Thematische Bibliographien / Gender and trade

Inhaltsverzeichnis

  1. Zeitschriftenartikel
  2. Dissertationen
  3. Bücher
  4. Buchteile
  5. Konferenzberichte
  6. Berichte der Organisationen

Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Gender and trade“

Autor: Grafiati
Veröffentlicht am 29. Juni 2021
Zuletzt aktualisiert am 4. Februar 2022

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Gender and trade"

1

Izraeli, Dafna N., und Elizabeth Lawrence. „Gender and Trade Unions.“ Industrial and Labor Relations Review 49, Nr. 1 (Oktober 1995): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2524922.

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Busse, Matthias, und Christian Spielmann. „Gender Inequality and Trade*“. Review of International Economics 14, Nr. 3 (August 2006): 362–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9396.2006.00589.x.

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Bowen, Harry P., und Jennifer Pédussel Wu. „Immigrant gender and international trade“. Mondes en développement 184, Nr. 4 (2018): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/med.184.0015.

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Kaur, Ramanpreet, und Raminder Pal Singh. „Trade policy & gender equality“. South Asian Journal of Marketing & Management Research 9, Nr. 12 (2019): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2249-877x.2019.00052.3.

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Daphne, Jeremy. „Gender in the Trade Unions“. Agenda, Nr. 24 (1995): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4065900.

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Van Staveren, Irene. „Monitoring Gender Impacts of Trade“. European Journal of Development Research 15, Nr. 1 (Juni 2003): 126–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09578810312331287405.

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Juhn, Chinhui, Gergely Ujhelyi und Carolina Villegas-Sanchez. „Trade Liberalization and Gender Inequality“. American Economic Review 103, Nr. 3 (01.05.2013): 269–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.103.3.269.

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We consider a model where firms differ in their productivity and workers are differentiated by skill and gender. A reduction in tariffs induces more productive firms to modernize their technology and enter the export market. New technologies involve computerized production processes and lower the need for physically demanding skills. As a result, the relative wage and employment of women improves in blue-collar tasks, but not in white-collar tasks. We empirically confirm these theoretical predictions using a panel of Mexican establishments and the tariff reductions associated with the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).
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Johannesson, Louise, und Hildegunn Kyvik Nordås. „Services Trade: The Great Gender Equaliser?“ Foreign Trade Review 56, Nr. 3 (25.05.2021): 341–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00157325211011845.

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Standing at 24% in 2018, India’s female labour force participation is only half of the global average (48%). At the same time, India has one of the widest gender wage gaps in the world and women are less likely to be employed in the formal sector compared to men. This article focuses on how international trade affects relative wages and formal employment between men and women in India. Using the Revealed Symmetrical Comparative Advantage index, sectors of comparative advantage and disadvantage are identified and matched to Indian labour force surveys that contain information on sectoral employment and earnings. We find that sectors of comparative advantage in services have the lowest gender wage gap, with women earning 24% less than their male counterparts, while women in manufacturing earned on average 40% less than male workers. Using the Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition, we find that the total gender wage gap in sectors of comparative advantage in services are minor while it is quite substantial in manufacturing, regardless of comparative advantage status. The article concludes that services trade goes hand in hand with a smaller gender wage gap as women leverage their skills better in services than in manufacturing. JEL Codes: F16, F14
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Dillingham, Alan E., Marianne A. Ferber und Daniel S. Hamermesh. „Gender Discrimination by Gender: Voting in a Professional Society“. ILR Review 47, Nr. 4 (Juli 1994): 622–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399404700407.

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Although most economic theories of discrimination hypothesize that discrimination stems from people's discriminatory tastes, no empirical study of the labor market has examined tastes for discrimination directly or considered people's willingness to trade off other preferences to indulge their tastes for discrimination. The authors study this trade-off using a set of data on votes for officers in a professional association in 1989 and 1990. They find that female voters were much more likely to vote for female than for male candidates, and that other affinities between them and a candidate had little effect on their choices. Male voters, in contrast, were indifferent to the candidates' gender, and their choices were easily altered by other affinities to a candidate.
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Rice, Julie Steinkopf. „Free trade, fair trade and gender inequality in less developed countries“. Sustainable Development 18, Nr. 1 (30.03.2009): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sd.407.

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Dissertationen zum Thema "Gender and trade"

1

Lezis, Israelsson Jennifer. „Sexism and gender equality at trade shows“. Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-33071.

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Harrington, Jane. „Women's local level trade union participation“. Thesis, University of the West of England, Bristol, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.327308.

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This thesis explores the participation of women in trade union activity at local level. The central question it addresses is why do women participate in trade unions at this level? It identifies the factors that shape and influence women's participation and, in particular, the role of gender. In addition the thesis critically exatnines the concept of women's interests. The methodological approach is that of a case study of women activists in the South Wales and Western division of the Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers (USDA W), and a principal case study of women activists in the South and West area of the Banking, Insurance and Finance Union (BIFU). In recent years there has been a growing body of research considering the role of women in trade unions. The main focus of these studies has been the barriers to women's participation. Where women's participation has been investigated the majority of studies have been concerned with women full time officers and 'senior' trade union leaders. Within trade union renewal debates women have been highlighted as one of the groups to target in recruitment campaigns. As such, it is appropriate to consider women's trade union participation at local level. The general literature suggests that people join and participate for traditional collective reasons. This proposition is critically examined. The findings present a model of trade union activity that differs significantly from typologies created to examine 'senior' women leaders. Equally, studies of women at local level which attach one ideological position to women's attitudes and behaviour are argued to fail to capture the diversity of views evident at local level. As such, the typology developed from this study places the WOlnen activists in four groups; the individualist, the collectivist, the carer and the equal rights representative. These groups reflect the context in which the women are situated and the varied interpretations of their activism. The findings suggest the problems of addressing equal opportunities through the union structures and raise, in particular, the difficulties of developing 'separatist' policies for women. Barriers to women's participation in trade unions remain significant for local level activism. The thesis suggests that trade union renewal strategies need to recognise the richness and diversity of attitudes and interests that women bring to the trade union movement.
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Fontana, Marzia. „The gender impact of trade liberalisation in developing countries“. Thesis, University of Sussex, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.407741.

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Steiner, Elise. „European Union’s Gender-explicit PROVISIONS IN free-trade agreements and gender equality : An intersectional feminist approach to international law“. Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema Genus, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-177319.

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The European Commission unveiled in February 2021 its updated policy regarding international trade. One of the key pillars of this strategy is the inclusion of gender equality within the EU trade policies. This inclusion is in line with the Gender Equality Strategy for 2020-2025. The latter sets that the Union must promote gender equality and women’s empowerment within its external relationship, notably in its free-trade agreements, which are international agreements aiming at reducing trade barriers and facilitating exchanges. This thesis provides an insight into the gender-explicit provisions that exist within European Union’s free trade agreements since 1958. It uses computational science coupled with text analysis to explore the general context in which they were concluded, but as well explores their wordings and their content. It provides then an analysis of the gender responsiveness of these gender-explicit provisions. Finally, this thesis provides recommendations on how to improve EU free trade agreements’ gender responsiveness.
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Lezis, Israelsson Jennifer. „Trade shows - A place for women?“ Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-32922.

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Nkuepo, Henri J. „Enhancing the capacity of policy-makers to mainstream gender in trade policy and make trade responsive to women's needs: A South African perspective“. Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/2551.

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Magister Legum - LLM
The impact of trade policies on the pursuit of gender equality is often ignored. Recognising the link between trade and gender, this dissertation aims to enhance the capacity of policy-makers to mainstream gender in trade policy and to help identify ways for using trade to respond to women's needs in South Africa. In order to meet this objective, it analyses the impacts that trade liberalisation has had on the economy and on gender in general and in South Africa in particular. In addition, it evaluates the impacts on men and women in order to see if trade has contributed to reducing, accentuating or perpetuating gender inequality in South Africa. Findings have confirmed that Trade liberalisation has had both positive and negative impacts on women and men. But, they have also demonstrated that trade liberalisation has affected women and men differently having negative influences on the pursuit of gender equality. The research has, however, concluded that the impact of trade liberalisation on the pursuit of gender equality is influenced by other key factors. As strategy to mainstream gender in trade policies, the research suggests that policy-makers should analyse the implications for women and men of any trade policy before adopting such policy. This analysis would help him/her to see the possible imbalances of the new policy and implement policies and programmes to eradicate them. Also, it will help him/her to identify possible ways for using trade to empower women. The research is based on the idea that the elimination of the existing inequalities will put women at the same stage with men and will, therefore, contribute to women's empowerment in South Africa.
South Africa
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Bates, Judy. „Understanding Gender in an Australian Trade Union. An Analysis Using Joan Ackers Theory of Gendered Organizations“. Thesis, University of Bradford, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/17229.

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ABSTRACT: Profoundly impactful and enduring, Joan Acker’s framework of gendering processes is among the most influential and highly cited in feminist organization studies. Nonetheless, it has been rarely applied, only partially so in the majority of cases and never operationalised fully in a union. This thesis applies the framework, operating through all five dimensions, to one atypical Australian union, having women in three of the most senior elected positions. It seeks to understand the gendering assumptions and practices that construct, maintain and frame the underlying relations in its structures. Voice centred relational analysis was used to examine life history interviews with women and men and my own in-depth ethnographic account of organizational life. The analysis suggests that the union was infused with a particularly authoritarian hegemonic masculinity but that this was hidden from public view. In this context, having women in senior positions worked to disguise continuing inequalities. The major contribution of this study is the in-depth understanding of gender in the context of an Australian union, through what is a rare and insightful application of Joan Acker’s framework for analysing gendered organizations in its entirety.
The full text will be available at the end of the embargo, 17th July 2024
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Sinclair, Diane M. „Women and trade unionism : the effect of gender on propensity to unionise and participation in trade union activity“. Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1993. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2470/.

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Women workers, typically, are disadvantaged in the workplace and in the trade union movement. In an attempt to explain the relationship of female employees to the unions, this thesis investigates the significance of gender for an employee's involvement in trade unionism. The importance of the sex variable for both the individual's union membership choice and rate of participation in trade union activity is explored. The aim of the study is to reach a much better understanding of the most important influences on women's position in the unions, and thereby provide some insight into the apparent failure of the trade union movement to gain equality for women with men in the employment sphere. Chapters two and three depict women's situation in the workplace and in the trade unions, in order to illustrate the importance of the study. Chapters four and five present a theoretical framework for the empirical analyses, discussed in chapters six to nine, concerning influences on the employee's propensity to unionise and union participation. Both crosstabulations and discriminant analyses are employed to establish the most important determinants of these two variables. Influences on the worker's attitudes to trade unionism are also discussed. Chapters ten and eleven present the results of a survey of nine large trade unions, conducted in an attempt to account for the inadequacies of the independent variables used in the quantitative analyses to explain fully the relationships explored. The thesis concludes that the lower level of involvement of women workers in trade unionism may be explained mainly in terms of differences between the sexes in hours worked, earnings and industrial relations traditions in male and female-dominated work. Also, however, significantly lower favourability to trade unions expressed by the women workers is found to contribute to the male/female union membership and union participation differentials. The thesis argues, in chapter twelve, that this apparent difference in satisfaction with trade unions between the men and women studied is, most probably, a result of traditional union culture, particularly the male-domination of the unions, and the unequal position of women in the trade union movement.
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SOUZA, GIOVANNA RIBEIRO PAIVA DE. „LABOR MARKET CONDITIONS AND GENDER INEQUALITY: EVIDENCE FROM THE BRAZILIAN TRADE LIBERALIZATION“. PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2017. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=31785@1.

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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
PROGRAMA DE EXCELENCIA ACADEMICA
Esse artigo estuda o efeito de um choque grande e plausivelmente exógeno induzido pelo comércio sobre a desigualdade de gênero no mercado de trabalho. Nos anos 1990, o governo brasileiro decidiu reduzir as tarifas de importação, induzindo uma liberalização comercial grande e de uma vez por todas, com efeitos heterogêneos entre as economias locais. Usando Censos Decenais brasileiros, eu estimo efeitos de médio (1991-2000) e longo (1991-2010) prazos desse choque sobre os resultados do mercado de trabalho separadamente por gênero e suas consequências para a desigualdade de gênero. Eu forneço um modelo conceitual de segregação ocupacional para racionalizar os resultados. Finalmente, também examino potenciais implicações desse choque para o mercado de casamentos e a acumulação de capital humano dos indivíduos. Os resultados apontam que, no médio prazo, em regiões mais afetadas, houve um aumento no diferencial salarial por gênero e as mulheres enfrentaram proporcionalmente maior aumento no não-emprego em comparação com os homens. No longo prazo, as perdas de emprego permaneceram no setor de bens comercializáveis, mas na economia como um todo elas desapareceram, enquanto o diferencial salarial entre homens e mulheres diminuiu no setor de não comercializáveis. Além disso, tanto no médio como no longo prazo, houve um aumento na acumulação de capital humano, ao mesmo tempo em que a parcela de mulheres casadas e que têm filhos diminuiu. À luz do modelo, esses resultados enfatizam a importância de se prestar atenção não só à desigualdade salarial, mas também à distribuição desigual dos gêneros entre as ocupações.
This paper studies the effect of a large and plausibly exogenous tradeinduced shock on gender inequality in the labor market. In the 1990 s, Brazilian government decided to reduce import tariffs, inducing a large, once and for all trade liberalization, with heterogeneous effects across local economies. Using Brazilian Decennial Censuses, I estimate medium (1991-2000) and long (1991-2010) term effects of this shock to labor market outcomes separately by gender and its consequences for gender inequality. I provide a conceptual model of occupational segregation to rationalize the results. Finally, I also examine potential implications of this shock to the marriage market and individuals human capital accumulation. Results point that, in the medium run, in harder hit regions there was an increase in the gender wage gap and women proportionally faced higher increase in nonemployment compared to men. In the long run, the losses in employment in the tradable sector remained, but in the as a whole economy they disappeared, while the gender wage gap in non-tradables decreased. Besides that, both in the medium and long run, there was an increase in human capital accumulation, at the same that the share of women that are married and have children decreased. In light of the model, these findings emphasize the importance of paying attention not only to the wage inequality, but also to the unequal distribution of genders between occupations.
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Fleetwood, Jennifer Swanson. „Women in the international cocaine trade : gender, choice and agency in context“. Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/9895.

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This thesis is about women in the international cocaine trade and in particular about their experiences as drug mules. This is the first comprehensive qualitative investigation based on the accounts of women and men who worked as drug mules and those who organise and manage trafficking cocaine by mule across international borders. Two explanations for women’s involvement in drug trafficking compete. The ‘feminisation of poverty’ thesis contends that women’s participation in the drug trade results from (and is a response to) their economic and social subordination. The ‘emancipation thesis’ contends that women’s participation in the drugs trade is an effect of women’s liberation. This thesis explores if and how women’s involvement in the drug trafficking (recruitment and ‘work’) is shaped by their gender. I interviewed 37 men and women drug traffickers imprisoned in Quito, Ecuador. This location was chosen due to the high numbers of women and men imprisoned for drug trafficking crimes. Respondents came from all levels of the drug trade and from different parts of the world. Data was collected and analysed using narrative analysis to understand the way in which discourses of victimhood were created in prison. This allowed for a sensitive interpretation of the meaning of victimhood and agency in respondents’ responses. The substantive section of the thesis examines two aspects of women’s involvement in drug trafficking in depth. The first section examines aspects of women’s recruitment into the drug trade as mules; the second section examines the work that mules do. This research finds that women’s participation in the international cocaine trade cannot be adequately understood through the lens of either victimisation or volition. The contexts in which men and women chose to work as a mule were diverse reflecting their varied backgrounds (nationality, age, experience, employment status, as well as gender). Furthermore, mules’ motivations reflected not only volition but also coercion and sometimes threat of violence. Although gender was a part of the context in which respondents became involved in mulework, it was not the only, or the most important aspect. Secondly, this research examined the nature of mule-work. Most mules (men and women) willingly entered a verbal contract to work as a drugs mule; nonetheless the context of ‘mule-work’ is inherently restrictive. Mules were subject to surveillance and management by their ‘contacts’ had few opportunities to have control or choice over their work. Collaboration, resistance and threat were often played out according to gendered roles and relationships but gender was not a determining factor. Nonetheless, respondents could and did find ways to negotiate resist and take action in diverse and creative ways. Prior research on the cocaine trade has ignored the importance of women’s participation or has considered it only in limited ways driven by gender stereotypes. Thus, this research addresses a significant gap in available evidence on women in the drug trade. This research also contributes to contemporary debates in theories of women’s offending which have centred on the role of victimisation and agency in relation to women’s offending.
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Bücher zum Thema "Gender and trade"

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Gender and trade unions. Bristol, Pa: Taylor & Francis, 1994.

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Mary), Healy Geraldine (Geraldine, Hrsg. Gender and leadership in trade unions. New York, NY: Routledge, 2012.

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Haxton, Eva. Gender and sustainability in international trade. Uppsala: Global Publications Foundation in co-operation with International Coalition for Development Action, 1997.

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Tekanene, Maere. Gender impact study on trade in Kiribati. Suva, Fiji: Pacific Foundation for the Advancement of Women, 2004.

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Ratna, Rajan Sudesh. Mainstreaming gender through India's foreign trade policy. New Delhi: Centre for WTO Studies, Indian Institute of Foreign Trade, 2010.

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Ofa, Luseane. Tonga: Gender impact study on trade 2003. Suva, Fiji: Pacific Foundation for the Advancement of Women, 2004.

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Meleseini, Lomu, Nagatalevu-Seniloli Mereseini und Pacific Foundation for the Advancement of Women, Hrsg. Gender impact study on trade in the Pacific. Suva, Fiji: Pacific Foundation for the Advancement of Women, 2004.

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ʻIffat, Ārā. Trade liberalisation and gender dynamics of employment in Pakistan. Karachi: Social Policy and Development Centre, Gender Research Programme, 2010.

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Horton, Christine A. N. Work, occupation and gender in white-collar trade unions. Cardiff: University College. Social ResearchUnit, 1985.

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Wale, Roselyn. Gender impact study on trade in the Solomon Islands. [Suva, Fiji]: Pacific Foundation for the Advancement of Women, 2004.

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Buchteile zum Thema "Gender and trade"

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García, Maria. „Trade policy“. In The Routledge Handbook of Gender and EU Politics, 278–89. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2021. | Series: Routledge international handbooks: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351049955-26.

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Sweetman, Caroline. „Prelims - Gender, Development, and Trade“. In Gender, Development, and Trade, i—11. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxfam Publishing, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9780855987442.000.

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Kidder, Thalia, und Kate Raworth. „1. Gender, Development, and Trade“. In Gender, Development, and Trade, 12–97. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxfam Publishing, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9780855987442.001.

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Le Petitcorps, Colette. „Migrant women in trade unions“. In Gender, Work and Migration, 83–98. 1 Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2018. | Series: Studies in migration and diaspora: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315225210-6.

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Barnett, Vincent. „Economics of Sex Trade“. In Encyclopedia of Sexuality and Gender, 1–9. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59531-3_61-1.

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Price, Sophia. „Gender rights and trade agreements“. In Handbook of International Trade Agreements, 112–21. New York, NY : Routledge, 2018.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351046954-11.

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Bradley, Harriet, und Geraldine Healy. „Towards Transformation: Trade Union Strategies“. In Ethnicity and Gender at Work, 100–118. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230582101_6.

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Akrong, Alberta O. „Trade, Routes Trade, and Commerce in Pre-colonial Africa“. In Gender, Democracy and Institutional Development in Africa, 67–98. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11854-9_4.

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Rees, Teresa. „Gender, Power and Trade Union Democracy“. In Trade Unions and their Members, 177–205. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-11931-8_7.

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Bradley, Harriet, und Geraldine Healy. „Shaping Careers from a Trade Union Perspective“. In Ethnicity and Gender at Work, 178–97. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230582101_10.

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Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Gender and trade"

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Xu, Yifan, und Pan Xu. „Trade the System Efficiency for the Income Equality of Drivers in Rideshare“. In Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/580.

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Several scientific studies have reported the existence of the income gap among rideshare drivers based on demographic factors such as gender, age, race, etc. In this paper, we study the income inequality among rideshare drivers due to discriminative cancellations from riders, and the tradeoff between the income inequality (called fairness objective) with the system efficiency (called profit objective). We proposed an online bipartite-matching model where riders are assumed to arrive sequentially following a distribution known in advance. The highlight of our model is the concept of acceptance rate between any pair of driver-rider types, where types are defined based on demographic factors. Specially, we assume each rider can accept or cancel the driver assigned to her, each occurs with a certain probability which reflects the acceptance degree from the rider type towards the driver type. We construct a bi-objective linear program as a valid benchmark and propose two LP-based parameterized online algorithms. Rigorous online competitive ratio analysis is offered to demonstrate the flexibility and efficiency of our online algorithms in balancing the two conflicting goals, promotions of fairness and profit. Experimental results on a real-world dataset are provided as well, which confirm our theoretical predictions.
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Kartal, Burak, und Çiğdem Sofyalıoğlu. „A Look at the Perceptions of the Turkish Youth towards Shangai Cooperation Organization from a Marketing Perspective“. In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c02.00340.

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In search of new markets and trade partners after its thrill for European Union has faded, Turkey began to look at its east recently. Having strong ties with many countries in Central Asia due to its cultural and historical ties, Turkey is a bridge between Europe and Asia. Due to its importance and successful historical development, Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) is Turkey’s one of few options. In order to build closer trade relations between Turkey and members of the SCO, it’s better to know what Turkish people, especially youth know and think about the Organization. This pioneer empirical study, by examining a sample of Turkish university students’ knowledge and attitude towards SCO, is a first step of building the relations between the Organization and Turkish people and Turkish youth. Findings indicate that Turkish youth examined have positive attitude towards SCO compared to other alternative integrations and organizations. Besides, they think that a stronger SCO will be in favor of Turkey both economically and politically. Also, gender differences seem to exist like women’s tendency towards North American and South American integrations.
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Gonzalez-Quijano, Gustavo, Dorel Acsinte und Gheorghe Bostaca. „SER 2020 - A comparative approach proving the EU tanning industry's continuous striving towards sustainable development“. In The 8th International Conference on Advanced Materials and Systems. INCDTP - Leather and Footwear Research Institute (ICPI), Bucharest, Romania, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24264/icams-2020.i.0.

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The paper presents results of the new Social and Environmental Report of the European Leather Industry (SER 2020) that follows up on the exercise done in 2012. Based on an intensive survey amongst European tanneries, led by COTANCE and industriAll-European Trade Union, company data on social indicators and environmental parameters that reflect the performance of the tanning sector were collected. Companies’ data, anonymised and aggregated at national level and centrally computed at European level are presented and analysed, versus 2012 data, where appropriate (in terms of average values). Social Footprint of the EU Tanning Industry (employment contracts, age distribution in the EU force, staff retention, education, citizenship, gender balance) and Environmental Footprint of the EU Tanning Industry (chemical consumption, energy consumption, breakdown of energy sources, water consumption, removal of water pollution, waste generation, solvent consumption, costs and investments) are thoroughly discussed. Finally, Sustainability priorities / Ethical issues for the value chain and Objectives and challenges for the future are communicated in order to demonstrate the continuous striving of Europe’s leather sector towards excellence in social and environmental performance.
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Lin, Fang Shin. „Study for the Key Success Factors of Female Direct Selling Business“. In Japan International Business and Management Research Conference. RSF Press & RESEARCH SYNERGY FOUNDATION, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31098/jibm.v1i1.214.

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The purpose of this study is to understand the key factors which result in the success of female direct selling businesses. Investigate the reasons why women support most of their performance in the direct selling industry. According to the Taiwan Fair Trade Commission's 2018 direct selling industry survey report, the total direct selling of Taiwan in 2018 was 83.027 billion NTD, with a total of 3.0838 million distributors. There were 2.158 million female distributors, accounting for 3.083 million total distributors. It is a proportion of 69.99 percentage points, an increase of 1.67 percentage points compared with 2017. This proportion is also comparable to 74% of global distributors is female, calculated by the World Federation of Direct Selling Associations(WDSFA)! The number of female distributors is more than twice that of men. The proportion is getting higher and higher! In the literature review, issues such as “female enterpriser” related literature and “gender roles” and “personality traits," “erotic capital” in the “direct selling industry” have been used as the main resource axis for collecting relevant domestic and foreign literature. Based on the literature summary and the expression of the expert's intention, the expert questionnaire will be based on the professors and the female distributors who have been in the top direct selling companies in Taiwan for more than two years in 2018 to find indicators of success factors, and then use the Analytic Hierarchy Process Method (AHP) Design a general questionnaire. The general questionnaire is for the distributors in Taiwan. Expected to recover 100 copies in the web questionnaire, After obtaining the resources, it will be processed and analyzed. The research results show that the influence facets and factors may have: Female Entrepreneur, Gender roles, Personality Traits, and direct selling business. In particular, the female gender role play and erotic capital may have a greater impact on the results of operating the direct selling business. The study includes the following topics are understanding the background of the female direct selling entrepreneurs, explain the challenges and difficulties of female direct selling entrepreneurs, relevant resources related to female direct selling entrepreneurs and research on the key success factors of female direct selling business.Today, female entrepreneurs are very hard and required to play multiple roles. Between family and business, how do female entrepreneurs make a good performance? I hoped that through this study, key factors could be identified in order to minimize entrepreneurial risks and allocate resources effectively.
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Khajehnejad, Moein, Ahmad Asgharian Rezaei, Mahmoudreza Babaei, Jessica Hoffmann, Mahdi Jalili und Adrian Weller. „Adversarial Graph Embeddings for Fair Influence Maximization over Social Networks“. In Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/594.

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Influence maximization is a widely studied topic in network science, where the aim is to reach the maximum possible number of nodes, while only targeting a small initial set of individuals. It has critical applications in many fields, including viral marketing, information propagation, news dissemination, and vaccinations. However, the objective does not usually take into account whether the final set of influenced nodes is fair with respect to sensitive attributes, such as race or gender. Here we address fair influence maximization, aiming to reach minorities more equitably. We introduce Adversarial Graph Embeddings: we co-train an auto-encoder for graph embedding and a discriminator to discern sensitive attributes. This leads to embeddings which are similarly distributed across sensitive attributes. We then find a good initial set by clustering the embeddings. We believe we are the first to use embeddings for the task of fair influence maximization. While there are typically trade-offs between fairness and influence maximization objectives, our experiments on synthetic and real-world datasets show that our approach dramatically reduces disparity while remaining competitive with state-of-the-art influence maximization methods.
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Gang, Fu, und Fan Zeyu. „An Eye-Tracking Study of Geological and Physiognomic Process Trace Tourism Resources - Gender and Age“. In International Conference on Information System and Management Engineering. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0006019000540058.

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Gyorgy, Andras, und Domitilla Del Vecchio. „Limitations and trade-offs in gene expression due to competition for shared cellular resources“. In 2014 IEEE 53rd Annual Conference on Decision and Control (CDC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cdc.2014.7040238.

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Lee, Cheng H., Oluwasanmi Koyejo und Joydeep Ghosh. „Identifying candidate disease genes using a trace norm constrained bipartite raking model“. In 2013 35th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/embc.2013.6610286.

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Thome, Wendy E. R., Anne C. Basso und Sukhvinder K. Dhol. „Identification and Assessment of Trace Contaminants Associated With Oil and Gas Pipeline Abandoned in Place“. In 1996 1st International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc1996-1940.

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As more Alberta oil and gas fields become depleted, attention is being given to development of economically and environmentally sound abandonment procedures. The objective of this study was to identify and assess residual internal and external contaminants associated with abandoned pipelines, particularly those to be abandoned in place. Circumstances which might increase the risk of contaminant release, and other issues relating to residual pipeline contaminants, were also identified. It was found that there are thousands of different substances which could potentially be associated with abandoned pipelines. A wide range in the potential quantities of residual contaminants was also found. Of the issues identified, the effectiveness of pipeline pigging and cleaning procedures prior to abandonment was the most critical determinant of the potential quantities of residual contaminants. However, a number of trace contaminants, such as PCBs (Polychlorinated Biphenyls) and NORMs (Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials) may remain after thorough cleaning. A brief review of the legislation and regulations from a number of jurisdictions shows that pipeline abandonment has only recently become an issue of concern. Regulations specific to abandonment are lacking, and more genera] regulations and guidelines are being applied on a contaminant-specific basis, or in terms of waste disposal requirements.
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Hashim, Dana, Yixuan Gong, Matthew Galsky, Charles Baker, Paolo Boffetta, Michael J. Donovan, Emanuela Taioli und William K. Oh. „Abstract 4262: Inflammatory gene expression differences among prostate cancer patients exposed to the World Trade Center aftermath“. In Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2017; April 1-5, 2017; Washington, DC. American Association for Cancer Research, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2017-4262.

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Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Gender and trade"

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Juhn, Chinhui, Gergely Ujhelyi und Carolina Villegas-Sanchez. Men, Women, and Machines: How Trade Impacts Gender Inequality. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, Mai 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w18106.

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Fofana, Ismael, Sunday P. Odjo und Fousseini Traore. Gender and trade in Africa: Case study of Niger. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.133507.

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Fofana, Ismaël, Sunday P. Odjo und Fousseini Traoré. Gender and trade in Africa: Case study of Niger. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/9780896293649_08.

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Gandini, Camilla, Andrea Monje Silva und Pablo Guerrero. Gender and Transport in Haiti: Gender Diagnostic and Gender Action Plan. Herausgegeben von Amanda Beaujon Marin. Inter-American Development Bank, Februar 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003069.

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This technical note encompasses Haiti's gender assessment, evaluates the success of gender specific actions implemented between 2011-2017, and presents a Gender and Transport Action Plan (GAP). The GAPs main aim is to guide investments in Haiti's transport sector in conceptualizing and designing gender-sensitive transport projects. By proposing specific gender actions and outcomes, the GAP establishes a clear path to integrate a gender dimension into operations design, implementation and, monitoring and evaluation. The GAP presents an overall plan to support the development of Haitian women. However, it focuses in the needs of women as transport services users and devotes specific attention to two female sub-groups, comprised by Haitian women engaged in informal trade of local and regional products. These women are known as Madan Sara (MS), and local female mango producers and traders (MPT). The decision of focusing on MS is related to their vital role in the Haitian local labor market and the peculiarity of their work, which has specific transport needs. Understanding and addressing these female groups transport constrains could strategically improve the outcomes of upcoming transport investments and bring more benefits to its beneficiaries.
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Klein, Michael, Christoph Moser und Dieter Urban. The Contribution of Trade to Wage Inequality: The Role of Skill, Gender, and Nationality. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, Mai 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w15985.

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Reis, João. Slaves Who Owned Slaves in Nineteenth-Century Bahia, Brazil. Maria Sibylla Merian International Centre for Advanced Studies in the Humanities and Social Sciences Conviviality-Inequality in Latin America, Mai 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46877/reis.2021.36.

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It was not uncommon in Brazil for slaves to own slaves. Slaves as masters of slaves existed in many slave societies and societies with slaves, but considering modern, chattel slavery in the Americas, Brazil seems to have been a special case where this phenomenon thrived, especially in nineteenth-century urban Bahia. The investigation is based on more than five hundred cases of enslaved slaveowners registered in ecclesiastical and manumission records in the provincial capital city of Salvador. The paper discusses the positive legal basis and common law rights that made possible this peculiar form of slave ownership. The paper relates slave ownership by slaves with the direction and volume of the slave trade, the specific contours of urban slavery, access by slaves to slave trade networks, and slave/master relations. It also discusses the web of convivial relations that involved the slaves of slaves, focusing on the ethnic and gender profiles of the enslaved master and their slaves.
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Boosting Gender Equality Through ADB Trade Finance Partnerships. Manila, Philippines: Asian Development Bank, Mai 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/tcs179171-2.

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