Dissertationen zum Thema „Génotoxines“
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Bossuet, Nadège. „Étude de la production de colibactine par Escherichia coli en fonction de la concentration en oxygène“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 3, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023TOU30322.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleEscherichia coli is a common facultative anaerobic bacterium to the human intestinal microbiota. Some E. coli strains may carry the pks genomic island encoding a biosynthesis machinery producing a genotoxin called colibactin. The pks island is regulated by various environmental factors involved in the bacterium's metabolism, such as iron, carbon sources and polyamines. In the intestine, low oxygen concentration is a key factor contributing to the balance of microbial populations with a majority of strict anaerobic bacteria. E. coli pks are frequently associated with colorectal cancer tumours in which the colibactin mutational signature has been identified. Tumorigenesis is favoured by E. coli pks+ in an inflammatory context of the intestine. This negative effect could be due to a breakdown in intestinal anaerobiosis. The aim of my thesis was to determine whether colibactin production could be regulated by oxygen concentration. This hypothesis was supported by the previous observation of the sensitivity of a mutant of the colibactin resistance protein ClbS to oxygen-limited culture. My thesis work confirmed the role of oxygen in colibactin production by E. coli pks+, with production peaking in anoxia and decreasing with increasing oxygen concentration, resulting in reduced genotoxicity on eukaryotic cells. I also established that this oxygen-dependent regulation is carried out by the transcriptional regulator ArcA (Aerobic Respiration Control), which directly induces the clbB promoter. In conclusion, colibactin synthesis is positively regulated by ArcA activated by low oxygen concentrations. These results show that colibactin production is favoured in the hypoxic environment of the intestinal lumen, infected tissues and tumours. This regulation of production would confer an adaptive advantage in bacterial competition but would cause collateral damage to eukaryotic cells
Cuevas, Ramos Gabriel. „Effets génotoxiques des souches de Escherichia coli produisant la colibactine“. Toulouse 3, 2010. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/940/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleEscherichia coli (E. Coli) is a commensal bacterium that inhabits the mammalian gastrointestinal (GI) tract, especially the colon. Some E. Coli strains are pathogenic, infecting the GI tract, or extra-intestinal tissues. Up to 34% of commensal strains of phylogenetic group B2 and 53% of E. Coli strains isolated from extra-intestinal infections have in their genome the genomic island "pks", which codes for the production of a non-ribosomal polyketide-peptide hybrid compound, called Colibactin. E. Coli pks+ strains cause DNA double strand breaks (CDB) in cultured eukaryotic cells. During my thesis, I examined the in vivo expression and activity of Colibactine, and studied the consequences of Colibactin-inflicted CDB in infected cells. I showed in a colon loop mice model, using a GFP reporter system, that the pks genes were expressed in vivo. Using the phosphorylated histone H2AX (gamma-H2AX) as a marker of CDB, I showed that Colibactin inflicted CDBs in colonocytes following injection of a E. Coli pks+ strain, but not an isogenic mutant impaired for Colibactin production. These results were confirmed using an antibiotic-treated mice model in which animals were fed per os with the strains after five days of antibiotic treatment. In order to study the consequences of this genotoxic exposure, I used various cultured cell lines that were infected in vitro with infection doses relevant to what can occur in vivo. Cells exposed to low dose infections (1 - 20 bacteria/cell) showed a transient DNA damage response followed by cell division. .
Collura, Ada. „Rôle de la protéine Crb2 dans les systèmes de surveillance de l'intégrité du génome chez Schizosaccharomyces pombe“. Paris 11, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA112104.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe appearance of DNA lesions or problems during the replicative phase or during microtubule attachment to centromeres during mitosis in Schizosacharomyces pombe, like in all other eucaryotes, all result in the activation of checkpoint systems responsible for DNA repair, and for correct DNA replication and mitotic spindle assembly. When anomalies in one of these cellular processes are detected, the different checkpoint systems can nhibit or retard cell cycle progression, thus allowing the cell machinery to repair the problem encountered without affecting the transmission of genetic information to the daughter cells. During my PhD, I have studied, on one hand, the Dset1 allele of S. Pombe, an allele which is deficient in methyltransferase activity towards lysine 4 of the histone H3. More specifically, I have studied the effect of mutations in checkpoint genes on the response of the Dset1 strain to different genotoxic treatments. I have also investigated a new function assigned to the Crb2 protein of S. Pombe. This protein is essential for the activation of the Chk1 kinase after induction of the DNA repair checkpoint. In this pathway Crb2 plays the role of an adapter, recruiting Chk1 to the vicinity of the Rad3 kinase, thus enhancing Chk1 phosphorylation by Rad3. The Crb2 protein is also necessary for cell survival in response to chronic exposure to hydroxyurea or to DNA polymerase inhibition
Marie, Mélanie. „Etude de la réponse des cellules souches épidermiques aux stress génotoxiques radiatifs“. Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA11T004.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHuman skin is the first organ exposed to various environmental stresses, which requires the development by skin stem cells of specific mechanisms to protect themselves and to ensure tissue homeostasis. As stem cells are responsible for the maintenance of epidermis during individual lifetime, the preservation of genomic integrity in these cells is essential. My PhD aimed at exploring the mechanisms set up by epidermal stem cells in order to protect themselves from two genotoxic stresses, ionizing radiation ( Gamma Rays) and ultraviolet radiation (UVB). To begin my PhD, I have taken part of the demonstration of protective mechanisms used by keratinocyte stem cells after ionizing radiation. It has been shown that these cells are able to rapidly repair most types of radiation-induced DNA damage. Furthermore, we demonstrated that this repair is activated by the fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2). In order to know if this protective mechanism is also operating in cutaneous carcinoma stem cells, we investigated the response to gamma Rays of carcinoma stem cells isolated from a human carcinoma cell line. As in normal keratinocyte stem cells, we demonstrated that cancer stem cells could rapidly repair radio-induced DNA damage. Furthermore, fibroblast growth factor 2 also mediates this repair, notably thanks to its nuclear isoforms. The second project of my PhD was to study human epidermal stem cells and progenitors responses to UVB radiation. Once cytometry and irradiation conditions were set up, the toxicity of UVB radiation has been evaluate in the primary cell model. We then characterized UVB photons effects on cell viability, proliferation and repair of DNA damage. This study allowed us to bring out that responses of stem cells and their progeny to UVB are different, notably at the level of part of their repair activity of DNA damage. Moreover, progenitors and stem cells transcriptomic responses after UVB irradiation have been study in order to analyze the global mechanisms of stress response in the two cell populations. Taken together, data obtained during my PhD allowed us to show that stem cells respond differently than keratinocyte progenitors to radiation stress, and that they developed both intrinsic and radiation-induced strategies allowing a better protection. When comparing gamma Rays and UVB, we found that, although their toxic effects on skin share many similarities, the mechanisms set up by human epidermal stem cells to protect themselves vary according to the type of radiation stress
Nauwelaërs, Gwendoline. „Effets génotoxiques des amines hétérocycliques aromatiques, contaminants alimentaires et environnementaux, chez l'homme“. Rennes 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012REN1S162.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHeterocyclic aromatic amines (HAA) are environmental contaminants most abundant in cooked meat and cigarette smoke. They are classified by the IARC as possible and probable human carcinogens and are likely to be involved in the increase in the incidence of several cancers. Today, it is essential to precise the human health risk associated with them. In this aim, the characterization of their genotoxic potential through DNA adducts formation and the study of their bioactivation pathways were first performed in human hepatocytes in primary culture, and extended to an extra-hepatic model: the human lymphocytes. Our study showed that HAA formed high levels of DNA adduct, comparable to those formed by the human carcinogen 4-aminobiphenyl. They were also 10 to 100 times higher in human hepatocytes than those formed in rat. Lymphocytes can also activate HAA into DNA reactive compounds to form adducts. This study confirmed that HAA are greatly bioactivated in humans through specific metabolic pathways which could explain the different levels of damage observed in humans. The involvement of extra-hepatic tissues in this activation requires further studies. As according to our results, the DNA adducts are formed at low levels of exposure and are persistent, these contaminants are potentially harmful in humans and the associated danger could be underestimated in animal studies
Lautrette, Aurélie. „Couplages entre l'assemblage du nucléosome et la réponse cellulaire aux stress génotoxiques“. Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066193.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBourthoumieu, Sylvie. „Etude in vitro des effets génotoxiques des radiofréquences de type GSM-900“. Limoges, 2010. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/34ef7f02-80a1-4425-a1eb-98932b5a579e/blobholder:0/2010LIMO310G.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWith the ever-increasing growth of the telecommunication industry come the accompanying questions as to the health and oncogenic risk of radiofrequencies. Cancerogenesis is a multi-step process linked to the accumulation of genetic abnormalities in critical regions of the genome. This genomic damage is generally detected and repaired by the cells. Errors or faulty repairs can lead to genomic instability, which can initiate a cancerogenic process. Our study focused on the genotoxic effects of radiofrequencies used by cellular phones (GSM-900) on human amniocytes. Cells were exposed in vitro for 24 hours to GSM-900 waves in a wire-patch cell. The genotoxicity was evaluated using three different approaches. 1) The study of chromosomal aberrations and aneuploidies by using R-banded karyotype (average SAR value of 0. 25 W/kg) and FISH (average SAR values of 0. 25 ; 1 ; 2 ; and 4 W/kg). 2) The study of the expression and activation of proteins involved in the DNA damage signaling pathway, such as the activation of p53 and H2AX, using western blot (average SAR values of 0. 25 ; 1 ; 2 ; 4 W/kg). 3) The study of certain cellular responses to DNA damage, such as apoptosis, by detecting the cleaving of caspase 3 using western blot (average SAR values of 0. 25 ; 1 ; 2 ; 4 W/kg). The results showed that there was no significant genotoxic effect on the human amniocytes that were exposed for 24 hours to radiofrequencies of the GSM-900. These results seem to be in agreement with the majority of the previously studies published on this topic
Tenenbaum, Liliane. „Le Multitest: un système bactérien pour détecter les effets génotoxiques des agents cancérigènes“. Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213433.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePolard, Thierry. „Caractérisation des effets génotoxiques sur poissons de produits phytosanitaires en période de crue“. Toulouse 3, 2010. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1710/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis study aims at evaluating the biological impact of transient agricultural contamination events associated with floods. First, we investigated the genotoxic impact of such contamination events. These measures provide early and ecologically relevant data. Then, after the optimization and validation of the micronucleus assay in our experimental conditions, this test has been used together with the comet assay in order to test the genotoxic potential of 3 contrasted hydrological conditions. Spring flood water has been found to be more genotoxic than winter flood water or water sampled during the basal flow. These results have been compared with those of exposure to experimental mixtures, mimicking field contamination. The genotoxic potential of herbicides mixture has been confirmed, and the complexity of the processes inducing the toxicity during flood events has been highlighted. Second, in order to investigate the contamination pattern during flood events, a protocol allowing the extraction and quantification of the herbicides accumulated in fish tissues has been evaluated
Tanaka, Iris. „Régulation de l'épissage et de la polyadénylation alternatifs par les agents anti-cancéreux génotoxiques“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS025/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMost human coding genes generate alternative transcripts (isoforms) through alternative splicing (AS) and alternative polyadenylation (APA), most often within the coding region and the 3’ untranslated region (3’UTR), respectively. Both AS and 3’UTR-APA regulations have been increasingly involved in oncogenesis. In particular, AS networks connecting oncogenic splicing factors and oncogenic splicing variants have been recently identified. AS is also widely regulated by genotoxic anticancer drugs, like doxorubicin and cisplatin that induce different types of DNA lesions and are widely used in breast cancer and non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) therapy, respectively. Given the frequent occurrence of resistance to chemotherapy, understanding the underlying mechanisms is crucial to overcome this major issue. There are examples of AS events associated with anticancer drug resistance, but very little is known about the splicing factors and therefore the AS networks involved. In addition, a previous study showed that doxorubicin represses a large set of alternative last exons (ALE) corresponding to the use of intronic polyadenylation (IPA) sites. ALEs have an emerging role in cancer, but little is known about its regulation by other anticancer drugs, like cisplatin. In order to better understand the role of AS and APA regulation in cell response and resistance to chemotherapy, my PhD project had two main aims: 1) determine the extent, regulatory networks and function of AS regulation in breast cancer cell resistance to doxorubicin, and 2) determine the extent, mechanism and impact of ALE regulation in response to cisplatin in NSCLC cells. In the first part, I identified by RNA-seq thousands of AS events and dozens of splicing factors regulated in a cell model of acquired resistance to doxorubicin in ER+ breast cancer. Through an siRNA miniscreen, I found two splicing factors, ZRANB2 and SYF2, involved in doxorubicin resistance. Further RNA-seq analyses revealed the AS events regulated by depletion of these poorly characterized splicing factors, and their convergence on the alternative exon 5 of the oncogene ECT2. Depletion of ZRANB2, SYF2 and the ECT2-Ex5 variant reduces doxorubicin-induced S phase arrest and doxorubicin resistance. In addition, high inclusion levels of ECT2-Ex5 correlate with poor survival specifically in ER+ breast cancer treated with chemotherapy. In the second part, I found by 3’-seq that in NSCLC cell treatment with cisplatin (but not oxaliplatin) induces ALE/IPA in thousands of genes enriched in cell cycle and cell death. This effect is linked to an inhibition of transcription elongation processivity in long genes. 3’-seq analysis on polysomes showed that this ALE regulation impacts the translatome, and revealed a set of particularly short isoforms that were inefficiently translated, including a transcript with a non-coding function. In conclusion, during my thesis, I could identify a novel AS network involved in doxorubicin resistance in ER+ breast cancer, and widespread ALE regulation impacting the translatome in lung cancer cisplatin response. This work increases our understanding of AS and IPA role in cell response and resistance to anti-cancer chemotherapy. In the longer term, the identified alternative transcripts and regulators constitute candidate biomarkers of chemoresistance
El, Mzibri Mohammed. „Le Salmonella sulA-test : un nouveau test in vitro pour la détection de produits génotoxiques“. Aix-Marseille 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996AIX22094.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBoivin, Marianne. „Implication de CA125 (MUC16) dans la sensibilité des cellules de cancer de l'ovaire aux agents génotoxiques“. Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2006. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/3836.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMobio, Théophile Amondo. „Effets génotoxiques et épigénétiques de la fumonisine B1 in vitro : études des mécanismes moléculaires et prévention“. Bordeaux 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR28804.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIarmarcovai, Gwenaëlle. „Influence des agents génotoxiques, des facteurs individuels et du mode de vie sur le contenu centromérique des micronoyaux“. Aix-Marseille 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX20660.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFluorescent in situ hybridization using pancentromeric DNA probes was combined with the cytokinesis-block micronucleus (MN) assay to determine: (i) chromosome damage (MN frequency and number of centromeric signals) in peripheral lymphocytes of occupationally exposed workers, cancer patients and healthy donors, (ii) their modulation due to occupational exposure, smoking habit, alcohol consumption, age, gender, and genetic polymorphisms. Two alternative pathways of chromosome loss would exist: impaired chromosome migration, leading to increased monocentromeric MN, and centrosome amplification, possibly leading to multicentromeric MN. Scoring the number of centromeric signals provides additional information about the mechanisms of cellular dysfunctions in the origin of centromeric MN, may improve the sensitivity of the MN assay in detecting environmental effects and chromosome instability, and would more specifically define the prevention and/or prediction of cancer risk with this assay
Bessi, Halima. „Transformation morphologique des cellules SHE et communication intercellulaire des V79 appliquées à la détection de cancérogènes non génotoxiques“. Metz, 1993. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/1993/Bessi.Halima.SMZ9312.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis work concerned the study of the performance of three in vitro assays to detect genotoxic and epigenetic carcinogenic potentialities of environmental contaminants : the inductionof point mutation on Salmonella typhimurium his- ; the inhibition of intercellular communication on V79 cells ; the morphological transformation on syrian hamster embryo cells (SHE). Two chlorinated pesticides, chlordane and chlorothalonil, carcinogenic in vivo but no mutagenic, were tested as well as hazardous leachates of solid waste and percolates from landfill to evaluate the performances of these bioassays in detecting carcinogens. The results demonstrate the highest sensitivity of the morphological transformation assay to detect genotoxic and epigenetic potentialities of environmental contaminants
Chéreau, Fanny. „ABIN-2, un nouvel activateur de NF-kappaB en réponse aux agents génotoxiques : implication de la poly-ubiquitination“. Paris 7, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA077004.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNF-kappaB transcription factors are regulated through different pathways but they all converge at the level of thé IKK complex, which is composed of two catalytic subunits IKKalpha and IKKbeta and a regulatory subunit NEMO. Even though the function of each subunit has been studied, the specific role of IKKalpha and its regulation remain poorly elucidated. In particular, the IKKalpha -interacting proteins involved in the regulation of its activity are poorly characterized. In our group, ABIN-2 has been identified as an interacting partner of IKKalpha by a proteomic approach and my Ph. D. Research project aimed to characterize the specific role of ABIN-2 in the regulation of IKKalpha -mediated NF-kappaB activation. I demonstrated that ABIN-2 is required for NF-kappaB activation as a late response to TNFalpha and genotoxic stress stimulation, through the activation of IKKalpha. In addition, we studied two structural domains of ABIN-2, named UBAN and ZF and showed by mutational analysis that these domains are essential for optimal NF-kappaB activation mediated by IKKalpha. Moreover, I showed that these domains are necessary for ABIN-2 to recognize K63-linked and linear poly-ubiquitin chains as well as for nondegradative K63-linked poly-ubiquitination of ABIN-2 itself. These results suggest that ABIN-2 poly-ubiquitination altogether with ABIN-2 binding to poly-ubiquitinated partners are necessary to activate IKKalpha and subsequently NF-kappaB
René, Brigitte. „Effets toxiques et génotoxiques de composés intercalants de la série des oxazolopyridocarbazoles chez Salmonella typhimurium et Escherichia coli“. Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066427.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBahassou, Rachida. „Criblage de nouveaux régulateurs nucléo-cytoplasmiques répondant à des stress génotoxiques et étude spécifique de la protéine Pat1“. Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON13508/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSome regulatory proteins called nucleo-cytoplasmic proteins, shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Upon environmental stress, these proteins relocate massively to the nucleus where they activate pro-survival mechanisms. In the yeast S. pombe, 285 proteins are nucleo-cytoplasmic. An exhaustive study of some of these proteins was carried out herein. The goal was to identify the ones that are present in S. cerevisiae and vital in the DNA damage response. Among the candidate proteins, the ones i) that are the most conserved in the eukaryotic cells, ii) with unknown function or poorly characterized, and iii) whose nucleo-cytoplasmic repartition changes upon stress were selected by the use of a genetic screen monitored in S. cerevisiae. Twelve proteins were found to accumulate in the nucleus upon irradiating or heavy metal stresses. Pat1 (YCR077C) currently described as a cytosolic mRNA decay activator was chosen and a more complete investigation about its activity was undertaken. By the mean of a TAP-tag approach combined with a shotgun proteomic analysis, the Pat1 interaction network was established without any stress and after UV stress illumination. Pat1 exhibits a domain potentially involved in its relocation that is subjected to multiple phosphorylations whose state enhances after UV stress. Finally, the data about the specific partners of Pat1 identified by proteomic analysis in stress condition were confirmed by the study of Pat1 relocation in the corresponding deleted strains. Altogether, our data suggest a novel function for the Pat1 protein that needs to be further investigated
Foltête, Anne-Sophie. „Effets génotoxiques et systèmes de détoxication chez Vicia Faba (Fabaceae) dans le cadre de l'évaluation des sols pollués“. Thesis, Metz, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010METZ020S/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn the context of optimizing plant tests for polluted soil materials bioassessment, the objectives of this thesis were firstly the development of two genotoxicity tests on the secondary roots of a plant model, the broad bean Vicia faba. The first test was the micronucleus assay and gave promising results that lead to an international ISO standardizing process. The second test named comet assay and brought us less encouraging results because of problems with feasibility and precision. .To improve our knowledge about the consequences of micronuclei formation on plant life cycle, we studied life-history traits of beans developing from germination in a soil containing a sufficient quantity of genotoxic (cadmium, copper and maleic hydrazide) to induce micronuclei without provoking short-term (48h) growth retardation. The obtained results evoked a link between micronuclei presence after 48h and plant life cycle change or impairments.Besides, the micronucleus assay was applied among other assays or biomarkers to evaluate ecotoxicity of liquid or solid contaminated matrix. As part of the French Scientific Interest Group on Industrial Wasteland (GISFI), we evaluated the genotoxicity of soils polluted by a former coke-factory. Furthermore, we took part to the project “Ecotoxicity of nanomaterial alteration byproducts”, also called Nanoalter. Our goal was to assess the potential hazards attached to the environmental degradation of titanium dioxide-containing sunscreen nanocomposites. Then, the tolerance mechanisms of plants towards chemicals were studied by phytochelatins and oxidative stress enzymes measurements
Sta, Chaima. „Activités toxiques et génotoxiques de la sulcotrione chez Vicia faba, en association ou non avec d'autres molécules de protection“. Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CLF22453/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePotential cell toxicity of sulcotrione 2-(2-Chloro-4-(methylsulfonyl)benzoyl)-1,3 cyclohexanedione), a selective triketonic herbicide was evaluated on Vicia faba and Allium cepa . Genotoxicity was studied in hydroponic culture conditions for treatment at different pesticide concentrations 10-5, 10-4 and 2.10-4 M for 45 h. Our results showed that sulcotrione treatments caused a dose dependent increase of micronucleus frequencies in root meristematic cells. Sulcotrione induced chromosomal alterations at the lowest concentration used (10-5M) when incubated for 42 h. We have shown a decrease in mitotic index, indicating a potent mutagenic effect of this element. This is the first report for the genotoxicity of such a sulcotrione herbicide. It induced a growth inhibition in both leaves and roots and a brownish color in treated roots. Sulcotrione, trade mark Mikado®, grape marc and mixtures of sulcotrione or Mikado® and grape marc induce cell death. The herbicides, cocktails of products with sulcotrione, such as adjuvant in commercial product, induced several changes for antioxidant cell state characterized by an overproduction of H2O2. Production of harmful radicals was accompanied by increased production of MDA and increase of the cell death rate. Addition of grape extracts to herbicides, either sulcotrione or Mikado®, had different effects and results in different expression of genes usually associated to cell stress. Mixture of grape marc and herbicides enhanced transcript accumulation for different effects and results in different expression of some stress-related genes like hsp70.1, cat, ubiquitin, APX, CuZnSOD cy et CuZnSOD ch. Mechanisms which could be associated to gene expression, cell defense and genotoxidity are discussed
Garry, Sébastien. „Interférence du fer (fe2o3) sur la métabolisation et sur les effets génotoxiques du Benzo[a]Pyrène chez le rat“. Lille 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LIL2P013.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePlatel, Anne. „Approches génotoxiques et transcriptomiques In Vitro pour la détermination de seuils de produits induisants des lésions oxydatives à l'ADN“. Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA114812.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn the context of risk assessment, the existence of a thresholded-mechanism is suspected for some genotoxins inducing oxidative stress. Reactive oxygen species can generate oxidative DNA damage when cellular defence systems become overloaded. We worked in vitro on the human lymphoblastoid TK6 cell line with 3 oxidizing agents (potassium bromate, bleomycin, hydrogen peroxide). The 1st objective (genotoxic approach) was to investigate the dose-effect relationships to assess the existence of thresholds. Various NOELs were determined. The 2nd objective (transcriptomic approach) was to identify the mechanisms of action. The main signaling pathways depend on the dose and reflect the cellular response to DNA damage and cellular stress. Overall, this work shows the usefulness of a global analysis with the combination of standard genotoxicity assays and gene expression profiling technology
Jossé, Rozenn. „Recherche de gènes cibles de contaminants de l'environnement génotoxiques après exposition aiguë ou répétée des cellules hépatiques humaines HepaRG“. Rennes 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010REN1B079.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe lack of relevant in vitro models makes it challenging prediction of toxicity of chemicals in humans, particularly effects induced by reiterated exposure to low concentrations and mixtures. The present work aimed at determining whether human hepatoma HepaRG cells, which are able to metabolize chemicals to levels close to those found in primary human hepatocytes, could bring answers to these challenges. We first showed that these cells maintained their functional capacity for at least one month after differentiation and were suitable for the detection of DNA damage induced by promutagens using the comet and the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assays. Then, we have studied mechanisms involved in AFB1 toxicity and identified FHIT tumor suppressor gene as a potent early biomarker for discriminating between genotoxic and nongenotoxic compounds
L'Haridon, Jacques. „Influence de la lumière sur les potentialités toxiques et génotoxiques d'eaux polluées par des hydrocarbures chez l'amphibien Pleurodeles Waltl“. Toulouse 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993TOU30059.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePelletier, Bernard. „Mise au point d'un nouveau modèle de cellules épithéliales humaines normales et son utilisation comme cible de composés génotoxiques“. Dijon, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988DIJOS036.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDeplanque, Gaël. „Relations entre p53, perturbations cytocinétiques, apoptose et survie cellulaire après agressions génotoxiques et en présence ou non de caféine“. Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002STR13201.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNerriere, Eléna. „Distribution de l'exposition de la population urbaine à des polluants particuliers et gazeux génotoxiques et évaluation du risque de cancer“. Nancy 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004NAN11304.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMasson, Christel. „Caractérisation de l'expression du gène KIN17 humain lors de la réponse cellulaire aux agents génotoxiques et dans certains tissus tumoraux“. Paris 11, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA11T029.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAll organisms are confronted by the crucial problem of protecting the integrity of the genetic material in their cells against alterations provoked by endogenous or exogenous agents. DNA damage may interfere with essential processes such as replication and transcription, thus leading to metabolic disruption or to cell death. Ihave characterized the expression profile of KIN17 gene after treatment with different genotoxic agents. KIN17 protein possesses a core region homologous to the DNA-binding domain located in the C-terminal part of the E. Coli RecA protein. RecA plays an essential role in the cellular response to radiation, in recombination and in mutagenesis. My results indicate that the human kin17 protein actively participates in the cellular response to the DNA damage produced by UVC- and γ-irradiation. The kinetics of KIN17 gene expression differs according to the nature of the genotoxic agent. Considering these results, I tried to identify the mechanisms responsible for this response to genotoxic stress by using cells mutated in the p53 gene or cells expressing a dominant negative mutant for ATF2. I noticed that the increase in KIN17 gene expression was independent of p53. The transcription factor ATF2, on the other hand, appeared to be involved in the control of KIN17 gene expression after γ-irradiation. Using cells deficient for nucleotide excision repair (NER), I have demonstrated that an active NER is necessary for the transient increase in KIN17 gene expression after UVC-irradiation. Taken together, these data indicate the Participation of KIN17 gene in a signalling pathway that may help to counterbalance the deleterious effects of genotoxic agents. Prelirninary results on human hepatocarcinoma show increased expression levels of KIN17 gene during tumoral progression
Al, Khansa Ihab. „Caractérisation des profils de gènes modulés par des hépatocancérogènes non génotoxiques : études in vivo et in vitro chez le rat“. Rennes 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010REN1B138.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLiver tumors are frequently induced in rodents by nongenotoxic chemicals. These hepatocarcinogens generally act by activating key nuclear receptors, such as CAR and PXR, in the liver, resulting in a cascade of signalization leading to modifications in the expression of genes responsible for a variety of processes involved in carcinogenesis. For the evaluation of the carcinogenic potential of chemicals, a 2-year rat bioassay is required. Recently, several short-term in vivo and in vitro technologies, including the transcriptomic approach, have been proposed as alternatives to this time-consuming and very expensive assay. In the present study we treated rats for 7 days and Liverbeads™ for 48 hr with several CAR and PXR activators, used as hepatocarcinogens. Our results showed that different gene signatures were obtained between the CAR and the PXR activators in rat liver. The signatures were largely different from those obtained with the non CAR/PXR and non hepatocarcinogens. In vitro, the data obtained did not allow well distinguishing between CAR and PXR modulators. In summary, our data support the conclusion that it is possible to discriminate between CAR and PXR modulators, using the short-term transcriptomic approach
Deblonde, Tiphanie. „Évaluation des risques sanitaires de la consommation d'eaux potentiellement chargées en résidus de médicaments“. Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0295/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe drug pollution is effective on environmental water compartments. Sewage treatment plants and water purification fail to remove all the molecules present in wastewater and their removal rate varies according to therapeutic classes. Therefore, pharmaceuticals residues are found in human consumption water. The aim of our study is to build a risk assessment to the health of the population who consume water which contain pharmaceuticals residues. As a first time, we identified the nature of the pharmaceutical wastewater contamination and human consumption water. The large number of medicinal products makes it impossible risk assessment for each molecule, we built a hierarchical method for quickly identification of active substance having a higher risk to make a complete sanitary risk assessment for these pharmaceuticals. This part of our work, allowed us to, in first step, identify the criteria to be taken into account for optimizing hierarchy. Then, we could select 12 molecules for which sanitary risk assessment could be implemented. We decided to focus on the quantitative risk assessment of the consumption of polluted water with traces of three cytostatic molecules identified as priorities with our ranking methodology: ifosfamide, cyclophosphamide and 5- FU and a mixture of these three drugs with same concentrations. Toxicity test (Trypan blue, comets assay, micronuclei test) helped us to analyze the dose-response relationship for these molecules. Thus, we could identify the hazardous potential of these substances, assess the dose-response relationship, and analyze occupational and environmental exposure of population to finally calculate the risk. Our sanitary quantitative risk assessment conclusions must be considered with caution given the nature of preliminary data
Payros, Delphine. „Étude de l'effet de la colonisation des nouveau-nés par des souches de Escherichia coli génotoxiques sur le développement et la fonctionnalité de la barrière intestinale“. Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2639/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDuring early development, intestinal microbiota intimately interacts with the host gastrointestinal (GI) tract and modulates epithelial cell differentiation and immune system maturation. Escherichia coli is one of the first bacteria colonizing the GI tract of mammals and humans within a few days after birth and become the predominant facultative anaerobic bacteria in the adult microbiota. Certain commensal E. Coli are able to induce DNA damage in eukaryotic cells. Genotoxicity of such E. Coli strains is known to result from Colibactin synthesis, an hybrid peptide polyketide product able to induce DNA double strand breaks in enterocytes. The biosynthesis pathway of Colibactin is encoded by a genomic island called pks. Several recent epidemiologic studies showed that more thirty per cent of three days old infants are colonized by E. Coli pks+. To analyze the long-term effects of colonization early in life by genotoxic E. Coli strains, we developed an animal model that mimics the natural transmission of E. Coli from the mother' to the neonate through direct contact with the maternal microbiota. Pregnant WISTAR rats were fed with a human genotoxic wild-type commensal E. Coli (E. Coli WT), an isogenic non-genotoxic mutant (E. Coli DeltaclbA), or an isogenic complemented mutant (E. Coli DeltaclbA+clbA) for which genotoxicity was restored. After delivery, pups' colonization and DNA-damages in enterocytes were monitored during 100 days. In addition, we analyzed gut development and maturation over the same period. E. Coli strains, producing or not Colibactin, were transmitted to the offspring and stably colonized the gut. DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) were observed in enterocytes of newborn rats colonized by E. Coli WT or E. Coli DeltaclbA+clbA complemented strain but were absent in newborn rats colonized by E. Coli DeltaclbA mutant. Interestingly, such genotoxicity was not detected in adults but a mitotic cells pool present signs of DSBs' persistence: with an an increased in number of anaphasic bridges was observed unin adult animals colonized since birth by genotoxic strains. In adult animals, tThe numbers of proliferating and apoptotic cells along were also significantly increased in the intestinal crypts of rats exposed to genotoxic E. Coli strains as compared to non-genotoxic E. Coli DeltaclbA mutant and this was correlated with an increase of intestinal epithelial cells migration along the crypt-villus axis in rats colonized with the genotoxic E. Coli strains. MoreoverIn addition, the numbers of enteéroendocrines cells and Paneth cells were increased in small intestine of the same animals. Finally, ex-vivo analysis of the intestinal barrier using Ussing chambers demonstrated that paracellular permeability to 4kDa dextran-FITC flux was increased in rats colonized by the genotoxic E. Coli strains as compared to rats colonized by the isogenic non-genotoxic DeltaclbA mutant. The genotoxicity of commensal E. Coli colonizing the newborns has long-lasting consequences on intestinal epithelium integrity, development and maturation at adulthood. These bacteria could be of major concerns since they are increasingly isolated from neonates in Europe and the USA
Garcie, Christophe. „Modulation atypique de la biosynthèse de la colibactine, une génotoxine de Escherichia coli, ou comment un îlot génomique est en symbiose avec le chromosome bactérien“. Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30283/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe pks genomic island codes a complex biosynthetic assembly line that synthetizes the colibactin, a genotoxin produced by some strains of Escherichia coli. This genotoxin generates DNA double-strand breaks in eukaryotic cells both in vitro and in vivo. Colibactin is not a protein, but a secondary metabolite belonging to the chemical family of hybrid polyketide/nonribosomal peptide compounds. Preliminary results from our research team suggested that certain genes of the E. coli core genome (i.e. genes present in all strains of the species) could also be involved in the colibactin production. The main goal of this thesis was to identify non-essential E. coli genes located outside the pks island that are required for colibactin biosynthesis, with the screening of a transposon mutant library. This revealed 29 potential candidate genes, but the project focused specifically on two groups of genes: three genes encoding chaperone proteins, and three genes encoding enzymes involved in polyamines metabolism. The first project highlighted the role of the molecular chaperone HtpG (or Hsp90Ec), the bacterial homolog of eukaryotic heat shock protein 90, in the production of colibactin, but also yersiniabactin, a siderophore (i.e. a bacterial iron uptake system) that belongs to the same chemical family as colibactin. Furthermore, the ClpQ protease was involved in colibactin and yersiniabactin production in combination with Hsp90Ec. These results confirmed the interplay between the biosynthesis of two E. coli virulence factors, colibactin and yersiniabactin. Finally, analysis of the effects of htpG disruption during systemic infection in animals, using rodent models of sepsis and neonatal meningitis, demonstrated the role of the stress-responsive molecular chaperone Hsp90Ec in E. coli virulence. The second project revealed the involvement of polyamines in the biosynthesis of colibactin. A molecular microbiology approach demonstrated that spermidine was the polyamine required for colibactin production. Preliminary results suggested that spermidine could regulate the expression of some pks island genes, and therefore could modulate colibactin production. Further experiments are in progress to elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in this regulation. Together, the results of this thesis perfectly illustrate the symbiotic integration of a mobile genetic element acquired during evolution into the bacterial chromosome, through several crosstalks allowing the production of virulence factors in E. coli
Puyo, Marie-France. „Régulation dela résistance d'escherichia coli à divers agents génotoxiques par l'adénosine 3'-5' monophosphate cyclique (AMPc) et sa protei͏̈ne receptrice CRP“. Toulouse 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992TOU30049.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBirlouez, Emmanuel. „Etude du rôle des APOBEC3A, 3C, 3H et AID dans la mutagénèse du génome et la réponse cellulaire aux stress génotoxiques“. Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066700.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGharbi, Abder-rahman. „Ochratoxine A, contaminant alimentaire : effets subchroniques et génotoxiques sur le testicule du rat et de la souris : étude des moyens de prévention“. Bordeaux 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BOR2B003.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAbabou, Mouna. „Etude de l'implication de l'hélicase BLM, altérée dans le syndrome de Bloom, dans les voies de réponse cellulaires induites par des stress génotoxiques“. Paris 11, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA112317.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBloom's syndrome (BS) is a rare human autosomal recessive disorder characterized by an increased risk to develop cancer of all types. BS cells are characterized by a generalized genetic instability including a high level of sister chromatid exchanges. BS arises through mutations in both alleles of the BLM gene which encodes a 3'-5' DNA helicase identified as a member of the RecQ family. We showed that BLM protein expression is regulated during the cell cycle, accumulating to high levels in S phase, persisting in G2/M and sharply declining in G1, suggesting a possible implication of BLM in a replication (S phase) and/or post-replication (G2 phase) process. On the other hand, we showed that, in response to ionizing radiation, BLM-deficient cells exhibit a normal p53 response as well as an intact GUS cell cycle checkpoint, which indicates that ATM and p53 pathways are functional in BS cells. We also show that the BLM defect is associated with a partial escape of cells from the g-irradiation-induced G2/M cell cycle checkpoint. Finally, we present data demonstrating that, in response to ionizing radiation, BLM protein is phosphorylated and accumulates through an ATM-dependent pathway. Altogether, our data indicate that BLM participates in the cellular response to ionizing radiation by acting as an ATM kinase downstream effector. We also show that following UVC treatment, BLM-deficient cells exhibit a reduction in the number of replicative cells, a partial escape from the G2/M cell cycle checkpoint, and have an altered p21 response. Surprisingly, we found that hydroxyurea-treated BLM-deficient cells exhibit an intact S-phase arrest, proper recovery from the S phase arrest, and intact p53 and p21 responses. We also show that the level of BLM falls sharply in response to UVC radiation. This UVC-induced reduction in BLM does not require a functional ATM gene and does not result from a sub-cellular compartment change. Finally, we demonstrate that exposure to UVC and hydroxyurea treatment both induce BLM phosphorylation via an ATM-independent pathway. Furthermore, we report the cleavage of the Bloom's syndrome protein (BLM) in hydroxyurea (HU)- or UVC-induced apoptosis. Appearance and solubility of BLM proteolytic products differed whether proteolysis occurred in response to HU or UVC. One BS cell line homozygous for a null mutation in BLM was found resistant to both UVC- and HU-induced apoptosis. Another one expressing a mutated BLM protein resisted HU-induced apoptosis, but displayed a normal sensitivity to UVC. Thus, UVC and HU appear to induce apoptosis through distinct pathways
Baus, Fabienne. „Rôle de p21Waf1, un inhibiteur des kinases dépendantes des cyclines, dans l'arrêt en phase G2 du cycle cellulaire en réponse aux stress génotoxiques“. Montpellier 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON20044.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleYoulyouz, Ibtissam. „Relation entre p53 et STAT1 : étude de la réponse aux stress génotoxiques et des modèles cellulaires B immortalisés par le virus d'Epstein Barr“. Limoges, 2008. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/cdab1f2e-3189-49c4-8271-72a646971ded/blobholder:0/2008LIMO4068.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleChemotherapeutic drugs such as fludarabine, doxorubicin or cisplatin are very potent activators of the anti-oncogene p53. Convergent studies suggest that p53 and STAT1 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 1) cooperate in the induction of cell death. We show that these drugs are also activators of STAT1 in p53-expressing cells, but not in p53-null cells. STAT1activation was obtained in the presence of both the secretion inhibitor brefeldine A and the inhibitor of RNA synthesis actinomycin D. P53-dependent STAT1 activation was reversed by overexpression of MDM2 and siRNAs against p53. Genetic analysis of p53 showed that expression of transcriptionally inactive p53 punctual mutants markedly increased Y701-STAT1 phosphorylation, and suggests that the p53 DNA-binding domain was alternatively involved in STAT1 activation or p53 multimerization Immunoprecipitation experiments showed that ataxia telangiectasia mutated, p53, STAT1 and c-Abl1 (Abelson murine leukaemia viral oncogene homologue 1) were associated together. Treatment of cells with the c-Abl1 tyrosine kinase inhibitor STI571 decreased STAT1 activation by genotoxic drugs. Finally, genotoxic agents sensitized cells in response to very low doses of both interferon a and c (IFNa and c). These results show that genotoxic drugs induce STAT1 activation, an effect that depends on p53 protein but not on p53 transcriptional activity, and point to a novel pathway of STAT1 activation by genotoxic drugs, with involvement of c-Abl1 tyrosine kinase in sensitizing cells to IFN response
Levresse, Valérie. „Régulation de la prolifération cellulaire après exposition de cellules mésothéliales pleurales de rat à des agents génotoxiques : implication dans les mécanismes d'oncogénèse par l'amiante“. Paris 12, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA120075.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMediouni, Chamseddine. „Analyse des voies de détoxification des métaux lourds chez les plantes et lien avec les réponses cellulaire et moléculaire après traitement aux agents génotoxiques“. Strasbourg, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009STRA6213.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis work presents the response of plants [tomato, Arabidopsis thaliana Col0 and A. Thaliana cad2 mutant, defective in the glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis pathway] to heavy metal excess. At the physiological level, the treatment with cadmium or copper induce plant growth inhibition, more pronounced at high copper concentration. Differences in heavy metal toxicity could be linked to variation of heavy metal tolerance mechanisms like phytochelatine chelation. At the biochemical level, the two heavy metals induce oxidative stress. In response to ROS accumulation, there is an increase of antioxydative enzyme activity in the leaves of wild type plants, whereas, the lack of GSH biosynthesis leads to the lack of antioxydative response in the cad2 mutant. At the molecular level, cadmium and copper induce, essentially via ROS accumulation, DNA double strand break (DSBs) in the leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana Col0 and of the mutant cad2 and cell death in the leaves and the roots of both plant types, characterized by an induction of specific gene expression. On the other hand, a high induction of cell death is related to a great accumulation of DSBs and the lack of repair gene induction. This suggests that cells are directed towards cell death rather than to DNA repair if DNA damages are to much accentuated
Plumejeaud, Sophie. „Evaluation des potentiels génotoxiques de particules atmosphériques et de poussières de sols dans les observatoires Hommes - Milieux du bassin minier de Provence et d'Estarreja“. Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4300.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe particles have become a major source concerning human exposure. This concerns the atmospheric particles, but also the soil particles, that young children can inhale and ingest. We investigated, using the micronucleus and comet assays in vitro, the genotoxic potential of atmospheric particles and soil dust collected in the Human-Environment Observatories: Provence coal field (France) and Estarreja ( Portugal). We demontrated that the fine atmospheric particles (PM2. 5) emitted after combustion were more genotoxicthan the ones emitted by mineral industries. Then, we developed a new methodology combining the chemical characterization of potentially harmful components of soil dust, their bioaccessible fractions extracted from soil dust in a sampling site where we already studied the atmospheric particles. Our work allowed us to identify a link between the in vitro genotoxic potential of the tested particles and the sampling sites, the emission sources of particles and their chemical composition
Fougère, Bertrand. „Influence de l'âge et du tabac sur les mécanismes génotoxiques et épigénétiques précoces de cancérogénèse broncho-pulmonaire en réponse à la pollution particulaire urbaine“. Thesis, Littoral, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014DUNK0377/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleRecently recognized as carcinogenic to human by IARC, air pollution and fine particulate matter (PM₂.₅) can be inhaled and could be retained into the lung or reach the systemic circulation. This can cause or worsen many diseases for which the elderly are often more sensitive. The PhD objective corresponds to the identification of the mechanisms of action involved in the modulation of carcinogenic potential of PM₂.₅, in connection with age or smoking status. PM₂.₅ were collected in Dunkerque, a French seaside city characterized by important industrial activities and heavy motor vehicle traffic. In order to estimate the influence of age, blood lymphocytes sampled from 90 patients from age classes (25-30, 50-55 and 75-80 years old) were ex vivo exposed to PM₂.₅ during 72 hours, before evaluation of telomerase activity and gene expression modulation of P16INK4A and MGMT. PM₂.₅ modulated telomerase activity and telomeres length in all age groups without any influence of age. P16INK4A gene expression increased significantly with age after exposure to PM₂.₅. Age could enhance MGMT gene expression after exposure to particles by decreasing the level of promoter methylation in the oldest group. Regarding the role of smoking status, 26 broncho-alveolar lavage were performed in smoker and non-smoker people. Macrophages were cultured with bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells before PM₂.₅ exposure (3 or 15µg/cm²; 72h). The telomerase activity and telomere length vary after exposure and the tobacco modify these parameters in BEAS-2B cells and alveolar macrophages. Methylation of P16INK4A and MGMT genes promoters and their expression are not modified in BEAS-2B cells. In alveolar macrophages, particles lead to a decrease of methylation of P16INK4A gene promoter. The smoking status seems also to increase methylation and to down-regulate expression of these two genes. In conclusion, it seems that the studied PM₂.₅ sample can induce ex vivo modifications described in the initiation and promotion of lung carcinogenesis. The age and smoking status may modulate the toxic effects of particles. Since lung cancer symptoms appear only at an advanced stage, our results could help in proposing new biomarkers of carcinogenesis allowing an early diagnosis to improve survival
Berrada, Sara. „Synthèse de dérivés génotoxiques permettant la quantification des pontages interbrins et l’identification de défaut de réparation chez le patient atteint de l’anémie de Fanconi“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022AIXM0145.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleInter-strand crosslink (ICL) are formed by covalent link between two nucleotides located on opposite strands of DNA. This physical link blocks the replication and transcription mechanisms. Because of this mode of action, BIPs-inducing agents are highly toxic to abnormally proliferating cells, which makes them very effective drugs for the treatment of cancers. However, their use is limited by the occurrence of severe side effects resulting in organ failure due to excessive accumulation of ICLs. This may be caused by insufficient repair capacity which will result in healthy cell death upon exposure to ICLs and organ failure.In order to identify the origin of insufficient repair in these patients, a comprehensive knowledge of ICLs repair is required. To date, many repair pathways have been described, but steps in the repair process are still unknown. A direct detection of ICLs would allow to answer these questions. However, the currently available techniques suffer from various limitations and a direct detection of ICLs, at the cellular level and/or in organs, is challenging.During my thesis, I modified two ICLs inducing agents. One is currently used in chemotherapy and the second one has completed a phase II clinical trial. I demonstrated that these modified agents show unchanged cytotoxicity and ability to induce ICLs compared to unmodified agents. I validated their detectability by microscopy as well as by FACS and demonstrated that they could be used to measure ICL repair in different cell lines
Béraud, Eric. „Etude des effets génotoxiques et de l'induction des phytochélatines chez Vicia faba (Fabaceae) exposée au cadmium : application du test Vicia micronoyaux à des matrices complexes“. Metz, 2007. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/2007/Beraud.Eric.SMZ0700.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHigher plants demonstrate defence mechanisms whereby they are able to respond to both nutrient deficiencies and toxicants. In this work, cadmium genotoxicity and quantitative relationshps between different hierarchical endpoints in Vicia faba (broad bean) cultivated in both contaminated environment (i. E. Hydroponical and soils) were studied. Increases of miaonucleus (MN) frequencies (genotoxicity endpoint), phytochelatins induction and antioxidative enzyme activities (i. E. Superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, guaiacol peroxidase, catalase, glutahone reductase) and manodialdehyde (MDA), indicator of lipid peroxidation, were analysed. To study the process of stress 1 adaptation in Vicia faba plants, different realistic CdCl2, concentrations were employed. F In hydroponic culture, the increase of micronucleus frequency was the first cadmium i , exposure effect that appeared (LOEC: 7,5 10-8 M CdCl2). Then decreases of antioxidative enzymes activities were observed (APX, SOD, CAT at 10-'M; MDA for 10-5M). Phytochelatins induction was detected from IO-~Mb, ut it was more effective from 10-'M. A tirne-concentration dependent response of cadmium was observed, for these cadmium exposure indicators. A tissue dependent response of cadmium was observed for enzymes activities and phytochelatins induction too. The micronuclei bioassay was also tested with V. Faba plants directly exposed in cadmium polluted soils and on leachates from multi contaminated soils. Our results suggest that the synthesis of phytochelatins, observed in higher degrees of stress, was related to the inactivation of other tolerance mechanisms and that it was associated with the metabolic cost of these mechanisms. The results also show that V. Faba micronuclei bioassay would be efficient for in situ studies of contaminated soils
Dubacq, Caroline. „Laprotéine kinase Snf1 et le facteur de transcription Mig3 sont impliqués dans une nouvelle voie de réponse aux stress génotoxiques chez la levure Saccharomyces cervisiae“. Paris 11, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA112187.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGenotoxic stresses induce DNA damage or DNA replication block that can impair the transmission of genetic information. In the budding yeast S. Cerevisiae, the signal transduction pathway allowing cell cycle arrest and DNA repair is under the control of the essential Mec1 and Rad53 kinases, homologues of the ATR and Chk2 mammalian kinases. We show here a genetic interaction between a toxic RAD53-GFP allele and the MIG3 gene, encoding a transcriptional repressor of the MIG family. The Snf1 kinase, homologous to the mammalian AMPK, is activated during glucose starvation and is partly responsible for derepression of glucose repressed genes through phosphorylation of the Mig1 repressor. We demonstrate that the basal activity of Snf1 is required for an optimal tolerance to hydroxyurea, an inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductases (RNR) and thus DNA replication, to methyl methanesulfonate (MMS), a DNA alkylating agent, or to cadmium, a genotoxic metal. Snf1 is not required for cell cycle arrest or RNR2-4 transcriptional activation mediated by the Mec1 pathway. The Snf1 kinase may participate in DNA repair or in replication resumption. The Mig3 repressor is among the Snf1 targets in response to genotoxic stress or during glucose privation and dissimilar post-traductional modifications of Mig3 correlate with Snf1 kinase activity levels in both conditions. We determined through DNA microarray analysis that the Yap1 and Aft1 transcription factors seem to be activated during hydroxyurea exposure, probably enhancing redox and iron homeostasis that are two conditions required for RNR function. We suggest that Snf1 could be required to restore RNR function during hydroxyurea, MMS or cadmium induced genotoxic stress. Some evidence also suggests that Snf1 kinase activity is implicated in chromatin structure remodelling or in the transcriptional regulation of genes involved in vacuolar functions, in protein targeted degradation, or in membrane lipid synthesis during genotoxic stress
Gentil, Michèle. „Transformation et transposiiton chez une souche de Salmonella typhimurium TA1538 : contribution à la mise au point d'un salmonella/multitest pour la détection des agents génotoxiques“. Aix-Marseille 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993AIX22050.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCassien, Mathieu. „Etudes in vitro/in vivo de la toxicité de polluants atmosphériques. Implication du stress oxydant dans les mécanismes génotoxiques et sur la variation des paramètres biochimiques“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4703.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleEpidemiological studies have consistently reported that particulate matter in ambient air pollution is associated with increases in cardiopulmonary diseases and mortality. Because they can deeply penetrate lung tissue, reaching blood stream and organs, nanoparticles (NPs) are considered particularly harmful. Here, our foray into the specific mutagenicity and cytotoxicity of NPs focused on manufactured nano-CeO2 (a fuel additive) and NPs known to form in air from a variety of atmospheric toxicants (eg, combustion residues, pesticides). We first revealed a genotoxic effect of nanoCeO2 on human fibroblasts by a clastogenic mechanism following stimulation of the release of O2•-/H2O2 by NADPH oxidase and mitochondria. However, upon exposure of these cells to nM doses of 1-nitropyrene (a combustion byproduct) promotion of DNA damage involving an aneugenic mechanism occurred before a clastogenic effect was seen at µM doses. Second, using a home-made chamber equipped with an aerosol generator, we determined indices of oxidative stress and tissue damage in rats chronically inhaling toxicant NPs for 1-5 months at environmentally relevant doses. Long term exposure, even at low NPs doses, provoked systemic oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, kidney damage, liver dysfunction, changes in lipid profile and occurrence of disorders of glucose tolerance. Moreover, a strong impairment of hemodynamic performance was evidenced in hearts from NP-exposed rats. By extending literature data of the in vitro toxicity of NPs to the in vivo situation, our study incriminates the nano-sized components of atmospheric particulate matter as a privileged vector of genotoxicity and cardiotoxicity
Chanut, Pauline. „Comprendre et perturber le choix de la voie de réparation des cassures double brin de l'ADN pour augmenter l'efficacité et la sélectivité des agents anticancéreux génotoxiques“. Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30151.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDNA double-strand break (DSB) is the most toxic DNA damage, because a single mis- or un-repaired DSB can lead to cell death. This toxicity is exploited in clinics to eradicate tumoral cells. So, among molecules currently used in chemotherapy, topoisomerase 1 (TOPO1) poisons such as camptothecin (CPT), are able to generate a particular type of DSB bearing one single end (seDSBs); these lesions are created when a replication fork collides with the TOPO1 blocked on the DNA. They are repaired by homologous recombination (HR) because, devoid of a second end, they cannot be ligated by non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ). The Ku heterodimer, the initiator of the NHEJ is both a major detector of the DSBs due to its nuclear abundance and strong affinity, and a powerful HR inhibitor. Therefore, the regulation of Ku binding to one-ended DSB is a crucial question for the understanding of mechanisms determining the choice of the suitable DSB repair pathway. In this context, my first thesis project aimed at deciphering the molecular mechanisms responsible for the DNA repair pathway choice at seDSBs. Firstly, using High Resolution Microscopy, I demonstrated that Ku and DNA-PKcs are rapidly recruited on seDSBs. Then, I showed that ATM-dependent phosphorylation of CtIP and the epistatic and coordinated actions of MRE11 and CtIP nuclease activities are required to limit the stable loading of Ku on seDSBs. I established that DNA-PKcs removal from seDSBs relies on ATM-dependent phosphorylation of the ABCDE cluster. Using a non-phosphorylable mutant of this cluster, I demonstrated that impaired DNA-PKcs removal prevents MRE11 from releasing Ku. However, my work also suggested the existence of an additional mechanism that contributes to prevent Ku accumulation at 50% of seDSBs. Finally, I demonstrated that Ku and DNA-PKcs persistence on seDSBs does not impair long range resection and RAD51 recruitment but compromises cell survival. My second thesis project was dedicated to target the DSB repair pathway choice mechanisms in order to potentiate the effect of CPT. Indeed, since ATM inhibition increases drastically the death of replicative cells treated with CPT, we may identify others sensitizers able to disrupt the repair pathway choice. On the basis of a cytotoxicity assay on mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), I performed a phenotypic screening of the NIH Clinical Collection and identified the antibiotic nitrofurantoin (NTF) and hydrocortisone acetate (HCA) as a sensitizer of MEFs to CPT. However, sensitization induced by NTF does not depend on Ku but rather seems to rely on Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) generation by nitroreduction of the molecule and sensitization induced by HCA is not reproducible and is still under investigation. My work contributes to extend the knowledge of the repair pathway choice mechanisms involved in cell tolerance to CPT and opens new opportunities to potentiate its anticancerous property
Godard, Thierry. „Dommages à l'ADN et test des comètes : application à la détection de l'apoptose in vitro et à l'identification in vivo des organes cibles de produits génotoxiques“. Caen, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999CAEN4061.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAlsafadi, Samar. „Rôle des membres de la << famille P53 >> dans la carcinogenèse et la réponse aux stress génotoxiques : implications des isoformes tronquées ou clivées“. Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA11T039.
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