16 (20.08.2023): 3120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12163120.

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Cocoa and its derivative products, especially chocolate, are highly appreciated by consumers for their exceptional organoleptic qualities, thus being often considered delicacies. They are also regarded as superfoods due to their nutritional and health properties. Cocoa is susceptible to adulteration to obtain illicit economic benefits, so strategies capable of authenticating its attributes are needed. Features such as cocoa variety, origin, fair trade, and organic production are increasingly important in our society, so they need to be guaranteed. Most of the methods dealing with food authentication rely on profiling and fingerprinting approaches. The compositional profiles of natural components –such as polyphenols, biogenic amines, amino acids, volatile organic compounds, and fatty acids– are the source of information to address these issues. As for fingerprinting, analytical techniques, such as chromatography, infrared, Raman, and mass spectrometry, generate rich fingerprints containing dozens of features to be used for discrimination purposes. In the two cases, the data generated are complex, so chemometric methods are usually applied to extract the underlying information. In this review, we present the state of the art of cocoa and chocolate authentication, highlighting the pros and cons of the different approaches. Besides, the relevance of the proposed methods in quality control and the novel trends for sample analysis are also discussed.

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González-Domínguez, Raúl. „Food Authentication: Techniques, Trends and Emerging Approaches“. Foods 9, Nr. 3 (17.03.2020): 346. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9030346.

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Multiple factors can directly influence the chemical composition of foods and, consequently, their organoleptic, nutritional and bioactive properties, including the geographical origin, the variety or breed, as well as the conditions of cultivation, breeding and/or feeding, among others [...]

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Panero, Francisco S., Pedro S. Panero, João S. Panero, Fernando S. E. D. V. Faria und Anselmo F. R. Rodriguez. „Rapid and Green Method Forensic Authentication of Rice Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS)“. Journal of Agricultural Science 12, Nr. 7 (15.06.2020): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v12n7p105.

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Rice is one of the most consumed cereals in the world. Currently, techniques for the authentication and geographical origin of rice is known not to be objective because to depend on the naked eye of a well-trained inspector. DNA fingerprint methods have been shown to be inappropriate for on-site application because the method needs a lot of labor and skilled expertise. Rice consumers want to confirm cultivation origin because they believe price or eating score has a high correlation according to them. Considering rice as a raw material of economic and social value and the recent use of NIR spectroscopy coupled with chemometric methods to authentication and discrimination of geographical origin as an alternative to classical methods in the search for a methodology in line with Green Chemistry, this work investigates the potential of NIR spectroscopy combined with multivariate analysis: PCA (Principal Component Analysis) and HCA (Hierarchical Cluster Analysis) for rapid and non-destructive forensic authentication of rice grains from Brazil and Venezuela. This study investigated the potential of near-infrared spectroscopy, combined with PCA and HCA chemometric technique to the authenticity of rice. It was verified that is feasible and advantageous to implement authenticity detection of different brands, typology and geographical discrimination (Brazil and Venezuela) rice.

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Zhang, Senshen, Yimin Wei, Shuai Wei, Hongyan Liu und Boli Guo. „Authentication of Zhongning wolfberry with geographical indication by mineral profile“. International Journal of Food Science & Technology 52, Nr. 2 (16.11.2016): 457–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.13301.

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Punitha, A., und J. Martin Leo Manickam. „Privacy preservation and authentication on secure geographical routing in VANET“. Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence 29, Nr. 3 (29.08.2016): 617–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0952813x.2016.1212103.

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Wang, Qin-Qin, Heng-Yu Huang und Yuan-Zhong Wang. „Geographical Authentication of Macrohyporia cocos by a Data Fusion Method Combining Ultra-Fast Liquid Chromatography and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy“. Molecules 24, Nr. 7 (03.04.2019): 1320. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24071320.

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Macrohyporia cocos is a medicinal and edible fungi, which is consumed widely. The epidermis and inner part of its sclerotium are used separately. M. cocos quality is influenced by geographical origins, so an effective and accurate geographical authentication method is required. Liquid chromatograms at 242 nm and 210 nm (LC242 and LC210) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of two parts were applied to authenticate the geographical origin of cultivated M. cocos combined with low and mid-level data fusion strategies, and partial least squares discriminant analysis. Data pretreatment involved correlation optimized warping and second derivative. The results showed that the potential of the chromatographic fingerprint was greater than that of five triterpene acids contents. LC242-FTIR low-level fusion took full advantage of information synergy and showed good performance. Further, the predictive ability of the FTIR low-level fusion model of two parts was satisfactory. The performance of the low-level fusion strategy preceded those of the single technique and mid-level fusion strategy. The inner parts were more suitable for origin identification than the epidermis. This study proved the feasibility of the data fusion of chromatograms and spectra, and the data fusion of different parts for the accurate authentication of geographical origin. This method is meaningful for the quality control of food and the protection of geographical indication products.

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Mazarakioti, Eleni C., Anastasios Zotos, Anna-Akrivi Thomatou, Achilleas Kontogeorgos, Angelos Patakas und Athanasios Ladavos. „Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), a Useful Tool in Authenticity of Agricultural Products’ and Foods’ Origin“. Foods 11, Nr. 22 (18.11.2022): 3705. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11223705.

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Fraudulent practices are the first and foremost concern of food industry, with significant consequences in economy and human’s health. The increasing demand for food has led to food fraud by replacing, mixing, blending, and mislabeling products attempting to increase the profits of producers and companies. Consequently, there was the rise of a multidisciplinary field which encompasses a large number of analytical techniques aiming to trace and authenticate the origins of agricultural products, food and beverages. Among the analytical strategies have been developed for the authentication of geographical origin of foodstuff, Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) increasingly dominates the field as a robust, accurate, and highly sensitive technique for determining the inorganic elements in food substances. Inorganic elements are well known for evaluating the nutritional composition of food products while it has been shown that they are considered as possible tracers for authenticating the geographical origin. This is based on the fact that the inorganic component of identical food type originating from different territories varies due to the diversity of matrix composition. The present systematic literature review focusing on gathering the research has been done up-to-date on authenticating the geographical origin of agricultural products and foods by utilizing the ICP-MS technique. The first part of the article is a tutorial about food safety/control and the fundaments of ICP-MS technique, while in the second part the total research review is discussed.

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Monahan, Frank J., Olaf Schmidt und Aidan P. Moloney. „Meat provenance: Authentication of geographical origin and dietary background of meat“. Meat Science 144 (Oktober 2018): 2–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2018.05.008.

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Al Riza, Dimas Firmanda, Slamet Widodo, Y. Aris Purwanto und Naoshi Kondo. „Combined fluorescence-transmittance imaging system for geographical authentication of patchouli oil“. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 218 (Juli 2019): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2019.04.009.

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Liu, Xiaoli, Xiyan Mu, Lan Peng, Jiahui Liu, Qinwei Lu, Yaowen Yang, Tao Guo, Huiru Tang und Hui Xie. „Multi-element fingerprinting approach for geographical authentication of Amomum tsaoko seed“. Industrial Crops and Products 195 (Mai 2023): 116345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2023.116345.

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El Orche, Aimen, Mustapha Bouatia, Siham Yanisse, Houda Labjar, Mouad Mouhsin, Mohamed Bouha, Mustapha Oubenali und Mohamed Mbarki. „Evaluation of the Capability of Horizontal ATR-FTMIR and UV-Visible Spectroscopy in the Discrimination of Virgin Olive Oils from the Moroccan Region of Beni Mellal-Khenifra“. Journal of Spectroscopy 2020 (20.06.2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9317350.

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One of the most important challenges in the authentication of olive oil is the determination of the geographical origin of virgin olive oil. In this work, we evaluated the capacity of two spectroscopic techniques, UV-Visible and ATR-FTMIR, coupled with chemometric tools to determine the geographical origin of olive oils. These analytical approaches have been applied to samples that have been collected during the period of olive oil production, in the Moroccan region of Beni Mellal-Khenifra. To develop a rapid analysis tool capable of authenticating the geographical origin of virgin olive oils from five geographical areas of the Moroccan region of Beni Mellal-Khenifra, UV-Visible and ATR-FTMIR spectral data were processed by chemometric algorithms. PCA was applied on the spectral data set to represent the data in a very small space, and then discrimination methods were applied on the principal components synthesized by the PCA. The application of the PCA-LDA method on the spectral data of UV-Visible and ATR-FTMIR shows a good ability to classify olive oils according to their geographical origin with a percentage of correct classification that represents 90.24% and 85.87%, respectively, and the processing of the spectral data of UV-Visible and ATR-FTMIR by PCA-SVM allows differentiating correctly between five olive oils with a correct classification rate of 100% and 97.56, respectively. This study demonstrated the feasibility of UV-Visible and ATR-FTMIR fingerprinting (routine technique) for the geographical classification of olive oils in the Moroccan region of Beni Mellal-Khenifra. Such developed methods can be proposed as alternative and complementary methods to authenticate the geographical origin of virgin olive oil.

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El Hajj, Rita, Wadih Skaff und Nathalie Estephan. „Application of Common Components Analysis to Mid-Infrared Spectra for the Authentication of Lebanese Honey“. Journal of Spectroscopy 2024 (06.02.2024): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2024/3370665.

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Honey is considered as a premium food produced by honeybees. It is highly appreciated by consumers around the world and raises a major concern nowadays which is ensuring its authenticity in respect to its production and its botanical origin. In Lebanon, honey is mainly multifloral which makes its authentication rather difficult. While mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy combined with multivariate analysis has proven to be successful in authenticating unifloral honey, the challenge with Lebanese honey lies in assessing its performance with multifloral honey. Therefore, this work aims to test the performance of common components analysis (CCA) applied on mid-infrared spectra in the authentication of multifloral Lebanese honey. For this purpose, 96 multifloral Lebanese honey samples of different floral sources were collected from different regions of the Lebanese territory and analyzed using MIR spectroscopy. CCA applied to the spectral data, allowed a separation between honeydew honey samples and floral honey samples. In addition, honey samples collected from the Bekaa plain region were differentiated from the other honey samples collected from all the other Lebanese geographical regions. This discrimination between the groups of honey samples is based essentially on their sugar composition.

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P.Mathiyalagan, Et al. „Improving the User Experience with Intelligent and Adaptive Rental Procedures: Internet of Things-Based Vehicle Leasing Solution“. International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication 11, Nr. 4 (30.04.2023): 454–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v11i4.9858.

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This research focuses on the development of an automobile leasing method based on the Internet of Things (IoT). The proposed method leverages IoT technologies to streamline the car rental process, ensuring efficient and user-friendly experiences. The method involves steps such as identity verification, behavioral data analysis, geographical location tracking, quick response code generation, authentication of vehicle identification, and fault management. By integrating user and vehicle authentication, this method offers adaptive, intelligent, and automated rental processes, resulting in simplified procedures, time and energy savings, and an enhanced user experience.

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Xu, Lu, Qiong Shi, Si-Min Yan, Hai-Yan Fu, Shunping Xie und Daowang Lu. „Chemometric Analysis of Elemental Fingerprints for GE Authentication of Multiple Geographical Origins“. Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry 2019 (11.07.2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2796502.

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The feasibility of combining elemental fingerprints and chemical pattern recognition methods for authentication of the geographical origins of a Chinese herb, Gastrodia elata BI. (GE), was studied in this paper. A total of 210 GE samples were collected from 7 different producing areas. The levels of 15 mineral elements in GE, including Zn, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ca, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sr, Fe, Na, and K, were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Using the autoscaled data of elemental fingerprints and partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLSDA), two chemometrics strategies for multiclass classifications, One-Versus-Rest (OVR) and One-Versus-One (OVO), were studied and compared in discrimination of GE geographical origins. As a result, OVR-PLSDA and OVO-PLSDA could achieve the classification accuracy of 0.672 and 0.925, respectively. The results indicate that mineral elemental fingerprints coupled with chemometrics can provide a useful alternative method for simultaneous discrimination of multiple GE geographical origins.

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Zheng, Jihu, Haixin Duan, Chenyu Wang, Qiang Cao, Guoai Xu und Rui Fang. „A Drone-Assisted Anonymous Authentication and Key Agreement Protocol with Access Control for Accident Rescue in the Internet of Vehicles“. Electronics 13, Nr. 10 (15.05.2024): 1939. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics13101939.

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The drone-assisted Internet of Vehicles (DIoV) displays great potential in the punctual provision of rescue services without geographical limitations. To ensure data security in accident response and rescue services, authentication schemes with access control are employed. These schemes ensure that only specific rescue vehicle operators acting within a valid period can achieve mutual authentication from a designated processor, while access for mismatched, revoked, or expired users is denied. However, the current alternatives fail to ensure session key forward secrecy, entities’ mutual authentication, and user anonymity, thereby compromising users’ privacy and the security of communications. Moreover, executing too many time-consuming operations on vehicles’ resource-constrained devices inevitably degrades the performance of the authentication protocol. Balancing security and performance in the design of an authentication protocol with access control presents a significant challenge. To address this, a more efficient and robust authentication with access control has been designed. The proposed protocol ensures user anonymity through dynamic pseudonym allocation, achieves forward secrecy by excluding the long-term key from session key generation, and obtains mutual authentication by verifying the integrity of the messages exchanged. According to the security and performance analysis, it is demonstrated that the proposal is a robust, efficient, and cost-effective solution. In particular, the proposal can reduce the computational overhead by 66% compared to recent alternatives.

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Jovetić, Milica, Jelena Trifković, Dalibor Stanković, Dragan Manojlović und Dušanka Milojković-Opsenica. „Mineral Content as a Tool for the Assessment of Honey Authenticity“. Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 100, Nr. 4 (01.07.2017): 862–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.17-0145.

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Abstract The present work aims to provide a contribution to the overall investigation of European unifloral honeys with regard to authentication according to botanical and geographical origins. The mineral content of 206 monofloral honey samples of five botanical origins from six different regions in Serbia was investigated by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Chemometric techniques were applied for the classification and differentiation of acacia, sunflower, and linden honey according to botanical origin, as well as acacia honey samples according to regional origin. The highest influence on the differentiation of acacia honey samples was the presence of siderophile and chalcophile elements, whereas sunflower and linden honeys were determined by the presence of lithophile elements, indicating their origin from soil. However, due to the different bioaccumulation properties of plants, the presence of elements is not necessarily directly correlated to their presence in soil, which is confirmed by the results of the authentication of geographical origin of acacia honey.

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Pavlin, Anže, Drago Kočar, Jernej Imperl, Mitja Kolar, Gregor Marolt und Petranka Petrova. „Honey Origin Authentication via Mineral Profiling Combined with Chemometric Approaches“. Foods 12, Nr. 15 (25.07.2023): 2826. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12152826.

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In the present study, the potential of elemental analysis combined with statistical tools to identify honey origin was evaluated by mineral characterization of 173 honeys of 13 floral types (acacia, fir, spruce, linden, chestnut, lavender, coriander, thistle, honeydew, rosemary, sage, euphorbia and ziziphus plant species) collected from five geographical regions (Slovenia, Croatia, Bulgaria, Turkey, and Morocco). The objective of the study was to accurately and reliably differentiate the mineral composition among honey varieties. The aim was to establish traceability, to ensure product authenticity and to improve quality control measures within the honey industry. For this purpose, 18 major, minor and trace elements were quantified using microwave digestion, followed by ICP-MS measurement. Statistical evaluation of elemental concentration was undertaken using principal component analysis (PCA) to distinguish honey floral types. The research give light on the specific elements that can serve as indicators for determining the geographical and botanical source of honey. Our findings indicate that certain elements, such as Mn, K, and Ca, are primarily influenced by the type of pollen present in the honey, making them indicative of the floral source. On the other hand, levels of Na, Mg, and Fe were found to be more strongly influenced by environmental factors and can be considered as markers of geographical origin. One novel aspect of this research is the exploration of the relationship between honey minerals and honey botanical source. This was achieved through the analysis of chestnut tree samples and a subsequent comparison with the composition of chestnut honey.

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Lestari, L. A., K. Triyana, A. K. Hanifah und R. A. Wildiana. „The use of electronic tongue (e-tongue) as a simple and rapid method for honey authentication“. Food Research 5, Nr. 3 (30.06.2021): 453–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.5(3).615.

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A simple and rapid test for honey authentication is required particularly for the food industry to assure the quality of honey. The conventional methods for honey authentication are costly, requires a long waiting time to obtain results, requires highly skilled personnel, and is difficult in terms of sample preparation. The electronic tongue can be utilized as an alternative technique for honey authentication. The electronic tongue frameworks are depended on an array of sensors with low selectivity while being sensitive to several components in the measured sample. The signals gathered by the sensors are processed through pattern recognition tools to produce prediction models that permit the grouping of the samples and the measurement of a portion of their physicochemical properties. Papers that were published from 2015 to 2020 from several databases such as Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and Pubmed were collected to obtain abstracts and original articles related to the authentication of honey-based on sugar content as well as geographical and botanical origin. This review highlighted the electronic tongue as a simple and rapid test for honey authentication, several original papers also compare the validity of electronic tongue with the high-performance liquid chromatography methods as the gold standard.

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Kim, Jae Sung, In Min Hwang, Ga Hyun Lee, Yu Min Park, Ji Yeon Choi, Nargis Jamila, Naeem Khan und Kyong Su Kim. „Geographical origin authentication of pork using multi-element and multivariate data analyses“. Meat Science 123 (Januar 2017): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2016.08.011.

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Capron, Xavier, Désiré Luc Massart und Johanna Smeyers-Verbeke. „Multivariate authentication of the geographical origin of wines: a kernel SVM approach“. European Food Research and Technology 225, Nr. 3-4 (16.01.2007): 559–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00217-006-0454-2.

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Drivelos, Spiros A., Georgios P. Danezis, Michał Halagarda, Stanisław Popek und Constantinos A. Georgiou. „Geographical origin and botanical type honey authentication through elemental metabolomics via chemometrics“. Food Chemistry 338 (Februar 2021): 127936. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127936.

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Mei, Hanyi, Jing Nie, Shu Wang, Yongzhi Zhang, Chunlin Li, Shengzhi Shao, Shanshan Shao, Karyne M. Rogers und Yuwei Yuan. „Geographical Origin Authentication of Edible Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. (Hangbaiju) Using Stable Isotopes“. Separations 10, Nr. 5 (03.05.2023): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations10050287.

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Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat., known as Hangbaiju (HBJ), is a high-value edible, medicinal product where the flowers are infused in hot water and drunk as tea. Its quality and efficacy are closely related to its geographical origin. Consequently, it is vulnerable to fraudulent substitution by other lower-value Chrysanthemum products. In this study, cultivation (variety and different growth stages) and isotopic fractionation between the flower, stem, and leaf were studied. Samples from four different HBJ varieties were characterized using stable isotopes (δ13C, δ15N, δ2H, δ18O, %C, and %N) across three producing regions in Zhejiang province, China. The results showed that there were no significant differences in stable isotopic compositions for different HBJ varieties, but there were significant differences for different plant tissues (flower, stem, leaf, etc.). Furthermore, the stable isotopic composition altered dramatically at different growth stages. The δ15N (r = 0.6809) and δ2H (r = 0.6102) correlations between stems and leaves (SL) and flowers (F) of HBJ were relatively good, the δ13C correlation (r = 0.2636) between SL and F was weak, but δ18O correlation (r = 0.01) had almost no correlation. A supervised multivariate statistical model (partial least squares discriminant analysis, PLS-DA) was used to discriminate three different producing regions with high accuracy (66.7%, 66.7%, and 100%, respectively). Our findings show that stable isotopes combined with multivariate statistical analysis provide an effective method for the geographical identification of HBJ.

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Blasi, Francesca, Federica Ianni und Lina Cossignani. „Phenolic profiling for geographical and varietal authentication of extra virgin olive oil“. Trends in Food Science & Technology 147 (Mai 2024): 104444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2024.104444.

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Schütz, David, Elisabeth Achten, Marina Creydt, Janet Riedl und Markus Fischer. „Non-Targeted LC-MS Metabolomics Approach towards an Authentication of the Geographical Origin of Grain Maize (Zea mays L.) Samples“. Foods 10, Nr. 9 (13.09.2021): 2160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10092160.

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Safety along the food and feed supply chain is an emerging topic and closely linked to the ability to analytical trace the geographical origin of food or feed. In this study, ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry was used to trace back the geographical origin of 151 grain maize (Zea mays L.) samples from seven countries using a high resolution non-targeted metabolomics approach. Multivariate data analysis and univariate statistics were used to identify promising marker features related to geographical origin. Classification using only 20 selected markers with the Random Forest algorithm led to 90.5% correctly classified samples with 100 times repeated 10-fold cross-validation. The selected markers were assigned to the class of triglycerides, diglycerides and phospholipids. The marker set was further evaluated for its ability to separate between one sample class and the rest of the dataset, yielding accuracies above 89%. This demonstrates the high potential of the non-polar metabolome to authenticate the geographic origin of grain maize samples. Furthermore, this suggests that focusing on only a few lipids with high potential for grain maize authentication could be a promising approach for later transfer of the method to routine analysis.

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Fusco, Vincenzina, Francesca Fanelli und Daniele Chieffi. „Recent and Advanced DNA-Based Technologies for the Authentication of Probiotic, Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) and Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) Fermented Foods and Beverages“. Foods 12, Nr. 20 (14.10.2023): 3782. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12203782.

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The authenticity of probiotic products and fermented foods and beverages that have the status of protected designation of origin (PDO) or geographical indication (PGI) can be assessed via numerous methods. DNA-based technologies have emerged in recent decades as valuable tools to achieve food authentication, and advanced DNA-based methods and platforms are being developed. The present review focuses on the recent and advanced DNA-based techniques for the authentication of probiotic, PDO and PGI fermented foods and beverages. Moreover, the most promising DNA-based detection tools are presented. Strain- and species-specific DNA-based markers of microorganisms used as starter cultures or (probiotic) adjuncts for the production of probiotic and fermented food and beverages have been exploited for valuable authentication in several detection methods. Among the available technologies, propidium monoazide (PMA) real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based technologies allow for the on-time quantitative detection of viable microbes. DNA-based lab-on-a-chips are promising devices that can be used for the on-site and on-time quantitative detection of microorganisms. PCR-DGGE and metagenomics, even combined with the use of PMA, are valuable tools allowing for the fingerprinting of the microbial communities, which characterize PDO and PGI fermented foods and beverages, and they are necessary for authentication besides permitting the detection of extra or mislabeled species in probiotic products. These methods, in relation to the authentication of probiotic foods and beverages, need to be used in combination with PMA, culturomics or flow cytometry to allow for the enumeration of viable microorganisms.

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Calò, Francesca, Chiara Roberta Girelli, Selina C. Wang und Francesco Paolo Fanizzi. „Geographical Origin Assessment of Extra Virgin Olive Oil via NMR and MS Combined with Chemometrics as Analytical Approaches“. Foods 11, Nr. 1 (01.01.2022): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11010113.

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Geographical origin assessment of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is recognised worldwide as raising consumers’ awareness of product authenticity and the need to protect top-quality products. The need for geographical origin assessment is also related to mandatory legislation and/or the obligations of true labelling in some countries. Nevertheless, official methods for such specific authentication of EVOOs are still missing. Among the analytical techniques useful for certification of geographical origin, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectroscopy (MS), combined with chemometrics, have been widely used. This review considers published works describing the use of these analytical methods, supported by statistical protocols such as multivariate analysis (MVA), for EVOO origin assessment. The research has shown that some specific countries, generally corresponding to the main worldwide producers, are more interested than others in origin assessment and certification. Some specific producers such as Italian EVOO producers may have been focused on this area because of consumers’ interest and/or intrinsic economical value, as testified also by the national concern on the topic. Both NMR- and MS-based approaches represent a mature field where a general validation method for EVOOs geographic origin assessment could be established as a reference recognised procedure.

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Kim, Tae Jin, Jeong Gon Park, Soon Kil Ahn, Kil Won Kim, Jaehyuk Choi, Hyun Young Kim, Sun-Hwa Ha, Woo Duck Seo und Jae Kwang Kim. „Discrimination of Adzuki Bean (Vigna angularis) Geographical Origin by Targeted and Non-Targeted Metabolite Profiling with Gas Chromatography Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry“. Metabolites 10, Nr. 3 (17.03.2020): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo10030112.

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As international food trade increases, consumers are becoming increasingly interested in food safety and authenticity, which are linked to geographical origin. Adzuki beans (Vigna angularis) are cultivated worldwide, but there are no tools for accurately discriminating their geographical origin. Thus, our study aims to develop a method for discriminating the geographical origin of adzuki beans through targeted and non-targeted metabolite profiling with gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry combined with multivariate analysis. Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis showed clear discrimination between adzuki beans cultivated in Korea and China. Non-targeted metabolite profiling showed better separation than targeted profiling. Furthermore, citric acid and malic acid were the most notable metabolites for discriminating adzuki beans cultivated in Korea and China. The geographical discrimination method combining non-targeted metabolite profiling and pareto-scaling showed excellent predictability (Q2 = 0.812). Therefore, it is a suitable prediction tool for the discrimination of geographical origin and is expected to be applicable to the geographical authentication of adzuki beans.

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Gabel, B. „Wine origin authentication linked to terroir – wine fingerprint“. BIO Web of Conferences 15 (2019): 02033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20191502033.

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Global wine and alcohol trade faces a serious economic problem linked to counterfeiting of these commodities. Recently applied authentication methods and techniques pose more difficulties for counterfeiters but they are apparently not effective once we consider economical losses identified by EU legal authorities. The presented solution links isotopic characteristics of the soil, plant, technological intermediate product and the final food product (wine, grapes) on the basis of 87Sr/86Sr isotopes ratios. For the isotopic signature of wines, the average isotope composition of the substrate cannot be a reliable indicator. Only the isotopic composition of pore water can, as it leaches various mineral phases at different stages and passes into vine root system. Instead of complicated sampling of pore water, an original method of preparing and processing soil samples and consequently must & wine samples was developed. Based on both, soil and biological material analysis, we can unquestionably determine not only geographical but also regional and local authenticity of the wine. Determination of red wines isotopic signature is more straightforward process in comparison to white wines, because of technologically different processing of grapes. That is the reason why, in case of white vines, the 87Sr/86Sr ratio of bentonites (natural purifier and absorbent useful in the process of winemaking) must also be taken into consideration. Results of analyses of Slovak wines from geographically diverse regions as well as from sites in close-by distances have clearly established reliability of presented concept, in which the soil is linked to the plant and to the final food product (wine or table grapes).

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Suhandy, Diding, und Meinilwita Yulia. „The Use of UV Spectroscopy and SIMCA for the Authentication of Indonesian Honeys According to Botanical, Entomological and Geographical Origins“. Molecules 26, Nr. 4 (09.02.2021): 915. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26040915.

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As a functional food, honey is a food product that is exposed to the risk of food fraud. To mitigate this, the establishment of an authentication system for honey is very important in order to protect both producers and consumers from possible economic losses. This research presents a simple analytical method for the authentication and classification of Indonesian honeys according to their botanical, entomological, and geographical origins using ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy and SIMCA (soft independent modeling of class analogy). The spectral data of a total of 1040 samples, representing six types of Indonesian honey of different botanical, entomological, and geographical origins, were acquired using a benchtop UV-visible spectrometer (190–400 nm). Three different pre-processing algorithms were simultaneously evaluated; namely an 11-point moving average smoothing, mean normalization, and Savitzky–Golay first derivative with 11 points and second-order polynomial fitting (ordo 2), in order to improve the original spectral data. Chemometrics methods, including exploratory analysis of PCA and SIMCA classification method, was used to classify the honey samples. A clear separation of the six different Indonesian honeys, based on botanical, entomological, and geographical origins, was obtained using PCA calculated from pre-processed spectra from 250–400 nm. The SIMCA classification method provided satisfactory results in classifying honey samples according to their botanical, entomological, and geographical origins and achieved 100% accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. Several wavelengths were identified (266, 270, 280, 290, 300, 335, and 360 nm) as the most sensitive for discriminating between the different Indonesian honey samples.

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Gyftokostas, Nikolaos, Dimitrios Stefas und Stelios Couris. „Olive Oils Classification via Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy“. Applied Sciences 10, Nr. 10 (17.05.2020): 3462. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10103462.

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The classification of olive oils and the authentication of their geographic origin are important issues for public health and for the olive oil market and related industry. The development of fast, easy to use, suitable for on-line, in-situ and remote operation techniques for olive oils classification is of high interest. In the present work, 36 olive oils from different places in Crete, Greece, are studied using a laser-based technique, Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), assisted by machine learning algorithms, aiming to classify them in terms of their geographical origin. The excellent classification results obtained demonstrate the great potential of LIBS, which is further extended by the use of machine learning.

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Pavloušek, P., und M. Kumšta. „Authentication of Riesling wines from the Czech Republic on the basis of the non-flavonoid phenolic compounds“. Czech Journal of Food Sciences 31, No. 5 (09.09.2013): 474–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/40/2013-cjfs.

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Eighteen non-flavonoid phenolic compounds comprising hydroxybenzoic acids, hydroxycinnamates, and stilbenes were analysed in 43 monovarietal wines originated from five wine-growing regions in the Czech Republic. The non-flavonoid phenolic compounds in wine were analysed by a HPLC method. The methods of multivariate statistical analysis were used for the wine discrimination on the basis of the geographical origin. The canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) proved the possibility to discriminate wines according to their provenance on the basis of the following parameters: protocatechuic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, caftaric acid, p-coutaric acid, trans-resveratrol, and cis-resveratrol. On the basis of statistical analyses, 95.4% of the wine samples were correctly classified. The results therefore indicate that the non-flavonoid phenolic compounds can be used to discriminate the geographical origin of white wines.

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Riswahyuli, Y., A. Rohman, F. M. C. S. Setyabudi und S. Raharjo. „Characterization of Indonesia wild honey and its potential for authentication and origin distinction“. Food Research 4, Nr. 5 (07.06.2020): 1670–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.4(5).105.

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Honey is a natural food derived from flowers nectar that has many health benefits. This reason made honey become one of category food product that has a risk to be adulterated because of economically motivation. This study was conducted for characterization and authentication of Indonesia wild honey (IWH) collected from seven geographical regions (Sumatra, Bangka Belitung, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, West Nusa Tenggara, and East Nusa Tenggara) and harvested during 2016–2018 based on physicochemical parameters, sugar content, minerals, and antioxidant components. The study showed that the result differs widely among the type of honey. IWH has a moisture content between 16.52- 33.41%, a pH value between 3.00 to 4.65 and color characteristic ranged from pale yellow to dark brown. All samples contain the highest amount in potassium, but several minerals found in the specific region. Evaluation of authenticity from sugar content data set by principal component analysis (PCA) and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) revealed that the authentic and adulterated honey samples could be differentiated with a 95.5% accuracy. The honey samples were classified on their botanical and geographical origin using the antioxidant properties, and results of PCA and LDA demonstrated that the antioxidant parameters can provide adequate information to allow classification of the various types of IWH samples collected from different geographical regions with accuracy 80-100% for Bangka Belitung, Sulawesi, Kalimantan, West Nusa Tenggara, East Nusa Tenggara and Java island

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Ovesná, Jaroslava, Vojtěch Hrbek, Pavel Svoboda, Vanessa Pianta, Ladislav Kučera, Jana Hajšlová und Luigi Milella. „Microsatellite fingerprinting and metabolite profiling for the geographical authentication of commercial green teas“. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 101 (August 2021): 103981. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2021.103981.

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Ruoff, Kaspar, Werner Luginbühl, Raphael Künzli, María Teresa Iglesias, Stefan Bogdanov, Jacques Olivier Bosset, Katharina von der Ohe, Werner von der Ohe und Renato Amadò. „Authentication of the Botanical and Geographical Origin of Honey by Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy“. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 54, Nr. 18 (September 2006): 6873–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf060838r.

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Wang, Ye, Tao Shen, Ji Zhang, Heng-Yu Huang und Yuan-Zhong Wang. „Geographical Authentication of Gentiana Rigescens by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Infrared Spectroscopy“. Analytical Letters 51, Nr. 14 (18.04.2018): 2173–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00032719.2017.1416622.

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Chella Thevar, Gnana Kousalya, und G. Rohini. „Energy efficient geographical key management scheme for authentication in mobile wireless sensor networks“. Wireless Networks 23, Nr. 5 (29.02.2016): 1479–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11276-016-1228-9.

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Zhang, Jian, Zhiqiang Tian, Yiqian Ma, Feilong Shao, Jialing Huang, Hao Wu und Ling Tian. „Origin Identification of the Sauce-Flavor Chinese Baijiu by Organic Acids, Trace Elements, and the Stable Carbon Isotope Ratio“. Journal of Food Quality 2019 (01.08.2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7525201.

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Sauce-flavor baijiu is a popular Chinese baijiu. To avoid adulteration and market cheating, this study aims to develop a new, reliable, and accurate traceability system for characterization of the geographical origins. Totally, 100 samples collected from seven regions in Guizhou Province of China are analyzed, involving 13 trace elements, 5 organic acids, and stable carbon isotope composition of acetic acid. Based on these data, a geographical classification model is established. The origin accuracy is found to reach as high as 83%, thus providing a useful technique for authentication of the sauce-flavor baijiu and contributing to the healthy development of the baijiu industry in China.

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Sepahian, Neda, Zahra Noourmohammadi, Masoud Sheidai und Hamid-Reza Zamanizadeh. „Authentication, genetic fingerprinting and assessing relatedness of rice (Oryza Sativa) genotypes by SSR molecular markers“. Caryologia 74, Nr. 1 (20.07.2021): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/caryologia-550.

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Rice (Oryza sativa L.), is a staple food and cash crop in many countries and studies on geneticstructure and differentiation patterns of rice land races along with the cultivated rice, provide important data for future rice breeding. Therefore, the aims of present investigation were 1-To study the genetic diversity present withinIranian rice genotypes, 2-To study genetic relatedness of these rice genotypes, and 3-To providebarcoding of the rice genotypes based on SSR molecular markers and produce data for rice varieties authentication. In total, 201 rice samples originated from 10 geographical regions of Iran were studied in this project. All rice samples underwent fragment analysis in every 64 SSR loci and different clustering and ordination methods performed. In general four major clusters were formed. Both landraces as well as rice cultivars were distributed in different clusters due to their genetic difference. STRUCTURE analysis of the studied genotypes followed by Evanno test produced the optimal number of genetic groups K = 2. The mean Nm = 13.6, for the studied genotypes indicates that a high degree of gene flow/ancestral common alleles are present in the rice genotypes studied. Mantel test indicated a significant positive association between genetic distance and geographic distance of the rice genotype studied and presence of an overall isolation by distance (IBD) model of differentiation across the geographical regions of Iran. Overall, the significant genetic difference observed between rice landraces and rice cultivars ofthe country may be used in future hybridization and breeding of rice in the country. The landracerice genotypes may contain useful genes to be transferred to the popular rice cultivars. Moreover, SSR loci that can differentiate rice genotypes are identified and can be used in rice cultivars authentication.

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Mara, Andrea, Matteo Migliorini, Marco Ciulu, Roberto Chignola, Carla Egido, Oscar Núñez, Sònia Sentellas et al. „Elemental Fingerprinting Combined with Machine Learning Techniques as a Powerful Tool for Geographical Discrimination of Honeys from Nearby Regions“. Foods 13, Nr. 2 (12.01.2024): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods13020243.

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Discrimination of honey based on geographical origin is a common fraudulent practice and is one of the most investigated topics in honey authentication. This research aims to discriminate honeys according to their geographical origin by combining elemental fingerprinting with machine-learning techniques. In particular, the main objective of this study is to distinguish the origin of unifloral and multifloral honeys produced in neighboring regions, such as Sardinia (Italy) and Spain. The elemental compositions of 247 honeys were determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The origins of honey were differentiated using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), and Random Forest (RF). Compared to LDA, RF demonstrated greater stability and better classification performance. The best classification was based on geographical origin, achieving 90% accuracy using Na, Mg, Mn, Sr, Zn, Ce, Nd, Eu, and Tb as predictors.

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Karabagias, Ioannis Konstantinos, und Gulzar Ahmad Nayik. „Machine Learning Algorithms Applied to Semi-Quantitative Data of the Volatilome of Citrus and Other Nectar Honeys with the Use of HS-SPME/GC–MS Analysis, Lead to a New Index of Geographical Origin Authentication“. Foods 12, Nr. 3 (22.01.2023): 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12030509.

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The scope of the current study was to monitor if semi-quantitative data of volatile compounds (volatilome) of citrus honey (ch) produced in different countries could potentially lead to a new index of citrus honey authentication using specific ratios of the identified volatile compounds in combination with machine learning algorithms. In this context, the semi-quantitative data of the volatilome of 38 citrus honey samples from Egypt, Morocco, Greece, and Spain (determined by headspace solid phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC–MS)) was subjected to supervised and unsupervised chemometrics. Results showed that honey samples could be classified according to the geographical origin based on specific volatile compounds. Data were further evaluated with additional nectar honey samples introduced in the multivariate statistical analysis model and the classification results were not affected. Specific volatile compounds contributed to the discrimination of citrus honey in different amounts according to geographical origin. These were lilac aldehyde D, dill ether, 2-methylbutanal, heptane, benzaldehyde, α,4-dimethyl-3-cyclohexene-1-acetaldehyde, and herboxide (isomer II). The numerical data of these volatile compounds was summed up and divided by the total semi-quantitative volatile content (Rch, Karabagias–Nayik index) of citrus honey, according to geographical origin. Egyptian citrus honey had a value of Rch = 0.35, Moroccan citrus honey had a value of Rch = 0.29, Greek citrus honey had a value of Rch = 0.04, and Spanish citrus honey had a value of Rch = 0.27, leading to a new hypothesis and a complementary index for the control of citrus honey authentication.

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Ruoff, Kaspar, Werner Luginbühl, Raphael Künzli, Stefan Bogdanov, Jacques Olivier Bosset, Katharina von der Ohe, Werner von der Ohe und Renato Amadò. „Authentication of the Botanical and Geographical Origin of Honey by Front-Face Fluorescence Spectroscopy“. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 54, Nr. 18 (September 2006): 6858–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf060697t.

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Ratel, Jeremy, Philippe Berge, Jean-Louis Berdague, Mireille Cardinal und Erwan Engel. „Mass Spectrometry Based Sensor Strategies for the Authentication of Oysters According to Geographical Origin“. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 56, Nr. 2 (Januar 2008): 321–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf072207i.

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Pita-Calvo, Consuelo, und Manuel Vázquez. „Honeydew Honeys: A Review on the Characterization and Authentication of Botanical and Geographical Origins“. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 66, Nr. 11 (20.02.2018): 2523–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.7b05807.

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Fidansoy, Uğur. „Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry for Geographical Origin Authentication and Adulteration Determination in Food Products“. Records of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Nr. 1 (28.02.2024): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.25135/rfac.2024.3rd.3091.

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Contreras, Roberto, Isabel Calle, Romulo Oses, Fernanda Aguayo, Vincenzo Porcile und Mariana Arias. „Genetic identification of the Putre’s oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) by ITS and microsatellites, a species recognized in Chile with Seal of Origin“. Boletin Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromaticas 20, Nr. 2 (30.03.2021): 177–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.37360/blacpma.21.20.2.14.

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Putre´s oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) is a variety of oregano that grown in the Arica-Parinacota Region. Its organoleptic attributes and unique production conditions have earned it a certification with Geographical Indication (GI). However, the demands of the markets require a scientific-technological support for identification and authentication of materials. In this context, was proposed to identify Putre's oregano by phylogenetic relationships based on the use of molecular markers SSR and "DNA Barcode". The results showed that when comparing materials from different sources of Putre´s oregano versus information from certified germplasms and GenBank sequences, added to the analysis with nuclear genetic markers, Putre´s oregano corresponds to the species Origanum vulgare L. subsp virens. This precise identification will support the correct differentiation and authentication of this genotype, serving in addition to supporting the GI.

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