Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Generational sagas“

This article deals with the process of “reinterpretation of the past” in the modern German literature, social and political discourse. The research demonstrates, that the German people actively work with their own past and form new national attitudes and values. The generation, who replaced the eyewitnesses and participants of the terrible crimes of the last century (the World War ІІ, the Holocaust, National Socialism), does not distance themselves from these events, but, on the contrary, accept the whole truth. The results of the research show that after the fall of the Berlin Wall in the 90s of the 20th century, a lot of novels were published, which directly and without illusions demonstrate this most terrible page in the history of Germany. In such novels, on the example of their own family stories, the authors raise important questions about the collective guilt and responsibility of the German people for crimes against human life. The authors describe the lives of three generations of one family and demonstrate how the worldview and thoughts of people are changing over time and how this affects the process of overcoming a historical traumatic experience for German nation. This was especially shown in the works “Pawel’s letter” written by M. Maron and “Heavenly bodies” by T. Dückers, “In my brother’s shadow” by U. Timm. The similar situation we observe in the Ukrainian literature during the last twenty years. A number of authors raise important historical topics, including reinterpretation of the history and the past in their family sagas. A special attention is paid to S. Andruhovych’s novel “Amadoka”. The results of the research accentuate its key features, which emphasize the relevance of such literature. In this article the culture-historical and comparative methods are used, a lot of attention is paid to the biographical analyze.

A glance at Ada Salas’ poetry (Cáceres, 1965). Her literary personality revitalizes an aesthetics conceived as research and knowledge that veils the autobiographical narrative and justifies the essential thrust of language and its transcendent dimension. The journey assumes from the beginning of a personal approach, a unique proposition without generational debts and it has a unitary and continuous structure that reflects on the identity and light observation of the environment.

Abstract In this research we devised and implemented a semi-automatic approach for building a SageBook–a cross-generational social network of the Jewish sages from the Rabbinic literature. The proposed methodology is based on a shallow argumentation analysis leading to detection of lexical–syntactic patterns which represent different relationships between the sages in the text. The method was successfully applied and evaluated on the corpus of the Mishna, the first written work of the Rabbinic Literature which provides the foundation to the Jewish law development. The constructed prosopographical database and the network generated from its data enable a large-scale quantitative analysis of the sages and their related data, and therefore might contribute to the research of the Talmudic literature and evolution of the Jewish thought throughout the two last millennia.

In the article the functionalities and possibilities of using the SELF tool platform (Soneta Elevation LifeCycle Framework) are presented. The four defined layers of the platform are discussed, the process of implementing the solution and the integration of individual layers is presented. The market of ERP systems in Poland and alternative solutions available on the market are also discussed. The presented SELF platform, created in the SaaS (Software as a Service) model, is one of the key technological tools introduced in Soneta to implement an effective method of work organization within the firm and with its network of authorized partners.

The article aims to study the poetic means of reproducing models of intergenerational dialogue in the parameters of “conflict/solidarity”. The material of the study is the novel “Bonjour tristesse” (“Hello Sadness”) by Françoise Sagan, which demonstrates models of intergenerational relations within and around one family. The objective of the research is to study the existential model of “friend or foe” in intergenerational relations, the peculiarities of generational identification and self-identification, to clarify the mythopoetic interpretation of the archetype of Mother, Eros and Thanatos, and the gender focus of intergenerational relations. The study uses the methodology of literary gerontology, existential interpretation of a literary text, mythocriticism, psychoanalysis, sociological and psychoanalytic works related to age anthropology. Historical, cultural, comparative historical and typological methods are used to study the embodiment of age-related aspects, as well as to establish thematic, figurative, and compositional features of the functioning of intergenerational dialogue in a literary text. The result of the study shows that the intergenerational dialogue in the novel takes place within the framework of the models of “solidarity” and “conflict”. The figurative and motivational complex “solidarity” is characteristic of Cécile and Raymond’s relationship with elements of the idealisation of the father. The model of “solidarity” with elements of manipulation prevails in the relationships of Cécile-Elsa and Cécile-Cyril. During the story, these relationships do not have a deep emotional connection. The “conflict” model is expressed in the Cécile-Anne interaction. Anne makes the mistake of taking her role as a mother to Cécile to heart. Thus, she breaks the established ties in the family, trying to impose “foe” roles on the father and daughter, and on the other hand, she attempts to try on the sacred image of a mother, which leads to Anne’s death. The novel presents an artistic interpretation of the Mother archetype in several projections. First of all, in the variation “patronage as a maternal function”, the Mother archetype is characteristic of Anne. However, if Anne’s patronage as a “foe” is acceptable to Cécile, she does not plan to see her as her father’s wife, or her mother (stepmother). The Cécile-Anne conflict can also be seen in the mythological tradition of the stepmother-stepdaughter. Another variation of the Mother archetype, the “sacrificing mother”, is characteristic of Cyril’s mother, but Cécile negatively perceives the type of “woman in the family kinkeeper role”. The mythopoetics of the conflictual parallel of Eros and Thanatos in the novel is closely related to the motif of the intergenerational relationship between Raymond and Elsa. Here, the connection between an older man and a young lover is a necessary confirmation of a man’s physical and emotional state. The line of mutual love between 40-year-old Anne and Raymond provides an example of harmonious ageing. However, the destructive conflict between Cécile and Anne becomes a modulated energy aimed at eliminating the threat (Anne). In this way, the author’s intention reveals the ontological problem of playing with death, the unconscious realisation of the primordial instinct of destructiveness. The motif of Thanatos is immanently present in the novel because of the death of Cécile’s mother. The relationship between Raymond and Anne causes Cécile’s rejection and ends in Anne’s suicide. Anne’s attempt to take her mother’s sacred place ends in death.

Oral literature is a powerful tool for human socialization. It works to perpetuate social relations between men and women, parents and children, and old and young among other dichotomies. It is used to preserve and perpetuate culture hence maintain the status quo despite social costs. When reinforced by associated beliefs, it propagates such practices as Female Genital Mutilation (FGM), spousal battering and forced marriages among others. That the foregoing practices are rampant among many Kenya communitiescannot be gainsaid. While mainstream literature lays blame on drugs, character, economic and other drivers of gender-based violence, this paper provides an alternative to this conventional belief. Through the use of key informant interviews among five (5)community sages and documentary review, this article analysesselected songs, proverbs, oral narratives and sayings used by Eastern Bantu ethnic groups of Kenya and argue that their inter-generational transfer and associated beliefs institutionalize the potential for gender-based violence. From the foregoing, it is important to institute affirmative action measures that respond directly to the needs of the society and in particular to avail self-actualizing opportunities to women in equal measure with men. Key Words: Gender, gender-based violence, oral literature, socialization, violence

Статья посвящена актуальной на сегодняшний день проблеме - описанию языковой ситуации в сагайском диалекте хакасского языка - на примере хакасских сел Бейского района Республики Хакасия, которые посетили научные сотрудники ХакНИИЯЛИ в 2021 г. в рамках комплексной экспедиции института. Основными задачами экспедиции были: сбор данных о носителях сагайского диалекта хакасского языка; выявление и описание языковой ситуации в районах компактного проживания сагайцев; запись образцов звучащей речи носителей сагайского диалекта на электронные носители; комплексный сбор материалов для научного описания современного состояния и особенностей сагайского диалекта и создания электронного корпуса текстов на данном диалекте. Автор представил краткие сведения о характерных лексических особенностях сагайского диалекта хакасского языка. Приведены статистические данные о степени употребления сагайского диалекта в общении между его носителями, также отношение самих сагайцев к перспективам сохранения диалекта. Сделана попытка анализа причин сужения языковой среды в местах проживания носителей сагайского диалекта. Также приведены примеры разговорной речи некоторых информантов, записанной на диктофон. В качестве исследовательской задачи была рассмотрена роль языковой среды в деле приобщения подрастающего поколения к изучению родного языка и культурного наследия хакасов. Определены основные моменты утраты младшим поколением хакасов их родной диалектной речи. The article is devoted to an urgent problem - the description of the language situation in the Sagaic dialect of the Khakass language - on the example of Khakass villages of the Beya District of the Republic of Khakassia, which were visited by research fellows of KhRILLH in 2021 as part of a comprehensive expedition of the Institute. The main tasks of the expedition were: collecting data on native speakers of the Sagaic dialect of the Khakass language; identifying and describing the language situation in the areas of Sagai compact residency; recording samples of sounding speech of native speakers of the Sagaic dialect on electronic media; a comprehensive collection of materials for the scientific description of the current state and features of the Sagaic dialect and the creation of an electronic corpus of texts in this dialect. The author presented brief information about the characteristic lexical features of the Sagaic dialect of the Khakass language. The article provides statistical data on the degree of use of the Sagaic dialect in communication between its speakers, as well as the attitude of the Sagaians themselves to the prospects of preserving the dialect. An attempt is made to analyze the causes of the narrowing of the language environment in the places where speakers of the Sagaic dialect live. Examples of some informants' colloquial speech, recorded on a dictaphone, are also given. As a research task, the role of the language environment in attracting the younger generation to the study of the Khakass' native language and cultural heritage was considered. The main points of the younger Khakass generation's loss of their native dialect speech are determined.

“What is the point of stories in such a moment”, asks author and critic James Bradley, writing about climate extinction: Bradley emphasises that “climatologist James Hansen once said being a climate scientist was like screaming at people from behind a soundproof glass wall; being a writer concerned with these questions often feels frighteningly similar” (“Writing”). If the impact of climate change asks humans to think differently, to imagine differently, then surely writing—and reading—must change too? According to writer and geographer Samuel Miller-McDonald, “if you’re a writer, then you have to write about this”. But how are we to do that? Where might it be done already? Perhaps not in traditional (or even post-) Modernist modes. In the era of the Anthropocene I find myself turning to non-traditional, un-real models to write the slow violence and read the deep time that is where we can see our current climate catastrophe.At a “Writing in the Age of Extinction” workshop earlier this year Bradley and Jane Rawson advocated changing the language of “climate change”—rejecting such neutral terms—in the same way that I see the stories discussed here pushing against Modernity’s great narrative of progress.My research—as a reader and writer, is in the fantastic realm of speculative fiction; I have written in The Conversation about how this genre seems to be gaining literary popularity. There is no doubt that our current climate crisis has a part to play. As Margaret Atwood writes: “it’s not climate change, it’s everything change” (“Climate”). This “everything” must include literature. Kim Stanley Robinson is not the only one who sees “the models modern literary fiction has are so depleted, what they’re turning to now is our guys in disguise”. I am interested in two recent examples, which both use the strongly genre-associated time-travel trope, to consider how science-fiction concepts might work to re-imagine our “deranged” world (Ghosh), whether applied by genre writers or “our guys in disguise”. Can stories such as The Heavens by Sandra Newman and “Anxiety is the Dizziness of Freedom” by Ted Chiang—which apply time travel, whether as an expression of fatalism or free will—help us conceive the current collapse: understand how it has come to pass, and imagine ways we might move through it?The Popularity of Time TravelIt seems to me that time as a notion and the narrative device, is key to any idea of writing through climate change. “Through” as in via, if the highly contested “cli-fi” category is considered a theme; and “through” as entering into and coming out the other side of this ecological end-game. Might time travel offer readers more than the realist perspective of sweeping multi-generational sagas? Time-travel books pose puzzles; they are well suited to “wicked” problems. Time-travel tales are designed to analyse the world in a way that it is not usually analysed—in accordance with Tim Parks’s criterion for great novels (Walton), and in keeping with Darko Suvin’s conception of science fiction as a literature of “cognitive estrangement”. To read, and write, a character who travels in “spacetime” asks something more of us than the emotional engagement of many Modernist tales of interiority—whether they belong to the new “literary middlebrow’” (Driscoll), or China Miéville’s Booker Prize–winning realist “litfic” (Crown).Sometimes, it is true, they ask too much, and do not answer enough. But what resolution is possible is realistic, in the context of this literally existential threat?There are many recent and recommended time-travel novels: Kate Atkinson’s 2013 Life after Life and Jenny Erpenbeck’s 2014 End of Days have main characters who are continually “reset”, exploring the idea of righting history—the more literary experiment concluding less optimistically. For Erpenbeck “only the inevitable is possible”. In her New York Times review Francine Prose likens Life after Life to writing itself: “Atkinson sharpens our awareness of the apparently limitless choices and decisions that a novelist must make on every page, and of what is gained and lost when the consequences of these choices are, like life, singular and final”. Andrew Sean Greer’s 2013 The Impossible Lives of Greta Wells also centres on the WorldWar(s), a natural-enough site to imagine divergent timelines, though he draws a different parallel. In Elan Mastai’s 2017 debut All Our Wrong Todays the reality that is remembered—though ultimately not missed, is more dystopic than our own time, as is also the way with Joyce Carol Oates’s 2018 The Hazards of Time Travel. Oates’s rather slight contribution to the subgenre still makes a clear point: “America is founded upon amnesia” (Oates, Hazards). So, too, is our current environment. We are living in a time created by a previous generation; the environmental consequence of our own actions will not be felt until after we are gone. What better way to write such a riddle than through the loop of time travel?The Purpose of Thought ExperimentsThis list is not meant to be comprehensive. It is an indication of the increasing literary application of the “elaborate thought experiment” of time travel (Oates, “Science Fiction”). These fictional explorations, their political and philosophical considerations, are currently popular and potentially productive in a context where action is essential, and yet practically impossible. What can I do? What could possibly be the point? As well as characters that travel backwards, or forwards in time, these titles introduce visionaries who tell of other worlds. They re-present “not-exactly places, which are anywhere but nowhere, and which are both mappable locations and states of mind”: Margaret Atwood’s “Ustopias” (Atwood, “Road”). Incorporating both utopian and dystopian aspects, they (re)present our own time, in all its contradictory (un)reality.The once-novel, now-generic “novum” of time travel has become a metaphor—the best possible metaphor, I believe, for the climatic consequence of our in/action—in line with Joanna Russ’s wonderful conception of “The Wearing out of Genre Materials”. The new marvel first introduced by popular writers has been assimilated, adopted or “stolen” by the dominant mode. In this case, literary fiction. Angela Carter is not the only one to hope “the pressure of the new wine makes the old bottles explode”. This must be what Robinson expects: that Ken Gelder’s “big L” literature will be unable to contain the wine of “our guys”—even if it isn’t new. In the act of re-use, the time-travel cliché is remade anew.Two Cases to ConsiderTwo texts today seem to me to realise—in both senses of that word—the possibilities of the currently popular, but actually ancient, time-travel conceit. At the Melbourne Writers Festival last year Ted Chiang identified the oracle in The Odyssey as the first time traveller: they—the blind prophet Tiresias was transformed into a woman for seven years—have seen the future and report back in the form of prophecy. Chiang’s most recent short story, “Anxiety is the Dizziness of Freedom”, and Newman’s novel The Heavens, both of which came out this year, are original variations on this re-newed theme. Rather than a coherent, consistent, central character who travels and returns to their own time, these stories’ protagonists appear diversified in/between alternate worlds. These texts provide readers not with only one possible alternative but—via their creative application of the idea of temporal divergence—myriad alternatives within the same story. These works use the “characteristic gesture” of science fiction (Le Guin, “Le Guin Talks”), to inspire different, subversive, ways of thinking and seeing our own one-world experiment. The existential speculation of time-travel tropes is, today, more relevant than ever: how should we act when our actions may have no—or no positive, only negative—effect?Time and space travel are classic science fiction concerns. Chiang’s lecture unpacked how the philosophy of time travel speaks uniquely to questions of free will. A number of his stories explore this theme, including “The Alchemist’s Gate” (which the lecture was named after), where he makes his thinking clear: “past and future are the same, and we cannot change either, only know them more fully” (Chiang, Exhalation). In “Story of Your Life”, the novella that the film Arrival is based on, Chiang’s main character-narrator embraces a future that could be seen as dystopic while her partner walks away from it—and her, and his daughter—despite the happiness they will offer. Gary cannot accept the inevitable unhappiness that must accompany them. The suggestion is that if he had had Louise’s foreknowledge he might, like the free-willing protagonist in Looper, have taken steps to ensure that that life—that his daughter’s life itself—never eventuated. Whether he would have been successful is suspect: according to Chiang free will cannot foil fate.If the future cannot be changed, what is the role of free will? Louise wonders: “what if the experience of knowing the future changed a person? What if it evoked a sense of urgency, a sense of obligation to act precisely as she knew she would?” In his “story notes” Chiang says inspiration came from variational principles in physics (Chiang, Stories); I see the influence of climate calamity. Knowing the future must change us—how can it not evoke “a sense of urgency, a sense of obligation”? Even if events play out precisely as we know they will. In his talk Chiang differentiated between time-travel films which favour free will, like Looper, and those that conclude fatalistically, such as Twelve Monkeys. “Story of Your Life” explores the idea that these categories are not mutually exclusive: exercising free will might not change fate; fatalism may not preclude acts of free will.Utopic Free Will vs. Dystopic Fate?Newman’s latest novel is more obviously dystopic: the world in The Heavens is worse each time Kate wakes from her dreams of the past. In the end it has become positively post-apocalyptic. The overwhelming sadness of this book is one of its most unusual aspects, going far beyond that of The Time Traveler’s Wife—2003’s popular tale of love and loss. The Heavens feels fatalistic, even though its future is—unfortunately, in this instance—not set but continually altered by the main character’s attempts to “fix” it (in each sense of the word). Where Twelve Monkeys, Looper, and The Odyssey present every action as a foregone conclusion, The Heavens navigates the nightmare that—against our will—everything we do might have an adverse consequence. As in A Christmas Carol, where the vision of a possible future prompts the protagonist to change his ways and so prevent its coming to pass, it is Kate’s foresight—of our future—which inspires her to act. History doesn’t respond well to Kate’s interventions; she is unable to “correct” events and left more and more isolated by her own unique version of a tortuous Cassandra complex.These largely inexplicable consequences provide a direct connection between Newman’s latest work and James Tiptree Jr.’s 1972 “Forever to a Hudson Bay Blanket”. That tale’s conclusion makes no “real” sense either—when Dovy dies Loolie’s father’s advisers can only say that (time) paradoxes are proliferating—but The Heavens is not the intellectual play of Tiptree’s classic science fiction: the wine of time-travel has been poured into the “depleted” vessel of “big L” literature. The sorrow that seeps through this novel is profound; Newman apologises for it in her acknowledgements, linking it to the death of an ex-partner. I read it as a potent expression of “solastalgia”: nostalgia for a place that once provided solace, but doesn’t any more—a term coined by Australian philosopher Glen Albrecht to express the “psychic or existential distress caused by environmental change” (Albrecht et al.). It is Kate’s grief, for a world (she has) destroyed that drives her mad: “deranged”.The Serious Side of SpeculationIn The Great Derangement Ghosh laments the “smaller shadow” cast by climate change in the landscape of literary fiction. He echoes Miéville: “fiction that deals with climate change is almost by definition not the kind that is taken seriously by serious literary journals; the mere mention of the subject is often enough to relegate a novel or short story to the genre of science fiction” (Ghosh). Time-travel tales that pose the kind of questions handled by theologians before the Enlightenment and “big L” literature after—what does it mean to exist in time? How should we live? Who deserves to be happy?—may be a way for literary fiction to take climate change “seriously”: to write through it. Out-of-time narratives such as Chiang and Newman’s pose existential speculations that, rather than locating us in time, may help us imagine time itself differently. How are we to act if the future has already come to pass?“When we are faced with a world whose problems all seem ‘wicked’ and intractable, what is it that fiction can do?” (Uhlmann). At the very least, should writers not be working with “sombre realism”? Science fiction has a long and established tradition of exposing the background narratives of the political—and ecological—landscapes in which we work: the master narratives of Modernism. What Anthony Uhlmann describes here, as the “distancing technique” of fiction becomes outright “estrangement” in speculative hands. Stories such as Newman and Chiang’s reflect (on) what readers might be avoiding: that even though our future is fixed, we must act. We must behave as though our decisions matter, despite knowing the ways in which they do not.These works challenge Modernist concerns despite—or perhaps via—satisfying genre conventions, in direct contradiction to Roy Scranton’s conviction that “Narrative in the Anthropocene Is the Enemy”. In doing so they fit Miéville’s description of a “literature of estrangement” while also exemplifying a new, Anthropocene “literature of recognition” (Crown). These, then, are the stories of our life.What Is Not ExpectedChiang’s 2018 lecture was actually a PowerPoint presentation on how time travel could or would “really” work. His medium, as much as his message, clearly showed the author’s cross-disciplinary affiliations, which are relevant to this discussion of literary fiction’s “depleted” models. In August this year Xu Xi concluded a lecture on speculative fiction for the Vermont College of Fine Arts by encouraging attendees to read—and write—“other” languages, whether foreign forms or alien disciplines. She cited Chiang as someone who successfully raids the riches of non-literary traditions, to produce a new kind of literature. Writing that deals in physics, as much as characters, in philosophy, as much as narrative, presents new, “post-natural” (Bradley, “End”) retro-speculations that (in un- and super-natural generic traditions) offer a real alternative to Modernism’s narrative of inevitable—and inevitably positive—progress.In “What’s Expected of Us” Chiang imagines the possible consequence of comprehending that our actions, and not just their consequence, are predetermined. In what Oates describes as his distinctive, pared-back, “unironic” style (Oates, “Science Fiction”), Chiang concludes: “reality isn’t important: what’s important is your belief, and believing the lie is the only way to avoid a waking coma. Civilisation now depends on self-deception. Perhaps it always has”. The self-deception we need is not America’s amnesia, but the belief that what we do matters.ConclusionThe visions of her “paraself” that Nat sees in “Anxiety Is the Dizziness of Freedom” encourage her to change her behaviour. The “prism” that enables this perception—a kind of time-tripped iPad that “skypes” alternate temporal realities, activated by people acting in different ways at a crucial moment in their lives—does not always reflect the butterfly effect the protagonist, or reader, might expect. Some actions have dramatic consequences while others have minimal impact. While Nat does not see her future, what she spies inspires her to take the first steps towards becoming a different—read “better”—person. We expect this will lead to more positive outcomes for her self in the story’s “first” world. The device, and Chiang’s tale, illustrates both that our paths are predetermined and that they are not: “our inability to predict the consequences of our own predetermined actions offers a kind of freedom”. The freedom to act, freedom from the coma of inaction.“What’s the use of art on a dying planet? What’s the point, when humanity itself is facing an existential threat?” Alison Croggon asks, and answers herself: “it searches for the complex truth … . It can help us to see the world we have more clearly, and help us to imagine a better one”. In literary thought experiments like Newman and Chiang’s artful time-travel fictions we read complex, metaphoric truths that cannot be put into real(ist) words. In the time-honoured tradition of (speculative) fiction, Chiang and Newman deal in, and with, “what cannot be said in words … in words” (Le Guin, “Introduction”). These most recent time-slip speculations tell unpredictable stories about what is predicted, what is predictable, but what we must (still) believe may not necessarily be—if we are to be free.ReferencesArrival. Dir. Dennis Villeneuve. Paramount Pictures, 2016.Albrecht, Glenn, et al. “Solastalgia: The Distress Caused by Environmental Change.” Australasian Psychiatry (Feb. 2007): 41–55. Atwood, Margaret. “The Road to Ustopia.” The Guardian 15 Oct. 2011 <https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/oct/14/margaret-atwood-road-to-ustopia>.———. “It’s Not Climate Change, It’s Everything Change.” Medium 27 July 2015. <https://medium.com/matter/it-s-not-climate-change-it-s-everything-change-8fd9aa671804>.Bradley, James. “Writing on the Precipice: On Literature and Change.” City of Tongues. 16 Mar. 2017 <https://cityoftongues.com/2017/03/16/writing-on-the-precipice-on-literature-and-climate-change/>.———. “The End of Nature and Post-Naturalism: Fiction and the Anthropocene.” City of Tongues 30 Dec. 2015 <https://cityoftongues.com/2015/12/30/the-end-of-nature-and-post-naturalism-fiction-and-the-anthropocene/>.Bradley, James, and Jane Rawson. “Writing in the Age of Extinction.” Detached Performance and Project Space, The Old Mercury Building, Hobart. 27 July 2019.Chiang, Ted. Stories of Your Life and Others. New York: Tor, 2002.———. Exhalation: Stories. New York: Knopf, 2019.Carter, Angela. The Bloody Chamber. London: Gollancz, 1983. 69.Croggon, Alison. “On Art.” Overland 235 (2019). 30 Sep. 2019 <https://overland.org.au/previous-issues/issue-235/column-on-art/>.Crown, Sarah. “What the Booker Prize Really Excludes.” The Guardian 17 Oct. 2011 <https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2011/oct/17/science-fiction-china-mieville>.Driscoll, Beth. The New Literary Middlebrow: Tastemakers and Reading in the Twenty-First Century. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.Erpenbeck, Jenny. Trans. Susan Bernofsky. The End of Days. New York: New Directions, 2016.Gelder, Ken. Popular Fiction: The Logics and Practices of a Literary Field. London: Routledge, 2014.Ghosh, Amitav. The Great Derangement: Climate Change and the Unthinkable. India: Penguin Random House, 2018.Le Guin, Ursula K. “Introduction.” The Left Hand of Darkness. New York: Ace Books, 1979. 5.———. “Ursula K. Le Guin Talks to Michael Cunningham about Genres, Gender, and Broadening Fiction.” Electric Literature 1 Apr. 2016. <https://electricliterature.com/ursula-k-le-guin-talks-to-michael- cunningham-about-genres-gender-and-broadening-fiction-57d9c967b9c>.Miller-McDonald, Samuel. “What Must We Do to Live?” The Trouble 14 Oct. 2018. <https://www.the-trouble.com/content/2018/10/14/what-must-we-do-to-live>.Oates, Joyce Carol. Hazards of Time Travel. New York: Ecco Press, 2018.———. "Science Fiction Doesn't Have to be Dystopian." The New Yorker 13 May 2019. <https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/05/13/science-fiction-doesnt-have-to-be-dystopian>.Prose, Francine. “Subject to Revision.” New York Times 26 Apr. 2003. <https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/28/books/review/life-after-life-by-kate-atkinson.html>.Robinson, Kim Stanley. “Kim Stanley Robinson and the Drowning of New York.” The Coode Street Podcast 305 (2017). <http://www.jonathanstrahan.com.au/wp/the-coode-street-podcast/>.Russ, Joanna. “The Wearing Out of Genre Materials.” College English 33.1 (1971): 46–54.Scranton, Roy. “Narrative in the Anthropocene Is the Enemy.” Lithub.com 18 Sep. 2019. <https://lithub.com/roy-scranton-narrative-in-the-anthropocene-is-the-enemy/>.Suvin, Darko. Metamorphoses of Science Fiction: On the Poetics and History of a Literary Genre. New Haven: Yale UP, 1979. Walton, James. “Fascinating, Fearless, and Distinctly Odd.” The New York Review of Books 9 Jan. 2014: 63–64.Uhlmann, Anthony. “The Other Way, the Other Truth, the Other Life: Simpson Returns.” Sydney Review of Books. 2 Sep. 2019 <https://sydneyreviewofbooks.com/macauley-simpson-returns/>. Xu, Xi. “Speculative Fiction.” Presented at the International MFA in Creative Writing and Literary Translation, Vermont College of Fine Arts, Vermont, 15 Aug. 2019.

Web applications are getting more and more complicated with the extensive growth of the Internet. In order to cope with user demands, that are constantly increasing, a specialattention should be paid to performance optimizations. While a lot of attention is devoted to back-end optimization, front-end is often overlooked and therefore is a fertileground for performance bottlenecks. This thesis is destined to investigate a set of well-established front-end optimization techniques in order to find out those, that are the most efficient. The thesis primarily focuses on an examination of a limited set of techniques, that can be applied to static web resources. Some of the techniques are: resources consolidation, minification, compression and caching. The measurements used during the examination are based on four metrics, such as the Page Size, the Page Load Time, the Page Start Render Time and the Number of Requests the page made. The results show which methods impact performance most. In particular, the results revealed, that the resource compression technique alone brings significant performance improvements, the page size was reduced by 79% and the page load time by 72%, respectively. Despite that, it is evident that the best results can be achieved by a combination of different techniques. All optimization techniques combined made a serious difference, helping us reduce the page load time from 24 seconds down to just one second.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
In view of the difficulties presented by teachers, managers and researchers regarding how to work with young people, adults and the elderly, with very different profiles that compose the classrooms of the Youth and Adult Education (called EJA), this research proposed to investigate possibilities for the construction of a curriculum, based on Freirean references, that can respond to the intergenerational context. The theoretical reference used to understand and analyze the data produced was based mainly on Freirean categories and on authors who research the profiles of the Youth and Adult Education. The field study had a qualitative approach and was developed through a case study in a school unit that specifically offers the Youth and Adult Education. The procedures used were semi-structured interviews with teachers, students, management team and pedagogical guides. The elements identified, from the answers of the different subjects and in the light of the Freirean categories, were analyzed and compared with the documents produced by the Municipal Department of Education of São Bernardo do Campo. We highlight the factors that colaborate for a school that engages itself to work with a critical-liberating proposal in order to meet the circumstances of the EJA’s intergenerational classrooms. It is therefore proposed to indicate ways that contribute to the education of teachers in this modality of education
Em face às dificuldades apresentadas por professores, gestores e pesquisadores no tocante a como trabalhar com jovens, adultos e idosos, com perfis muito diferentes que compõem as salas de aula da Educação de Jovens e Adultos (EJA), a presente pesquisa propôs-se a investigar possibilidades de construção de um currículo, apoiado em referenciais freireanos, que possa atender ao contexto intergeracional. O referencial teórico utilizado para compreender e analisar os dados produzidos apoiou-se, principalmente, em categorias freireanas e em autores que pesquisam os perfis da Educação de Jovens e Adultos. O estudo de campo teve abordagem qualitativa e foi desenvolvido por meio de um estudo de caso em uma unidade escolar que atende especificamente a Educação de Jovens e Adultos. Os procedimentos utilizados foram entrevistas semiestruturadas com professores, educandos, equipe gestora e orientadoras pedagógicas. Os elementos identificados, a partir das respostas dos diferentes sujeitos e à luz das categorias freireanas, foram analisados e confrontados com os documentos produzidos pela Secretaria Municipal de Educação de São Bernardo do Campo. Destacam-se os fatores que colaboram para uma escola que se propõe a trabalhar com uma proposta crítico-libertadora para atender às circunstâncias das salas intergeracionais da EJA. Propõe-se, assim, indicar caminhos que contribuam para a formação de educadores nessa modalidade de educação

The availability of data measured in the field is one of the greatest advances in the last decades for electric power systems planning, management and control. The technological innovations of systems and devices for the measurement of a wide range of quantities allowed their installation at almost all levels of voltages, from distribution to transmission. Increasing number of proposals of new techniques are coming from researchers and system operators for facing the various problems of system operation relying on the availability of measured data in real systems. The data from the field enable data-driven approaches, which can be integrated into traditional model-based methods constructing the so-called digital twin of a system. It is a system digital model whose parameters and linkages are continuously changed and tuned in accordance with the measurements from the actual system in service. New and attractive possibilities for addressing the problems of planning, managing, and controlling the power systems are opening for researchers and system operators. The studies presented in this thesis used the voltage sags measured in the medium voltage (MV) regional systems of E-Distribuzione for four years. Two main problems were faced by data-driven approaches: the ascertaining the origin of the measured voltage sags, and the forecasting the voltage sags which will occur in the site of the system. The correct ascertaining of the origin of voltage sags is crucial in view of future economic regulation by the national energy Authorities. It gives to the system operator the correct indication if the measured sags were or not due to faults in his own network interconnected with other systems. The possibility of forecasting the future performance in terms of voltage sags per year was a challenge never dealt with in the literature for the absence for field data. The literature, till now, proposed methods, models, and tools to estimate the average performance of a system, derived from model-based approaches. Regarding the origin of the voltage sags measured at the MV busbars of the High Voltage/Medium Voltage (HV/MV) stations, this thesis analyses and compares two methods which use only the residual voltage, the time the voltage sags occurred, and their duration. The analysis was conducted also studying the effect of the presence of DG (Distributed Generation). The data from field, moreover, revealed that in some specific cases the sags caused by faults in the MV systems propagated to HV networks. This problem was also studied simulating a portion of a real system, which presents the interconnections between HV and MV network. Regarding the forecast of voltage sags, the thesis proposed two main methods which use at least three years of measurement. The common choice of these two methods is the selection of the random variable, different from the statistical variable used by all the methods in literature. The random variable used in this study is the time to next event, that is the time intercurred between each couple of sags, instead of the variable number of voltage sags. This choice allows a huge increase of the data sets with the positive consequence of reasonable measurements time to obtain a forecast with acceptable accuracy. The first method, based on Poisson model, is suitable for rare sags, that are the sags occurred with a time to next event of the dimension of hours. The second method, based on Gamma model, is suitable for all the voltage sags, comprehensive of sags occurred close each other as groups. The latter, named clusters, are typically due to exogenous causes from the power systems, like adverse climatic conditions or fires. Intermittent indices are also proposed introduced for an initial screening of the measured sags to focus if, and how many, clusters are present in the data base of the measured sags. Such analysis drives the successive steps of the statistical analyses for discriminating the adequacy of Poisson and Gamma models. The studies presented in this thesis are the subjects of the scientific papers listed below. [1] C. Noce, M. D. Santis, L. D. Stasio, P. Varilone and P. Verde, "Detecting the Origin of the Voltage Sags Measured in the Smart Grids," 2019 International Conference on Clean Electrical Power (ICCEP), July 2nd-4th 2019, pp. 129-135, doi: 10.1109/ICCEP.2019.8890121. [2] C. Noce, L. Di Stasio, P. Varilone, P. Verde and M. De Santis, "On the Forecast of the Voltage Sags: First Stages of Analysis on Real Systems," 2020 55th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC), 1st – 4th September 2020, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1109/UPEC49904.2020.9209816. [3] De Santis, M.; Di Stasio, L.; Noce, C.; Verde, P.; Varilone, P. Initial Results of an Extensive, Long-Term Study of the Forecasting of Voltage Sags. Energies 2021, 14, 1264. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14051264. [4] Paola Verde, Pietro Varilone, Leonardo Di Stasio, Michele De Santis, Christian Noce, Previsione dei buchi di tensione: sfide aperte dalla regolazione. AEIT - Volume 107 - Numero 1/2 gennaio/febbraio 2021 - ISSN 1825-828X , pp. 46-53. [5] M. De Santis, L. Di Stasio, C. Noce, P. Verde and P. Varilone, "Indices of Intermittence to Improve the Forecasting of the Voltage Sags Measured in Real Systems," in IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, doi: 10.1109/TPWRD.2021.3082280. [6] Leonardo Di Stasio, Paola Verde, Pietro Varilone, Michele De Santis, Christian Noce, “Stochastic Model to Forecast the Voltage Sags in Real Power Systems”, AEIT International Conference, October 4th – 8th 2021. [7] G. M. Casolino, L. Di Stasio, P. Varilone, P. Verde, C. Noce, M. De Santis, “On the Forecast of the Voltage Sags Using the Measurements in Real Power Systems”, Accepted for the Conference ICHQP2022, Naples (IT), May 29th- June 1st 2022.

A common way to examine children's language production is to analyze their narrative ability, which has been observed in several studies in various languages. The present study aims to analyze Swedish children's stories at microstructural level (grammatical and utterance level) and macrostructural level (discourse level) and examine how these results differ between two narrative elicitation methods. Furthermore, the study aims to investigate if the results from Swedish and English speaking children differ between these two elicitation methods. The present study involved 40 typically developing children aged 7;0–8;11 years with Swedish as their native language from southeastern Sweden. The two narrative elicitation methods used were personal narrative generation and fictional narrative retell. During personal narrative generation the participants were prompted to share their own experiences based on given themes with image support. In the fictional narrative retell participants were asked to retell the tale "Frog, Where are you?" (Mayer, 1969). The participants' two stories were transcribed in the program Systematic Analysis of Language Transcripts (SALT) and analyzed at micro- and macrostructural level. At the microstructural level the following measures were investigated: Total utterances (TU), Mean Length of Utterance in Words (MLU-w), Type Token Ratio (TTR), Percentage of Maze Words (PcMw), Overgeneralization Errors (EO) and Total Number of Words (TNW). For macrostructural analysis the Narrative Scoring Scheme (NSS) was used. At the microstructural level participants achieved higher MLU-w, TTR and PcMw in the fictional narrative retell than in personal narrative generation. TNW and MLU-w correlated with participants' age at fictional narrative retell. The participants generated higher values regarding TU and TNW in personal narrative generation. Analysis of the macrostructure showed that the majority of the participants achieved higher scores in fictional narrative retell than in personal narrative generation. The results regarding the macrostructural level of the fictional narrative retell correlated with the age of the participants. Similar trends between the elicitation methods appeared in the English-speaking participants.

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This work presents an impact analysis of the fault impedance and distributed ge- neration on the amplitude and annual average quantity of voltage sags in sensitive end-users. Phase-to-ground solid and non-solid faults were simulated in 62 transmission lines at 230, 138, 69 and 13.8 kV, which made part of the electrical system of the municipality of Goiânia, the capital city of the Goiás State, Brazil. For each fault position, a resistive fault impedance was considered. This impedance was considered equal to 0, 2, 5, 10, or 15  or even random. In this case, each one of the mentioned impedance values has a specific probability to occur. The voltage-behind-reactance synchronous machine model was used to model the distributed generation units. The analysis here described is based on simulation results obtained through the Fault Position Method in combination with the Monte Carlo Method. The faults were si-mulated through a frequency-domain fault simulation software called ANAFAS. In order to overcome some limitations and increase the flexibility of the simulation tool, a computational program, called ANAFAS-GUI, was developed in Java language. This program allows the automatic simulation of several cases, with different fault characteristics, by running ANAFAS in background mode. The Monte Carlo Method was implemented in MATLAB. Thus, an efficient computational tool has resulted from the combination of the developed computational tools for the purposes of this work. The main simulation results are the tenden-cy and probability density curves of the voltage sags and their classes. From the results it can be concluded that, if the fault impedance is considered as being a random variable, then the predict voltage sags quantity and severity at the sensitive end-user bus are more accurate when compared to the cases in which this impedance is not considered as such. It can also be concluded that, the connection of a distributed generation unit next to the sensitive end-user bus may result in a decreasing of the voltage sags quantity and severity at this bus, depending on the rated power of the unit
Este trabalho apresenta os impactos da impedância de falta e da geração distribuí-da na amplitude e quantidade média anual de afundamentos de tensão em consumidores sen-síveis. Foram simuladas faltas fase-terra sólidas e não sólidas em 62 linhas de 230, 138, 69 e 13,8 kV, as quais fazem parte do sistema elétrico do município de Goiânia, capital do Estado de Goiás, Brasil. Para cada posição de falta, uma impedância de falta resistiva foi considera-da. Esta impedância foi considerada igual a 0, 2, 5, 10 ou 15 Ω, ou mesmo aleatória. Neste caso, cada um dos valores de impedância mencionados tem uma probabilidade específica de ocorrer. O modelo de gerador síncrono fonte de tensão atrás de uma reatância , foi utilizado para a modelagem das unidades de geração distribuída. A análise descrita aquí é baseada em resultados de simulação obtidos através da combinação do Método das Posições de Falta e o Método de Monte Carlo. As faltas foram simuladas através de um software de simulação de faltas no domínio da frequência chamado ANAFAS. Visando eliminar algumas limitações e aumentar a flexibilidade deste software, um programa computacional, chamado ANAFAS-GUI, foi desenvolvido em linguagem JAVA. Este programa permite a simulação automática de diversos casos, com diferentes características de faltas, pela execução do ANAFAS em modo background. O método de Monte Carlo foi implementado em MATLAB. Assim, uma eficiênte ferramenta computacional resultou da combinação da ferramenta computacional desenvolvida e a ferramenta utilizada neste trabalho. Os resultados de simulação são apresen-tados através das curvas de tendência e de densidade de probabilidade dos afundamentos e de suas classes. A partir dos resultados pode-se concluir que, se a impedância de falta é conside-rada como sendo uma variável aleatória, então a quantidade e severidade dos afundamentos de tensão previstos em barras de consumidores sensíveis serão mais precisos quando compa-rados com os casos no qual esta impedância não é considerada como tal. Também pode ser concluído que, a conexão de unidades de geração distribuída próxima a barra de consumido-res sensíveis pode resultar em um decréscimo da quantidade e severidade dos afundamentos de tensão nesta barra, dependendo da potência nominal da unidade

A inserção de fontes de geração distribuída (GD) traz a possibilidade de diversificação da matriz energética e a redução de perdas elétricas no transporte de EE – porque as fontes localizam-se próximas aos clientes finais. Entre elas destacam-se as fontes fotovoltaicas, eólicas, pequenas centrais hidrelétricas (PCH) e termelétricas à biomassa. As duas primeiras, apresentam a peculiaridade de normalmente serem conectadas à rede através de inversores de frequência. As outras duas costumam ser conectadas diretamente ao sistema. Todavia, a GD também propicia consequências ao SEP, muitas vezes indesejadas, como variações nos parâmetros da qualidade da energia elétrica (QEE). O compromisso que se deve manter com a QEE entregue aos consumidores é de vital importância para as empresas transmissoras e distribuidoras de energia elétrica, bem como para os utilitários dessa EE. Além disso, para que haja o correto funcionamento de equipamentos eletrônicos e de diversos processos industriais é necessário que a energia elétrica permaneça em uma faixa de tensão aceitável. Entre os fenômenos de interesse da área de qualidade de energia elétrica, os quais devem ser eliminados ou mitigados para a melhor operabilidade do SIN, pode-se citar: harmônicos, flutuação de tensão, subtensão, sobretensão e afundamentos de tensão. Devido a observabilidade rotineira e aos prejuízos (financeiros e/ou técnicos) associados ao fenômeno, o interesse desse estudo consiste nos afundamentos de tensão. Nesse contexto, apresenta-se uma proposta para análise dos afundamentos de tensão em um ambiente com geração distribuída (fotovoltaica, eólica, PCH e termelétrica à biomassa) através de simulações de curtos-circuitos. Os resultados obtidos através da metodologia proposta mostram que a inserção de GD pode trazer uma variação no número de afundamentos de tensão e melhorar os níveis de tensão nas barras, sobretudo nos locais onde foram inseridas bem como em suas proximidades. Também, há redução no número de afundamentos de maior severidade os quais causam mais prejuízos e preocupação a operabilidade do SEP.
The insertion of distributed generation (DG) sources brings the possibility of diversification of energy sources types and the reduction of electrical losses in the transport of EE - because the sources are located close to end users. Among these sources are photovoltaic, wind, small hydropower and biomass-fired power plants. The first two, are usually connected to the network through frequency inverters. The other two are usually connected directly to the system. However, DG also provides consequences to the electrical power system, often unwanted, such as variations in the parameters of power quality (PQ). The commitment should be retained with the power quality delivered to customers. Moreover, for the correct operation of electronic equipment and various industrial processes it is necessary that the voltage remains within an acceptable range. Among the phenomena of interest to electric power quality, which must be eliminated or mitigated, we can mention: harmonics, voltage fluctuation, undervoltage, overvoltage and voltage sags (dips). Due to losses (financial and/or technical) associated with the phenomenon, the interest of this study consists of the voltage sags. In this context, we present a proposal for analysis of voltage sags in an environment with distributed generation (photovoltaic, wind, thermal and biomass-fired power plants) through simulations of short circuits. The results obtained through the proposed methodology shows that the inclusion of DG can bring a change in the number of voltage sags and improve voltage levels in bars, especially in places where they were inserted and in its vicinity. Also, there is a reduction in the number of severe voltage sags which cause more harm and concern to end-users and utilities.

AbstractImbalanced image datasets are commonly available in the domain of biomedical image analysis. Biomedical images contain diversified features that are significant in predicting targeted diseases. Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) are utilized to address the data limitation problem via the generation of synthetic images. Training challenges such as mode collapse, non-convergence, and instability degrade a GAN’s performance in synthesizing diversified and high-quality images. In this work, MSG-SAGAN, an attention-guided multi-scale gradient GAN architecture is proposed to model the relationship between long-range dependencies of biomedical image features and improves the training performance using a flow of multi-scale gradients at multiple resolutions in the layers of generator and discriminator models. The intent is to reduce the impact of mode collapse and stabilize the training of GAN using an attention mechanism with multi-scale gradient learning for diversified X-ray image synthesis. Multi-scale Structural Similarity Index Measure (MS-SSIM) and Frechet Inception Distance (FID) are used to identify the occurrence of mode collapse and evaluate the diversity of synthetic images generated. The proposed architecture is compared with the multi-scale gradient GAN (MSG-GAN) to assess the diversity of generated synthetic images. Results indicate that the MSG-SAGAN outperforms MSG-GAN in synthesizing diversified images as evidenced by the MS-SSIM and FID scores.

AbstractSince 6 BC, when the first university of the world was established in Takshila in India, higher education in India has been integrating advanced knowledge and skills with larger social concerns. Apart from teaching and research, a prime concern of universities is to engage with the community and to contribute towards the development of society. Much emphasis is placed on the values of education by complementing curricular instruction for shaping future generations and enabling active engagement with society. The emphasis has been on holistic development of the student leading to complete realization and liberalization of oneself. To quote Swami Vivekananda, a well-known Indian scholar, “Education is not the amount of information that we put into your brain and runs riot there, undigested, all your life. We must have life-building, man-making, character-making assimilation of ideas. If you have assimilated five ideas and made them your life and character, you have more education than any man who has got by heart a whole library. If education is identical with information, the libraries are the greatest sages of the world and encyclopaedia are the greatest Rishis”.

Abstract It is often said that in India ‘The government has no business to be in business’. All exercises done by several governments at the centre so far have not been able to see consistent success in majority of the PSUs. The main reason for not focusing on business credentials is perhaps the lack of push and follow up from professional business management approach even for survival, leave alone a growth strategy. Besides any action of turnaround or restructuring are considered detrimental to the government in ensuring success at the ballot box. Alternatively these are considered as potential opportunities to generate revenues for the government in terms of disinvestments and collecting huge funds for revenue generation targets to meet the government’s budgetary commitments. The speed of technological disruption in telecom industry is perhaps the severest amongst all industries in India and also in global markets. While private organizations are aware of the impact of disruptive technological changes, the Government is not very sure of meeting such challenges by concerned PSUs. Hence, allowing technological obsolescence to worsen the distressing situations at PSUs such as BSNL has rendered the unit to be put on the list of sick units.