Thematische Bibliographien / Gender differentials

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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Gender differentials“

Autor: Grafiati

Veröffentlicht am 18. Mai 2024

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Gender differentials"

Schwaab, Kalu Soraia, Vanessa Rabelo Dutra, Paulo Fernando Marschner und Paulo Sergio Ceretta. „HOW MUCH HEAVIER IS A “HOE” FOR WOMEN? WAGE GENDER DISCRIMINATION IN THE BRAZILIAN AGRICULTURAL SECTOR“. Contextus – Revista Contemporânea de Economia e Gestão 17, Nr. 2 (16.08.2019): 37–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.19094/contextus.v17i2.39969.

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This paper aims at analyzing the existence of wage differentials by genders in the agricultural labor market in the Brazilian rural area, with the purpose of verifying if the differentials are due to differences in explained characteristics or discriminatory. Equations were estimated and the wage differential detailed decomposition with microdata from the PNAD 2015 with the Heckman's correction. The method used was the decomposition of Oaxaca-Blinder. The main results show that the wage/hour of men is 157.62% higher than that of women, and the effect of discrimination is 108.38% this gap. The main conclusion indicates that the gender wage differential decreases with the formality of work and with the increase of hours worked by women. It is worth nothing that the results provide the visualization of gender discrimination in the rural labor market, adding contributions to the empirical studies on wage differentials.

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Yuden, Phuentsho. „Gender wage differential in the labour market of Bhutan (2009-2022)“. International Journal of Publication and Social Studies 8, Nr. 1 (30.08.2023): 14–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.55493/5050.v8i1.4871.

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This study investigated striking gender wage differentials trend in Bhutan between 2009 and 2022. In order to decompose the gender wage differentials, we used household level micro-data of Labor Force Survey (LFS), which was conducted by then Ministry of Labor and Human Resources (MoLHR) and National Statistics Bureau (NSB). The methodology estimates the sources of gender wage differentials by segregating gender-specific factors and general wage structure factors. The explanatory variables like women’s labor market skills (education, work experience) and women’s choice into certain occupational and industrial groups; and treatment towards women employees by employers (i.e., discrimination) are categorized into gender-specific factors. Whereas, the sum of observed prices of labor market skills (education and work experience) and price of women’s segregation into certain occupational and industrial groups and unobserved prices were termed wage structure factors. The result shows that gap in education and women’s choice into low paying jobs increased gender wage differentials. However, increase in women’s work experience narrowed the gender wage differential. Therefore, the widening gender wage differentials resulted from gender-specific factors by huge margin. The findings from this study will help decision and policy makers in developing policies which helps narrowing education and skills gaps between men and women. In addition, it will also help in drafting policies which helps women in getting better paying jobs.

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Silva, Isaac Gonçalves da, Thatiana Araujo Maranhão, Taynara Lais Silva, George Jó Bezerra Sousa, José Claudio Garcia Lira Neto und Maria Lúcia Duarte Pereira. „Gender differentials in suicide mortality“. Rev Rene 22 (23.02.2021): e61520. http://dx.doi.org/10.15253/2175-6783.20212261520.

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Objective: to identify gender differences in suicide mortality in Northeastern Brazil. Methods: the deaths from suicide recorded in the Mortality Information System were analyzed. The Chi-square (x2) for independence and odds ratio tests were used. The time trend was evaluated by the Joinpoint method. Results: in the period studied there were 27,101 suicide deaths in the Northeast, with a predominance of the male gender (79.5%). Adolescent women, with high schooling, widows, and divorcees are more prone to suicide than men. The male gender is more likely to use firearms and hanging, while the female gender uses more smoke, fire and flames and self-intoxication to commit the act. The most significant increase in mortality was among men (3.1%; p<0.05). Conclusion: there was a greater prevalence and tendency to increase suicide among men, as they use more lethal means to commit the act compared to women.

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Cheong, Jia Qi, und Suresh Narayanan. „Gender Income Differentials in Malaysia“. 12th GLOBAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 12, Nr. 1 (08.10.2021): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gcbssproceeding.2021.12(109).

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Studies related to distribution of income is very important for national development as it is related to efforts also to reducing the gender earnings disparity. Women have overcome many challenges within the labour market, but gender income differentials still persist in Malaysia. As reducing the gender income differentials is one of the ingredients for sustained economic growth, this article examines the gender income distribution in several submarkets within the Malaysian labour market and discusses some initiatives aimed at reducing income disparities therein Keywords: Differentials; Gender; Income; Labour, Malaysia

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Cheong, Jia Qi, und Suresh Narayanan. „Gender Income Differentials in Malaysia“. 12th GLOBAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 12, Nr. 1 (08.10.2021): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gcbssproceeding.2021.12(5).

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Tanda, Paola, und Germana Bottone. „Children and Gender ? Wage Differentials“. Labour 10, Nr. 3 (September 1996): 511–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9914.1996.tb00098.x.

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Mifsud, Charles. „Gender differentials in the classroom“. Research in Education 49, Nr. 1 (Mai 1993): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003452379304900102.

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Hotchkiss, Julie L., und Robert E. Moore. „Gender Compensation Differentials in Jamaica“. Economic Development and Cultural Change 44, Nr. 3 (April 1996): 657–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/452235.

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Johansson, Mats, Katarina Katz und Håkan Nyman. „Wage Differentials and Gender Discrimination“. Acta Sociologica 48, Nr. 4 (Dezember 2005): 341–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0001699305059946.

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Smith, N., und N. Westerg�rd-Nielsen. „Wage differentials due to gender“. Journal of Population Economics 1, Nr. 2 (Oktober 1988): 115–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00163885.

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Dissertationen zum Thema "Gender differentials"

Antecol, Heather. „Gender differentials in labor market outcomes“. Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0023/NQ50981.pdf.

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Antecol, Heather. „Gender differentials in labor market outcomes /“. *McMaster only, 1998.

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Zorn, Jenny J. „Spatial variations in gender income differentials /“. The Ohio State University, 1990. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487683756126577.

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Lewis, Julia Ann. „Leave-taking experiences in the workplace gender differentials /“. Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1180491171.

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Lewis, Julia A. „Leave-taking experiences in the workplace: gender differentials“. The Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1180491171.

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Sugihashi, Yayoi. „Gender wage differentials and 'discrimination' in Britain and Japan“. Thesis, University of Manchester, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.488083.

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The observed gender pay gap seemingly constitutes evidence of inequality in the labour market. The persistence of this gap has generated considerable debate over the extent to which it reflects discrimination and the extent which it can be explained by productivity-related characteristics. However, measurement of wage `discrimination' seems inadequate because it implicitly requires an assumption that the wage gap arising from differences in individual characteristics are distinct from those arising from differential remuneration of those characteristics. Therefore the purpose of this dissertation is to explore male-female wage differentials, with particular concern to measuring wage `discrimination'. This dissertation sets out to compare the earnings differentials between full-time working women and men in Britain and Japan and the reasons for those differences. These two countries make an interesting contrast. In both countries, women have continued to earn considerably less than men, but the wage gap among full-time workers is much bigger in Japan than in the Britain. In Japan seniority and personal appraisals are much more important than job content in determining wages, whereas in Britain earnings are more closely related to the content of the job. Because in Japan there are limited microdata available, the focus was made on using UK data - Labour Force Survey (LFS) and National Child Development Studies (NCDS) to highlight inequalities and identify where these inequalities are located. I had to rely on the published study of Nakata (1997) and made comparisons with Britain by constructing a model which is as similar as possible to that used by Nakata (1997), based on data from the British LFS. The main findings are that: (1) More than half of the Japanese female-male wage gap (48% of male wages) is explained by differences in individual characteristics (27%) rather than differences in labour market return (21%). By contrast, almost all the gender pay gap in Britain is due to differential rewards between men and women. (2) Wage `discrimination' is responsible for about 12% to 23% of male wages in Britain and 21% in Japan. In both countries, the unexplained gap is mainly due to gender differences in reward for age (or total work experience in the UK context). (3) Occupation-related factors including occupational segregation are also the main factors in unequal pay in Britain. The thesis draws out the value of analysis based on nationally representative microdata and makes some progress in measuring wage `discrimination' for analyses of British gender wage differentials. However, detailed analysis for Japan was not carried out because of the paucity of microdata in Japan. This dissertation emphasizes the importance of the release of microdata and the need for detailed information in surveys, to enable scholars to conduct detailed investigations of gender inequalities in Japan.

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Gonzalez, Pablo. „Essays on wage differentials and wage formation“. Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.242947.

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Tojerow, Ilan. „Industry wage differentials, rent sharing and gender: three empirical essays“. Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210526.

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This thesis focuses on the industry wage differentials, rent-sharing and the gender wage gap. I empirically investigate: i) the interaction between inter-industry wage differentials and the gender wage gap in six European countries, ii) how rent sharing interacts with the gender wage gap in the Belgian private sector and iii) the existence of inter-industry wage differentials in Belgium, through the unobserved ability hypothesis.

The first chapter is devoted to the analysis of the interaction between inter-industry wage differentials and the gender wage gap in six European countries, i.e. Belgium, Denmark, Ireland, Italy, Spain, and the U.K. To do so, we have relied on a unique harmonised matched employer-employee data set, the 1995 European Structure of Earnings Survey. As far as we know, this paper is the first to analyse with recent techniques, on a comparable basis, and from a European perspective: i) inter-industry wage differentials by gender, ii) gender wage gaps by industry, and iii) the contribution of industry effects to the overall gender wage gap. It is also one of the few, besides Kahn (1998), to analyse for both sexes the relationship between collective bargaining characteristics and the dispersion of industry wage differentials.

Empirical findings show that, in all countries and for both sexes, wage differentials exist between workers employed in different sectors, even when controlling for working conditions, individual and firm characteristics. We also find that the hierarchy of sectors in terms of wages is quite similar for male and female workers and across countries. Yet, the apparent similarity between male and female industry wage differentials is challenged by standard statistical tests. Indeed, simple t-tests show that between 43 and 71% of the industry wage disparities are significantly different for women and men. Moreover, Chow tests indicate that sectoral wage differentials are significantly different as a group for both sexes in all countries. Regarding the dispersion of the industry wage differentials, we find that results vary for men and women, although not systematically nor substantially. Yet, the dispersion of industry wage differentials fluctuates considerably across countries. It is quite large in Ireland, Italy and the U.K. and relatively moderate in Belgium, Denmark and Spain. For both sexes, results point to the existence of a negative and significant relationship between the degree of centralisation of collective bargaining and the dispersion of industry wage differentials.

Furthermore, independently of the country considered, results show that more than 80% of the gender wage gaps within industries are statistically significant. The average industry gender wage gap ranges between -.18 in the U.K. and -.11 in Belgium. This means that on average women have an inter-industry wage differential of between 18 and 11% below that for men. Yet, correlation coefficients between the industry gender wage gaps across countries are relatively small and often statistically insignificant. This finding suggests that industries with the highest and the lowest gender wage gaps vary substantially across Europe.

Finally, results indicate that the overall gender wage gap, measured as the difference between the mean log wages of male and female workers, fluctuates between .18 in Denmark and .39 in the U.K. In all countries a significant (at the .01 level) part of this gap can be explained by the segregation of women in lower paying industries. Yet, the relative contribution of this factor to the gender wage gap varies substantially among European countries. It is close to zero in Belgium and Denmark, between 7 and 8% in Ireland, Spain and the U.K. and around 16% in Italy. Differences in industry wage premia for male and female workers significantly (at the .05 level) affect the gender wage gap in Denmark and Ireland only. In these countries, gender differences in industry wage differentials account for respectively 14 and 20% of the gender wage gap. To sum up, findings show that combined industry effects explain around 29% of the gender wage gap in Ireland, respectively 14 and 16% in Denmark and Italy, around 7% in the U.K. and almost nothing in Belgium and Spain.

In conclusion, our results emphasize that the magnitude of the gender wage gap as well as its causes vary substantially among the European countries. This suggests that no single policy instrument will be sufficient to tackle gender pay inequalities in Europe. Our findings indicate that policies need to be tailored to the very specific context of the labour market in each country.

The second chapter examines investigates how rent sharing interacts with the gender wage gap in the Belgian private sector. Empirical findings show that individual gross hourly wages are significantly and positively related to firm profits-per-employee even when controlling for group effects in the residuals, individual and firm characteristics, industry wage differentials and endogeneity of profits. Our instrumented wage-profit elasticity is of the magnitude 0.06 and it is not significantly different for men and women. Of the overall gender wage gap (on average women earn 23.7% less than men), results show that around 14% can be explained by the fact that on average women are employed in firms where profits-per-employee are lower. Thus, findings suggest that a substantial part of the gender wage gap is attributable to the segregation of women is less profitable firms.

The third and final chapter contributes to the understanding of inter-industry wage differentials in Belgium, taking advantage of access to a unique matched employer-employee data set covering the period 1995-2002. Findings show the existence of large and persistent wage differentials among workers with the same observed characteristics and working conditions, employed in different sectors. The unobserved ability hypothesis may not be rejected on the basis of Martins’ (2004) methodology. However, its contribution to the observed industry wage differentials appears to be limited. Further results show that ceteris paribus workers earn significantly higher wages when employed in more profitable firms. The instrumented wage-profit elasticity stands at 0.063. This rent-sharing phenomenon accounts for a large fraction of the industry wage differentials. We find indeed that the magnitude, dispersion and significance of industry wage differentials decreases sharply when controlling for profits.

Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Brookes, Michael. „Gender wage differentials and discrimination in the UK and Europe“. Thesis, Middlesex University, 2006. http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/6533/.

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Gender wage differentials and discrimination are issues of primary significance both in terms of equity and efficiency. Current policy debate emphasises the importance of labour market efficiency with various HM Treasury reports highlighting productivity as the key determinant of economic growth. Consequently a deeper understanding of where the labour market allocates its scare human resource inefficiently, as a result of discrimination, is always desirable. The vast majority of the existing literature is based upon single country studies using cross-sectional data. This has led to weaknesses in our understanding of the inter-temporal processes generating changes to the wage gap, as well as the impact of national differences to relative cross-country gender differentials. Using the UK as the major focus, and other European countries for comparison, this thesis improves upon both of these. Paying particular attention to the roles played by inequality and sample selection. Blau and Kahn (1992) initially highlighted the importance of wage inequality to cross-country wage gaps. This is built upon by applying the techniques they pioneered and making use of the higher levels of comparability and compatibility inherent within the Panel Comparability Project (PACO) and European Community Household Panel (ECHP) data sets. With the analysis revealing that the gender wage gap would be narrower in the UK if the level of inequality was reduced to those in the rest of Europe. Thus supporting the view that a compression of the overall wage distribution leads to smaller gender wage gaps. The issue of sample selection is always present when empirical work is based upon earnings functions. Since Heckman (1979) it has become the norm to correct for possible bias using his two-stage procedure. However this is generally treated as a technical exercise and rarely warrants any meaningful discussion. Unfortunately selectivity is not merely a source of potential bias it also reflects relationships that have a significant effect upon the gender wage gap, most importantly its inter-temporal path. Consequently there is a clear need for a deeper understanding of this issue. It is revealed to be important, especially in the UK, where changes to the skill levels of those employed, relative to the overall population, are shown to be crucial to the narrowing of the wage gap. With this improvement resulting from more favourable skill endowments for those women entering or re-entering paid employment. This indicates that policies addressing human capital accumulation prior to labour market entry have already been successful in narrowing the differential. However there is still evidence that women are receiving inequitable returns from their human capital, hence more effective legislation addressing this is a matter of priority

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Skatun, Diane. „Econometric bias and the estimation of male-female earnings differentials“. Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.342187.

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This thesis looks at the empirical implementation of human capital theory in the form of the estimation of earnings functions for married males and females. Its main purpose is to investigate how any biases in estimation may affect males and females to different extents and thus lead to an inaccurate comparison between the two groups. It concentrates on the two productivity traits of education and experience. As such, it does not intend to provide a comprehensive account of male-female wage differentials, but looks instead at how any asymmetry of bias may feed through to measures of discrimination. This asymmetry in bias will, if uncorrected, give a false comparison of the two different groups' relative returns to schooling and experience. It is, as such, a cautionary tale which argues for the careful implementation of econometric techniques to earnings functions. A failure to correct for any asymmetry is likely to lead to inappropriate policy recommendations and may lead to inefficiency of policy in three potential and mutually exclusive ways. First, biases may artificially create differences between males and females where there are none, thus leading to the introduction of policy where inaction may be preferable. Second, biases may mask underlying differences, causing inappropriate inaction by government where action would indeed be merited. Third, biases may cause inaccurate measures of the relative returns to both education and experience and thus indicate falsely where it would be the most effective to target policy to reduce discrimination. This thesis has shown that, in order to suggest appropriate policy measures, so as to correctly introduce, implement and target policy, there is a need to apply appropriate econometric techniques and correct for biases.

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Bücher zum Thema "Gender differentials"

Mahy, Benoît, Robert Plasman und François Rycx, Hrsg. Gender Pay Differentials. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230504028.

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Blau, Francine D. Race and gender pay differentials. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1992.

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Hogg, James. Gender differentials in Polish regional unemployment. Salford: European Studies Research Institute, University of Salford, 2000.

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Palme, M. O. Gender discrimination and compensating differentials in Sweden. Glasgow: Glasgow University, Department of Political Economy, 1992.

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Blau, Francine D. Where are we in the economics of gender?: The gender pay gap. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1996.

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Gujarat Institute of Development Research., Hrsg. Who is schooled and why?: Gender differentials in education. Ahmedabad: Gujarat Institute of Development Research, 1996.

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Applied Econometrics Association. International Conference. Gender pay differentials: Cross-national evidence from micro-data. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.

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Thoursie, Anna. Studies on unemployment duration and on the gender wage gap. Stockholm: Stockholm University, Department of Economics, 1998.

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Drolet, Marie. The "who, what, when and where" of gender pay differentials. Ottawa: Statistics Canada, 2002.

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Tansel, Aysıt. Public-private employment choice, wage differentials and gender in Turkey. Bonn, Germany: IZA, 2004.

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Buchteile zum Thema "Gender differentials"

Mahy, Benoît, Robert Plasman und François Rycx. „Introduction and Overview“. In Gender Pay Differentials, 1–9. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230504028_1.

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Joseph, Olivier, und Séverine Lemière. „Assessing Gender Discrimination amongst Young People on their Arrival into the Labour Market: Analysis of Young Populations of French and Foreign Origins“. In Gender Pay Differentials, 13–33. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230504028_2.

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Gupta, Nabanita Datta, und Tor Eriksson. „High-Performance Work Practices, Incentive Pay Schemes,Worker Evaluation Systems and Male—Female Wages“. In Gender Pay Differentials, 34–58. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230504028_3.

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García-Crespo, Dolores. „Return to Internal Mobility in the Spanish Labour Market: Differences by Gender“. In Gender Pay Differentials, 61–75. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230504028_4.

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Van Kerm, Philippe. „Gender Differences in Wage Growth and Promotion in Luxembourg“. In Gender Pay Differentials, 76–95. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230504028_5.

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Rycx, François, und Ilan Tojerow. „The Gender Pay Gap in Belgium: How Much do Sectors Matter?“ In Gender Pay Differentials, 99–117. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230504028_6.

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Gartner, Hermann. „Gender Wage Inequality and Rent-Sharing: Evidence from a German-Linked Employer—Employee Data-set“. In Gender Pay Differentials, 118–31. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230504028_7.

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Gangji, Amynah, Kristian Orsini und Salimata Sissoko. „Does Unobserved Heterogeneity Matter? A Panel-Data Analysis of the Gender Pay Gap“. In Gender Pay Differentials, 135–64. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230504028_8.

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Robert, W., J. Alexander, Murat Genç und Mohammad Jaforullah. „The Gender Wage Ratio in New Zealand, 1997–2003“. In Gender Pay Differentials, 165–87. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230504028_9.

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Wenkai, Sun. „Gender Wage Differentials and Policy Discussion“. In Population and Labour Market Policies in China's Reform Process, 192–203. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003288091-14.

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Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Gender differentials"

De Silva, T., und V. Wickramasinghe. „Teaching and working from home: gender differentials in the impact of covid-19 on university academics in Sri Lanka“. In International Conference on Business Research. Business Research Unit (BRU), 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31705/icbr.2023.3.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has strongly impacted the higher education sector, with both students and faculty facing changes in the mode of teaching and learning and working environment. It is expected that women will bear the brunt of the impact of increased caregiving responsibilities following the closure of schools and childcare facilities given the gendered norms on the allocation of household activities. While there is emerging evidence of these gendered gaps in productivity among academics, the literature is either predominantly focused on developed countries or makes use of datasets based on publication records that cannot be used to explore in-depth the channels by which the gender gaps arise. As such, this paper examines the gendered impact of the pandemic on the working practices among university academics in Sri Lanka using a survey of teaching and research practices during the pandemic period. Information on living arrangements and time-use are also collected to further explore channels through which the differential impacts might have arisen. The responses of 241 academics from five state universities in Sri Lanka are analysed to identify gender differentials using two-sample t- and chi-square tests as well as a multiple regression model intended to further explore gender differentials in time-use before and after the pandemic, The results show that there are indeed gender differentials in the impact on carrying out research and the presence of young children is part of driving this differential. As women bear a disproportionate share of childcare, the results suggest that adverse gender impacts are likely to materialize further in years to come.

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Lu, Kang-yin, Pan Hu und Li Zhang. „Gender differentials in wage and employment opportunity in urban labor market“. In 2009 16th International Conference on Management Science and Engineering (ICMSE). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmse.2009.5318870.

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Hacıoğlu Deniz, Müjgan, und Elif Haykır Hobikoğlu. „Economic Evaluation of Women Employment in the Context of Development Index According to Gender: Case of Turkey“. In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c03.00546.

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In this study which aims to analyse the current situation of women employment in Turkey and its future perspective in the context of measurement of development index, an evalution of Turkey’s position at the range of global gender inequality and improvement policies considering future have been discussed. For this purpose in the context of development index based on gender, some important parameters such as wage differentials according to gender, employment participation rate according to gender, rate of women professionals at managerial position and income distributions according to gender were tried to be measured by means of basic indicators such as rate of literacy, rate of people getting higher education, representation rate at parliaments according to gender and life expectancy.

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Demuthova, Slavka, und Andrej Demuth. „Is Beauty Good? A Comparison of the Semantic Differentials of the Terms Beauty and Goodness and Their Gender Specificities“. In The 7th International Conference on Social Sciences in the 21st Century. Globalks, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/7th.ics21.2023.09.100.

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Jennings, Madeleine, Jorge Sandoval, Jeanne Sanders, Mirka Koro, Nadia Kellam und Suren Jayasuriya. „Use of AI-Generated Visual Media in Interviews to Understand Power Differentials in Gender, Romantic, and Sexual Minority Students“. In 2021 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/fie49875.2021.9637396.

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Špeciánová, Jitka. „The Impact of Educational Attainment on Gross Wages: A Comparative Analysis of the Public and Private Sectors in Czechia“. In Liberec Economic Forum 2023. Technical University of Liberec, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.15240/tul/009/lef-2023-47.

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This research paper examines the impact of educational attainment on gross wages in the public and private sectors in Czechia, focusing on potential disparities in wage outcomes. Using a comprehensive dataset from the Average Earnings Information System (ISPV) for 2022, we employ regression analysis, while controlling for factors such as age and gender. Our empirical analysis uncovers a positive relationship between educational attainment and wages in both the public and private sectors. However, it is noteworthy that the private sector demonstrates a slightly lower return to education compared to the public sector, as indicated by one specific regression technique employed in our study. However, the second estimation technique does not confirm this result. Additionally, we estimate a stronger negative impact of gender (female) on wage levels in the private sector than in the public sector. Analyzing wage differentials among young workers (aged 24-30) compared to the overall workforce, we observe that the disparities in average earnings are mostly less pronounced at the early stages of their careers. This research deepens our understanding of the relationship between educational attainment, wages, and sectoral differences, providing a foundation for evidence-based decision-making and policy formulation in the context of the Czech labor market.

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Brunner, Georg. „Joint Project with the Stuttgart Symphony Orchestra and the University of Education Freiburg – “Peter and the Wolf” – Evaluation Study of a Multisensory Approach Conception“. In Musica viva in schola. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p280-0272-2023-1.

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Educational projects conducted by symphony orchestras often focus only on one aspect of the music (e.g., cognitive or emotional). The concept of an educational project presented here integrates various senses with regard to multisensory learning and combines them in order to promote a holistic approach to music. Through this study, I aimed to investigate how various stakeholders (pupils, teachers, university students, and musicians) perceive the concept of a music education project. This project integrates multisensory approaches, employs learning stations, and incorporates a popular TV presenter during concert preparations. Data from n = 592 people were assessed. Semantic differentials, various items, and open questions were used to assess the pupils’ perception of the concerts. The data analyses consisted of descriptive statistics and the analysis of variance. The results showed a beneficial effect for all stakeholders of original encounters with music and of the above-mentioned multisensory learning approach. Moreover, gender differences appeared in the evaluation of the learning stations. In addition, the pupils’ status of playing a musical instrument was particularly important in “learning”, and age was significant for the basic acceptance of this approach. Based on these results, implications for music educators were provided in order to create age-/gender-specific offers and to test transferability to other music pieces.

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Coorey, H., R. Jayatillaka, N. Jayathilaka und N. Ambanpola. „Determining Differentially Expressed Genes in Dengue Patients during Disease Progression“. In SLIIT International Conference on Advancements in Sciences and Humanities 2023. Faculty of Humanities and Sciences, SLIIT, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54389/ajrm6708.

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Gene expression studies on gene transcription to synthesize functional gene products have been used extensively to understand the biological differences between different disease conditions. Thus, this study determines differentially expressed genes in dengue infection during disease progression following the three phases: Febrile, Defervescence and Convalescent. Integrative data analysis of two publicly available longitudinal datasets in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database has been employed to accomplish the prime objective of exploring temporal gene expression patterns. The Friedman test was given more emphasis due to the non-normality distributions of data. Since previous studies on gene expression have not primarily relied on normality assumption, repeated measures analysis of variance and linear mixed models were implemented to examine the potential of detecting differentially expressed genes despite non-normality. The Friedman test indicated that gene expression levels differentiate with different phases in dengue disease over time, resulting in a high number of significant differentially expressed genes compared to the other two techniques. The pathway analysis approach consists of significant differentially expressed genes derived from the Friedman test. The results identified 27 and 26 upregulated pathways for the “Febrile and Convalescent” and “Defervescence and Convalescent” groups respectively. Moreover, genes available in pathways were not identified by the two parametric tests for non-normal data implying that the parametric approaches resulted in the least significance for data with non-normal distributions.

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Chumakova, A. B., M. M. Rudenok, E. K. Semenova, S. A. Partevyan, I. N. Rybolovlev, M. I. Shadrina und I. N. Vlasov. „DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSIS OF GENE EXPRESSION IN BRAIN TISSUES OF MICE WITH MPTP-INDUCED PARKINSONISM USING THE DESEQ2 SOFTWARE PACKAGE“. In OpenBio-2023. ИПЦ НГУ, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/978-5-4437-1526-1-36.

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This work is devoted to the development of a software pipeline for differential analysis of gene expression using the DESeq2 software package in the R programming language. The research was conducted in order to identify differentially expressed genes during the development of neurodegenerative processes in the brain tissues of mice with MPTP-induced Parkinson’s disease.

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Lichtenfels, Martina, Matheus Gibeke Siqueira Dalmolin, Marcelo Augusto Costa Fernandes und Caroline Brunetto de Farias. „Breast cancer biomarkers of resistance to neoadjuvant chemotherapy“. In Brazilian Breast Cancer Symposium 2023. Mastology, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.29289/259453942023v33s1022.

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Objective: The objective of this study was to identify possible biomarkers of resistance to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) in breast cancer (BC). Methodology: We evaluated microarray gene expression data of BC samples before NACT from three public datasets of the Gene Expression Omnibus database. We performed differential expression analyses comparing patients who presented partial versus pathological complete response (pCR) to NACT in each dataset. Differentially expressed genes with an adjusted p-value less than 0.01 and a logFC greater than 1 or less than –1, identified in more than one analysis, were selected as potentially relevant to tumor resistance. Results: The selected datasets were GSE25055, GSE25055, and GSE20194, containing 306, 182, and 178 samples. These datasets present heterogeneous data, with different subtypes of BCs (luminal, luminal/HER2, HER2, and triple-negative) and treatments used in the NACT, such as FACT and FECT in GSE20194 and Taxol and Taxotere in GSE25065. Our differential expression analysis identified 43 genes for the dataset GSE25055, 13 for GSE25055, and 30 for GSE20194. Despite the high heterogeneity of the datasets, we identified the genes CCND2, SNX15, and TTC4, which were common to at least two analyses. The CCND2 and TTC4 genes are upregulated, while SNX15 is downregulated in patients with partial response compared with those presenting pCR. The CCND2 gene has low expression in BC and is related to a worse prognosis. Our result showed an inverse relationship; CCND2 is overexpressed in patients with a partial response to NACT. The expression of the TTC4 gene is previously known in breast tumors, and the functions of the SNX15 gene in breast tumors are still poorly understood in the literature. Conclusion: These results can contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in intrinsic tumor resistance to NACT, allowing the development of personalized therapeutic strategies.

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Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Gender differentials"

Blau, Francine, und Lawrence Kahn. Race and Gender Pay Differentials. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, Juli 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w4120.

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Owyang, Michael T., Laura E. Jackson und Amy Guisinger. Age and Gender Differentials in Unemployment and Hysteresis. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.20955/wp.2022.015.

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Barth, Erling, Sari Pekkala Kerr und Claudia Olivetti. The Dynamics of Gender Earnings Differentials: Evidence from Establishment Data. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, Mai 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w23381.

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Flabbi, Luca, und Mauricio Tejada. Gender Gaps in Education and Labor Market Outcomes in the United States: The Impact of Employers` Prejudice. Inter-American Development Bank, Dezember 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011443.

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This paper makes three contributions to the existing literature. First, it provides descriptive evidence on gender differentials by education level in the US labor market over the last twenty years. Second, it uses the structural estimation of a search model of the labor market to identify and quantify the impact of employers' prejudice on labor market gender differentials. Third, it connects both the descriptive and the analytical findings to recent policy interventions in the US labor market and presents some policy experiments. The results show that prejudice may still have a role in explaining the evidence on gender differentials and there is at least one scenario where the possibility of the presence of prejudiced employers in the labor market has substantial effects. In particular, it is responsible for the reversal of the returns to schooling ranking in recent years and it may explain up to 44% of the gender wage gap of the top education group (Master and PhD) in 2005. Since prejudice is still important, policy interventions may be effective in attaining both efficiency and welfare gains. The paper is in favor of implementing an affirmative action policy because it is frequently able to close the gender gap without reducing overall welfare and because it is effective in targeting the group that should take center stage in the future debate about gender differentials: high-skilled, high-earners workers, who also have family responsibilities.

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Rothschild, Julie, Eduardo Gandelman und Néstor Gandelman. Gender Differentials in Judicial Proceedings: Field Evidence from Housing-Related Cases in Uruguay. Inter-American Development Bank, Januar 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011261.

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Using micro data on judicial proceedings in Uruguay, this paper presents evidence that female defendants receive more favorable treatment in courts than male defendants. This is due to longer foreclosure proceedings and higher probabilities of being granted extensions in evictions and dispossessions for female defendants.

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Cox Edwards, Alejandra. Changes in the Labor Market in LAC: What Do They Mean for Education? Inter-American Development Bank, Februar 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011037.

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There are four generalized trends observed in Latin American labor markets in the 1990s: (1) slow growth in GDP per capita; (2) high rates of unemployment; (3) rising wage differentials associated to tertiary education; and (4) declining wage differentials associated to gender and increased female labor force participation.

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Blau, Francine, und Lawrence Kahn. The Impact of Wage Structure on Trends in U.S. Gender Wage Differentials 1975-1987. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, Mai 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w4748.

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Atal, Juan Pablo, Natalia Winder und Hugo R. Ñopo. New Century, Old Disparities: Gender and Ethnic Wage Gaps in Latin America. Inter-American Development Bank, Oktober 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010742.

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This paper surveys gender and ethnic wage gaps in 18 Latin American countries, decomposing differences using matching comparisons as a non-parametric alternative to the Blinder-Oaxaca (BO) decomposition. It is found that men earn 9-27 percent more than women, with high cross-country heterogeneity. The unexplained pay gap is higher among older, informal and self-employed workers and those in small firms. Ethnic wage differences are greater than gender differences, and educational attainment differentials play an important role in explaining the gap. Higher ethnic wage gaps are found among males, singleincome generators of households and full-time workers, and in rural areas. An important share of the ethnic wage gap is due to the scarcity of minorities in highpaid positions.

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Rivera León, Lorena, Jacques Mairesse und Robin Cowan. Gender Gaps and Scientific Productivity in Middle-Income Countries: Evidence from Mexico. Inter-American Development Bank, April 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011791.

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This paper provides evidence of the existence and determinants of the publication productivity gender gap in Mexico at the individual level, and its consequences for the Mexican scientific system and productivity at both the individual discipline and the aggregate levels. The paper specifies and performs a panel data econometric analysis based on a sample of Mexican researchers who are members of the National System of Researchers (SNI) of Mexico in the period 2002-13. It corrects for a selectivity bias: the existence of periods with no (or low-quality) publications, and endogeneity bias: promotion to higher academic ranks. It defines and implements counterfactual simulations to assess the magnitude of macro-impacts of existing gender gaps and illustrate the potential effects of a range of policy scenarios. The results show no significant gender gaps for an average SNI researcher. Moreover, after correcting for endogeneity and selectivity biases, the study finds that the average female researcher in public universities is around 8 percent more productive than her male peers, with most of the observed productivity being explained by gender differentials in the propensity to have periods of no (or low) quality publication. Barriers to promotion to higher academic ranks are highest among females in public research centers (PRCs). The study's macro scenarios on promotion practices, selectivity, collaboration, and age show that eliminating gender gaps would increase aggregate productivity by an average of 7 percent for university women and 9 percent for women in research centers.

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Sierra, Ricardo, Inder J. Ruprah und Diether Beuermann. Do Remittances Help Smooth Consumption During Health Shocks? Evidence From Jamaica. Inter-American Development Bank, Juni 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011640.

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We identify whether remittances facilitate consumption smoothing during health shocks in Jamaica. In addition, we investigate whether remittances are subject to moral hazard by receivers, how the informal insurance provided by remittances interacts with formal health insurance, and whether there are differential effects by gender of the household head. We find that remittances offer complete insurance toward decreased consumption during health shocks and that moral hazard is weak. The role of remittances as a social insurance mechanism, however, is relevant only in the absence of private health insurance. No differential effects by gender of the household head are found.

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