Dissertationen zum Thema „Génomique – Classification“
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Idbaih, Ahmed. „Etude contributive pour une classification génomique des tumeurs gliales de l'adulte“. Paris 11, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA11T006.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHennart, Mélanie. „Taxonomie génomique des souches bactériennes et émergence de l'antibiorésistance“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2022SORUS547.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleInfectious diseases are a global public health concern, particularly due to antimicrobial-resistance in some pathogenic bacteria. Klebsiella pneumoniae is one of the most worrying multiresistant bacteria. Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which causes diphtheria, remains largely susceptible to first-line antibiotics, including penicillin, and can be controlled through vaccination, but re-emerges when vaccination coverage is insufficient. Among the effective infection control measures, the accurate detection and identification of these pathogens, as well as their epidemiological monitoring, play a key role. In the recent years, the implementation of whole-genome sequencing (WGS) has revolutionised bacterial genotyping, by providing discrimination at the strain level. Genomic sequencing also enables the detection of variants and their important characteristics, such as virulence or antimicrobial resistance. The research work of this thesis is structured around two main axes. The first axis provides bioinformatic analyses of the population structure of antimicrobial resistance in C. diphtheriae. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed to determine the genetic basis behind the resistance phenotypes, as well as the associations with diphtheria toxin production and other strain characteristics. A new penicillin resistance gene was discovered on a mobile element in C. diphtheriae. A genotyping tool was developed specifically for C. diphtheriae, for which the links between genotypes and clinical phenotypes are poorly known. This tool consolidates and facilitates the detection and genotyping of the main virulence factors and resistance genes, as well as the use of strain nomenclatures from assembled genomes. It also enables the prediction of biovars and toxicity of strains. The second axis relates to infra-species genomic taxonomy. A new approach of genome-based classification and nomenclature of strains was developed using K. pneumoniae as a model. This work describes the design and implementation of a barcoding system that combines Single Linkage MultiLevel (MLSL) clustering and Life Identification Number (LIN) codes, both based on the same core-genome MLST (cgMLST) typing scheme. This innovative taxonomic approach, widely applicable to other bacterial species, yields precise and stable nomenclatures. A study of the phylogenetic structure of C. diphtheriae was also carried out, with the implementation of a cgMLST scheme on the basis of which a genomic taxonomy of strains was proposed. Based on the contributions and concepts presented above, several case studies were carried out: identification and characterisation of a new species (C. rouxii), previously misidentified as C. diphtheriae; genomic epidemiology of diphtheria in different world regions or clinical sources. These applications of genomic taxonomy in combination with antimicrobial resistance gene detection illustrate the potential of the methods and tools developed during this thesis to support genomic research and surveillance of pathogenic bacteria
Marisa, Laetitia. „Classification et caractérisation des cancers colorectaux par approches omiques“. Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066235/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleColon cancer (CC) is one of the most frequent and most deadly cancer in France and worldwide. Nearly half of patients die within 5 years after diagnosis. Clinical stage based on histological features and molecular classification based genomic instabilities (microsatellite instability (MSI), chromosomal instability (CIN) and hypermethylation of the promoters (ICPM)) are not sufficient to define homogeneous molecular entities and to predict recurrence effectively. To improve patient care, it is essential to better understand the diversity of the disease so that effective prognostic and predictive markers could be found. My PhD work has been focused on studying the diversity of CC at the molecular level through the use of omics approaches on a large cohort of tumor samples. It led to the establishment of a robust transcriptomic classification of these cancers, validated on independent data sets, and to a detailed characterization of each of the subtypes. Six subtypes have been defined and were associated with distinct clinicopathological characteristics and molecular alterations, specific enrichments of supervised gene expression signatures related to cell and lesions of origin, specific deregulated signaling pathways and distinct survival. The results of this work have been strengthened by a consensus classification defined by an international consortium working group in which I've been involved. These results confirm that colorectal cancer is an heterogeneous disease. They provide a renewed framework to develop prognostic signatures, discover new treatment targets, identify new therapeutic strategies and assess response to treatment in clinical trials
Schmitt, Louise-Amelie. „Développement de modèles spécifiques aux séquences génomique virales“. Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0649/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDNA sequencing of complex samples containing various living species is a choice approach to study the viral landscape of a given environment. Viral genomes are hard to identify due to their extreme variability and the tight relationship they have with their hosts. We hereby provide new leads for the development of a virusesspecific solution to the need for accurate identification that hasn't found a satisfactory solution in the existing universal software so far
Darde, Thomas. „Identification et classification de composés reprotoxiques par des approches de toxicogénomique prédictive“. Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1B022/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe core aim of my thesis project is to develop predictive toxicology approaches based on the integration of massive toxicogenomics datasets using bioinformatics and biostatistics methodologies. Specific objectives include: (1) classification of chemicals based on toxicogenomics signatures, i.e. the set of genes whose expression is known to be positively or negatively altered after exposure to these compounds; (2) the association of the resulting classes with human disorders or deleterious phenotypes based on the well-known toxicants present in those classes; (3) the prediction of novel reprotoxicants and/or endocrine disruptors based on toxicogenomics signature similarities with known chemicals affecting testis development and function. The assembled toxicogenomics dataset contains 23,657 samples covering 7092 experimental conditions (one chemical, one dose, one exposure time, one tissue) for 541 chemicals in seven distinct tissues in the rat from 18 different studies. From this dataset, 3,022 experimental conditions corresponding to 452 distinct compounds are associated to a toxicogenomics signature containing more than ten genes showing an altered expression pattern after exposure. Using unsupervised classification methods, 95 chemical clusters were defined showing close toxicogenomics signatures. The phenotype association analysis using data extracted from de Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD) allowed us to identify three clusters significantly enriched in known endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Currently, 22 compounds are being tested on a human cell line expressing the enzymes of steroidogenesis (NCI-H295R) to evaluate their potential endocrine disrupting effects. These researches allowed us to demonstrate the relevance of integrating massive toxicogenomics datasets to predict adverse effects of compounds tested in different organs. It is currently being pursued through the development of a novel repository, TOXsIgN. This resource provides a flexible environment to facilitate online submission, storage and retrieval of toxicogenomics signatures by the scientific community. Similarly, the current PhD project also yielded to the implementation of several tools dedicated to predictive toxicology and data visualization including the ReproGenomics Viewer (RGV)
Jourdan, Laetitia. „Métaheuristiques pour l'extraction de connaissances : application à la génomique“. Phd thesis, Université des Sciences et Technologie de Lille - Lille I, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00007983.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHussain, Syed Fawad. „Une Nouvelle Mesure de Co-Similarité : Applications aux Données Textuelles et Génomique“. Phd thesis, Grenoble, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00525366.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHussain, Syed Fawad. „Une nouvelle mesure de co-similarité : applications aux données textuelles et génomique“. Phd thesis, Grenoble, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010GRENM049.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleClustering is the unsupervised classification of patterns (observations, data items, or feature vectors) into homogeneous and contrasted groups (clusters As datasets become larger and more varied, adaptations to existing algorithms are required to maintain the quality of cluster. Ln this regard, high¬dimensional data poses sorne problems for traditional clustering algorithms known as the curse of dimensionality. This thesis proposes a co-similarity based algorithm that is based on the concept of higher-order co-occurrences, which are extracted from the given data. Ln the case of text analysis, for example, document similarity is calculated based on word similarity, which in turn is calculated on the basis of document similarity. Using this iterative approach, we can bring similar documents closer together even if they do not share the same words but share similar words. This approach doesn't need externallinguistic resources like a thesaurus Furthermore this approach can also be extended to incorporate prior knowledge from a training dataset for the task of text categorization. Prior categor labels coming from data in the training set can be used to influence similarity measures between worlds to better classify incoming test dataset among the different categories. Thus, the same conceptual approach, that can be expressed in the framework of the graph theory, can be used for both clustering and categorization task depending on the amount of prior information available. Our results show significant increase in the accuracy with respect to the state of the art of both one-way and two-way clustering on the different datasets that were tested
Abou, Abdallah Rita. „La génomique : un outil robuste et émergent utilisé dans la taxonomie bactérienne et l'analyse comparative“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0256/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe number of new identified bacterial species is constantly increasing. One of the most important contributors to this situation is the microbial culturomics approach. Consequently, the need to classify and taxonomically describe those microorganisms to understand their evolution, characteristics and relationships with other living organisms has emerged. To date, more than 170000 bacterial genomes are available. Facing this situation, bacterial taxonomy cannot be disconnected from the information provided from the whole genome. The taxono-genomics strategy was elaborated in our laboratory to include genome sequences in the taxonomic scheme. This new strategy consists in the combination of various phenotypic data and genomic analysis and comparison, resulting in a rational and comprehensive description of new bacterial taxa. A second aspect of our thesis work was the pangenomic analysis of Coxiella burnetii. Taking advantage of the availability of 75 C. burnetii genomes, we showed that this pangenome is open, which contrasts with those of other intracellular bacteria. No disease-specific, or geovar-specific gene content could be identified. In contrast, the core gene-based phylogenetic analysis matched that obtained from multi-spacer typing. Thus, we herein demonstrate that genome sequencing may, among its many applications, be well suited for the official description as well as pangenome analysis of human-associated bacteria, including pathogens, and may allow addressing many microbiological questions, such as evolution, outbreaks, antibiotic resistance, and pathogenicity
Pages, Mélanie. „Integrative genomic, epigenetic, radiologic and histological characterization of pediatric glioneuronal tumors“. Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCB217.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe large-scale genomic studies performed recently has enabled the objective identification of numerous novel genomic alterations and highlighted that pediatric brain tumors often harbor quiet cancer genomes, with a single driver genomic alteration. This characteristic is of special interest in the current context of precision medicine development. Low-grade glioneuronal tumor group is highly heterogeneous and remains particularly challenging since it includes a broad spectrum of tumors, often poorly discriminated by their histopathological features and not completely molecularly characterized. We used targeted methods (IHC, FISH, targeted sequencing), and large scale genomic and epigenetic methodologies to perform an integrative analysis to further characterized papillary glioneuronal tumors (PGNT), midline gangliogliomas and dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors (DNT). We demonstrated that PGNT is a distinct entity characterized by a PRKCA fusion. We highlighted that H3 K27M mutation can occur in association with BRAF V600E mutation in midline grade I glioneuronal tumors, showing that despite the presence of H3 K27M mutations, these cases should not be graded and treated as grade IV tumors because they have a better spontaneous outcome than classic diffuse midline H3 K27M-mutant glioma. The DNT study enable us 1) to specify that non-specific DNT corresponds to a clinico-histological tumor group encompassing diverse molecularly distinct entities and 2) to demonstrate that specific DNTs can be progressive tumors and harbored a distinct DNA methylation profile. Diagnosis and genomic profiling that can guide precision medicine require tissue acquisition by neurosurgical procedures that are often difficult or not possible. We validated a sample collection procedure and we developed methodologies to detect circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in CSF, plasma and urine to identify clinically relevant genomic alterations from a cohort of 235 pediatric patients with brain tumors. We optimized a method to process ctDNA and performed ultra-low pass whole genome sequencing (ULP-WGS) using unique molecular identifiers, confirming we can reliably construct sequencing libraries from CSF-, plasma- and urine-derived ctDNA. ULP-WGS has also been used to assess sequencing library quality, copy number variations (CNVs) and tumor fraction. The vast majority of samples undergoing ULPWGS exhibited no CNVs, consistent with either absence in the tumor or low levels of tumorderived cfDNA. To distinguish between these, we developed a hybrid capture sequencing panel allowing identification of specific mutations and fusions more common in pediatric brain tumors
Marchandin, Hélène. „Organisation génomique, phylogénie et taxonomie polyphasique des bactéries du genre Veillonella et des genres apparentés du sous-groupe Sporomusa“. Montpellier 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MON1T017.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleEl, Houmami Nawal. „Génomique de Kingella kingae et Kingella negevensis : applications en microbiologie clinique et en biotechnologie pour l'édition du génome“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0595.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleKingella kingae is an important paediatric pathogen responsible for bone and joint infections, bacteremia, and endocarditis. Invasive infections affect primary children aged 6-36 months, and may occur either sporadically, or break out in daycare centers. Kingella kingae endocarditis is a serious infection, which should prompt the search for an outbreak of K. kingae infections when it occurs in a day-care attendee and the prevention of new cases.The genomic analysis of the Kingella genus conducted to the taxonomic description of K. negevensis. The design of the first K. negevensis-specific real-time PCR test allowed to disclose that this organism may occasionally be invasive in infants, and even fatal in immunosuppressed patients. The discovery of an homologuous Kingella RTX locus within the K. negevensis genome allowed to refine diagnostic strategies in clinical microbiology for the molecular detection of K. kingae and K. negevensis
Roger, Frédéric. „Mode d’évolution et taxonomie au sein du genre Aeromonas : que nous apprend l'étude de la diversité génétique et génomique ?“ Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON13504/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAbstract :Studying opportunistic pathogenic bacteria with an environmental origin and a wide variety of lifestyles, either free-living or host-adapted, is useful to improve the understanding of bacterial adaptation to hosts and the emergence of novel pathogens. The genus Aeromonas groups water-living bacteria, mainly in freshwater. They are able to support several types of relations with their hosts (parasitism/ symbiosis) and are harbored by a large spectrum of hosts. In human, they are involved in a wide range of infections (gastroenteritis, bacteraemia, wound and soft tissue infection, etc.) but difficulties in identifying strains and a confused taxonomy results in incomplete knowledge of the real strain pathogenicity of each described species.The aim of this work was to study the mechanisms of genomic and genetic evolution related to the outstanding ability of Aeromonas adaptation to host, including human. We led a comparative analysis of the genetic and genomic diversity on a large strain collection (195 strains) representative of the species of the genus and from various sources (human, animal, environmental). We studied the genetic diversity using a 7 housekeeping gene multilocus strain analysis (dnaK, gltA, gyrB, radA, rpoB, tsf, zipA). We also described the variability in the i) rrs multiple gene copies using a PRC-TTGE method and ii) the number and distribution of the rrn operons within the chromosome using a pulse field gel electrophoresis. Our results also showed the taxonomic value of the study of genetic and genomic diversity using the approaches proposed in the genus Aeromonas.These various approaches enabled us to highlight: i) a high genetic diversity in the housekeeping genes together with horizontal gene transfers events, ii) some clusters that were either host-adapted or adapted to particular anatomical locations, iii) a high number of rrn operons (from 8 to 11), iv) the presence of patterns of rrn operon that were either species-specific or specific to groups of closely related species, v) a high frequency (41,5%) of strains harboring sequence heterogeneities between rrs copies. We showed that: i) 16 rRNA is a valuable marker for studying the modes of evolution of aeromonads and the taxonomy within the genus Aeromonas provided that multiple copy diversity is taken into account, ii) A. caviae displays particular genetic characteristic that suggested an ongoing process of adaptation to a niche that we supposed to be human digestive tract. Our results also support an evolution mode in complex of species with some speciation process that could at least in part explain difficulties for determining a clarified taxonomy within the genus Aeromonas
Yengo, Loïc. „Contribution à la classification de variables dans les modèles de régression en grande dimension“. Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10028/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWe proposed in this thesis an original contribution to the field of variable clustering in linear regression through a model-based approach. This contribution was made via a hierarchical modeling of the regression coefficients as random variables drawn from a mixture of Gaussian distributions with equal variances. Parameter estimation in the proposed model was shown to be challenging since the classical EM algorithm could not apply. We then developped a more efficient algorithm for parameter estimation, through the use of the SEM-Gibbs algorithm. Along with this computational improvement, we also enhanced our model to allow variable selection. Given the good predictive performances of the CLERE method compared to standard techniques for dimension reduction, we considred an extension of the latter to binary response data. This extension was studied in the context of Probit regression. We generalized our model by relaxing the assumption of equal variance for the components in the mixture of Gaussians. The performances of this generalization were compared to those of the initial model under different scenarios on simulated data. This research led to the development of the R package clere which implements most of the algorithms described in this thesis
Abuelqumsan, Mustafa. „Assessment of supervised classification methods for the analysis of RNA-seq data“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0582/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSince a decade, “Next Generation Sequencing” (NGS) technologies enabled to characterize genomic sequences at an unprecedented pace. Many studies focused of human genetic diversity and on transcriptome (the part of genome transcribed into ribonucleic acid). Indeed, different tissues of our body express different genes at different moments, enabling cell differentiation and functional response to environmental changes. Since many diseases affect gene expression, transcriptome profiles can be used for medical purposes (diagnostic and prognostic). A wide variety of advanced statistical and machine learning methods have been proposed to address the general problem of classifying individuals according to multiple variables (e.g. transcription level of thousands of genes in hundreds of samples). During my thesis, I led a comparative assessment of machine learning methods and their parameters, to optimize the accuracy of sample classification based on RNA-seq transcriptome profiles
Caputo, Aurélia. „Analyse du génome et du pan-génome pour classifier les bactéries émergentes“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0606/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSince the introduction of DNA sequencing by Sanger and Coulson in 1977, considerable progress has been made. A growing number of data is being generated in several areas and requires more and more advances in computing. Bio-informatics is essential today in many fields such as data management and analysis, genomics with assembly and genome annotation, comparative genomics, phylogeny, metagenomics, research new bacterial species and taxonomic classification. My first work based on assembling and analyzing bacterial genome from metagenomic data. The genome of Akkermansia muciniphila could be assembled by mapping directly from data from human stool sample. In 2012,culturomics allowed to describe the largest genome of a bacterium isolated in human; Microvirga massiliensis (9.3 Mb). My second work allowed to assemble this genome. Subsequently, we tried to understand why this bacterium has such a large genome. Indeed, it is observed that it possesses a plasmid, a large number of ORFans and 16S rRNAs as well as large genes which one is more than 14kb. It also includes a large number of transposasons. Finally, the third and last part of the work concerns pan-genome analyzes for bacterial taxonomy. Taxonomy is a set of many changes based on available data, methods used and evolution of bacterial identification techniques. We have examined the notion of species using the genome at the genus Klebsiella. Indeed, a too large difference leading to a break in the core/pan-genome ratio undoubtedly reveals the appearance of a new species. This discovery leads us to use the pan-genome as an innovative tool for bacterial taxonomy
Diop, Awa. „Analyse des séquences des génomes bactériens en tant que source d'information taxonomique“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0276/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleRapid identification and precise microbial classification are crucial in medical microbiology for human and animal health monitoring, appropriate clinical diagnosis and selection of optimal therapeutic and control measures. Indeed, the universal used for the definition of species are not applicable to many bacterial genera. This is particularly true of species of the genus Rickettsia which are strictly intracellular alpha-proteobacteria that express few phenotypic characteristics. Given the availability of genomic sequences of nearly 100 rickettsial genomes, we wanted to evaluate a range of taxonomic parameters based on genomic sequence analysis, to develop guidelines for the classification of Rickettsia isolates at the genus and species levels. By comparing the degree of similarity of the sequences of 78 genomes from Rickettsia species and 61 genomes from 3 closely related genera using several genomic parameters, we have shown that genome-based taxonomic tools are simple to use and fast, and allow for a reliable and reproducible taxonomic classification of isolates within species of the genus Rickettsia, with specific thresholds. The obtained results enabled us to develop guidelines for classifying rickettsial isolates at the genus and species levels. Using taxono-genomics, we have also been able to describe 17 new human-associated bacterial species on the basis of a combination of genomic analysis and phenotypic properties. The use of genomic tools is therefore perfectly adapted to taxonomic classification and can dramatically change our vision of taxonomy and bacterial evolution in the future
Rouli, Laetitia. „Etude systématique des génomes bactériens“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM5038.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe pangenome area began in 2005 and had known a huge increase thanks to the improvement of the Next Generation Sequencing methods. The pangenome, which is divided into two parts, the core and the accessory genome, offer a large panel of uses. During the last three years, we have studied all these possibilities. We based our work on human pathogens as Coxiella burnetii, Kingella kingae and Bacillus anthracis. Thus, in addition to the discovery of a new Kingella species and the study of some specific genomes, we studied in details the link between pangenome and pathogenicity, the importance of SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) and the correlation between pangenome and taxonomy. Finally, we worked on the bacterial species definition
Bailly-Bechet, Marc. „Biais de codons et régulation de la traduction chez les bactéries et leurs phages“. Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00200730.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDans la seconde partie le biais de codons et le contenu en ARN de transfert (ARNt) de bactériophages sont analysés, comparativement à ceux de leurs hôtes. L'étude statistique montre que le contenu en ARNt des phages n'est pas aléatoire, mais biaisé en faveur d'ARNt complémentaires aux codons fréquents dans le génome du phage. Un modèle d'équation maîtresse montre que cette distribution des ARNt au sein des génomes de phages pourrait être le résultat de deux processus : l'acquisition aléatoire par le phage d'ARNt, parmi ceux de l'hôte, et la perte préférentielle des ARNt correspondants à des codons moins utilisés par le phage que par son hôte. Un tel mécanisme permettrait au phage de s'adapter en ne conservant au final que les ARNt présents en quantité insuffisante chez son hôte pendant l'infection. Finalement, on observe plus d'ARNt chez les phages lytiques que chez les tempérés, laissant supposer que les processus de traduction sont soumis à une plus forte pression de sélection chez eux.
Lagier, Jean-Christophe. „Diversité du microbiote digestif humain par culturomics et pyroséquençage“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM5023.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleRelationships between gut microbiota and human health have been already suggested thanks to metagenomics studies. Microbial culturomics is based on the use of a large number of culture conditions with a rapid identification method by MALDI-TOF or by 16SrRNA amplification and sequencing for the unidentified colonies. The seminal study allowed to identify 340 different bacteria including 31 new bacterial species, 174 bacterial species first described from the human gut. The genome sequencing of each new species allowed to describe the largest genome for a human bacteria (Microvirga massiliensis; 9,3 Mb) and to generate approximately 10,000 previously unknown genes (ORFans) facilitating the future metagenomics studies. In parallel, pyrosequencing performed on the 3 same samples revealed a dramatic low overlapping between the 2 methods with only 51 species detected. In addition, culturomics has demonstrated its superiority than pyrosequencing of a stool from a patient treated for a XDR-tuberculosis. Conversely, the pyrosequencing performed on 2 stool samples of patients treated by antibiotics revealed from 45 to 80% of sequences assigned to Verrucomicrobia although the culturomics study of these same samples did not allowed to culture this species.Currently, thanks to the study of 14 different stool samples by culturomics, we have cultured 520 different bacterial species including 57 new bacterial species and 260 species first described from human gut. After this comprehensive description phase, the following studies will attempt to make a link between new bacterial species and clinical status of the patients studied
Vignes, Matthieu. „Modèles markoviens graphiques pour la fusion de données individuelles et d'intéractions : application à la classification de gènes“. Grenoble 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007GRE10208.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe research work presented in this dissertation is on keeping with the statistical integration of post -genomics data of heterogeneous kinds. Gene clustering aims at gathering the genes of a living organism -modeled as a complex system- in meaningful groups according to experimental data to decipher the roi es of the genes acting within biological mechanisms under study. We based our approach on probabilistic graphical models. More specifically, we used Hidden Markov Random Fields (HMRF) that allow us to simultaneously account for gene-individual features thanks to probability distributions and network data that translate our knowledge on existing interactions between these genes through a non-oriented graph. Once the biological issues tackled are set, we describe the model we used as weil as algorithmic strategies to deal with parameter estimation (namely mean field-like approximations). Then we examine two specificities of the data we were faced to: the missing observation problem and the high dimensionality ofthis data. They lead to refinements ofthe model under consideration. Lastly, we present our experiments both on simulated and real Yeast data to assess the gain in using our method. Ln particular, our goal was to stress biologically plausible interpretations of our results
Al, Bayssari Charbel. „Etude des mécanismes moléculaires de la résistance aux antibiotiques dans le bassin méditerranéen“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM5028.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe detection, monitoring and dissemination of bacterial resistance to antibiotics are a major issue worldwide since the discovery and spread of multi-resistant bacteria, in particular resistance to carbapenems, specifically among Enterobacteriaceae and bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter.The emergence and dissemination of carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative pathogens is a significant contributor to patient morbidity and mortality. Despite radical efforts in infection control and improvements in molecular diagnostics, carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacilli remain a formidable threat as few antimicrobial agents are reliably active and very little is expected to be available in the near future.The origin and source of resistance genes in the world are not well known and recent works suggest that domestic and wild animals, the environment (soil, water, rivers ..) but also the digestive tract of mammals and humans could represent a reservoir and an important source of resistance genes that may be transmissible to humans.It is in this context that this thesis project articulates with the following objectives: (i) The achievement of molecular epidemiological studies on carbapenem-resistant clinical and animal isolates collected from countries in the Mediterranean basin (Lebanon, Libya, France) and the characterization of the genetic determinants of this resistance; (ii) the description of new resistance mechanisms to imipenem; and finally (iii) The genome sequencing of clinical isolates resistant to carbapenems, the analysis of these genomes and the identification of mechanisms and genetic supports of the resistance to carbapenems and other antibiotics
Sassi, Mohamed. „La diversité des espèces du groupe Mycobacterium abscessus et leurs mycobactériophages“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM5041/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn a first step, we reviewed the published genomes of 14 M. abscessus strains showing that M. abscessus sensu lato comprises of five different taxons specified by particular characteristics of microbiological and medical interests. In a second step, based on sequencing of eight intergenic spaces, we developed a Multispacer Sequence Typing technique (MST) for M. abscessus group sub-species identification and strain genotyping. MST clearly differentiates formerly “M. massiliense” organisms from other M. abscessus subsp. bolletii organisms. We also analyzed a bacteriophage from M. bolletii that we named Araucaria. We resolved Araucaria 3D structure, its capsid and connector share close similarity with several phages from Gram- or Gram+ bacteria. The helical tail decorated by radial spikes, possibly host adhesion devices. Its host adsorption device, at the tail tip, assembles features observed in phages binding to protein receptors. All together, these results suggest that Araucaria may infect its mycobacterial host using a mechanism involving adhesion to cell wall saccharides and protein, a feature that remains to be further explored. We also analysed 48 M. abscessus sequenced genomes for encoding prophages. Our phylogenetic analyses suggested that M. abscessus species were infected by different mycobacteriophages and have a different evolutionary history than the bacterial hosts and some proteins that are acquired by horizontal gene transfer mostly mycobacteriophages’ proteins and hypothetical proteins. Finally, we sequenced and analyzed two non-tuberculosis mycobacterium causing human infections, Mycobacterium simiaie and Mycobacterium septicum
Bigot, Diane. „Biodiversité et évolution des virus présents dans les métagénomes animaux“. Thesis, Tours, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOUR4019.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleViruses are among the most abundant entities on Earth, but the viral diversity remains mostly unknown as currently biased in favour of animals of social, agronomic and economic interest. Next Generation Sequencing technologies provide access to so far inaccessible information. The aim of my PhD thesis was the study of the viral diversity within a large range of non-model animals. To address this question I set up an innovative analytical framework to discover new viruses based on a meta-transcriptomic approach. This work i) shows that this bioinformatics method is efficient and powerful, ii) allows the discovery of new viruses with particular genomic organisations suggesting they belong to new virus genera of families, iii) uncovered new viruses from new hosts in well-known viral families and iv) shows wider viral host range than previously expected based on a particular focus on hymenopteran viral diversity. Overall, my work allows to fill some gaps in the knowledge of viral diversity and shows the importance of studying non-model animal species in virology
Lalonde, Christian. „Amélioration des services de génomiques et de surveillance du virus du syndrome reproducteur et respiratoire porcin“. Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/24260.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePorcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an important pathogen, costing over 130 million dollars annually in Canada. Surveillance is done by Sanger sequencing of the ORF5 gene, but we hypothesized that whole genome sequencing (WGS) of PRRSV genome will allow a better epidemiological monitoring of PRRSV compared to ORF5 gene sequencing. To develop an efficient method of PRRSV WGS, 149 PRRSV samples (sera, lungs, pool of tissues and others) collected for surveillance or from sick animals were tested. Viral RNA was concentrated using a poly(A) tailed RNA enrichment method, and sequencing was done on an Illumina platform. WGS was successful in 67.11% of cases. WGS was successful in some tissues and lungs samples with RT-qPCR cycle quantification (Cq) values up to 26.50, and in some sera with Cq value up to 34.13. The developed WGS methodology was 4650 times more sensitive for PRRSV WGS than previously described methods. To quantify the impact of WGS, 88 successful samples for the WGS of PRRSV were used to compare efficiency of WGS and ORF5 sequencing. Two different full-length genomes of PRRSV were found in four of those samples (coinfection rate of 4.55%). Six full-length PRRSV genomes (6.52% of PRRSV strains) were found to cluster differently compared to ORF5 sequencing. WGS of PRRSV also enabled a better classification or characterisation of 9.10% of the PRRSV infected samples compared to ORF5 sequencing. Thus, WGS can be both sensitive and more accurate then ORF5 classification for the characterisation of PRRSV strains.
Vignes, Matthieu. „Modèles markoviens graphiques pour la fusion de données individuelles et d'interactions : application à la classification de gènes“. Phd thesis, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00178348.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNous basons notre approche sur des modèles probabilistes graphiques. Plus spécifiquement, nous utilisons l'outil de champs de Markov cachés qui permet la prise en compte simultanée de données propres à chacun des gènes grâce a des distributions de probabilités et de données traduisant un réseau d'interaction au sein de l'organisme à l'aide d'un graphe non-orienté entre les gènes.
Apres avoir présenté la problématique et le contexte biologique, nous décrivons le modèle utilisé ainsi que les stratégies algorithmiques d'estimation des paramètres (i.e. approximations de type champ moyen). Puis nous nous intéresserons à deux particularités des données auxquelles nous avons été confrontés et qui amènent des développements du modèle utilisé, notamment la prise en compte de l'absence de certaines observations et la haute dimensionnalité de celles-ci. Enfin nous présenterons des expériences sur données simulées ainsi que sur données réelles sur la levure qui évaluent le gain apporté par notre travail. Notamment, nous avons voulu mettre l'accent sur des interprétations biologiques plausibles des résultats obtenus.