Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Genus Clerodendrum L“

Background The plants of the genus Clerodendrum L. have great potential for development as an ornamental and important herbal resource. There is no significant morphological difference among many species of the genus Clerodendrum, which will lead to confusion among the herbs of this genus and ultimately affect the quality of the herbs. The chloroplast genome will contribute to the development of new markers used for the identification and classification of species. Methods and results Here, we obtained the complete chloroplast genome sequences of Clerodendrum chinense (Osbeck) Mabberley and Clerodendrum thomsoniae Balf.f. using the next generation DNA sequencing technology. The chloroplast genomes of the two species all encode a total of 112 unique genes, including 80 protein-coding, 28 tRNA, and four rRNA genes. A total of 44–42 simple sequence repeats, 19–16 tandem repeats and 44–44 scattered repetitive sequences were identified. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the nine Clerodendrum species were classified into two clades and together formed a monophyletic group. Selective pressure analyses of 77 protein-coding genes showed that there was no gene under positive selection in the Clerodendrum branch. Analyses of sequence divergence found two intergenic regions: trnH-GUG-psbA, nhdD-psaC, exhibiting a high degree of variations. Meanwhile, there was no hypervariable region identified in protein coding genes. However, the sequence identities of these two intergenic spacers (IGSs) are greater than 99% among some species, which will result in the two IGSs not being used to distinguish Clerodendrum species. Analysis of the structure at the LSC (Large single copy) /IR (Inverted repeat) and SSC (Small single copy)/IR boundary regions showed dynamic changes. The above results showed that the complete chloroplast genomes can be used as a super-barcode to identify these Clerodendrum species. The study lay the foundation for the understanding of the evolutionary process of the genus Clerodendrum.

Clerodendrum L. is an important genus in the family Lamiaceae in terms of its medicinal values and pharmacological properties. The genus comprises of more than 500 species distributed worldwide. In this review, we present an updated information on ethnobotanical uses, phytochemistry and biological activities of Clerodendrum paniculatum L. (Lamiaceae). The plant is one the most spectacular Clerodendrum species and is grown commonly for ornamental purpose. The plant is reported to have ethnomedicinal importance as the plant is used as remedy for ailments and disorders such as wounds, typhoid, snakebite, jaundice, giddiness, malaria, anemia and hemorrhoids. Various phytochemicals such as rutin, quercetin, β-sitosterol, β-amyrin, lupeol, oleanolic aldehyde acetate, stigmasta-4,25-dien-3-one, and (3β)-stigmasta-4,22,25-trien-3-ol have been identified in C. paniculatum. The plant is shown to exhibit biological activities such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, cytotoxic, hypolipidemic, insecticidal and anti-ageing activity. Keywords: Clerodendrum paniculatum L., Ethnobotanical, Traditional, Phytochemicals, Biological activities

Abstract. Pagoda flower is one of the plant species included in the genus Clerodendrum which has a number of different species of 580 species, and is spread evenly in Asia, Africa, America, and Australia. A number of species of this genus have been used in traditional medicine in Asia and Africa. India, China, Korea, Thailand and Japan. The antioxidant activity of this plant is known to be very strong, so in this article the antioxidant activity of the flower part of the Clerodendrum paniculatum L. species will be described. The ability of antioxidant activity was measured by the DPPH method (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) which was measured using a Visible spectrophotometer using Vit C as a comparison. The results showed that the ethanol extract of pagoda flowers has antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 64.889 ppm (strong). The Vit C comparison has an IC50 value of 8.539 ppm (very strong). Keyword: Antioxidant, Clerodendrum Paniculatum L., Visible Spectrophotometric. Abstrak. Bunga Pagoda merupakan salah satu spesies tanaman yang termasuk dalam genus Clerodendrum yang memiliki jumlah spesies yang berbeda sejumlah 580 spesies, dan tersebar merata di Asia, Afrika, Amerika, dan Australia. Sejumlah spesies dari genus ini telah digunakan dalam pengobatan tradisional di kawasan Asia dan Afrika. India, China, Korea, Thailand, dan Jepang. Aktivitas antioksidan dari tanaman ini diketahui sangat kuat, sehingga dalam artikel ini akan dipaparkan aktivitas antioksidan yang dimiliki oleh ekstrak etanol bagian bunga dari spesies Clerodendrum paniculatum L. Pengujian aktivitas antioksidanya dilakukan dengan metode DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) yang diukur menggunakan spektrofotometer Visibel dengan menggunakan Vit C sebagai pembanding. Hasil penelitian menjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol bunga pagoda memiliki aktivitas antioksidan dengan nilai IC50 sebesar 64,898 ppm (kuat). Pembanding Vit C memiliki nilai IC50 sebesar 8,539 ppm (sangat kuat). Kata Kunci: Antioksidan, Clerodendrum paniculatum L., DPPH, Spektrofotometri Vis.

Ethnobotany is the scientific study concerned with the study of relationship between plants and man, in particular, how people use their traditional knowledge with respect to utilization of plant resources for their wellbeing. Plants have been extensively used since time immemorial as an indispensible source such as food, fodder, medicine, dyes, flavoring agents and for construction purposes. The genus Clerodendrum is one of the largest plant genera, belongs to the family Lamiaceae and encompasses herbs, shrubs and trees distributed worldwide. Clerodendrum infortunatum L. (synonym Clerodendrum viscosum Vent.) is one among the important species of the genus Clerodendrum. In the present review, we discuss the traditional (ethnobotanical) uses and pharmacological activities displayed by C. infortunatum. An extensive literature survey revealed that various parts of C. infortunatum are used traditionally by various indigenous communities as green salad, as an ingredient in local wine and to treat ailments or disorders such as headache, toothache, rheumatism, swelling, skin diseases, fever, diabetes, malaria, burns, tumor and epilepsy. Literatures revealed various pharmacological properties exhibited by the plant such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, analgesic, wound healing, antivenom, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, anthelmintic, insecticidal, thrombolytic and cytotoxic activities. Keywords: Clerodendrum infortunatum L., Lamiaceae, Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry, Pharmacological activities

Pollen morphology of 26 taxa of Clerodendrum, as well as one species of Volkameria from China, was investigated through a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Pollen grains of Clerodendrum are monads, radiosymmetric and tricolpate, with medium or large size. The equatorial view of the pollen grains is spheroidal or subprolate and the polar view is (sub) circular or rounded triangular. The colpus membrane of the investigated taxa is sunken (rarely even). Five varying pollen types are delimited on the basis of exine sculpturing: (1) spine-tectum perforatum; (2) spine-tectum imperforatum; (3) microspine-tectum perforatum; (4) microspine-tectum imperforatum; and (5) obtuser spine. The results indicate that Clerodendrum is closely related to several genera in Lamiaceae, including Aegiphila, Amasonia, Kalaharia, Tetraclea, Volkameria, Oxera, Faradaya, and Hosea, as supported by previous phylogenic studies. Additionally, the conventional infrageneric classification of Clerodendrum based on inflorescence and leaf characters is not supported by the results. However, the palynological data can be used to identify some closely related species with similar external characteristics. In conclusion, the investigation of pollen morphology not only contributes novel data from palynology for Clerodendrum but also provides a basis for future comprehensive classification of this genus.

In this study, two genera of Afrotropical Sesiidae, Tipulamima Holland, 1893 and Macrotarsipodes Le Cerf, 1916 stat. rev., are redefined and redescribed, the latter being resurrected from synonymy with the former as a valid genus. Both genera are confirmed to belong to the tribe Synanthedonini. The genera closest to Tipulamima are unknown. Macrotarsipodes is related to Macrotarsipus Hampson, [1893] from Southeast Asia and Lepidopoda Hampson, 1900 from Africa and Southeast Asia. The latter genus as well as Pedalonina are transferred to Synanthedonini. Uranothyris Meyrick, 1933 syn. nov. is regarded as a subjective junior synonym of Tipulamima. Checklists of the species assigned to Tipulamima and Macrotarsipodes are provided. One new species, Tipulamima hesperia sp. nov., from Guinea and Ghana and the previously unknown male of T. pterotarsa (Meyrick, 1933) comb. nov. (Uranothyris) are described and depicted. The following new combinations are introduced: Macrotarsipodes leptosceles (Bradley, 1968) comb. nov. (Synanthedon), M. pedunculata (Hampson, 1910) comb. nov. (Ichneumenoptera), M. sexualis (Hampson, 1910) comb. nov. (Macrotarsipus), M. tricinctus Le Cerf, 1916 comb. rev., Synanthedon malimba (Beutenmüller, 1899) comb. nov. (Sesia), Malgassesia ivondro (Viette, 1955) comb. nov. (Tipulamima), M. opalimargo (Le Cerf, 1913) comb. nov. (Sesia), Lepidopoda aericincta (Meyrick, 1928) comb. nov. (Aegeria), L. cyanospira (Meyrick, 1928) comb. nov. (Aegeria), L. dasysceles (Bradley, 1968) comb. nov. (Synanthedon), L. erythromma (Hampson, 1919) comb. nov. (Synanthedon), L. festiva (Beutenmüller, 1899) comb. nov. (Sesia), L. flavipalpis Hampson, 1910 comb. rev., L. nuba (Beutenmüller, 1899) comb. nov. (Sesia), L. rubripicta (Hampson, 1919) comb. nov. (Synanthedon), L. waterloti (Le Cerf, 1913) comb. nov. & stat. nov. (Macrotarsipodes), Episannina sylphina (Hampson, 1919) comb. nov. (Lepidopoda) (Synanthedonini), Chamanthedon auronitens (Le Cerf, 1913) comb. nov. (Sesia), Pyranthrene hypocalla (Le Cerf, 1937) comb. nov. (Tipulamima), P. nigriceps (Hampson, 1919) comb. nov. (Tipulamima) (Osminiini). Junior subjective synonyms are: Aegeria rubripalpis Meyrick, 1932 syn. nov. of L. rubripicta, Aegeria mercatrix Meyrick, 1931 syn. nov. of L. aericincta and Aegeria pyrostoma Meyrick, 1927 syn. rev. of L. erythromma. Lectotypes of Tipulamima haugi (Le Cerf, 1917), T. flammipes (Hampson, 1910) and Macrotarsipodes sexualis comb. nov. are designated. Clerodendrum paniculatum L. (Lamiaceae) is reported as a host plant of Tipulamima for the first time. The larvae of three species of Macrotarsipodes and several species of Lepidopoda are known to be pests of Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. (Convolvulaceae).

Endophytes are potential as a source of active compound producer. Endophytes that is isolated from tropical medicinal plants has been getting attention due to its high biodiversity and active compound producing ability. L-asparaginase is the first enzyme used as chemotherapeutic agent for leukemia. The aim of this study is to collect the endophytic bacteria associated with tropical medicinal plants from Sumba Island and investigate the activity of L-asparaginase without L-glutaminase from endophytic bacteria isolates. The samples Gliricidia sepium, Pittosporum moluccanum, Clerodendrum buchanani, and Zingiberaceae are collected from Wanggameti, East Sumba, NTT. Samples are sterilized using surface-sterilization method and endophytic bacteria are isolated using plant piece method on R2A media. Selected endophytic bacteria are identified by 16S rDNA sequences. L-asparaginase screening is conducted using modified R2A with addition of L-asparagine and phenol red as colour indicator. A total of 34 isolates of endophytic bacteria were collected from 5 samples. A total of 14 genus consisted of 17 different bacterial species were obtained from 34 selected isolates. Endophytic bacteria of P. stutzeri strains of SMKL1 and R. radiobacter strains of SMKW2 from the Kahili plant were needed as L-glutaminase-free L-asparaginase and were potential to be candidate of leukemia cancer chemotherapy

Abstract Background Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn, a halophyte, usually grows on coastal beaches as an important mangrove plant. The salt-tolerant mechanisms and related genes of this species that respond to short-term salinity stress are unknown for us. The de novo transcriptome of C. inerme roots was analyzed using next-generation sequencing technology to identify genes involved in salt tolerance and to better understand the response mechanisms of C. inerme to salt stress. Results Illumina RNA-sequencing was performed on root samples treated with 400 mM NaCl for 0 h, 6 h, 24 h, and 72 h to investigate changes in C. inerme in response to salt stress. The de novo assembly identified 98,968 unigenes. Among these unigenes, 46,085 unigenes were annotated in the NCBI non-redundant protein sequences (NR) database, 34,756 sequences in the Swiss-Prot database and 43,113 unigenes in the evolutionary genealogy of genes: Non-supervised Orthologous Groups (eggNOG) database. 52 Gene Ontology (GO) terms and 31 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways were matched to those unigenes. Most differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to the GO terms “single-organism process”, “membrane” and “catalytic activity” were significantly enriched while numerous DEGs related to the plant hormone signal transduction pathway were also significantly enriched. The detection of relative expression levels of 9 candidate DEGs by qRT-PCR were basically consistent with fold changes in RNA sequencing analysis, demonstrating that transcriptome data can accurately reflect the response of C. inerme roots to salt stress. Conclusions This work revealed that the response of C. inerme roots to saline condition included significant alteration in response of the genes related to plant hormone signaling. Besides, our findings provide numerous salt-tolerant genes for further research to improve the salt tolerance of functional plants and will enhance research on salt-tolerant mechanisms of halophytes.