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1
Campaign For Social Democracy. „Sri Lanka: the choice of two terrors“. Race & Class 30, Nr. 3 (Januar 1989): 57–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030639688903000306.
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While a stalemate in the predominantly Tamil North and East of Sri Lanka continues despite Indian intervention on the government's behalf, in the Sinhala South death squads associated with the pseudo People's Liberation Front, the JVP, have been ruthlessly eliminating its opponents. The United National Party (UNP) and the Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP), having created and nurtured popular racism for over thirty years in order to get into power (through a ready-made Sinhalese majority of 70 per cent of the population), * would now like to draw back from the brink of another crippling civil war, this time in the South. But they are unable to do so because the JVP has taken up the Sinhala cause and pushed it to the point of social fascism through assassination and murder. Popular racism based on Sinhala-Buddhist nationalism promoted in the schools and expressed in song, textbook and media served to fuel the anti-Tamil pogroms of 1958, 1977, 1981 and 1983, in which thousands were killed at the hands of street mobs. Some of the most violently anti- Tamil propaganda (deriving inspiration from mythical Sinhalese history) has emanated from the present government. Colonisation of Tamil areas by Sinhalese was justified on the pretext of protecting ancient Buddhist shrines. And it is an open secret that ministers hired their own hit squads in the 1983 pogrom. When, in a bid to end the unwinnable war with the Tamils, the UNP signed the Indo-Lanka Accord in 1987, allowing Indian troops to operate on Sri Lankan soil, it alienated the very Sinhala nationalists it had itself fostered. And it was the JVP which capitalised on the resentment over India's interference in Sri Lanka's internal affairs. Accusing the UNP government (and other supporters of the Accord) of treachery, it enlarged and deepened popular racism into fanatical patriotism. But what has given the JVP terror tactics a hold over the population has been the steady erosion of democratic freedoms, on the one hand, and the self-abasement of the Left, on the other. Both the SLFP and UNP governments have postponed elections to stay in power, but the UNP went further and got itself re-elected en bloc on a phoney referendum to postpone elections. Local elections were never held under the SLFP and whatever elections took place under the UNP have either been rigged and/or carried out under conditions of massive intimidation. In the process, the political literacy that the country once boasted has been lost to the people and, with it, their will to resist. At the same time the collaborationist politics of the Left in the SLFP government of 1970-77 have not only served to decimate its own chances at the polls (it obtained not a single seat in the election of 1977) but also to leave the working-class movement defenceless. So that it was a simple matter for the UNP government to crush the general strike of 1980, imprison its leaders and throw 80, 000 workers permanently out of work. And it has been left to the JVP to pretend to take up the socialist mantle of the Left even as it devotes itself to the racist cause of the Right, and so win the support of the Sinhala-Buddhist people. In the final analysis the choice before the country is that of two terrors: that of the state or that of the JVP. Below we publish an analysis of the situation as at October 1988, put out by the underground Campaign for Social Democracy in the run up to the presidential elections.
2
Gajanayake, Indra. „Infant mortality in Sri Lanka“. Journal of Biosocial Science 20, Nr. 1 (Januar 1988): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000017272.
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SummaryInfant mortality in Sri Lanka between 1961 and 1980 is studied with reference to its trend and associated factors. Between the periods 1961–65 and 1976–80 deaths from exogenous and endogenous causes have declined considerably and nearly equally. The probability of survival has increased most in the first week of life.National income or total food supply does not seem to be associated with infant mortality. Distribution of free supplementary food, increase of public health personnel, of immunization, and of institutional births appear to have initiated and sustained the transition of infant mortality during the period. Increasing levels of female education probably augmented these effects.
3
Edirisinghe, G. M., B. S. A. T. H. Sudasinghe und Y. Mapatuna. „Evidence of Saccolaimus saccolaimus (Chiroptera) roosting in a building in Sri Lanka“. TAPROBANICA 5, Nr. 1 (15.06.2013): 94–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.47605/tapro.v5i1.102.
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Sri Lanka is a critical area for global biodiversity conservation but rapid land–use changes endanger much of its fauna. Though understudied and under–estimated, bats are a critical component of Sri Lanka’s diversity. Comprising nearly one third of the overall terrestrial mammals of Sri Lanka, bats provide vital ecological and economic services. Sri Lanka has 30 species of bats that belong to 15 genera and seven families. Emballonuridae (Sheath– tailed bats) are widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. In Sri Lanka, there are three species of Emballonurids, Saccolaimus saccolaimus (Temminck, 1838), Taphozous longimanus Hardwicke, 1825 and Taphozous melanopogan Temminck, 1845. Phillips (1980) indicates that Saccolaimus saccolaimus, the Naked–rumped Pouched Bat was once common throughout the lowlands of both dry and the wet zones in Sri Lanka but less common in the highlands. However, now this species is considered to be extremely rare and was not recorded in an extensive five year survey conducted by Yapa & Ratnasooriya (2006) and has been missing from the Sri Lankan bat inventory for 75 years. It was re–discovered in 2011 at an estate in Kurunegala, Wayamba Province roosting in a hollow of a coconut tree. The previous record of this species is from Cheddikulam in 1936.
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Maheswaranathan, Sarojini. „The dynamic nexus among carbon dioxide emissions, energy consumption, and tourism development in Sri Lanka“. Energy Economics Letters 11, Nr. 1 (01.03.2024): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.55493/5049.v11i1.4995.
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The study examines the dynamic nexus among carbon dioxide emissions, energy consumption, and tourism development in Sri Lanka. The tourism sector is one of the fastest-growing industries throughout the globe. This sector significantly contributes to the national development of a country in various ways, not only in developed countries but also in developing countries. However, activities related to the tourism sector contribute to environmental damage, such as transportation, establishing tourism destinations, discouraging wages, high presume on endangered species, and developing foreseeing fire, etc. Scholars for various studies have found conflicting results about the relationship between growing tourism and environmental degradation. Therefore, based on the ARDL cointegration analysis for the period 1990-2019 in Sri Lanka, this paper examines whether the tourism development has contributed to environmental damage, energy consumption, and economic growth. Statistical analysis of the data demonstrates that CO2 emissions in Sri Lanka are negatively correlated with tourist arrival (TR) but positively correlated with tourism receipt (TR) and energy consumption (EC) in the long term. Further, the findings highlight that there is no significant relationship between CO2 emissions and economic growth in Sri Lanka. The findings of this research ensure that the tourism industry can adjust to shifting energy conditions and economic dynamics by pointing policymakers in the direction of workable strategies that strike a balance between energy efficiency, economic growth, and sustainable tourism development.
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de Mel, R. K., A. P. Sumanapala, H. D. Jayasinghe, S. S. Rajapakshe und R. P. Nanayakkara. „An unusual roosting habit of a painted bat (Kerivoula picta) from Sri Lanka“. Taprobanica 10, Nr. 2 (22.11.2021): 138–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.47605/tapro.v10i2.268.
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The painted bat, Kerivoula picta (Pallas, 1767) is considered one of the most aesthetically appealing bats in Sri Lanka with bright orange fur and black wings. However, very little information is available with regard to the ecology of this species in both local and global contexts. Of its roosting habits, Phillips (1980) reports that in Sri Lanka the bat is usually found roosting among banana leaves while it has been observed utilising tall grass species and even an abandoned nest of a Baya Weaver (Plocius philippinus) for this purpose. Here we report an observation of the species using a man-made artefact for roosting during the day.
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Mayorathan, U. „The Management of Death in Sri Lanka and Potential Solutions for the Future“. Jaffna Medical Journal 35, Nr. 2 (31.12.2023): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/jmj.v35i2.187.
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Death is an inevitable human occurrence, and ancient humans experienced anxiety and apprehension when faced with unnatural deaths. Prehistoric humans valued funeral proceedings and ceremonial rites due to their belief in life after death and reincarnation. Dead bodies can be disposed of legally or illegally. Legal methods include soil burials, entombment, cremation, or donation to medical institutions. Legal disposal requires certification by a medical practitioner and a death certificate. Illegal disposal involves secret burials, such as being thrown into waterways or burnt. Ancient societies used customs like burying corpses in uninhabited jungles or constructing “Towers of Silence” to prevent scavenging by animals. Sea burials are also practiced in some cases. To register a death, authorized individuals confirm its occurrence, transfer the body to undertakers for final disposition, and relatives register it with the registrar of birth, marriage, and death. Various death investigation methods have been implemented in different parts of the world, generally varying based on the investigating authority’s jurisdiction.The death investigation system of Sri Lanka is based partly on the English coroner’s system. The death investigation procedure in Sri Lanka is described in Sections 369 to 373 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CCP) of Sri Lanka 1980. However, the current inquest system has several deficiencies. It is high time to adopt a system. Sri Lanka should contemplate transitioning from the inquest system to the medical examiner system, as the medical examiner system is more efficient, and several countries followed this successfully.
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Balachandra, A. Thambirajah, Amal N. Vadysinghe und Anita L. William. „Practice of Forensic Medicine and Pathology in Sri Lanka“. Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 135, Nr. 2 (01.02.2011): 187–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2008-0397-ccr.1.
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Abstract The practice of forensic medicine and pathology in Sri Lanka is based on the British model. Medical students during their third and fourth years receive approximately 50 hours of lectures and tutorials in forensic medicine and pathology and then undergo an examination. After completing an internship, these doctors are sent to various hospitals throughout Sri Lanka where they may be asked to perform medicolegal examinations on victims and suspects in rape cases, persons suspected of being under the influence of drugs and/or alcohol, and, injured live patients. As well, they may be asked to perform medicolegal autopsies. Depending upon their experience, some medical officers may be designated as judicial medical officers and appointed full time to do medicolegal work. Up until 1980, judicial medical officers with at least 2 years of work experience were allowed to obtain their postgraduate qualifications in the United Kingdom. However, since 1981 and the establishment of its own Postgraduate Institute of Medicine in Colombo, Sri Lanka, medical officers are offered 2 postgraduate programs in forensic medicine and pathology, a diploma in legal medicine and a doctorate in medicine (forensic medicine). After completing the doctorate in forensic medicine, doctors are allowed to train abroad for a further year in an approved center. Upon return they can then be appointed as consultant judicial medical officers. The practice of forensic medicine and pathology in Sri Lanka is unique and vibrant. However, due to the country's prevailing civil war, the practice of forensic medicine and pathology is suboptimal.
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Sumanaratne, B. M. „Empirical Analysis of the Trade Balance and its Determinants in Sri Lanka“. Sri Lanka Journal of Economic Research 11, Nr. 1 (29.11.2023): 3–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/sljer.v11i1.193.
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Every economy has experienced an expansion in international trade in recent years, and some developing countries frequently experience persistent trade deficits. The investigation of the short-term and long-term relationships between trade balance and its macroeconomic determinants is the main goal of this study. In particular, the study explores the impact of the real exchange rate, foreign direct investment, inflation, budget deficit, private consumption, real money supply, and gross domestic product on the trade balance. For this purpose, the paper employed an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds test co-integration model that covered the period from 1980 to 2020. The data were mainly gathered from the annual reports of the Central Bank of Sri Lanka, the World Development Indicators, and the UNCTAD database. The findings show a co-integration between the trade balance and selected macroeconomic variables. The study found that real exchange rate and foreign direct investment have a statistically significant and positive association with trade balance, indicating these two determinants will improve the trade balance in the long run. The real exchange rate balances the trade deficit following currency devaluation through expansion in real exports and collapse in real imports. The real exchange rate, however, is insignificant, with positive signs in the short run indicating that Sri Lanka has no J-curve effect. Further, the results demonstrate that in the long run, the budget deficit, private consumption expenditure, and real money supply have a negative impact on the trade balance. However, there is no evidence that inflation and trade balance are related over the short and long term. The results of this analysis suggest that the government should focus on exchange rate policy, followed by monetary and fiscal policies, in order to improve Sri Lanka's trade balance.
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Shiyalini, Sathanantham, und Kanesh Suresh. „The impact of public debt on domestic and foreign direct investments in developing market: An ARDL bounds testing approach“. Corporate Law and Governance Review 4, Nr. 1 (2022): 8–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/clgrv4i1p1.
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This research investigates the effect of the components of state government debts (domestic and external debts) on the various forms of investment (domestic investment and foreign direct investment — FDI) in Sri Lanka both in the short and long terms applying the ARDL bounds testing approach over the period, 1980–2020. The previous research has revealed that higher internal and external government borrowing lowers domestic investments in both the short and long terms, confirming the crowding-out effect of public debt on the volume of domestic investment of our country. The research discovered that internal debt accumulates FDI inflows in the short term, but it crowds out FDI when considering the long term. In contrast, foreign debt has a substantial inverse connection with FDI inflows in the short term, as expected, but it does not influence FDI in the long run. The findings also showed that higher lending rates of interest share a considerably inverted connection with domestic investments, but it does not have any impact on the long-term FDIs. However, in the short term, an increase in the rate of lending interest rate decreases the prospect of external financiers and crowds out the course of FDI in Sri Lanka. Further, the depreciation of the exchange rate decreases both domestic investment and the flow of FDI in the short-run, but it encourages both types of investments in the long run
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Dissanayake, Rajith. „A PROVISIONAL GAZETTEER OF COLLECTION LOCATIONS FOR PALM SQUIRRELS (MAMMALIA: SCIURIDAE: Funambulus)“. Taprobanica 12, Nr. 2 (18.11.2023): 71–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.47605/tapro.v12i2.309.
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Funambulus Lesson, 1835 incorporates palm squirrels representing model South Asian small mammals. They were widely collected between 1880 and 1980 furnishing international collections, especially in London. There’s a dearth of regional small mammal studies since the 1960s and lack of geographical data could contribute to this. Listed here are 172 locations anchored to ~478 specimens incorporating sites where the genus was collected in mainland South Asia with special attention to obscure localities in South India and Sri Lanka. Emphasis is placed on sites from the Bombay Natural History Society Mammal Survey of India, Burma and Ceylon from 1912 to 1929. This list, with sources, contributes to, and addresses historical and taxonomic mammalogical studies for the entire subregion.
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Hassan, Riaz. „Global Rise of Suicide Terrorism: An Overview“. Asian Journal of Social Science 36, Nr. 2 (2008): 271–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853108x298743.
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AbstractSuicide attacks are the targeted use of self-destructing humans against a perceived enemy for political ends. After reviewing terrorism and suicide terrorism trends between 1980 and 2003 the paper shows that suicide attacks have increased dramatically between 2004 and 2005 and have become a global phenomenon. Three main sites of suicide terrorism namely, Iraq, Israel and Sri Lanka are examined in some detail including information about the main terrorist groups responsible for sponsoring suicide attacks and some profiles of individuals involved. The paper then examines the main sociological explanations of suicide attacks, including a description of the strategic logic behind these atrocities, and the notion of life being a weapon. It concludes with an overview of the recommendations emerging from studies that seek to prevent suicide terrorism.
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Jayapadma, Jayapadma Mudalige Miyuru Uthpala, Kazuyoshi Souma, Hiroshi Ishidaira, Jun Magome und Thushara Navodani Wickramaarachchi. „Projection of climate change effects on flood inundation in the Gin River basin, Sri Lanka“. Proceedings of IAHS 386 (19.04.2024): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-386-33-2024.
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Abstract. Human-induced climate change has altered the frequency and severity of heavy precipitation, droughts, and floods worldwide. Sri Lanka, a developing country in the Indian Ocean, has suffered frequent floods, affecting over 64 % of the population in the past decade. The Gin River, the primary drinking water source of the densely populated Galle district with over 1 million residents, faces recurrent flood disasters. Therefore, this study employed a multi-model ensemble to simultaneously simulate the impact of climate change on both river flow and inundation extent in the frequently flooded Gin River basin located in humid tropical monsoon region. Bias-corrected climate projections of an ensemble of five General Circulation Models (GCMs) from the Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) under Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 emission scenario were used to project future river flow and flood inundation in the Gin River basin, Sri Lanka. The validated Rainfall–Runoff–Inundation (RRI) model projected a 5 % increase in high flows (flows exceeding a 5 % probability of exceedance (<Q5)) at the downstream (Baddegama) gauging station and a 16 % increase at the upstream (Thawalma) gauging station in the future (2040–2060) in comparison to the past (1980–2000), which can be attributed to the elevated rainfall projected during the two monsoon seasons (southwest monsoon (May–September) and northeast monsoon (December–February)) by the GCM ensemble. In addition to the projected changes in high flows revealed by the RRI simulations, the model also yielded critical information about the expansion of annual maximum inundated extent in the basin by 3.5 % that will aid flood risk projection and sustainable management in the basin.
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Wimalasiri, Eranga M., A. D. Ampitiyawatta, P. K. Dissanayake und A. S. Karunaratne. „Impact of climate change adaptation on paddy yield in dry zone Sri Lanka: A case study using agricultural production systems simulator (APSIM) model“. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1016, Nr. 1 (01.04.2022): 012036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1016/1/012036.
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Abstract Climate change in terms of increased temperature and variation of rainfall patterns is evident in Sri Lanka. Being a country with an agro-based economy, the impact of the changes of the climate negatively affects crop production and a possesses threat to food security. Using a crop modelling approach, the impact of climate change adaptation on paddy, which is the major crop in the country was assessed in Thanamalwila (6.43ºN, 81.09ºE), Sri Lanka. The calibrated and validated Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM) model was used for yield simulations. Bias-corrected future (2040-2069) climate data were obtained from 3 general circulation models; BNU-ESM, CSIRO-Mk3-6-0, and GFDL-ESM2M under the RCP4.5 scenario. Short season (BG300) and long season (BG358) cultivar, late and early planting (both by two weeks) were used as adaptation methods. Average paddy yield under baseline (1980-2009) climate for BG300 and BG358 were 3711 and 4524 Kg ha−1, respectively. In BG300, the average future yield decreased in all 3 GCMs while in BG358 (long season), the average yield increased under 2 GCMs except CSIRO-Mk3-6-0. On average, delayed planting by 14 days as an adaptation measure increased the yield of BG300 (2.43%), the short season cultivar while in BG358, the average yield decreased by 3.55%. Except for CSIRO-Mk3-6-0 (in BG358), paddy yield in both cultivars decreased on early planting. This simple crop modelling exercise has shown the possibility of selection of cultivar and planting dates as climate change adaptation strategies. Further, field experiments and detailed crop model simulations are essential to validate the findings.
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Dr. Jasdeep Kaur Dhami, Manbir Singh,. „Analysis of Real GDP, Imports and Exports of Indian Ocean RIM Association Member Nations“. Psychology and Education Journal 58, Nr. 2 (04.02.2021): 68–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/pae.v58i2.1057.
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The Indian Ocean woven together by transmission of trade, commands the control of majority of the world’s cargo ships, one third of the worlds cargo traffic and two thirds of total world’s oil shipments. The main aim of this paper is to analyse Real GDP, Imports and Exports of Indian Ocean RIM Association Member Nations. Time period of the study is from 1980 to 2019. Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation (IOR-ARC) contributes 11.7 per cent share in world exports, in case of member nations highest share is of Singapore 2.1 per cent followed by India and UAE 1.7 per cent, Australia 1.5 per cent, Thailand and Malaysia 1.3 per cent. Indonesia, South Africa, Bangladesh, Oman, Iran, Islamic Republic of, Sri Lanka the share in world exports is less than 1 per cent.
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Sudasinghe, Hiranya, Jayampathi Herath, Rohan Pethiyagoda und Madhava Meegaskumbura. „Undocumented translocations spawn taxonomic inflation in Sri Lankan fire rasboras (Actinopterygii, Cyprinidae)“. PeerJ 6 (20.12.2018): e6084. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6084.
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A recent (2013) taxonomic review of the freshwater-fish genus Rasboroides, which is endemic to Sri Lanka, showed it to comprise four species: R. vaterifloris, R. nigromarginatus, R. pallidus and R. rohani. Here, using an integrative-taxonomic analysis of morphometry, meristics and mitochondrial DNA sequences of cytochrome b (cytb) and cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (coi), we show that R. nigromarginatus is a synonym of R. vaterifloris, and that R. rohani is a synonym of R. pallidus. The creation and recognition of unnecessary taxa (‘taxonomic inflation’) was in this case a result of selective sampling confounded by a disregard of allometry. The population referred to R. rohani in the Walawe river basin represents an undocumented trans-basin translocation of R. pallidus, and a translocation into the Mahaweli river of R. vaterifloris, documented to have occurred ca 1980, in fact involves R. pallidus. A shared haplotype suggests the latter introduction was likely made from the Bentara river basin and not from the Kelani, as claimed. To stabilize the taxonomy of these fishes, the two valid species, R. vaterifloris and R. pallidus, are diagnosed and redescribed, and their distributions delineated. We draw attention to the wasteful diversion of conservation resources to populations resulting from undocumented translocations and to taxa resulting from taxonomic inflation. We argue against translocations except where mandated by a conservation emergency, and even then, only when supported by accurate documentation.
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Chathuranika, Imiya M., Miyuru B. Gunathilake, Hazi Md Azamathulla und Upaka Rathnayake. „Evaluation of Future Streamflow in the Upper Part of the Nilwala River Basin (Sri Lanka) under Climate Change“. Hydrology 9, Nr. 3 (16.03.2022): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology9030048.
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Climate change is a serious and complex crisis that impacts humankind in different ways. It affects the availability of water resources, especially in the tropical regions of South Asia to a greater extent. However, the impact of climate change on water resources in Sri Lanka has been the least explored. Noteworthy, this is the first study in Sri Lanka that attempts to evaluate the impact of climate change in streamflow in a watershed located in the southern coastal belt of the island. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the climate change impact on streamflow of the Upper Nilwala River Basin (UNRB), Sri Lanka. In this study, the bias-corrected rainfall data from three Regional Climate Models (RCMs) under two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs): RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 were fed into the Hydrologic Engineering Center-Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS) model to obtain future streamflow. Bias correction of future rainfall data in the Nilwala River Basin (NRB) was conducted using the Linear Scaling Method (LSM). Future precipitation was projected under three timelines: 2020s (2021–2047), 2050s (2048–2073), and 2080s (2074–2099) and was compared against the baseline period from 1980 to 2020. The ensemble mean annual precipitation in the NRB is expected to rise by 3.63%, 16.49%, and 12.82% under the RCP 4.5 emission scenario during the 2020s, 2050s, and 2080s, and 4.26%, 8.94%, and 18.04% under RCP 8.5 emission scenario during 2020s, 2050s and 2080s, respectively. The future annual streamflow of the UNRB is projected to increase by 59.30% and 65.79% under the ensemble RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 climate scenarios, respectively, when compared to the baseline scenario. In addition, the seasonal flows are also expected to increase for both RCPs for all seasons with an exception during the southwest monsoon season in the 2015–2042 period under the RCP4.5 emission scenario. In general, the results of the present study demonstrate that climate and streamflow of the NRB are expected to experience changes when compared to current climatic conditions. The results of the present study will be of major importance for river basin planners and government agencies to develop sustainable water management strategies and adaptation options to offset the negative impacts of future changes in climate.
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Liaqat, Sobia, Yasir Bashir, Amber Khalil und Wajid Khan. „Does Gender Kuznets Curve Exist in South Asian Countries? Role of Gender Equality and Economic Development“. iRASD Journal of Economics 6, Nr. 1 (24.02.2024): 45–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.52131/joe.2024.0601.0193.
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This study aims to determine the relationship between gender equality and economic growth in major South Asian countries. This study suggests checking the gender Kuznets curve or whether the data support a linear, quadratic, or cubic gender Kuznets curve for major South Asian countries. We used time series data and covered the period from 1980 to 2019. We applied the Ng-Perron unit root test to check for non-stationary time series data. After the integration order is established, the autoregressive distributive lag (ARDL) model is used in three steps. The ARDL bound testing approach of covariance shows that Sri Lanka has an S-shaped Gender Cognition Curve (GKC), India has a Z-shaped GKC, Pakistan has an S-shape, and Bangladesh has an S-shape. is the -shaped GKC association. Periods of countries were considered. We also conclude that gender equality is not a direct result of development. Consequently, politicians with gender equality policies should subsidize women's employment in times of financial hardship.
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Nicholls, Scott, Lee Pote, Edward Thomson und Nicola Theis. „The Change in Test Cricket Performance Following the Introduction of T20 Cricket“. Sports Innovation Journal 4 (02.02.2023): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/26438.
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International cricket has evolved from predominantly Test cricket, to shorter formats of competition. With the high player overlap between formats, the introduction of Twenty20 (T20) cricket is proposed to have influenced Test cricket and therefore the tactical strategies coaches and players should attempt to implement. The aim of this study was to identify the change in specific Test cricket performance metrics following the introduction of T20 cricket across a 20-year period (2000-2020). A total of 667 matches involving the top eight International Cricket Council (ICC) Test-cricket nations were analyzed. Overall, the introduction of T20 cricket has been associated with a change in the way in which Test cricket is currently played. Results identified significantly ( p < 0.001) more runs being scored by sixes and less by fours. A significant (17.4%; p < 0.001) decrease was also present in the percentage of Test matches ending in draws (23.5% in 2000 to 6.4% in 2020). Run rates increased for five teams (India, New Zealand, Pakistan, South Africa, and Sri Lanka), remained constant for one team (West Indies), and decreased for two teams (Australia, England) across the entire period studied. However, there was no change in the number of days Test matches lasted, with the average number of days continuing to last into day five (4.5 decreasing to 4.3). Findings highlight that improving the ability to strike a greater number of sixes, increase the overall run rate, and facilitate strike rotation when batting to be a focus for coaches and players alike. Future studies should ascertain whether the introduction of T20 has had an effect on One Day International (ODI) performance variables while further considering the impact of home advantage and team quality, to facilitate enhanced tactical and strategic decision-making.
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Tahir, Muhammad, Mario Ruiz Estrada, Imran Khan und Muhammad Asim Afridi. „The role of trade openness for industrial sector development: panel data evidence from SAARC region“. Journal of Asia Business Studies 10, Nr. 1 (04.01.2016): 93–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jabs-01-2015-0007.
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Purpose – The purpose of this study is to focus on South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) member economies to examine the impact of trade openness on the industrial sector development. Design/methodology/approach – Panel data econometric techniques are used to the data for the period 1980-2013 for the selected six countries, namely, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Findings – It is found that trade openness has positively and significantly influenced the industrial sector of the sampled countries. Other determinants such as education and investment have also played a key role in helping the selected developing countries to develop their industrial sectors. Practical implications – The study suggests the policy-makers of the SAARC member countries to liberalize international trade substantially to enhance the contributions of industrial sector toward gross domestic product (GDP) and to achieve the dreamed goal of sustainable long-run growth for the region. Originality/value – An explicit relationship between trade openness and industrial sector of the SAARC member economies is yet to be examined.
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Shabbir, Sadia, und Hafiz M. Yasin. „Implications of Public External Debt for Social Spending: A Case Study of Selected Asian Developing Countries“. LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 20, Nr. 1 (01.01.2015): 71–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2015.v20.i1.a3.
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For developing countries with budgetary and balance-of-payments gaps to meet, maintaining large stakes of external debt is not free of cost. Highly indebted countries have to set aside a sizeable fraction of their scarce resources to service their debt, which naturally affects their development spending in general and allocations for the social sector in particular. This study examines the behavior of seven developing Asian countries and analyzes the impact of public external debt on social sector spending. The panel dataset includes Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, the Philippines, and Indonesia, and spans the period 1980–2010. Our empirical analysis is based on three interrelated equations for different spending categories, which are estimated using the general method of moments. The study’s results confirm the common wisdom that outstanding external debt and its servicing liability have an adverse impact on public spending, particularly on social sector spending. This suggests that developing countries need to mobilize their own resources and minimize their dependence on external borrowing as far as possible.
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Smiesova, Viktoriia L., Svitlana P. Kozhushko und Ruslan M. Kliuchnyk. „MAIN CHALLENGES TO TOURISM DEVELOPMENT: AN ATTEMPT AT CLASSIFICATION“. Academic Review 2, Nr. 59 (18.07.2023): 298–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.32342/2074-5354-2023-2-59-20.
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The article is devoted to the main challenges faced by modern tourism. The importance of tourism in the context of economic growth in modern conditions has been explained. Economic and sociological approaches, which reflect the main spectrum of modern challenges for the tourism industry, have been highlighted. The usefulness of the economic approach for studying the role of tourism and its contribution to the country’s economy and economic development has been proven. The possibility of using a sociological approach to study the structure, functioning and development of tourism as a social phenomenon in its connection with social, political, economic and cultural dimensions of society has been demonstrated. The author’s classification of factors (as well as challenges) that affect the tourism business has been presented. Two groups of factors have been distinguished: 1) natural and man-made; 2) socioeconomic and political. Natural factors, such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, typhoons, floods, pandemics make tourism dangerous. Man-made factors include incidents, disasters, accidents in industry, crowded places, transport accidents, etc. A list of examples of transport accidents in which a large number of tourists were injured and died has been given. Socio-economic and political factors include the actions or inaction of people, individual groups, enterprises, states, international organizations, etc. Thus, the bankruptcy of a tourist or other company prevents the fulfillment of obligations to tourists. A workers’ strike often affects people who are not directly related to it and are indirectly involved in the conflict. Thus, air transport workers strike lead to flight delays and cancellations, that influences tourism business. Political processes can also cause problems to tourism business. It has been emphasized that poverty, social instability, unpopular decisions of the government or local authorities often lead to riots. At the same time, we have noted that tourists may suffer during these disturbances due to a number of certain reasons. Political crises, revolutions and coups d’état change the political landscape of a country, its legal norms, conditions for crossing the border, etc. Examples of Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, and other countries that experienced coups or mass protests have been given. Particular attention has been paid to terrorism as a hazard factor. Examples of terrorist acts directed against tourists have been given. The destructive influence of hostilities on tourism has been proven, but it has been shown that tourists can be attracted to places associated with war. Special attention has been paid to the problem of recognition of states.
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Munir, Kashif, und Mahnoor Bukhari. „Impact of globalization on income inequality in Asian emerging economies“. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 40, Nr. 1/2 (21.11.2019): 44–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-08-2019-0167.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of three modes of globalization, i.e. trade globalization, financial globalization and technological globalization, separately on income inequality on the Asian emerging economies. Design/methodology/approach The study uses Hecksher–Ohlin and the Stolper–Samuelson theorem as a theoretical model for the relationship between globalization and income inequality. The study uses pooled least square (POLS) and instrumental variable least square (IVLS) estimation technique but prefers the IVLS over POLS due to the problems of omitted variable biased and endogeneity. Due to unavailability of data for all the Asian emerging economies, the study uses the following 11 countries, i.e. Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Singapore, South Korea and Thailand, from 1980 to 2014 for the trade and technological globalization model and from 1990 to 2014 for the financial globalization model. Findings Trade globalization significantly contributes to reduce income inequality in the Asian emerging economies. The impact of financial globalization on income inequality suggests that financial integration causes an increase in income inequality. Therefore, the benefits of financial globalization are not evenly distributed among the rich and the poor. The impact of technological globalization significantly contributes in the reduction of income inequality. Practical implications Government has to invest in research and development activities, establish efficient financial system, reduce trade restrictions and provide subsidies that help to increase the volume of trade. Originality/value This study contributes in the existing literature by analyzing the impact of trade globalization, financial globalization and technological globalization on income inequality in Asian emerging economies. The study provides useful guidelines to policy makers and governments to make effective policies in relation to globalization and income inequality that lead toward economic growth and reducing income inequality.
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Munir, Kashif, und Ayesha Ameer. „Effect of economic growth, trade openness, urbanization, and technology on environment of Asian emerging economies“. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 29, Nr. 6 (10.09.2018): 1123–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/meq-05-2018-0087.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze the long-run as well as short-run effect of economic growth, trade openness, urbanization and technology on environmental degradation (sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions) in Asian emerging economies. Design/methodology/approach The study utilizes the augmented STIRPAT model and uses the panel cointegration and causality test to analyze the long-run and short-run relationships. Due to the unavailability of data for all Asian emerging economies, the study focuses on 11 countries, i.e. Bangladesh, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka and Thailand, and uses balance panel from 1980 to 2014 at annual frequency. Findings Results showed that the inverted U-shape hypothesis of the environmental Kuznets curve holds between economic growth and SO2 emissions. While technology and trade openness increases SO2 emissions, urbanization reduces SO2 emissions in Asian emerging economies in the long run. Unidirectional causality flows from urbanization to SO2 emissions and from SO2 emissions to economic growth in the short run. Practical implications Research and development centers and programs are required at the government and private levels to control pollution through new technologies as well as to encourage the use of disposed-off waste as a source of energy which results in lower dependency on fossil fuels and leads to reduce emissions. Originality/value This study contributes to the existing literature by analyzing the effects of urbanization, economic growth, technology and trade openness on environmental pollution (measured by SO2 emissions) in Asian emerging economies. This study provides the essential evidence, information and better understanding to key stakeholders of environment. The findings of this study are useful for individuals, corporate bodies, environmentalist, researchers and government agencies at large.
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Wimalasiri, Eranga M., Matthew J. Ashfold, Ebrahim Jahanshiri, Sue Walker, Sayed N. Azam-Ali und Asha S. Karunaratne. „Agro-climatic sensitivity analysis for sustainable crop diversification; the case of Proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.)“. PLOS ONE 18, Nr. 3 (23.03.2023): e0283298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283298.
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Current agricultural production depends on very limited species grown as monocultures that are highly vulnerable to climate change, presenting a threat to the sustainability of agri-food systems. However, many hundreds of neglected crop species have the potential to cater to the challenges of climate change by means of resilience to adverse climate conditions. Proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.), one of the underutilised minor millets grown as a rainfed subsistence crop, was selected in this study as an exemplary climate-resilient crop. Using a previously calibrated version of the Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM), the sensitivity of the crop to changes in temperature and precipitation was studied using the protocol of the Coordinated Climate Crop Modelling Project (C3MP). The future (2040–2069) production was simulated using bias-corrected climate data from 20 general circulation models of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) under RCP4.5 and 8.5 scenarios. According to the C3MP analysis, we found a 1°C increment of temperature decreased the yield by 5–10% at zero rainfall change. However, Proso millet yields increased by 5% within a restricted climate change space of up to 2°C of warming with increased rainfall. Simulated future climate yields were lower than the simulated yields under the baseline climate of the 1980–2009 period (mean 1707 kg ha–1) under both RCP4.5 (–7.3%) and RCP8.5 (–16.6%) though these changes were not significantly (p > 0.05) different from the baseline yields. Proso millet is currently cultivated in limited areas of Sri Lanka, but our yield mapping shows the potential for expansion of the crop to new areas under both current and future climates. The results of the study, indicating minor impacts from projected climate change, reveal that Proso millet is an excellent candidate for low-input farming systems under changing climate. More generally, through this study, a framework that can be used to assess the climate sensitivity of underutilized crops was also developed.
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Munir, Kashif, und Ayesha Kanwal. „Impact of educational and gender inequality on income and income inequality in South Asian countries“. International Journal of Social Economics 47, Nr. 8 (29.07.2020): 1043–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-04-2020-0226.
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PurposeThe objectives of this study are threefold: firstly, to measure the impact of educational inequality on income inequality, and per capita income; secondly, to measure the impact of gender inequality in education on income inequality, per capita income and educational inequality; and lastly, to test the Kuznets inverted U-shape hypothesis between inequality in education and average year of schooling.Design/methodology/approachThe study has adopted the Marin and Psacharopoulos (1976) model of human capital in which income earned by an individual can be estimated as a function of number of year spent in schooling or education. Gini coefficient is used as a measure of income inequality, while inequality in education is measured by Gini index of educational inequality. Gender inequality in education is measured by the difference between male and female enrolment ratios as a proportion of male enrolment. The study utilizes the data of six South Asian countries, i.e. Bangladesh, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka from 1980 to 2010 at five-year average and employs fixed effect model (FEM) and random effect model (REM) for estimation.FindingsResult suggests that educational inequality and average year of schooling have positive and significant impact on income inequality. Primary (basic) education and tertiary (higher) education reduce income inequality, while secondary education widens income inequality. Negative relationship exists between educational inequality and per capita income. Unequal distribution of education among boys and girls at primary level increases income inequality, while reduces income inequality at tertiary level. Gender inequality in secondary and tertiary level of education reduces per capita income, while unequal distribution of education among boys and girls further increases the educational inequality. Kuznets inverted U-shape hypothesis does not hold between education expansion and educational inequality, while weak U-shape relationship exists in South Asian countries.Practical implicationsGovernment has to provide free education in poor regions and makes employment programs to reduce the income and educational inequality respectively, while to remove gender inequality in education it is necessary to build more schools especially for girls. Government has to launch different online education programs for expansion in education at all levels.Originality/valueThis study adds to the literature by analyzing whether the inequality in income increases (decreases) due to increase (decrease) in educational and gender inequality in South Asian countries. This study contributes in the existing literature by developing a measure of educational and gender inequality in education in South Asian countries.Peer review The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/IJSE-04-2020-0226.
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Ramachandran, Sujata. „The Fragmented Island: Ethnic Conf1ict and the Politics of Culture in Sri Lanka“. Refuge: Canada's Journal on Refugees, 01.06.1993, 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.25071/1920-7336.21727.
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This article examines the role of culture in the ethnic conflict and strife in Sri Lanka. The general aim is to achieve an understanding of the nationalist process, the force of nationalist ideas and traditions in motivating action-action that is often violent and intolerant-and to demonstrate the value of a cultural approach to the understanding of modern societies. Culture has been examined in two ways here, namely, the dramaturgic approach to culture which emphasizes the expressive dimensions of culture, and the politics of culture or the political culture approach, whereby cultural manifestations are utilized effectively to maintain power between groups. The article concludes that the SinhaleseTamil conflict is a product of modem politics, and culture has been used effectively to legitimate rival nationalisms in Sri Lanka.
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J, Kennedy. „The Problems of Survival for the Diasporic Sri Lankan Tamil Society Depicted in the Sri Lankan Tamil Diasporic Literature“. Indian Journal of Tamil, 30.05.2021, 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/ijot2122.
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Diasporic Literature becomes a prominent place in the field of literature. So is to the Sri Lankan Tamil Diasporic Literature. It is because the Sri Lankan Tamil diasporic literature speaks about the identity of the Sri Lanka Tamils who are in the verge of losing their language and culture in the hosting countries where they seek political asylum. The present study analyses the challenges faced in the life of the displaced Tamils. Also, this study explains not only the emergence of the new life condition when the large number of Tamils displaced from Sri Lanka during the ethnic conflicts broke out after 1980’S and the challenges, and oppression that they underwent in the aspect of family, profession, education, language, and culture as they have been put into the new life condition as political refugees, but also asserts the fact that the diasporic literature is the social documentation to expose such vulnerabilities of the diasporic victims. Therefore, the present study arrives at a conclusion that there.
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„Seroepidemiologic Screening for Antibodies to LAV/HTLV-III in Sri Lanka, 1980–1982“. New England Journal of Medicine 313, Nr. 21 (21.11.1985): 1352–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejm198511213132114.
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Madumadhawa M.H.D., Manewa R.M.S.S., Palliyaguru O.G. und Senaratna D. „Mangrove Biodiversity Conservation and Aquaculture Practices in Sri Lanka: An Overview“. Proceedings of International Forestry and Environment Symposium 27 (15.02.2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.31357/fesympo.v27.7194.
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The tropical island of Sri Lanka is endowed with a diverse and resourceful coastal area of 1,700 km coastline and 152,000 ha of highly productive 82 lagoons and 93,075ha of 45 estuary ecosystems. Around 33% of the population in coastal areas is engaged in fishing as the main income source, which contributes to around 1.10% of the national GDP. The objective of the review was to provide an overview of the present status of Sri Lankan coastal aquaculture, mangrove coverage, and conservation status. Mangroves are ecologically and economically important ecosystems providing the best nursery grounds for both blackish and marine species, covering only 0.24% of Sri Lanka‘s total land area. In addition, as the most carbon-rich forests in the tropics, mangroves provide a wide range of ecosystem services and biodiversity conservation. Currently, Sri Lankan mangroves are estimated to cover 160 km2 and are distributed mainly in Jaffna, Kalpitiya, Batticaloa, Rekawa, and Trincomalee. Including endangered species such as Sonneratia apetala, Ceriops decandra, and Lumnitzera littorea, there are 21 true mangrove species, and 24 mangrove associate species can be found. However, mangrove ecosystems in Sri Lanka are progressively under threat due to coastal aquaculture practices, especially shrimp farming and development projects. Human settlements, overexploitation, and climatic variables such as coastal flooding, drought, rainfall, salinity changes, increased sea level, and sea surface temperature have significantly influenced coastal aquaculture and substantially damage the mangroves resulting in loss of mangrove biodiversity. Between 1980 and 2005, approximately 25% of mangrove habitats are estimated to have been destroyed. Recently, 1,000-1,200 hectares of mangroves have been established in 23 wetlands in Sri Lanka becoming leader of the mangrove conservation in Commonwealth countries. In conclusion, it is imperative to apply international standards for mangrove-based aquacultural practices, mangrove rehabilitation, and technical and management interventions.
Keywords: Biodiversity, Coastal aquaculture, Coastal ecosystems, Mangroves
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Khan, Zanbaz Ahmed, und Biswajit Patra. „Intergenerational Mobility in South Asia“. South Asia Economic Journal, 27.02.2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13915614241226538.
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This article analyses the movement of intergenerational mobility (IGM) in South Asia from birth cohorts comprising 1950–1980 using the World Bank’s data on IGM. The article compares the IGM movements across countries to account for the causal factors of the IGM. Exploratory data analysis and Bayesian regression have been used in this study for empirical analysis. We note that in the past three decades, the share of primary parental education in South Asia constitutes 79% of the total, while the children who achieved the highest level of education constitute only 10%. Children in Sri Lanka have been enrolled in school for the greatest number of years, but the absolute IGM in India is greater than Sri Lanka. Bhutan lags in average years of educational attainment, yet their relative mobility surpasses every country in South Asia. The likelihood that Pakistani children’s status shall be independent of their parental status is as low as 20%. Despite variation in parental education, absolute IGM in India is highest in South Asia. Variation in parental education reduces the degree of independence in the next generation. Relative measure of mobility is a better indicator of social mobility than the absolute measure. JEL Codes: I21, I24, I28, J24, J62, N35
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Karunapema, R. P. P. „Food Control System in Sri Lanka and Perception of Public Health Inspectors on Implementation of Control Measures“. International Journal of Current Science Research and Review 04, Nr. 11 (13.11.2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.47191/ijcsrr/v4-i11-08.
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Background: Many health problems encountered today arising from consumption of unsafe food. Contamination of food and feeds arising from naturally occurring toxicants, microbiological contaminants, chemical contaminants such as additives used above the permitted levels, pesticide and veterinary residues in food or as toxic components from food processing could have deleterious effects in humans and animals. Food control measures are critical in fostering food safety management of a nation. Methods: In depth review of the existing legislation on food safety and hygiene and the food control system was done. International literature and reports were reviewed to compare the current global situation and the Sri Lankan situation. In depth interviews were conducted among the Public Health Inspectors who comprise the majority of authorized officers Results: The food control legislation which was enacted in 1980 has been amended only twice in 1991 and 2011. There are over 50 Regulations brough in time to time under the Food Act of 1980. The food control system is mainly centralized and the implementation is done mainly at the level of the Medical Officer of Health (MOH). Many provisions of the legislation are outdated and needs revisions. The perception of the Public Health Inspectors reveled that a vast majority are not satisfied with the current food control system and are the opinion that the improvements should be made in all areas related to the food control system. Conclusion: The food control system in Sri Lanka should be revisited and be improved and updated to be in line with the current global trends. The capacities of the analytical system as well as the authorized officers should be improved in order to ensure effective implementation of the food control system.
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Adeleye, Bosede Ngozi, Darlington Akam, Nasiru Inuwa, Henry Tumba James und Denis Basila. „Does globalization and energy usage influence carbon emissions in South Asia? An empirical revisit of the debate“. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22.12.2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24457-9.
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Abstract The 2030 United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 13 agenda hinges on attaining a sustainable environment with the need to “take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts”. Hence, this study empirically revisits the debate on the effect of nonrenewable energy and globalization on carbon emissions within the framework of the Kuznets hypothesis using an unbalanced panel data from seven South Asian countries (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka) covering 1980–2019. The variables of interest are carbon emissions measured in metric tons per capita, energy use measured as kg of oil equivalent per capita, and globalization index. To address five main objectives, we deploy four techniques: panel-corrected standard errors (PCSE), feasible generalized least squares (FGLS), quantile regression (QR), and fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS). For the most part, the findings reveal that the (1) inverted U-shaped energy-Kuznets curve holds; (2) U-shaped globalization-Kuznets curve is evident; (3) inverted U-shaped turning points for nonrenewable energy are 496.03 and 640.84, while for globalization are 38.83 and 39.04, respectively; (4) globalization-emission relationship indicates a U-shaped relationship at the median and 75th quantile; and (5) inverted U-shaped energy-Kuznets holds in Pakistan but a U-shaped nexus prevails in Nepal and Sri Lanka; inverted U-shaped globalization-Kuznets holds in Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, but U-shaped nexus is evident in Bhutan, Maldives, and Nepal. Deductively, our results show that South Asia countries (at early stage of development) are faced with the hazardous substance that deteriorates human health. Moreover, the non-linear square term of the nonrenewable energy-emissions relationship is negative, which validates the inverted U-shaped EKC theory. Overall, the effect of energy and globalization on carbon emissions is opposite while the consistency at the 75th quantile result indicates that countries with intense globalization are prone to environmental degradation.
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Mendis, Kamini, Rajitha Wickremasinghe und Risintha Premaratne. „Malaria elimination does not cost more than malaria control: Sri Lanka a case in point“. Malaria Journal 21, Nr. 1 (01.08.2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12936-022-04249-9.
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Abstract Background Malaria was endemic in Sri Lanka for centuries and was eliminated in 2012. It is widely assumed that the costs of elimination are generally greater than that of control. The costs of malaria elimination in Sri Lanka with that of malaria control in the past using periods in which starting transmission dynamics were similar were compared. Methods The expenditure of the Anti-Malaria Campaign (AMC), total and by budget category, during 2002–2010 is compared with that of malaria control during the period 1980–1989, using regression analyses and the Mann Whitney U statistic. Results The expenditure on malaria control and malaria elimination was similar ranging from 21 to 45 million USD per year when adjusted for inflation. In both periods, external funding for the malaria progamme constituted around 24% of the total budget; during the control phase in the 1980s, external funds came from bilateral agencies and were disbursed in accordance with government budget guidelines. In the elimination phase in the 2000s, most of external funding was from the Global Fund and had flexibility of disbursement. In the 1980s, most funds were expended on commodities—insecticides, diagnostics and medicines and their delivery; in the elimination phase, they were spent on programme management, human resources, technical assistance and monitoring and evaluation; monitoring and evaluation was not a budget line in the 1980s. Although the cost per case of malaria was considerably higher during the elimination phase than in the control phase, expenditure was not on individual cases but on general systems strengthening. Conclusion Malaria elimination in Southeast Asia may not require more funding than malaria control. But sustained funding for an agile programme with flexibility in fund utilization and improved efficiencies in programme management with stringent monitoring and evaluation appears to be critically important.
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JAMSHEED, Rizwan Akhtar. „FDI, Foreign Debt, and Economic Growth: The South Asian Perspective (1980-2020)“. Journal of World Economy: Transformations & Transitions, 15.01.2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.52459/jowett37270124.
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The present study examines the intricate relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI), foreign debt, and economic growth over the period of 1980 to 2020 in the following countries: India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Nepal, Maldives, and Bhutan. The analysis utilizes data obtained from the World Bank, with productive projects, improved technology and expertise, technological transfer, foreign direct investment (FDI), export, import, and productive projects serving as independent variables. GDP growth is considered as the dependent variable. The model is subjected to rigorous testing procedures, which include the Fisher-Type ADF (for panel unit root), co-integration tests, histogram-based normality assessment, White test for heteroscedasticity, VIF (variance inflation factor) test for multicollinearity, and F-test for parameter significance. These procedures are implemented to ensure the model's robustness. Subsequent analysis is guided by the Hausman test's preference for the Fixed Effects (FE) model over the Random Effects (RE) model. It is worth noting that in both the FE and RE models, a negative correlation is observed between foreign debt and economic growth. The foreign direct investment (FDI) growth rate is inversely proportional to the growth rate of economic output (0.025 percent) and foreign debt (0.117 percent), according to the FE model. The interdependence of foreign direct investment (FDI) and foreign debt underscores the criticality for developing countries to effectively manage their foreign debt while facilitating FDI inflow. The research emphasizes that policy frameworks in these nations must reduce foreign debt in order to create an environment that is favorable for greater foreign direct investment.
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JAMSHEED, Rizwan Akhtar. „FDI, Foreign Debt, and Economic Growth: The South Asian Perspective (1980-2020)“. Journal of World Economy: Transformations & Transitions, 15.01.2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.52459/37270124.
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The present study examines the intricate relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI), foreign debt, and economic growth over the period of 1980 to 2020 in the following countries: India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Nepal, Maldives, and Bhutan. The analysis utilizes data obtained from the World Bank, with productive projects, improved technology and expertise, technological transfer, foreign direct investment (FDI), export, import, and productive projects serving as independent variables. GDP growth is considered as the dependent variable. The model is subjected to rigorous testing procedures, which include the Fisher-Type ADF (for panel unit root), co-integration tests, histogram-based normality assessment, White test for heteroscedasticity, VIF (variance inflation factor) test for multicollinearity, and F-test for parameter significance. These procedures are implemented to ensure the model's robustness. Subsequent analysis is guided by the Hausman test's preference for the Fixed Effects (FE) model over the Random Effects (RE) model. It is worth noting that in both the FE and RE models, a negative correlation is observed between foreign debt and economic growth. The foreign direct investment (FDI) growth rate is inversely proportional to the growth rate of economic output (0.025 percent) and foreign debt (0.117 percent), according to the FE model. The interdependence of foreign direct investment (FDI) and foreign debt underscores the criticality for developing countries to effectively manage their foreign debt while facilitating FDI inflow. The research emphasizes that policy frameworks in these nations must reduce foreign debt in order to create an environment that is favorable for greater foreign direct investment.
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Sharmin, Mowshumi. „Synergy between sectoral output, energy and CO2 emission: a panel cointegration analysis of South Asia“. International Journal of Energy Sector Management, 30.11.2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijesm-11-2020-0016.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the synergy between sectoral output, energy use and CO2 emission with other factors for a panel of South Asian economies including Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Pakistan, Maldives, Nepal and Sri Lanka. Design/methodology/approach The analysis is done using annual panel data from 1980–2019 using dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS), fully modified OLS (FMOLS) and Toda-Yamamoto techniques. Findings Empirical findings reveal the existence of a statistically significant long-run cointegrating relationship between energy use, sectoral output such as agricultural, industry and service gross domestic product (GDP), globalization, urbanization and CO2 emission. DOLS and FMOLS result posits that in the case of the South Asian region agriculture GDP does not contribute to increasing CO2 emission while service and industrial GDP is responsible for increasing CO2 emission along with urban population, energy use and to some extent globalization. More remarkably, the contribution of the service GDP is greater than the other two sectoral outputs in increasing CO2 emission with a feedback hypothesis. Practical implications As CO2 emission is a global phenomenon with a cross-boundary effect, these empirical findings might contribute to formulating implementable energy and environmental policies to sustain growth, as well as to protect the environment in the regional context. Originality/value The study contributes to the literature by providing an empirical investigation of South Asia incorporating the contribution of sectoral output to understand the potential contribution of each sector on energy and emission. This is the first study on the South Asian context from the perspective of sectoral output, energy and emission.
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De Silva, S. S. M. „Buddhist Vihares - Their Temporalities, Modes of Succession to the Office of Viharadhipathi: A Review of Buddhist Ecclesiastical Law“. Vidyodaya Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 17.10.2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31357/fhss/vjhss.v00i00.4032.
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This study examines the Buddhist Ecclesiastical Law in its historical perspective and the current law in relation to Buddhist Vihares and the mode of succession 10 the of lice of Viharadhipathi. In this exercise relevant legislation and the case law are analvzed. Buddhist Ecclesiastical law in Sri Lanka has evolved through the past centuries to become a living force, which reveals through examination the inextricabte link between Sinhalese culture and Buddhism and the role played by the religion in the growth of the laws and customs of the country. On account ofthe enormous service rendered bv the Buddhist monks toward the stability and progress of the country, the educational and moral enlightenmentof the people,prosperity and happiness of the society, the kings bestowed extensive tracts of lands, on the temples for their maintenance and upkeep, which is evident from the Mihintale slab inscription of King Mahinda IV and the Mahavansa. The apointment of chiefs and priests of temples was a prerogative of the king of Kandyan Kingdom. In keeping with the ancient tradition, according to article 5 of the Kandyan Convention of 1815, the British government undertook to maintain and protect Buddhism and Buddhist temples. However, later the withdrawal of the British Government from temples affairs plunged the Buddhist temples into a deep crisis, There appeared on the scene, during the 19' century, in addition to patriotic laymen a few Buddhist monks of heroic cnaracter intent on revivinsr the notion and its religion. One of such eminent Buaahist scholar was Ven. Hikkaduwe Sri Sumangala Nayaka Thero who estahlishcd in 1873 the Vidyodaya Pirivena of Maligakanda which gave to birth to our University of Sri Jayewardenenpura. Temple property and the rights of Viharadhipathi have been regulated by successive Buddhist Temporalities Ordinances passed in 1889. 1905 and 1931 The statute now in force is chapter 396 as amended by the Buddhist Fcrnporalities (Amendement) Ordinance No, 22 of 1980. The infiltration made by the English law of Trust into Sanghika property has hindered the growth of the Sasana and made the Buddhist priest a trustee which subsumes the lay concept of 'possession '. Since a temple exists for the `spiritual 'welfare of the community, it is imperative that the temple becomes a corporate entity so that endowments be madefor the benefit of the Sangha and not to an individual bhikkhu . Doubts, difficulties and impediments may have been encountered by Viharadhipathis, Trustees and the Commissioner of Buddhist affairs in the working of an Ordinance which has- been in existence for more than 75 years. Therefore, it is recommended that the subject befully examined either by a Commission of Inquiry appointed under the Commissions of Inquiry Act or a Presidential Committee.
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Rajpurohit, Surendra Singh, und Rajesh Sharma. „Impact of economic and financial development on carbon emissions: evidence from emerging Asian economies“. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal ahead-of-print, ahead-of-print (19.10.2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/meq-03-2020-0043.
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PurposeThis paper not only aims to validate the environment Kuznets curve concerning five Asian economies but also attempts to analyze the impact of some additional factors like financial development, energy consumption and foreign direct investment (FDI) on carbon emissions.Design/methodology/approachThis paper applies pooled mean group approach on the variables of a panel of five Asian economies namely India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Malaysia for a period of 35 years from 1980 to 2014.FindingsThis study finds that while moderate economic growth as well as moderate financial development increase carbon emissions, accelerated or exponential economic growth as well as exponential financial development eventually reduce the level of carbon emissions. Energy consumption was found to have a direct and significant relationship with carbon emissions. FDI inflows when analyzed on a stand-alone basis were observed to have an inverse relationship with carbon emissions, while FDI inflows when clubbed with financial development were observed to have a direct relationship with carbon emissions.Practical implicationsThe findings of this study, which validate the environmental Kuznets curve, suggest striving for higher economic growth, even if it causes increased carbon emissions to begin with, as the effects on carbon emissions would eventually get reversed when the economic growth accelerates at a higher rate. This study also suggests the appropriate routing of FDI through a mature and developed financial sector to leverage its impact on the environment in a positive way.Originality/valueTo the best of the knowledge of the authors of this paper, there has not been any research carried out so far, which has analyzed the impact of the combination of variables selected for this study concerning the five Asian economies covered in this paper.
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Munir, Kashif, und Faqeer Syed Umaid Shahid. „Role of demographic factors in economic growth of South Asian countries“. Journal of Economic Studies ahead-of-print, ahead-of-print (03.07.2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-08-2019-0373.
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PurposeThis study examines the long-run and short-run impact of demographic factors, i.e. life expectancy, fertility rate and young dependency ratio in determining the economic growth of South Asian countries.Design/methodology/approachThe theoretical foundation of the study relies on demographic transition theory and incorporates life expectancy, fertility rate and young dependency ratio into the production function by means of human capital component. The study uses annual panel data of four South Asian courtiers, i.e. Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka from 1980 to 2018 and utilizes panel ARDL model to analyze the long run and short run impact of demographic factors on economic growth.FindingsResults show that real stock of capital, fertility rate and life expectancy are positively related with economic growth, while an increase in young dependency ratio reduces economic growth in South Asian countries in the long run. Short-run dynamics show that real stock of capital and life expectancy have insignificant impact on economic growth, while young dependency ratio has negative and significant as well as life expectancy has positive and significant impact on economic growth in South Asian countries. Unidirectional causality exists from young dependency ratio and fertility rate to GDP per capita in the short run.Practical implicationsGovernment has to design policies for better health and education facilities to yield high economic growth as well as better infrastructure and macroeconomic stability to facilitate capital accumulation in the region to foster economic growth.Originality/valueThis study considerably adds into the existing literature by providing better understanding of various demographic aspects and their economic inference by highlighting the demographic changes that South Asia has endured. This study is also beneficial for policymakers and growth analysts in generating effective and sustainable policies regarding population dynamics and economic development of the region.