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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Genocide – Psychological aspects"
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McGarty, Craig. „Twenty Years After Genocide: The Role of Psychology in the Reconciliation and Reconstruction Process in Rwanda“. Journal of Social and Political Psychology 2, Nr. 1 (19.12.2014): 377–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v2i1.449.
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This Special Thematic Section brings together eight papers that showcase different aspects of the contribution of psychology to the processes of recovery in Rwanda following the 1994 genocide. The Section is noteworthy in part because a majority of the papers have Rwandan authors. In summarizing the contributions I make six observations about the remarkable context of the genocide and its aftermath: a) it was distinctive from previous mass violence in its intensity and character; b) it has been characterized by bystander inaction and the problems of positioning outsiders to help; c) hundreds of thousands of accused or convicted perpetrators have lived alongside survivors; d) electronic media played a profound role not only in promoting violence but also in building peace; e) Rwanda has been the site of unprecedented societal interventions with political goals that have the character and content of social psychological experiments; and f) the role of memorialization in repairing or sustaining harm needs further examination. I conclude by noting that the study of recovery is clear proof that the genocide in Rwanda, as is the case with genocides of the past, failed to achieve its aims.
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Gasana, Oscar. „A typology of theoretical approaches to the study of Rwandan Tutsi genocide“. Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research 8, Nr. 4 (10.10.2016): 258–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jacpr-12-2015-0204.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a typological framework of approaches to the study of the Rwandan Tutsi genocide, in a comparative perspective. Based on the assertion that no single theoretical approach can account for so complex and totalizing a phenomenon, the paper targets different aspects of causality, drawing from three key publications by contemporary genocide scholars: Vern N. Redekop, Christopher Taylor and Mahmood Mamdani. It argues for their significant complementary contribution to a better understanding of the last genocide of the twentieth century. By offering different analytical angles, as demonstrated from each perspective, the paper enriches the conceptualisation of genocides in general, and the Rwandan Tutsi genocide in particular. Design/methodology/approach This paper focuses on the Rwandan Tutsi genocide. Drawing from three key contemporary authors, it identifies and analyses three theoretical approaches in a comparative perspective, namely, the human identity needs approach (Redekop, 2002), the politico-anthropological approach (Taylor, 2000) and the colonialist approach (Mamdani, 2002) which, if unified, would go a long way in providing a clearer picture and a better understanding of Rwandan Tutsi genocide. Of course this does not mean that the three approaches account for every aspect of the phenomenon under study. It is a work in progress, reflecting the complex nature of genocide and the concomitant need to approach its analysis from different angles and perspectives. The selected authors address different key areas of scientific enquiry from different perspectives that complement each other, leading to a better understanding of the reality under investigation. Findings The authors learn from these approaches the constructed nature of ethnicity, what Benedict Anderson (1983, p. 211) calls the “imagined communities”. The Rwandese community was imagined by the colonial power, codifying the distinctions on the basis of such ridiculous criteria as cattle ownership and physical measurements, and issuing identity cards accordingly. In the final analysis, the choice of the most appropriate approaches to the study of genocide is a function of multiple factors: cultural, historical, political, anthropological, psychological, ethnographical, each genocide case being contextually different. The combination of the three approaches above seems to go a long way in confronting the complexity of the Rwandan Tutsi genocide. Research limitations/implications As the authors have already mentioned, the theoretical approaches are not exhaustive. Yet, they have significant implications in terms of research processes. Practical implications Practically, these approaches lead to a deeper and broader understanding of genocide causality. Social implications By tackling research issues from multiple angles, the product captures more elements that enable the shift from the structures of violence towards the structures of blessing. Originality/value It is the first time that such a research tool is made available to researchers wishing to deepen the understanding of the Rwandan Tutsi genocide.
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Hussein, Jeylan Wolyie. „Discursive and Processual Socialization of the Mass into Acts of Violence: the Case of Rwandan Genocide“. Ethnic Studies Review 36, Nr. 1 (01.01.2013): 77–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/esr.2013.36.1.77.
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This article analyses discursive and processual socialization of the masses into acts of violence during the Rwandan genocide of 1 994. The discursive aspects of the socialization include discourses of dehumanization, ethnic extremism and the dynamics of public socialization into violence and other acts of savagery. The processual dimension of the socialization refers to the violentization process. The article tries to show that the discursive and the processual aspects of socialization reinforced each other. It analyses the ideological and linguistic mechanisms mobilized in Rwanda to foment hatred and whip the masses into atrocities. The article, in addition, tries to explain the genocide through diverse social psychological theories and illustrate the interaction between the leaders' political agitation of the masses towards extermination and the perpetrators' action on the ground. The article argues that no single theory can fully explain the incomprehensible genocide since it was the result of a complex intermarriage between social, ideological and moral forces. It also examines the role of cultural and linguistic resources in the violentization process. On the basis of the analysis, the article recommends what should be done to prevent similar atrocities in Africa.
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Buch, Lipi, Alondra Alvarado, Thet Oo, Isabela Salman, Clarissa Hauber, Peyton Dutka und Danik Martirosyan. „The Impact of Food Deprivation and Starvation on Mental Health: Blockade on Artsakh (Nagorno - Karabakh)“. Functional Food Science 3, Nr. 8 (31.08.2023): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.31989/ffs.v3i8.1204.
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Starvation is the deliberate deprivation of food that occurs when perpetrators impede the victims from accessing the necessities to sustain life. Throughout history, starvation had been utilized as a form of genocide by many past regimes. It is used as a method to enforce a surrender from the victim or as a military strategy during warfare. Genocide, one of the most devasting crimes against humanity, as defined by Rafael Lempkin and categorized by the United Nations Genocide Convention, is the deliberate attempt to annihilate a certain ethnic, religious, or social group of people. The purpose of this article is to examine the immediate and lasting effects of the cognitive, psychological, and mental aspects of starvation. In this current blockade of Artsakh, a dispute arises in the Artsakh region, also known as the Nagorno-Karabakh region, between Azerbaijan and the Republic (unrecognized) of Artsakh. Since December 12, 2022, ecologists from Azerbaijan have blocked the Berdzor (Lachin) Corridor, the only route that linked Artsakh to the world, thus preventing the transportation of fuel, medicine, and food. Russian peacekeepers have been stationed at the Corridor in Artsakh; however, the Azerbaijan government has consolidated its blockade and has disregarded the appeals made by the Russian peacekeepers. In this article, the effects of starvation on the cognitive, psychological, and mental functioning of the human body are presented as they related to historical genocide. The impacts of starvation and malnutrition can be highly detrimental, leading to long-lasting impacts, and can disrupt the balance of essential nutrients and neurotransmitters in the brain, such as serotonin and dopamine. Malnourishment also impairs cognitive function, leading to symptoms like fatigue, weakness, irritation, poor memory, and attention deficit. Fluctuating blood sugar levels and imbalanced hormones caused by starvation impact emotional regulation and increase the risk of developing mood disorders. The blockade of Artsakh could potentially cause both severe short term and long-term damage to the mental health of the victims. Since the blockade occurred more than 250 days ago, detrimental damages have already occurred. This article strongly calls upon the international community to take immediate action against this blockade and help prevent future genocide. Keywords: Starvation, Genocide, Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh), blockade, Lachin corridor, bioactive compound, functional foods
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Chalmers, Beverley. „The Medical Manipulation of Reproduction to Implement the Nazi Genocide of Jews“. Conatus 4, Nr. 2 (31.12.2019): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/cjp.20993.
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Holocaust literature gives exhaustive attention to direct means of exterminating Jews, by using gas chambers, torture, starvation, disease, and intolerable conditions in ghettos and camps, and by the Einsatzgruppen. In some circles, the term “Holocaust” has become the ultimate description of horror or horrific events. The Nazi medical experiments and practices are an example of these. Nazi medical science played a central and crucial role in creating and implementing practices designed to achieve a “Master Race.” Doctors interfered with the most intimate and previously sacrosanct aspects of life in these medical experiments – reproductive function and behavior – in addition to implementing eugenic sterilizations, euthanasia, and extermination programs. Manipulating reproductive life – as a less direct method of achieving the genocide of Jews – has been less acknowledged. The Nazis prevented those regarded as not meeting idealized Nazi racial standards – and particularly Jewish women – from having sex or bearing children through legal, social, psychological and biological means, as well as by murder. In contrast, they promoted reproductive life to achieve the antithesis of genocide – the mass promotion of life – among those deemed sufficiently “Aryan.” Implementing measures to prevent birth is a core feature of the UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide. As with many other aspects of the Holocaust, science and scientists were inveigled into providing legitimacy for Nazi actions. The medical profession was no exception and was integrally involved in the manipulation of birth to implement the Holocaust.
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Antony, Chaithanya. „Imagination and Faith as Survival Tactics: A Psychoanalytical Study of All But My Life by Gerda Weissmann Klein“. Journal of English Language and Literature 6, Nr. 2 (31.10.2016): 470–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17722/jell.v6i2.303.
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Gerda Weissmann Klein, the survivor of the Nazi’s genocide, in her autobiography All But My Life narrated how imagination and faith acted as coping mechanisms for survival and how this empowered her mind and body and helped her to live as an immortal spiritual being. She never thought of giving up her hopes and walked ahead through hardships with determination. Thus she survived the torments in Nazi concentration camp, unlike her fellow companions. This paper also focussed attention on major psychological responses shown by individuals when adjusting to loss, ten commonalities of suicide, ‘Coping Skills’ and ‘Applied Relaxation’ techniques, soothing power of music and day dreaming over emotional thoughts. This paper also included the main theoretical aspects suggested by Sigmund Freud, Timothy Williamson, Roy Eugene Davis, Jacques Lacan, Wilfred Bion, Immanuel Kant, Donald Robertson, James Bernard, Arthur Schopenhaur, Erin Buckels, Delroy Paulhus and Daniel Jones, and mentioned briefly the life stories of Napolean Bonaparte, Ethel Muvany and viktor Frankle, similar to that of Gerda’s real life story.
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Otake, Yuko. „Community Resilience and Long-Term Impacts of Mental Health and Psychosocial Support in Northern Rwanda“. Medical Sciences 6, Nr. 4 (24.10.2018): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medsci6040094.
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Recently, discussions have considered how mental health and psychosocial support (MHPSS) can build upon local resilience in war-affected settings. To contribute to the knowledge in this field, the paper explored the gap between MHPSS and local communities in terms of perceived mental health problems and healing processes, and how the gap could be filled. Qualitative research was conducted in northern Rwanda with 43 participants between 2015 and 2016. Findings revealed how three particular gaps can isolate MHPSS recipients in their local community. First, whereas MHPSS applies bio-psychological frameworks to post-genocide mental health, community conceptualisations emphasise social aspects of suffering. Second, unlike MHPSS which encourages ‘talking’ about trauma, ‘practicing’ mutual support plays a major role in the community healing process. Third, MHPSS focuses on one part of the community (those who share the same background) and facilitates their healing in intervention groups. However, healing in natural communities continues in everyday life, through mutual support among different people. Despite these gaps, MHPSS recipients can be (re)integrated into the community through sharing suffering narratives and sharing life with other community members. The paper highlights the ways in which MHPSS could inclusively support different social groups in the overall geographical community, allowing members to preserve the existing reciprocity and recover collective life through their own initiatives.
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Ismail Mousa, Sayed M., und Ghassan Nawaf Jaber Alhomoud. „Exploring the Literary Representation of Trauma in Contemporary Iraqi Fiction from Socio-historical Perspective“. World Journal of English Language 12, Nr. 1 (28.01.2022): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/wjel.v12n1p162.
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The present study aims to critically review the aspects of war in selected Iraqi war novels— Sinan Antoon, The Baghdad Eucharist (2017), Corpse Washer (2013) Zauhair Jabouri, The Corpse Hunter (2014)—that focus on depicting vividly the traumatic experiences of Iraqi, particularly after the US-led invasion of Iraq 2003 and how these novels could recur constantly to humanist themes and traumatized figures, the psychological suffering of minorities and the oppressed. In other words, it aims to make visible specific historical instances of trauma in Iraqi war fiction. The present study undertakes an in-depth investigation of the socio-political and historical dimensions of Cathy Caruth’s literary trauma simply because trauma experiences in Iraq were emanated from several causes such as social injustice, the oppression of minorities, political despotism, and the persecution of religious minorities, the displacement of Iraqis from the homeland, and the genocidal policies of jihadist. The study has found that Iraqi war fiction depends on the stylistic technique of repeating certain expressions, phrases, and lexical items to intensify the extraordinary events. It is a narrative of traumatic haunting known for its non-linear and circular style that often leads to ambiguity where readers are often unable to decode the authorial intentions, deriving its ambiguity from the traits of dreams and nightmares, the interpretations of which are continually and unredeemably haunted by the memory of loss.
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Lyzanchuk, Vasyl, und Oksana Bilous. „Media as a catalyst of Ukrainian national identity“. Integrated communications 15, Nr. 1 (2023): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2524-2644.2023.153.
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The article examines the media aspect of historical and contemporary issues related to the formation, development, and establishment of Ukrainian national identity, as well as its role in Ukraine’s information-psychological security system. It emphasizes that the current 28th genocidal and terrorist war by the Russian Federation against Ukraine, like the previous Russian-Ukrainian wars, is a war of identities and civilizations for Ukrainian national and universal moral-spiritual values. The works of identity researchers S. Vovkanych, O. Hnatiuk, M. Hybernia, S. Yekelchyk, V. Kulik, V. Ferenc, and other authors have been reviewed, emphasizing that national identity has a fluid and dynamic nature. The defining criteria of national identity are continuity over time and differentiation from others. National identity has five dimensions: “psychological, cultural, territorial, historical, and political.” (Montserrat Gibernau). Based on the analysis of identity research and media materials, it is affirmed that Ukrainian national identity (both individual and collective) is rooted in the shared psychological, cultural, linguistic, historical, geographical, social, political, and customary aspects of life. The nourishing source of Ukrainian identity is the authentic linguistic and historical experience. The manipulative political-ideological propaganda of Russia, claiming that Ukrainians and Russians are one nation with a single language, culture, faith, and history, has been exposed. It is argued that the distant ancestors of present-day Ukrainians and Russians evolved as ethnic communities under completely different geographic and natural conditions, leading to different ways of life. The Ruthenians=Rusyns=Ukrainians and Mokshans=Muscovites=Russians lived in different worlds, characterized by distinct languages, customs, and the formation of diverse identities. The ideology of the «Russian world», which includes «the promotion of a pan-Russian identity in Ukraine» (M. Zhulynsky), has been debunked. It is emphasized that not only journalists but also politicians, officials, and deputies should have a deep knowledge of the true history, communicate in the Ukrainian language within Ukraine, and spiritually enrich their intellect in order to strengthen their ancestral national identity. In view of the fact that some Ukrainians are under the influence of Russian imperial identity, the need to change the concept of media activity, which should be based on Ukraine-centric principles, is justified. The principle of nation-centricity unifies other principles of media activity and should serve as the foundation for a model of media influence for the further development, deepening, and affirmation of Ukrainian national identity.
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Gasparyan, S. „ISRAEL’S STANDPOINT CONCERNING THE QUESTION OF THE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE“. Studia Philologica, 2018, 112–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2311-2425.2018.11.18.
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The recognition of the Armenian Genocide is one of the key and intricate problems on the Armenian national agenda, often spoken and written about. A variety of political, historiographical, psychological and social analyses has been conducted, a profound mass of venerable literature has been created, thereby introducing the issue to the international community and drawing the consideration of both Armenian and foreign scholars. With such an abundance of materials on the Armenian Genocide, nevertheless, some aspects of the issue need a thorough examination. Today special attention should be paid to the study of linguistic facts which are key elements of the textual mechanisms of adequate interpretation or perversion and distortion of the historical events. The textological analysis of diverse interpretations is quite a new and important statement in the research of the issue under consideration and is aimed at studying the linguistic expressions of various attitudes towards the issue of the Armenian Genocide. The present article aims at studying Israel’s attitude to the question of the Armenian Genocide from the abovementioned standpoint which also implies a reference to the historical outlook of the problem as to a corresponding element of the vertical context of the given variety of speech.
Dissertationen zum Thema "Genocide – Psychological aspects"
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Savage, Rowan. „Genocidal dehumanisation as a discursive strategy in the modern era“. Phd thesis, Faculty of Arts, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/16851.
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Burešová, Jana. „Příčiny genocidy ve Rwandě: Psychologické aspekty“. Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-191982.
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Ethnic discrimination has deep roots in Rwanda. For many dozens of years, Tutsis have been marked down as those whose task it is to rule the country and Hutus have been treated as those who have to submit to it. As time moved on, Hutu hatred had been growing steadily and resulted in coup d'état in 1959 and consequent persecutions of Tutsis. However, hidden grudge lingered on. The pretext for its revival was the RPF incursion into the country at the beginning of nineties. The invasion also became one of the major preconditions of the fastest genocide in history. This thesis aims to pinpoint actors with direct and also indirect influence, to specify their motives, to assess implications of their decisions and on the grounds of this all to divide them into groups of perpetrators, bystanders and rescuers. The identification of psychological aspects of Hutu perpetrators was made with intent to analyse the process of Us-Them thinking with its typical features and consequences and the process of dehumanization with particular emphasis on its linguistic forms. In connection with that, this thesis points out crucial importance of Rwandan media of hate which determined anti-Tutsi propaganda to a considerable extent.
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Mukamana, Donatilla. „Management of the long term psychological effects of rape among women survivors of the 1994 genocide in Rwanda : a grounded theory approach“. Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/11092.
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In the 1994 Rwandan genocide, rape was widely used as a strategic weapon against Tutsi
women. This study explored the long term psychological effects of rape experienced by these
women in order to develop a middle range theory to guide the management of the lasting
psychological effects of rape in the context of genocide.
A Grounded Theory approach using Strauss and Corbin’s paradigm (Strauss and Corbin,
1990) was used. Data collection entailed in-depth interviews of twenty nine participants,
twelve of whom were rape survivors, ten were women who had not been raped, and seven
were men from their community. Open coding, axial coding and selective coding were used
to analyse the data.
The results have shown that women were negatively affected, physically, psychologically and
socially, by the rape. Genocide Rape Trauma emerged as a concept that defines these
outcomes. It includes unbearable memories, overwhelming feelings, sense of helplessness,
somatic distress, negative self-image, altered intimate relationships and social isolation. The
extreme brutality, the humiliation that accompanied the experience of rape and multiple
losses were reported as risk factors for the lasting psychological effects of rape. These
negative outcomes were maintained by poverty, poor physical health, the burden of raising
the children born of rape, hostility and stigma from their community, and lack of appropriate
support and effective health care services. Facilitating the management of Genocide Rape
Trauma emerged as the core category of the middle range developed theory. Recovery from
Genocide Rape Trauma required formal and informal support, including psychological and
medical care, sensitivity in dealing with genocide rape survivors, and advocacy. Economic
empowerment was a key element, while educating the community contributed to the social
integration of rape survivors and their children born of rape into their community. Women
had developed coping mechanisms of their own to attain psychological relief, and had
organized themselves into support groups. This study contributed to clinical practice by
providing a holistic approach to taking care of rape survivors. The inclusion of such theory in
the curriculum of health care professionals should contribute to the understanding of the
lasting impact of rape and how to handle it in an efficient manner.
Key words: Rwanda, Genocide, women survivors, Genocide Rape Trauma, Management of
the long term psychological effects of rape and Grounded theory.Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2013.
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Lurie, Liane Natalie. „The politics of memory: the role of the children of Holocaust survivors“. Diss., 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/1695.
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The Holocaust represented humanities first confrontation with unparalleled destruction and evil unchecked. It continues to impact upon the lives of survivors, their children- the second generation- and generations thereafter. The study aimed to provide the second generation with a voice. Their roles within their respective family systems and the impact of the Holocaust upon them are explored.
The theoretical framework is social constructionism. One-on-one in-depth interviews were conducted with three adults whose parent/s are survivors. The manner of analysis was `Hermeneutic.'
The participants' narratives took the form of interview transcripts. These were analysed and themed by the researcher. Themes that repeated themselves were elaborated upon and later linked with the available literature.
The researcher hopes that the dissertation will contribute to existing research on the multigenerational effects of trauma in relation to familial and individual roles and memory.Psychology
M. A. (Clinical Psychology)
Bücher zum Thema "Genocide – Psychological aspects"
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Monroe, Kristen R. The psychology of genocide. Berkeley, CA: University of California at Berkeley, Center for German and European Studies, 1994.
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Mass hate: The global rise of genocide and terror. [Boulder, Colo.]: Westview Press, 2002.
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Mass hate: The global rise of genocide and terror. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2001.
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Kressel, Neil Jeffrey. Mass hate: The global rise of genocide and terror. New York: Plenum Press, 1996.
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Dutton, Donald G. The psychology of genocide, massacres, and extreme violence: How "normal" people come to commit atrocities. Westport, Conn: Praeger Security International, 2007.
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Tsʻeghaspanutʻyan hogetsʻntsʻumn u azgayin inkʻnutʻyuně: Hogebanakan verlutsutʻyun. Erewan: DALL hratarakchʻutʻyun, 2006.
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The fight against genocide denial. [Gasabo, Rwanda]: Institute of Research and Dialogue for Peace, 2008.
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Kulturowe wymiary ludobójstwa. Łódź: Wydawnictwo Officyna, 2012.
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Preez, Wilhelmus Petrus Du. Genocide: The psychology of mass murder. London: Boyars/Bowerdean, 1994.
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Modernity and the Holocaust. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1989.
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Staub, Ervin. „Individual and Group Identities in Genocide and Mass Killing“. In Social Identity, Intergroup Conflict, and Conflict Reduction, 159–84. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195137422.003.0007.
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Abstract Mass killing and genocide, in which a group turns against another with systematic and widespread violence, has been a tragic aspect of life in the 20th century. How does such violence, especially its most extreme form, genocide, come about? What is the motivation for such violence and how does it evolve? What are the social conditions, characteristics of cultures, and psychological processes of individuals that make it more likely? Most important for the present volume, what role do individual and group identities play in genocide and mass killing?