Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Generating income while raising children“
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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Generating income while raising children"
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Goto, Rie, Joe Devine, C. G. Nicholas Mascie-Taylor, Justin Ormand und Abdul Jabber Jufry. „The impact of an income-generating activities programme on children and mothers’ undernutrition in extreme poor rural Bangladeshi households“. Public Health Nutrition 22, Nr. 16 (12.09.2019): 3073–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980019002015.
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AbstractObjective:The current study assessed changes in children and mothers’ nutritional status before and after raising Bangladeshi households out of extreme poverty through an income-generating activities (IGA) programme.Design:Extreme poor households took part in the IGA programme for 2 years and recruitment took place over four waves in annual cycles. Children and mothers were measured with regarding their nutritional status before and after the IGA programme commenced.Settings:Rural Bangladesh.Subjects:Three-hundred and eighty-two children under 5 years of age at recruitment, and their mothers.Results:After 2 years of the IGA programme, the prevalence of stunting significantly declined from 40·3 % to 33·0 % (P = 0·003), anaemia declined from 51·6 % to 44·0 % (P = 0·020) while mothers’ CED (Chronic Energy Deficiency) declined from 52·0 % to 42·7 % (P < 0·001), but no significant changes were found in children’s wasting, declining from 25·4 % to 21·5 %, underweight which remained the same at 43·2 %, while mothers’ anaemia rose from 39·3 % to 42·7 %. There were also highly significant improvements in household socio-economic status. Increases in socio-economic security (especially in relation to cash savings and net income) and improvements in food quantity and quality (indicated by greater food diversity and animal food intake) were associated with normal nutritional status, and cessation of open defecation was associated with reduction in mothers’ and child anaemia.Conclusion:The IGA programme was associated with increased household socio-economic security, such as asset accumulation, food security and sanitation, and with improvements in the nutritional status of children and their mothers in extreme poor households.
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Waweru, John Anthony, Peter Koome und Alice Wairimu Omondi. „Influence of income-generating activities on management effectiveness of charitable children institutions in Nakuru Town East Sub-County“. International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147- 4478) 9, Nr. 5 (17.09.2020): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v9i5.855.
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This study investigates the influence of income-generating activities on the effective management of charitable children institutions (CCIs) with a particular focus on CCIs in Nakuru Town East Sub County, Kenya. The study was guided by the resource-based theory. The study adopted a mixed-method approach and deployed the descriptive research design to capture data from a target population of 45 respondents comprising of 39 CCI staff (both management and subordinate) and 6 key informants. A complete census was conducted on all the respondents and purposive sampling was utilized to identify key informants. Data from the CCI staff was collected using questionnaires while data from key informants was collected using discussion guides. A pilot study was conducted at Tumaini Bethany and Holy Family children in Nakuru Town West Sub-County to assess the validity and reliability of the instruments. Data were analyzed using the descriptive statistics with the help of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences software (SPSS) and the thematic content analysis technique. The findings from the study showed that income-generating activities had an influence on the effective management of CCIs. The study concluded that effective management of CCIs is shaped by the presence of income-generating activities in CCI, type of income-generating activities, and the amount of income generated by the activity in which the CCI is engaged. The study recommended that CCIs should develop income-generating activities in their institutional plans to mitigate shocks that occur when there is little funding from external partners.
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Kang, Wei, und Sergio J. Rey. „Inference for Income Mobility Measures in the Presence of Spatial Dependence“. International Regional Science Review 43, Nr. 1-2 (06.02.2019): 10–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0160017619826291.
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Income mobility measures provide convenient and concise ways to reveal the dynamic nature of regional income distributions. Statistical inference about these measures is important especially when it comes to a comparison of two regional income systems. Although the analytical sampling distributions of relevant estimators and test statistics have been asymptotically derived, their properties in small sample settings and in the presence of contemporaneous spatial dependence within a regional income system are underexplored. We approach these issues via a series of Monte Carlo experiments that require the proposal of a novel data generating process capable of generating spatially dependent time series given a transition probability matrix and a specified level of spatial dependence. Results suggest that when sample size is small, the mobility estimator is biased while spatial dependence inflates its asymptotic variance, raising the Type I error rate for a one-sample test. For the two-sample test of the difference in mobility between two regional economic systems, the size tends to become increasingly upward biased with stronger spatial dependence in either income system, which indicates that conclusions about differences in mobility between two different regional systems need to be drawn with caution as the presence of spatial dependence can lead to false positives. In light of this, we suggest adjustments for the critical values of relevant test statistics.
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Shin, Hsu Yu, und May Zin Ong. „Comparison of Economic Activities: Time Deposits, Investments, Income and Needs“. Journal of Asian Multicultural Research for Economy and Management Study 2, Nr. 1 (01.02.2021): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.47616/jamrems.v2i1.84.
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This article aims to discuss the comparison of economic activities including time deposits, investment, income and needs. The advantage of a bank by raising reserves through stores is that the cash put away can take longer, considering that stores have a moderately long period of time and the recurrence of withdrawals is additionally uncommon. Hence the bank can unreservedly utilize the credit of these stores. Income in common is regularly related to the sum of cash an individual gets as a result of something done, done, or contributed. The pay is at that point utilized or went through to meet different needs in life for a certain period of time. it is vital to have Financial Management by giving need scale by prioritizing all things that are vital since the more noteworthy a person's pay more often than not the more he needs. The survey results within the AES business group show a significant comparison of the amount of income derived from investment and sales that generate income, while time deposits are rarely performed as a principal economic activity in generating income.
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Aransiola, Joshua O., Funmi Togonu-Bickersteth, Kolawole Aliyu, Mojirayo Afolabi und Akanni Akinyemi. „QUALITY OF LIFE OF GRANDPARENTS RAISING GRANDCHILDREN IN NIGERIA“. Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.1065.
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Abstract This article examined the personal and household characteristics influencing the quality of life (QoL) of grandparents caring for grandchildren in Skipped Generation Households in Nigeria with a sample of 2, 144 grandparents in Imo, Lagos and Kano. Chi square and multinomial logistic regression were employed to understand the relationship between the dependent variable (QoL) and independent variables (personal and household characteristics). The level of the QoL of the grandparents almost spread evenly among low (34.3%), average (34.3%) and high (31.4%). Five domains of QoL were examined including level of independence (LI), psychological well-being (PW), social relation (SR), physical health (PH), environment (ENV) and engagement in income generating activities (IGA). Personal characteristics including; state of residence was significantly associated with all the domains except LI and PW, age was associated with IGA, LI and ENV, sex was associated with SR and ENV and level of education was associated with all the domains except IGA and ENV while religious affiliation was associated with IGA. Household characteristics including; sex of household head was significantly associated with PH, SR and ENV, age of household head was associated with IGA and LI and wealth index was associated with all the domains while the number of household members was significantly associated with ENV. The regression analysis shows that only state of residence and wealth index significantly influence the QoL of the grandparents (P≤0.05). The state of residence and wealth index are therefore important in any policy intervention for this category of elderly persons in Nigeria.
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Zhang, Siyuan. „To What Extent Would Raising Low Birth in Developed Countries Affect the Economy“. Frontiers in Business, Economics and Management 11, Nr. 1 (20.09.2023): 44–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/fbem.v11i1.11760.
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The focus of this article is on falling birthrates in developed nations, and it examines the underlying causes, consequences, and initiatives taken to address it. It covers a variety of topics, including political science, international relations, and other subjects in addition to economics and demographics. The effects of low fertility are discussed, along with how they affect household income, capital growth, and automation. Gender variations are also evaluated. The essay also discusses the U.S.-centered national policy and its effects on things like taxes and aging.Since the detriments outweigh the benefits, the policy needs to be implemented. The three policies (immigration, automation, and baby care) directly or implicitly increase fertility and thus social productivity, while generating a set of issues that need to be refined. In general, the aging situation and the population density of cities may be compromised by the implementation of the policies and produce multiplier effects. In general, rising fertility adds varied amounts of stress to each family. And somehow, by implementing childcare programs, strain on women will be substantially less and their productivity will rise to some level. In the long run, the government will also generate more fiscal revenue due to the increase in personal income tax, which boosts social welfare and raises government input. The effects are favorable for social productivity and employment rates. The senior population has improved security, and the pension shortfall is partially closed.
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Enwin, Anthony Dornubari, und Tamunoikuronibo Dawaye Ikiriko. „Eradicating Homelessness and Improving the Living Standards of the Poorest of the Poor in Greater Port Harcourt City, Nigeria“. European Journal of Theoretical and Applied Sciences 1, Nr. 3 (08.06.2023): 85–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.59324/ejtas.2023.1(3).09.
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Homelessness and poverty are significant challenges facing Greater Port Harcourt City in Nigeria. This paper discusses these issues and proposes a solution through the development of an inclusive and sustainable agropolitan residential housing project. The project aims to provide affordable housing for young unmarried, newly married, and married individuals with young children, falling within the income groups of 'No income,' 'Low Income,' and 'Lower Medium Income' as defined by the 2012 National Housing Policy Document (NHPD) of Nigeria. It will create sustainable, mainly agro-based livelihoods through integrated farming and other activities, such as real estate, power generation, waste management, and recycling. This will enable beneficiaries to take care of their housing and other needs while generating employment and revenue. The proposed housing project aligns with the Greater Port Harcourt City Master Plan and will complement the city's proposed beautiful townscape. The paper concludes that eradicating homelessness and improving the living standards of the poorest in Greater Port Harcourt City requires sustainable and inclusive housing solutions that provide access to employment and income-generating activities. A comprehensive and collaborative approach involving various stakeholders such as the government, private sector, and non-profit organizations is necessary to address this complex issue.
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Keefe, Robert H., Rebecca Rouland, Sandra D. Lane, Audrey Howard, Carol Brownstein-Evans, Xiaozhong Wen und Lorinda Parks. „"I Gotta Carry The Burden By Myself"“. Advances in Social Work 21, Nr. 1 (14.06.2021): 176–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/23937.
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Despite prevalence estimates indicating that upwards to 38% of new mothers of color will experience perinatal depression, little research has been published that investigates how they cope with the stressors in their daily lives. This article presents the findings of semi-structured in-depth interviews with 30 low-income new mothers of color about parenting their children despite the burden of ongoing depression. Narrative analyses revealed three themes: feeling alone, isolated, and overwhelmed; feeling misunderstood, betrayed, and judged by others; and having to carry their burden alone. Despite having depression, the mothers spoke of ways they were able to persevere even with the enormous burden of raising their children while living in high-crime, low-income neighborhoods. Recommendations include the need for social workers to recognize low-income mothers’ inner strengths; recognize why mothers may not trust professionals to be of help; and take the time to build strong therapeutic relationships with mothers who perceive their families, friends, partners, and often social service professionals as being of little help.
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DesRochers, Gilles. „Proposition de revenu familial garanti par intégration d’un régime bivalent d’allocations familiales à un régime de prestations sociales pour adultes“. Articles 56, Nr. 1 (21.01.2009): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/600892ar.
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Abstract This paper deals with a bivalent family allowance plan comprising on the one hand a universal component and on the other, a selective component varying according to income. It will be shown that this plan will simultaneously comply with the horizontal equity objective for compensating dependants and the objective for making up family income deficiencies. This type of program must be integrated to a social welfare scheme for adults. The above-mentioned integrated scheme avoids the need for fiscal instruments such as tax credits and exemptions. Moreover, the proposed guaranteed family income scheme is preferable to a conventional guaranteed family income scheme in so far as it is as effective and generally even more effective, in making up family income deficiencies, while at the same time, insuring a horizontal equity compensation for the cost of raising children to those families whose incomes are above the poverty line. Finally, the proposed scheme is better than standard schemes because the disincentive effect on beneficiaries with regard to work effort is less.
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Conlin, Michael, und Paul N. Thompson. „Michigan and Ohio K–12 Educational Financing Systems: Equality and Efficiency“. Education Finance and Policy 9, Nr. 4 (Oktober 2014): 417–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/edfp_a_00142.
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We consider issues of equality and efficiency in two different school funding systems—a state-level system in Michigan and a foundation system in Ohio. Unlike Ohio, the Michigan system restricts districts from generating property or income tax revenue to fund operating expenditures. In both states, districts fund capital expenditures with local tax revenue. Our results indicate that although average revenue and expenditures per pupil in Michigan and Ohio are almost identical, the distributions of the various revenue sources are quite different. Ohio’s funding system has greater equality in terms of total revenue, largely due to Ohio redistributing state funds to the least wealthy districts while Michigan does not. We find relatively wealthy Michigan districts spend more on capital expenditures, whereas relatively wealthy Ohio districts spend more on labor and materials. This suggests that constraints on raising local revenue to fund operating expenditures in Michigan could create efficiency issues.
Buchteile zum Thema "Generating income while raising children"
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Gale, William G. „Solving the Debt Problem Fairly“. In Fiscal Therapy, 85–102. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190645410.003.0006.
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Who should pay higher taxes and receive fewer benefits? What’s fair? As explored in Chapter 5, debt, taxes, and spending redistribute resources within and across generations. Addressing the debt problem would help future generations – the nation’s children and grandchildren. It is no longer clear that each generation will be better off than the one before it. This makes it all the more important that each generation controls the debt it leaves to the next generation. The United States used to have high income inequality and significant economic mobility: people who worked hard could ascend the income ladder. In recent years, though, the gap between rich and poor has grown dramatically while rates of mobility haven’t improved. Policymakers should narrow inequalityin ways that are productive and fair, investing more in education, healthcare, nutrition, neighborhoods, and employment programs, and judiciously raising taxes on high-income households.
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Bhalotra, Sonia. „Some remarks on the economics of child labour*“. In The Role of Labour Standards in Development. British Academy, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197264911.003.0007.
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The responsibility for child labour is often cast as resting with (exploitative) employers. This creates a demand for legislation that bars employers from employing children. However, a careful look at household survey data suggests that the majority of employers are parents and, when not, parents have volunteered the child for work. This chapter focuses on the majority case of children working to help the family survive. It briefly discusses the role of legislation in curbing child labour, while arguing that it is not a substitute for efforts directed at creating income-generating opportunities amongst the poor and improving their access to education. Even when legislation is effective in lowering the incidence of child labour, it remains relevant to consider where children removed from the labour market go, which is why so much of the emphasis in the contemporary development literature is on education.
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Sbaraini, Jair. „SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC AND ECONOMIC CHARACTERIZATIONOF THE POULTRY RURAL MICROENTREPRENEUR“. In Ciências Agrárias: limites e potencialidades em pesquisa - Volume 2, 236–47. Editora Científica Digital, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37885/230613378.
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Brazil's predominant poultry production system is vertical integration, which has advantages for both sides, providing a constant income to farmers and a constant supply of raw material at competitive costs for the agroindustry. The study aimedto understand better the integrated farmers into the broiler production system in the microregions of Araraquara and São Carlos, totaling 17 citiesin the interior of the state of São Paulo. The methodology consists of applying socio-demographic questionnaires in the region. It was observed that the properties have an average capacity for raising 36,120 birds in 2 aviaries in a built area of 3,398 m2. The workforce is predominantly male, white, married, and with children. In addition, 44.9% have only elementary education, while 22.5% have completed high school, and only 12.4% have higher education. 86.5% own their properties, while 7.9% are tenants. Also, 88.8% have an annual income of R$360,000 from the activity, and 55.1% go to the sector to supplement their income. In addition, 43% do not have any financing, and 33% have no interest in investing more in the activity. The data found in the present study is more favorable than the socio-economic data of rural producers present in the literature, not that they are concerned with the conditions in which the broiler producers are inserted, which are mainly evidenced by the possession of the properties and the producer's way of life. It was also found that many poultry producers have conservative profiles, using their resources, no financing, and withanaversionto takingrisks
Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Generating income while raising children"
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Mistre, Baiba, Inguna Leibus und Gunita Mazure. „Assessment of social benefits for families with children in Latvia“. In Research for Rural Development 2023 : annual 29th international scientific conference proceedings. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/rrd.29.2023.018.
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Social benefits are essential in providing support to families with children, especially in the first years of the child’s life as well as to families at risk of poverty (large families, parents raising a child alone). Social insurance benefits ensure parents with income while taking care of a child. Latvia’s strategic planning documents have defined social protection for families with children as one of the priority areas for several planning periods simultaneously emphasising the need to increase social security and promote the birth rate in the country. The research aim is to assess the social benefits system for families with children in Latvia. The research results allow concluding that the expenditure for social support for families with children as percentage of GDP in Latvia is lower than the average EU Member States indicator as well as it is the lowest one among the Baltic States. Support for families with children in Latvia is gradually growing; however, it is necessary to regularly increase the childbirth allowance taking into account inflation in order not to worsen the financial situation of these families as well as to allocate a larger proportion of GDP to support families with children in Latvia.
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Mwangi, Faith, Elizabeth Omondi und Happiness Oruko. „Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition through Maternal, Infant, And Young Child Nutrition Support Groups: A Case of Kwale County“. In 3rd International Nutrition and Dietetics Scientific Conference. KENYA NUTRITIONISTS AND DIETICIANS INSTITUTE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.57039/jnd-conf-abt-2023-m.i.y.c.n.h.p-23.
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Background: According to (KDHS 2022), 23% of children under-5 in Kwale County are stunted compared to 18% at national level. This is attributed to knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) gaps, poor dietary practices, recurrent droughts and poverty. Matuga sub county , one of the four sub counties in Kwale County has stunting rates of 25.2% and underweight rates of 12.7% (SMART Survey 2022).To address this, USAID Stawisha Pwani (USP) project initiated Maternal, Infant, and Young Child Nutrition (MIYCN) support groups in Vyongwani CU , Matuga Subcouty. Objective: This abstract highlight how MIYCN support groups can be used to improve food security. Methodology: USP project trained 25 health workers and 224 community health volunteers (CHVs) on MIYCN. The trainees mapped households to identify pregnant and/or lactating women in Vyongwani CU. The CHVs formed 9 MIYCN support groups each consisting of 15 pregnant and lactating mothers. With the support of the Department of health, each MIYCN group conducted monthly meetings to give mothers health education and economic empowerment mentorships. The project engaged agricultural extension officers and social protection department to impart mothers with skills on bee keeping, gardening, small animal rearing and Income generating activities(IGAs) Findings: The groups enabled timely identification of malnutrition cases and supplementation of Vitamin A and dewormers. 100% of pregnant mothers in the groups attended their Antenatal clinic visits consistently, took Iron Folic acid supplementation and had skilled delivery while 100% of the children whose mothers were in the groups breastfed exclusively for 6 months. The MICYN support groups established a community resource center. The nine groups established two demonstration beehives, three community demonstration kitchen gardens, rabbit farming, poultry and other IGAs. All the 135 mothers replicated kitchen gardens at household level while 67 mothers initiated small scale poultry farming. The women sell surplus fruits, vegetables, honey and eggs harvested from their small gardens. Mothers adopted sun drying as a method of preserving surplus vegetables. Conclusion: Integration of health education and economic empowerment in MIYCN support groups has the potential to contribute to improved food security. Keywords: Malnutrition, Supplementation, Antenatal
Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Generating income while raising children"
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Kruger, Diana, Marcelo Ochoa, Dante Contreras und Daniela Zapata. The Role of Social Networks in the Economic Opportunities of Bolivian Women. Inter-American Development Bank, Oktober 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011264.
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This paper explores the role of social networks in determining the participation of Bolivian women in income-generating activities. The empirical analysis intends to explore the impact of this new social variable on the economic choices of women and its relative importance with respect to other individual characteristics, such as education or number of children in the household. The empirical framework defines social network as the average outcome of people living in the same neighborhood. Estimation results suggest that social networks are an effective channel through which women obtain access to salaried jobs, which are of higher quality than jobs as self-employers. In contrast, their male counterparts find a positive but statistically insignificant effect from social networks. When considering the sex of the contact, it is found that women in urban areas benefit from other women being employed, while in rural areas women benefit from the presence of more employed male workers.