Dissertationen: „Gender and poverty“

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McGary, Jessica L. „Gender and the Poverty-Conflict Trap“. Diss., The University of Arizona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/228456.

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How does poverty relate to why internal armed conflicts occur and intensify? This dissertation explores gendered dimensions of poverty related to minor internal armed conflict onset in poor contexts and suggests pathways through which nutritional insecurity may mediate conflict escalation by amplifying real dimensions of poverty. This dissertation analyzes positive-feedback dimensions between poverty and internal armed conflict by asking how minor internal armed conflict may occur because of gendered dimensions of poverty obscured by a focus on income per capita. This dissertation frames the decision to rebel within impoverished contexts as an issue indivisibility problem and engenders the rationalist logic as masculinist. By assessing how changes in national patterns of divorced males may reflect lost access to gendered resources within households and by analyzing how gendered structures may instantiate masculinist reactions to the gendered dimensions of poverty, this dissertation elucidates how the real effects of poverty and violence may align to lay the foundations for the amplification of internal armed conflict through the conflict cycle. By identifying three pathways through which nutritional insecurity may operate, this dissertation contributes to our understanding of how countries may develop self-reinforcing patterns of real poverty and internal armed conflict. I argue that the willingness and ability to rebel in contexts of poverty may be partially affected by lost access to resources produced at household levels by forms of feminized labor, as well as to resources that are distributed with gender inequality. I argue that nutritional insecurity may be captured by examining levels of per capita protein from meat consumption and offer three mechanisms through which protein from meat per capita consumption may proxy nutritional insecurity within poor countries that experience minor internal armed conflict: the proliferation of security dilemmas as conditioned by minor internal armed conflict; the loss of soil fertility as an amplified function of fighting; and the reliance on food exports. I examine data on 186 countries in the 1961-2008 period to interrogate why some countries develop the dynamics associated with the poverty-conflict trap and to find general support of the hypotheses.

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Hill, Alison. „Women of the boot, gender, poverty and place“. Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq24154.pdf.

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3

Ngwaru, Tafara. „Gender, poverty and intimate partner violence in southern Africa“. Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/10961.

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Includes bibliographical references.
This dissertation critiques the hypothesis that the disadvantages experienced by women in terms of income, political representation etc. renders them more vulnerable to HIV infection. Using literature reviews and quantitative research methods applied to Demographic and Household Survey data from Lesotho, Swaziland and Zimbabwe, we argue that this relationship varies from country to country and contest the proposition that either structural factors or individual factors mainly affect HIV.

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Luttrell, Johanna. „Gender, Alienation, and Dignity in Global Slums“. Thesis, University of Oregon, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/13425.

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This dissertation is a philosophical inquiry into the problem of the slums that develop in and around large cities in the Global South, considered in the context of globalization. I argue first that theories of global justice must consider this new human condition engendered by the global slums; second, that the language of alienation and dignity is crucial to conceptions of global poverty; third, that this alienation is in large part predicated on the exploitation of women's labor; and finally, that this dignitarian response to alienation is a critical addition to the Capabilities Approach.

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Nishimwe-Niyimbanira, Rachel. „The relationship between gender and poverty in a South African township / Rachel Nishimwe-Niyimbanira“. Thesis, North-West University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/10615.

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Poverty has been a challenge for many years and continues to exist in many parts of the world, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. In many countries, poverty reduction programmes remain the main preoccupation in economic policies. Poverty is not gender neutral, as women tend to be more likely exposed to poverty because of their restricted access to labour and other markets and their general lower level of education than men. This study aimed at investigating the relationship between gender and poverty in a South African township of Kwakwatsi. The study used the Lived Poverty Index (LPI) as a measurement of poverty to analyse the extent and level of access to basic necessities among inhabitants of Kwakwatsi. The major focus of this study was on comparing the poverty status between female-headed and male-headed households. It was also important to investigate the relationship between poverty status and demographic and socio-economic variables. A literature review of poverty indicates a multidimensional concept, with a need to be untangled from different perspectives. Poverty includes lack of factors such as food, income, sanitation facilities, shelter, health care, safe drinking water, education and information. The empirical portion of the study was based on data from a survey questionnaire with a sample of 225 households selected randomly from Kwakwatsi Township in April 2013. Various quantitative methods, including Principal Component Analysis (PCA), descriptive analysis (such as means core, cross tabulation and frequency tables) and regression analysis, were used to identify the level of access to basic necessities and how this access is influenced by identified demographic and socioeconomic variables among both female-headed and male-headed households. The LPI was used to assess people’s ability to secure income, food, fuel for cooking, electricity, clean water for home use and access to medicines and medical treatment. PCA indicated that all six items of basic necessities could be loaded into one component of LPI, indicating that the measure was adequate for the study. Households headed by females seemed to be poorer (53.62%) than those headed by males (45.51%), implying that female-headed households appeared more likely to experience the lack of basic necessities than male-headed households. Access to basic necessities such as medicines or medical treatment, water, electricity and fuel. The relationship between gender and poverty in a South African township for cooking have an effect on the quality of life. Access to medicines and medical treatment remains a lingering challenge for the inhabitants of Kwakwatsi, especially in female-headed households. Regarding the employment status of the participants, the unemployment rate of the head was found to be slightly higher for male heads than female heads, but the total number of employed people within a household was found to be less in households headed by females compare to those headed by males. The average total income in female-headed households was found to be lower than that of male-headed households. To add to this, a high number of female heads work in the informal sector, with low wages and poor working conditions. This was found to be associated with a higher level of illiteracy among female household heads, thus making it difficult for them to compete in the formal labour market. Deprivation levels were seen to decrease with the number of employed persons in female-headed households, while this was the opposite in male-headed households. The number of household members was found to increase with the poverty level in female-headed households, while there was no effect among male-headed households. Married male household heads were found to have less access to basic necessities than unmarried ones, while the relationship was the opposite where female married household heads appeared to have less access to basic necessities than those who are not married. Overall, descriptive analysis revealed that female-headed households tend to be deprived from stable and sustainable access to basic necessities. The results of the regression analysis showed that the number of household members who are employed, household head’s income and other income of the household are significant predictors of poverty in Kwakwatsi. The study recommends that the gender gap in income can be alleviated by empowering women labourers through collective action and increase of vocational education and training for better skills. There is a need for using public works programmes efficiently in order to address the problem of low income in the area. Furthermore, the importance of the informal sectors of the economy, especially in low income areas, should be acknowledged because it seems to be an important source of income for the residents of Kwakwatsi. Finally, there is a need to improve primary health care provision for the township of Kwakwatsi. The relationship between gender and poverty in a South African township
MCom (Economics), North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2014

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Dimri, Aditi. „Essays on gender inequalities and poverty measurement with application to India“. Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01E026.

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Cette thèse de doctorat contribue à la littérature sur l'économie des ménages, sur la mesure de la pauvreté et sur l'avortement sélectif. Lorsque les normes sociales et les préférences favorisent les hommes par rapport aux femmes, les inégalités entre les sexes peuvent se retrouver dans différentes dimensions. Dans le premier chapitre j'étudie la norme de patrilocalité et je me demande comment la structure du ménage affecte les prises de décision de la belle-fille et son autonomie. En utilisant des données de panel au niveau des ménages en Inde, j'estime un modèle de différences en différences qui compare entre 2005 et 2012 les groupes qui subissent un décès du beau-père ou de la belle-mère et ceux qui n’ont pas de décès. Je trouve que le statut de la belle-fille s'améliore après le décès du fait de la redistribution du pouvoir entre les membres du ménage. Cependant, les résultats ne sont pas compatibles avec le fait que le canal conventionnel de la belle-mère soit la seule autorité sur la belle-fille. Le deuxième chapitre étudie la mesure de l'avortement sélectif des femmes et demande s'il y a des avortements répétés entre deux naissances consécutives. Cette question ne pouvant être résolue en utilisant des méthodes existantes, l'article propose de nouveaux tests et une méthodologie pour estimer les fractions de la population subissant des avortements sélectifs. En appliquant cette méthodologie à des données indiennes, nous trouvons que les avortements sont pratiqués de manière répétée. Le troisième chapitre propose une nouvelle approche de la mesure de la pauvreté absolue. Cela se fait de deux manières, d'abord en suggérant une manière d’individualiser les prix de référence, et deuxièmement en définissant des lignes de pauvreté propres à chaque groupe/région. En comparant notre approche les uns aux autres, pour l'Inde, nous constatons que les différentes approches conduisent à différentes conclusions sur la pauvreté. Ne pas prendre en compte les préférences des individus surestime la part des personnes rurales (jeunes et âgées) dans la population pauvre
This PhD dissertation contributes to the literature on household economics and the measurement of poverty & sex-selective abortion. When social norms and preferences favour males over females, outcomes can reflect gender inequalities across various dimensions. I study the norm of patrilocality in the first chapter and ask how the household structure of four adult members affects the daughter-in-law's decision-making-say and autonomy outcomes. Using household level panel data from India, I estimate a difference-in-difference model comparing groups between 2005 and 2012 that experience a death of the father-in-law or mother-in-law and those that do not. I find that the status of the daughter-in-law improves after death as power is redistributed among the members. However, the findings are not consistent with the conventional channel of the mother-in-law being the sole and strongest authority over the daughter-in-law. The second chapter studies the measurement of female sex-selective abortion and asks if there are repeated abortions between two consecutive births. As this question cannot be answered using existing methods, the paper proposes novel tests and methodology to estimate the fractions of the populations undergoing sex-selective abortions. Applying our methods to Indian data we find first quantitative evidence of repeated abortions. The third chapter proposes a new approach of absolute income poverty measurement that takes preference into account when agents differ in preferences and face different prices. This is done in two ways, first by suggesting a way to use individualised reference prices, and second by defining group/region specific poverty lines.Comparing our approach with conventional ones, for India, we find that the different approaches lead to different poverty conclusions. Not taking preferences into account overestimates the share of Old-Rural and Young-Rural in the poor population

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Sajan, Virgi Zainul. „Mozambican girls living with poverty speak out: a case of using participatory methodologies with very young adolescent girls to identify barriers to alleviating poverty“. Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=104649.

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Decision makers at every level of society, local, national and international, along with NGOs and civil society are committed to alleviating abject generational poverty. In the context of what many refer to as the ‘feminization of poverty', my dissertation focuses on girls during their early adolescent years in order to uncover the barriers that are present and which prevent them from exiting a life of poverty. By using participatory methodologies, in particular photovoice, we hear directly from ten girls between the ages of 10 – 14 who describe their experiences of living a life of poverty. In my engagement with the girls what became apparent is the impact of pre-determined roles and responsibilities on girls living with poverty. Many of these are noticeably absent in capacity building, poverty and gender related literature. Also absent in discussions related to girls living with poverty and capacity building is a spotlight on the influential role of cultural and societal norms resulting in the lower status of girls. The impact of culture and societal norms becomes self-evident in discussions with the girls, particularly after the girls' conducted community-based interviews with their grandmothers, mothers or aunties. Comprehensive data is often missing which includes specific barriers that emerge in a girl's life including attending school, achieving optimum health, accessing diverse economic opportunities, as well as achieving independence and empowerment. In this study, the importance of obtaining data directly from girls living with poverty becomes evident. For example, girls living intimately with poverty will identify barriers which may not be readily visible to researchers and decision-makers who do not share the same life experience. Only by understanding the diverse barriers that are present in young adolescent girls' lives that prevent them from accessing capacity building opportunities like education and literacy will decision makers be able to develop capacity building policies that will have a higher probability of being relevant, meaningful and high-impact. And only when these capacity building policies have quality of life as key success indicators, can girls living with poverty access a higher quality of life – a clear objective for research and policies related to girls, capacity building and poverty.
Les décideurs à tous les niveaux de la société, locaux, nationaux et internationaux, de concert avec les ONG et la société civile, consacrent leurs efforts à réduire la pauvreté générationnelle abjecte. Dans un contexte que plusieurs décrivent comme la féminisation de la pauvreté, ma thèse se concentre sur des jeunes filles au début de l'adolescence, afin de découvrir quelles barrières sont présentes et les empêchent de se sortir d'une vie de pauvreté. Utilisant des méthodologies participatives, en particulier photovoice, nous entendons les récits de dix jeunes filles entre 10 et 14 ans qui décrivent leurs expériences de vie dans la pauvreté. Ce qui est ressorti de mes échanges avec ces jeunes filles est l'impact de rôles et responsabilités pré-déterminées sur les jeunes filles vivant dans la pauvreté. Plusieurs de ceux-ci brillent par leur absence dans la littérature scientifique sur le renforcement des capacités, la pauvreté et le genre. Est également absent des discussions reliées aux jeunes filles vivant dans la pauvreté et au renforcement des capacités un éclairage sur le rôle influent des normes culturelles et sociétales entraînant un statut plus bas chez les filles. L'impact des normes culturelles et sociétales devient évident au cours de discussions avec les jeunes filles, particulièrement après qu'elles aient réalisé des entrevues au sein de la communauté auprès de leurs grand-mères, mères ou tantes. Il manque souvent de données complètes incluant des barrières spécifiques qui émergent dans la vie d'une jeune fille, incluant fréquenter l'école, atteindre une santé optimale, avoir accès à des opportunités économiques diverses, atteindre l'indépendance et se prendre en main. Dans cette étude, l'importance d'obtenir des données directement de la part de jeunes filles vivant dans la pauvreté devient évidente. Par exemple, les jeunes filles vivant intimement dans un contexte de pauvreté identifieront des barrières qui ne sont pas nécessairement visibles pour des chercheurs et décideurs qui ne partagent pas la même expérience de vie. C'est seulement en comprenant les diverses barrières présentes dans la vie des jeunes filles, particulièrement au début de l'adolescence, qui les empêchent d'avoir accès à des opportunités de renforcement des capacités telles que l'éducation et l'alphabétisation que les décideurs pourront développer des politiques de renforcement des capacités qui auront une plus grande probabilité d'être pertinentes, significatives et d'avoir un grand impact. Et c'est seulement lorsque ces politiques de renforcement des capacités auront la qualité de vie comme indicateurs principaux de succès que les jeunes filles vivant dans la pauvreté auront accès à une meilleure qualité de vie - un objectif clair pour la recherche et les politiques reliées aux jeunes filles, au renforcement de capacités et à la pauvreté.

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Campbell, Meghan. „Gender-based poverty and CEDAW : a study on the relationship between gender-based poverty and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women“. Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:eb32f593-70ed-4691-96f2-aaba05911a80.

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This thesis makes a unique contribution in exploring the relationship between international legal commitments and women's poverty. Three normative arguments underpin this thesis. First, that poverty is a gender-based phenomenon. Second, that gender-based poverty is a obstacle to human rights. Third, if the promise of human rights is to be realised for all people it is necessary to move gender-based poverty into the realm of international human rights law. The ideal place to theorise on the relationship between human rights and gender-based poverty is CEDAW. Notwithstanding that CEDAW addresses civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights and negative cultural attitudes on women, there is no substantive provision in CEDAW requiring State to ameliorate gender-based poverty. The first part of my thesis argues that this gap can be overcome by an evolutionary interpretation of CEDAW. I make the argument, that equality and non-discrimination, two norms that permeate all of CEDAW, can be interpreted to incorporate the harms of gender-based poverty comprehensively into the treaty framework. I use public international law interpretative framework and the Committee's own work to demonstrate that the commitment to eliminating discrimination against women and achieving gender equality in CEDAW necessarily requires State to respect, protect and fulfill the human rights of women in poverty. The second part of thesis shifts to examine how this interpretation can be integrated into the work of the Committee. To ensure a coherent and comprehensive approach to gender-based poverty that is consistent with my proposed interpretation of CEDAW in I propose: (i) modifications to the State reporting guidelines and (ii) a comprehensive General Recommendation on women and poverty. This thesis lays the necessary theoretical and practical groundwork so that the Committee and other relevant national and international actors can hold States accountable for women in poverty's human rights.

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Mullan, Deirdre. „#The feminization of poverty' : education - the inequality of access and opportunity“. Thesis, University of Ulster, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.242010.

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Shaffer, Paul. „The poverty debate with application to the Republic of Guinea“. Thesis, University of Sussex, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.297560.

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The thesis argues for one proposition: 'philosophical assumptions matter'. It uses a contemporary debate about poverty to show how philosophical assumptions matter. The poverty debate pits the Income/Consumption (IIC) approach to poverty against the Participatory (PA) approach to poverty. The philosophical assumptions are epistemological, with implications for methodology, and normative, with implications for conceptions/aspects of well-beinglill-being. It is argued that philosophical assumptions matter in three ways: I) they affect research orientation; 2) they affect conceptual categories in use; 3) they may affect research outcomes (with potential policy implications). The first issue is addressed in Chapter 2 which examines epistemological/methodological links between two different traditions of inquiry in the social sciences, Empiricism and critical hermeneutics, and the IIC and PA approaches to poverty, respectively. It examines both historical and analytical links. The latter establish connections between conflicting epistemological positions concerning knowledge and truth/validity and methodological aspects of the two poverty approaches concerning: determination of well-beinglill-being, measurement of ill-beinglwell-being, stance toward individual preferences, sources of data and prescriptive aims. The second issue is addressed in Chapter 3 which examines links between two different approaches to normative theory, Naturalist Normative Theory (NNT) and Discursive Normative Theory (DNT), and the conceptions/aspects of ill-being used in the IIC and PA approaches to poverty, respectively. As above, it examines both historical and analytical links. The latter establish connections between different modes of normative theory construction and the constituents/aspects of ill-being in the two poverty approaches. The third issue is addressed in Chapters 4 and 5 which compare findings of the IIC and PA poverty approaches undertaken in the Republic of Guinea with a view to determine if they identify different groups as 'poor' or 'worse-off' because they are using different conceptions/aspects of ill-being. Chapter 4 examines the poverty condition of female-headed and male-headed households, the distribution of girls and women in poor households, and the intrahousehold, gender distribution of food and health, to determine if women or girls face greater consumption poverty than men or boys. Chapter 5 presents the results of a Participatory Poverty Assessment which used a variety of techniques to determine if villagers considered women as a group to be 'worse-off than men. Chapter 6 concludes and offers a number of reasons why the central argument matters.

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Olsen, Sissel Tove. „Support provision to schools in a context of HIV/AIDS, poverty and gender“. Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2007. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_1952_1248049219.

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The school environment presents a valuable opportunity for the identification, monitoring and support of children made vulnerable by HIV/AIDS and poverty. Many children are caring for parents suffering from AIDS related illnesses and/or they are the main breadwimnner of the household. As a reult of HIV/AIDS and poverty therefore, children might be dropping out of school, or their ability to performadequately at school might be significantly reduced. The main aim of this study was to use a case study approach to explore and describe support provision in a South African formal school, examining in particular, the relative significance of leadership, organisational development and gender-related matters in addressing the needs of children made vulnerableby HIV/AIDS and poverty.The availability and quality of this support is analysed within the context of the Western Cape Education Department (WECD) transforming itself from a system focussed on controlling schools to a system focused on supporting schools.

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Dobek, Allison, und University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. „Neoliberalism in small town Alberta : a look at personhood, gender, race and poverty“. Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Faculty of Arts and Science, 2004, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/217.

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An in-school feeding project, Kids In Need or KIN, was introduced in the fall of 2001 to a rural community located between two First Nation's Reserves, in southern Alberta. I analyze the KIN project and its ensuing controversy as the site of struggle over the meaning of parenting. Given the predominance of neoliberalism as a discursive practice, centered on individual responsibility, the controversy generated by the KIN project reflects the central question of how to implement a program devised to assist children living with adults presumably "responsible" for their well-being. Implicitly the debate centered on particular class-based, neoconservative constructions of families, which support a gendered division of labor and were deployed in this community to reengage long standing notions about the parental deficits of Natives. This thesis explores the possible dangers, then, of the KIN project's focus on child poverty, in relation to neoliberal constructions of personhood, gender and race.
vi, 124 leaves ; 29 cm.

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Selvarajah-Martinsson, Maria. „Motherhood, Survival Strategies and Empowering Experiences“. Thesis, Halmstad University, School of Social and Health Sciences (HOS), 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-1131.

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This thesis is based on material gathered during a field study in rural Sri Lanka, a Minor Field Study, (MFS) during April-May 2007. The core of the thesis deals with conceptualisations of empowerment and how they can be interpreted contextually from the perspectives of motherhood. The interplay of gender discourses with structural dimensions are analysed to see how these work to uphold ideals whilst posing contrary demands on mothers. Part of the focus has thus been to look at how discourses are adhered, aligned and adjusted to in various ways as strategies for survival in the context of poverty and marginalisation. The way social constructions perpetuate asymmetrical power relations as natural and normative is also discussed since this is central to how gender discourses are produced, upheld and reproduced. This study initiates in the every day experiences of mothers living in absolute poverty. Through narratives and participatory observations of their daily experiences contextual discourses, structural dimensions and agency are analysed. Their experiences are viewed as interconnected with the wider perspectives of political, economic and social conditions locally and globally. Analysis of these experiences against contextual discourses and structural implications attempts to identify possibilities and potential for empowerment. By raising central issues to the mothers regarding segregation, marginalisation and vulnerability, a more contextual understanding of how empowerment is constrained and facilitated is hopefully achieved. Furthermore, how women in this study respond and relate to these issues and whether empowering experiences can be traced even where overt challenges are absent. Finally, the thesis addresses the complexity of carrying out a study of this kind, where the prerogative to define and conceptualise lies with the researcher, the beholder, representing through this very role inequity in the division of power and privilege.

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Nabawe, Immaculate Josphine. „"The role of women in poverty alleviation : the case of Rwanda after 1994 genocide"“. Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/3094.

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Magister Artium (Development Studies) - MA(DVS)
This study examines the role of women in poverty alleviation in post-genocide Rwanda.It further looks at their contributions in the decision-making process and their participation socio-economic development. The research assesses and evaluates the significance of the participation of women in initiatives to alleviate poverty. A key research issue is examining the constraints and opportunities for women’s participation in poverty alleviation. Of special interest is how the policy, institutional and legal environment in post-genocide Rwanda has impacted on women participation in the fight against poverty. The study also examines the contributions of selected women’s projects to poverty alleviation in Rwanda as illustrative exemplars from which lessons on gender equity and human development in Africa can be drawn. At the centre of the examination is women participation in agriculture, which is the cornerstone of their livelihood and Rwanda’s economy. This research is mainly a desktop study based on extensive search of relevant literature on the policy making process during the post-genocide era. To complement the literature this study interviewed women in national, provincial, district and local level in Rwanda to ascertain their key constraints and opportunities and their role in poverty alleviation. Interviews were also conducted with women participating in development projects. The study findings of this research reflect the achievements of Rwandan government in representation of women at National level.

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Phommavong, Saithong. „International tourism development and poverty reduction in Lao PDR“. Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-50070.

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Muli, Chrisanta Kanini UNSW. „Poverty, gender & community development: The lived experiences of slum-dwelling women in Nairobi“. Publisher:UNSW, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/43356.

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This study explores poverty and community development in the slums of Nairobi. It theorises on the nature of slum-dwelling women's lived experiences of poverty within a patriarchal society, and highlights not only their lack of financial capacity to address household needs, but also their lack of capabilities in terms of social and economic rights. The study provides identification and analysis of the significant role that slum-dwelling women play in community development initiatives. It proposes that these women??s individual and collective experiences of poverty, within Kenyan patriarchal society, are the fundamental motivation for them to engage in community development within their communities. Critical concepts and theories driving the study are poverty, gender and community development, contextualised within the Kenyan state and society. A qualitative methodology was used, employing a participatory action research framework. A number of qualitative methods were applied: focus groups, semi-structured in-depth individual interviews, and documentary analysis. Women from three women??s groups based in Nairobi slums participated and were co-researchers. Guided by the ??voices?? of slum-dwelling women, this thesis changed its original orientation concerning the use of information technology to an exploration of slum-dwelling women??s lived experiences of poverty. It is argued that these experiences catapulted the women into ??home-grown?? community development initiatives. Their lack of 'access' to fundamental resources and services is attributed, in large part, to the neo-colonial and patriarchal nature of Kenyan society that has perpetuated and compounded gender biases and inequality. This study identifies a disconnection between formal definitions of poverty and any resulting ??imposed?? community development initiatives, and the women??s analyses of their own priorities and needs. The women??s multi-level and intersectorial understanding of poverty, and their ??home-grown?? community development initiatives offer a finely contextualised, responsive and capacity-building alternative approach to addressing the reality of their poverty. This thesis proposes that for slum-dwelling women in Nairobi to benefit from community development, such development must be based upon their contextualised, class- and gender-framed definitions of poverty. This can be understood as the next generation of community development that is neither imposed nor externally managed, but emerges from the people, in this case the women in the slums of Nairobi who are experiencing the poverty. This emerging community development is generated from and by the women??s analyses of the disconnection, corruption and failure of current development approaches.

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Hohfeld, Lena [Verfasser]. „Essays on vulnerability to poverty, migration and gender in Thailand and Vietnam / Lena Hohfeld“. Hannover : Technische Informationsbibliothek und Universitätsbibliothek Hannover (TIB), 2015. http://d-nb.info/1072060582/34.

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Lin, Wan-Chuan. „Health disparity and gender preferences essays in economic demography /“. Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1432786311&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Ncube, Greater. „Case study of collective action of women in response to water and food insecurity in the Ehlanzeni district municipality, Mpumalanga province“. University of the Western Cape, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4257.

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>Magister Scientiae - MSc
The historical patterns of access to water and other areas of public service delivery in South Africa predominantly favoured the white minority. There was inadequate distribution of water where townships and rural areas bore the brunt of the apartheid administration. Women are disadvantaged within the household and carry the burden of providing water for their families. This is particularly true in a water stressed environment, such as the Ehlanzeni District Municipality in Mpumalanga. This study considered the practical application of the Capability Approach and its key idea of human well-being. In particular, the idea of the Capability Approach that social arrangements should aim to expand people‟s capabilities and their freedom to promote or achieve what they value doing or being was considered. Sen‟s ideas were assessed and the study considered how these ideas help understand collective action and strategies adopted by women to cope in the face of water stress and poverty. The thesis examined how community involvement, in particular women‟s involvement in a group called Vukani, impacts on water related issues and helps them to cope with external stressors. The study also considered the links between group belonging and capabilities. The findings suggest that group belonging cultivates a unique set of capabilities such as hope and empowerment. Due to group belonging and the capabilities attained through collective action, Vukani was able to develop adaptive strategies through innovation, partnerships and knowledge sharing.

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Perry, Ann K. „Manliness, goodness, and God, poverty, gender, and social reform in English-speaking Montréal, 1890-1929“. Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0004/MQ28245.pdf.

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Zulfiqar, Ghazal M. „Microfinance| A tool for financial access, poverty alleviation or gender empowerment? -- Empirical findings from Pakistan“. Thesis, University of Massachusetts Boston, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3608538.

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In just 30 years microfinance has transformed from a credit-based rural development scheme that has claimed to reduce poverty and empower poor women, to a $70 billion financial industry. In the process, the traditional NGO-led model has given way to commercialized institutions, resulting in an increased emphasis on profitmaking. This has also led to confusion in the sector around its mission: is it to alleviate poverty and empower poor women or simply to provide the "unbanked" with access to formal sources of finance? This research considers the main debates in microfinance with regard to its mission and presents empirical evidence on the effectiveness of microfinance. The study is based on the Pakistani microfinance sector, which provides an ideal opportunity for a comparative analysis of two distinct models of microfinance – the nonprofit microfinance institutions (MFI) and the microfinance banks (MFB). The research compares the depth of outreach, mission, practice, and borrower experiences of MFIs and MFBs, employing a political economy framework. The data includes 140 interviews with policymakers, donors, senior, mid and low-level microfinance officers, and their clients; as well as observations of practitioner-client interactions, including the process of disbursement and collection, group meetings, and field visits with loan officers in urban Pakistan. It also comprises two district-level surveys: the microfinance outreach survey from the Pakistan Microfinance Network (PMN) and the Government of Pakistan's Social and Living Standards Survey (PSLM). The surveys are analyzed econometrically to test whether district-level socioeconomic differences affect patterns of outreach. This study broadens our understanding of the extent to which the local political economy shapes the outcomes of a market-based intervention, such as microfinance. It also provides an insight into the evolution of microfinance, specifically as framed by the global development discourse and subsequent public policy choices. Finally, the study provides an authoritative account of how institutional structure affects microfinance's effectiveness as a tool for poverty alleviation, empowerment and financial access.

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Oliver, William J. „Improving the Effectiveness of Microfinance in Reducing Household Poverty“. Case Western Reserve University Doctor of Management / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=casedm1568731826883136.

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23

Mookodi, Godisang. „We are struggling, gender, poverty and the dynamics of survival within low-income households in Botswana“. Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0006/NQ41250.pdf.

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Norman, Hanna. „Social Protection as a path out of poverty : A study about policy strategies for Kenya“. Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-318889.

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25

Ncube, Richmond. „Land Tenure Rights and Poverty Reduction in Mafela Resettlement Community (Matobo District, Zimbabwe)“. Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_4825_1323161074.

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In this research, I present critical facts about Land Tenure Systems and Poverty Reduction processes in Mafela Resettlement community. I focus mainly on the Post-Fast Track Land Reform (2004 â 2011) period and the interactive processes in this new resettlement area. The research - premised on the rights approach - sought to explore land tenure rights systems and poverty reduction mechanisms seen by the Mafela community to be improving their livelihoods
it also sought to find out if there is evidence linking tenure rights to poverty reduction and how land tenure rights governance systems affect their livelihoods. Suffice to say in both the animal kingdom and human world, territorial space and integrity, its demarcation as well as how resources are used within the space, given the area - calls for a - defined system of rights by the residents themselves. Whilst it is true that there is no one story about Zimbabweâs land reform (Scoones et al 2011), the contribution of this research towards insights emanating from the newly resettled farmers adds another invaluable contribution in the realm of rural development issues.

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Bailey, Grady C. Jr. „Beating the Odds: Perseverance and Its Influence on Male Students’ Perceptions in Overcoming Generational Poverty“. Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2020. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3834.

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This phenomenological study examined the perceived influences that male graduates from Title I high schools attribute to their success. During the last 30 years the poverty gap has not narrowed and in some cases it has increased. This study hoped to provide evidence of supports needed by looking at males who overcame generational poverty. This study included qualitative data collection from interviews of 15 male participants. Nine themes emerged in the findings of perceived influences by these participants. The nine themes identified where 1) Success has two components; internal and external, 2) School personnel and programs guided success, 3) Change in mindset, 4) Changes in family structure and circumstances, 5) Lack of family financial resources, 6) Parents prioritizing success in school, 7) Being part of an athletic team/peer group, 8) Lack of experience affected college success and understanding, and 9) Credit difficulties from childhood for their success. The analysis of data collected supported the developed themes. Recommendations were made for further study and practice.

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Mahmood, Tahir [Verfasser], Xiaohua [Akademischer Betreuer] Yu, Stephan [Gutachter] Klasen und Sebastian [Gutachter] Vollmer. „Essays on Comparing Poverty Measures, Gender Differences in Subjective Well-being, Food Insecurity and Malnutrition in Pakistan : Do the Poor really Feel Poor? Comparing Objective Poverty with Subjective Poverty in Pakistan / Tahir Mahmood ; Gutachter: Stephan Klasen, Sebastian Vollmer ; Betreuer: Xiaohua Yu“. Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1164231189/34.

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Mahmood, Tahir Verfasser], Xiaohua [Akademischer Betreuer] [Yu, Stephan [Gutachter] Klasen und Sebastian [Gutachter] Vollmer. „Essays on Comparing Poverty Measures, Gender Differences in Subjective Well-being, Food Insecurity and Malnutrition in Pakistan : Do the Poor really Feel Poor? Comparing Objective Poverty with Subjective Poverty in Pakistan / Tahir Mahmood ; Gutachter: Stephan Klasen, Sebastian Vollmer ; Betreuer: Xiaohua Yu“. Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2018. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:7-11858/00-1735-0000-002E-E476-A-8.

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McKelvie, Mary. „Surveilling Hate/Obscuring Racism?: Hate Group Surveillance and the Southern Poverty Law Center's "Hate Map"“. Scholar Commons, 2017. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7060.

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In what ways does the legal and political monitoring of “hate groups” and "hate group activities" benefit the American left? Possible victims of crimes? Law enforcement? The state? Specifically, in what ways does the Southern Poverty Law Center’s “hate map” challenge and/or reiterate relations of power and knowledge? This thesis offers a feminist critical analysis of hate group surveillance and the Southern Poverty Law Center’s mapping of hate. The Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) is a progressive legal advocacy group that aids in the surveillance of “hate groups” and legislation against “hate crimes.” I investigate the assumptions grounding the SPLC’s rhetorical use of the term “hate” and analyze their surveillance and mapping in order to add to the growing body of literature that that seeks to rethink the institution of whiteness and the relationship between progressive groups and law enforcement. The SPLC’s “Hate Map” offers a visualization of “hate” while simultaneously ignoring and obscuring racism. This thesis is meant to produce an alternative reading of this map and the SPLC’s hate group surveillance. Using a critical feminist framework that is intimately linked to critical race theory and anarchist criminology, I interrogate the SPLC’s methods of mapping and surveillance as well as their connection to law enforcement and governmentality. In analyzing SPLC’s “Hate Map” and their “Law Enforcement Resources” page, I contend that the SPLC's use of "hate" in lieu of racism is a reflection of their uncritical analysis of systematic racism and state violence associated with whiteness. While I recognize SPLC’s important role in combating crimes against marginalized groups through advocacy and legal aid, I contend that their rhetoric around “hate” and use of mapping and surveillance may potentially collude with governmentality and state violence against historically disenfranchised populations.

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Taskan, Serpil. „The Experiences Of Urban Poverty Among Recent Immigrants In Ankara: Social Exclusion Or Not?“ Master's thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12608422/index.pdf.

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The aim of this study is to find some indications about social exclusion in some neighbourhoods in Ankara. Social exclusion has increasingly gained importance as a concept in contemporary social sciences. To attain this aim, firstly, a theoretical framework, through which theories of the concept of social exclusion, main dynamics and differences of this concept from the concept of poverty were discussed. Secondly, a field work was carried out in some squatter settlements in Ankara known as &ldquo
poor&rdquo
, to see whether there is social exclusion perceived and lived, by analysing recent immigrants&rsquo
daily life experiences of urban poverty and social exclusion. In this study, a qualitative approach formed the basis and in-depth interview were collected. The in-depth interviews were realized with 8 men, as heads of households, and 7 women, as spouses of heads of households, living in squatter settlements in Ankara in February and March 2007. All interviews were recorded and transcribed for the analysis Since De Haan&rsquo
s (1998) theory of social exclusion shaped the theoretical fame, his methodology and operationalization of social exclusion&rsquo
s multi-dimensionality were adapted in an attempt to identify experiences and &ldquo
examples&rdquo
of excluded and processes forming their exclusions. In conclusion, two main indicators&rsquo
, gender and ethnicity, impacts on the respondents&rsquo
experiences and perceptions of social exclusion appeared as follows: Gender has not appeared as a striking indicator that makes women perceive themselves as excluded. The reason for this has to be seen in the fact that do not have had any serious experiences of social exclusion. They did not mention any conditions of exclusion in terms of economic, social, cultural and political participation in the society that would lead to the experience of exclusion or to a perception of themselves as excluded. The recent women migrants interviewed have a very limited social interaction and direct participation in the social and local life. A reason might be seen in the existing patriarchal system still controlling gender roles in general and a lack of trust of the interviewed women migrants towards their social environment. Ethnicity, however, as an indicator has more determining effects on the respondents&rsquo
experiences of exclusion and on their perception of being excluded. Forcibly migrated Kurdish respondents&rsquo
experiences after migration to Ankara indicate that, their ethnic identity is a dynamic factor since: first, it results in exclusion from economic and social domains of life, though it does not make them be the &ldquo
poorest&rdquo
second, it makes them perceive themselves as excluded from these domains. Thus, at the last stage, it leads them into a kind of &ldquo
isolation&rdquo
from society, as response to exclusive attitudes of the society. In reaction they form ethnic based &ldquo
semi-isolated communities&rdquo
which can be described as: strong ethnic and familial/kinship-ties determining their social, cultural, economic life and also their geographical living spaces.

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Njie, Sulayman. „Where Market Meets Community: An Economic and Gender Study of Microfinance in The Gambia“. Diss., Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/95041.

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In The Gambia, financial sustainability and poverty alleviation have been largely based on the assumption that analysis of macro level growth will bridge the gap between the formal and informal sectors; alleviate poverty and exclusion, ignoring other important factors such as political, social, cultural and religious issues. The government, microfinance outlets and international development agencies have implemented many measures to bring the masses into the formal economy to no avail. This dissertation explores Reliance Financial Service and the role of the Osusus in poverty alleviation, and how the Osusus are the edifice of microfinance and economic sustainability in The Gambia. Firstly, Osusus are small microfinance groups where participants receive substantial amounts of money to meet planned heavy expenditure commitments. To put things into perspective, Osusu is one of the oldest community based microfinance institutions in The Gambia, it has mostly resisted formalization. It is a social and financial system, where members contribute a set sum of money each week or month that is then allocated to one member. This has given some women a degree of independence and solidarity. Secondly, despite women being the largest segment of the Gambian population, disparities in gender roles, illiteracy, high unemployment and the lack of mainstreaming the interest and needs of women in national policy and the system tends to leave many women economically disadvantaged. Hence, this dissertation found that the provision of microfinance services in the form of micro-credit, insurance and micro-savings could be a great sustainability tool to create equity, uplift the economic and social status of women in society. Also, women could use these services towards productive consumption such as feeding their families, sending their children to school, affording healthcare and engaging in productive economic activities to increase their income. Empirically, it examines the microfinance outlook in The Gambia, its impacts on socio-economics ramifications on the country. It also examines the role of microfinance, contextually Reliance Financial Services Kafoo scheme, as a viable alternative poverty-alleviation avenue.
Ph. D.

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Prihatinah, Tri Lisiani. „Women and income generating projects : the gender impacts of Indonesian government policies /“. Prihatinah, Tri Lisiani (2005) Women and income generating projects: the gender impacts of Indonesian government policies. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2005. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/268/.

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Gender inequality and poverty are two serious problems for developing countries where the majority of women have been victims of the cultural, socio-economic, political, and environmental impacts of development. The gender dimension of poverty focuses on the dilemma of women, their multiple roles as women and their roles in alleviating poverty. The literature on women and poverty abounds with numerous cases and other evidence of women's vulnerability and heavier economic and socio-cultural burden of poverty. Women are also known to be discriminated against in terms of economic safety, lack of basic needs support, work access, opportunities, and payment. Despite these factors, women have a greater sense of responsibility and are more accountable towards sustaining programs designed to alleviate poverty among the poor. In Indonesia, as elsewhere in the world, micro-credit is being used as a major vehicle which serves women for improving their wellbeing, reduce vulnerability, and also as a starter point to empower women. Using findings drawn from a study on the Indonesian Government policies and the implementation of two particular micro-credit schemes, namely Tabungan Kesejahteraan Rakyat (Takesra) and Kredit Keluarga Sejahtera (Kukesra). This thesis explores the two basic and especially important issues of poverty and women empowerment. Firstly, it views poverty within gender and sustainability perspectives, and secondly, evaluates the impacts of the micro-credit schemes under Takesra and Kukesra. The thesis argues that poverty reduction among women is consistent with the concept of gender and development which is particularly reinforced within the sustainability agenda. The conditions to do so, however, have internal and external constraints strongly manifested in the operation of the micro-credit schemes. The evidence from the empirical research conducted in three districts of Central Java, Indonesia - namely Brebes, Purbalingga and Cilacap - shows the first type of constraints to refer to weaknesses of the schemes themselves, such as incomplete and misdirected indicators for success, small size of available loans and long duration of repayment terms. The second refers to the socio-economic aspects of sustainability, including the economic conditions which do not allow market access to poor women and cultural manipulations which result in overburdens to women. Both diminish the role of the schemes as a poverty solution. From the analysis and lessons learned from best practices in other countries, it is suggested that the Indonesian Government policies need to be refocuses in order to deal with the internal and external constraints and allow for an advance to be achieved in poverty alleviation and women empowering. The Takesra and Kukesra schemes in a revised form based on the developed new model for micro-credit delivery, should continue to play a role in providing credit to poor women to encourage skill development and capacity building, support the process of women empowerment and potentially contribute towards a more sustainable society.

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Andersson, Sara. „Hospitalsverksamhet i brytningstid : En undersökning av de fattiga i hospitalsförteckningar, ansökningsbrev samt sysslomannaförslag i några svenska städers hospital under 1700-talet“. Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Historiska institutionen, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-188228.

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Ngigi, Marther [Verfasser]. „Managing Risk under Climate Change in Rural Kenya : Multiple Shocks, Poverty, Gender, and Potential for Group-Based Approaches / Marther Ngigi“. Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1140586440/34.

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Gottberg, Karolina. „Energy, gender and poverty : How can solar power meet women´s electricity needs in poor rural areas in developing countries?“ Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Miljövetenskap, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-44046.

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Renewable energy technique is increasing in popularity and usage. But the world´s current energy consumption is extensively uneven, and 1,6 billion people still live without access to electricity. The domestic work in rural areas is often very time and energy consuming; fetching water alone can take up to 5 hours or more per day. Due to gender inequality, women are the most responsible for the drudgery household work in rural areas in developing countries. Hence, women are more and worsely affected from the lack of access to electricity than men. Access to electricity can reduce the time consuming domestic chores with several hours per day. It can also benefit women´s empowerment, because all the extra time can provide new possibilities and freedoms. Rural women´s electricity needs are summarized by ENERGIA and UNDP. The needs can be divided in; mills for grinding, water pumps, indoor and street lighting and power for TV, radio, small enterprises etc. Solar power is an interesting alternative since it functions just as good off-grid and can be quickly installed. Solar powered waterpumps are a very good alternative whilst solar grinding mills are too cost intensive. Solar power provides affordable indoor and street lighting alternatives, thus street lighting can vary greatly in price. Solar power works good with smaller loads which requires constant power, such as a small refrigerator or a radio. The larger the loads, the greater the expences, so for large enterprices solar power is not yet a viable option. Hence, access to electricity is not enough, empowerment is just as important for women in order to actually gain more freedoms instead of more working hours due to extended hours of evening light.

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Casey, Maxine Austin. „Proportional Representation of Students with Disabilities Based on Race, Gender, and Socio-Economic Status in Virginia“. Diss., Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/85469.

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For more than three decades, research has shown that the special education referral, identification, and placement processes can be discriminatory (Artiles, Rueda, Salazar, and Higareda, 2005). Proportionately, there are more minority students of low socio-economic status than are White students in special education categories that are the high incidence special education categories. Students with high-incidence disabilities make up 80% of all students with disabilities. High-Incidence disabilities share these characteristics, (1) often hard to distinguish from students without disabilities, especially in non-school settings, (2) often display a combination of academic, and (3) behavioral and social problems (Friend and Bursuck, 2012). Special Education licensure and endorsement varies from state to state, as does the terminology used in describing the knowledge that is required and the students to whom it applies. In most states students identified for special education services for the categories of Intellectual Disability (ID), Specific Learning Disability (SLD) and students with Emotional Disturbance (ED) are identified as high- incidence disabilities. The purpose of this study was to investigate the status of relative representation of male and female, minority, and low socioeconomic students with disabilities served in special education programs across 132 public school divisions within eight Superintendent']s regions in the 2013-14 school year, as published by the Virginia Department of Education. Data from the Virginia Department Education (VDOE) were analyzed to present an analysis of three categories of the special education populations (ID, SLD and ED), racial, (Black and Hispanic) and socio-economic status. Findings indicated that fewer than 50% of the school divisions in the Commonwealth of Virginia showed disproportionality, however when examined by Superintendent's regions there were some geographical areas that showed some concentrations of disproportionality.
Ed. D.

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Cash, Sherri Goldstein. „"A poor woman wants permit to go to Almshouse": Women, gender and poverty in New York's Burned-Over District, 1821-1861“. Diss., The University of Arizona, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/279797.

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This dissertation studies poor women and the poverty relief system in New York's "Burned-Over District," the region comprising the Erie Canal corridor, during the period 1821-1861. The study offers a response to the historiography of middle-class formation in the region, which has largely omitted discussion of the working class and particularly the poor. While charitable work was critical in middle-class women's activities, poor women themselves are shadowy figures in the historiography. The following dissertation attempts to elucidate who poor women in the region were and why and how they used the poverty relief system. The study also uses gender as a framework of analysis in examining the middle-class discourse about poverty, the poor and especially poor women. In this discourse, able-bodied married and widowed women appeared as relatively deserving of assistance or as "worthy" poor for much of the period while single mothers and childless single women appeared as "unworthy." By the end of the antebellum era, only downwardly mobile, formerly middle-class, white, Protestant women appeared in the discourse as poor women who were entitled to public dependence.

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Bollard, Martin. „Disability, relative poverty and gender : how men with learning disabilities perceive and experience the impact of social divisions on their health“. Thesis, University of Warwick, 2013. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/57902/.

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This thesis explores how men with mild to moderate learning disabilities perceive and experience how disability, relative poverty and gender impact on their health. Its theoretical framework grounded in analysis of these social divisions, and informed by the men’s own accounts - previously neglected in research, reveals complex challenges affecting their health on a daily basis. Consistent with the thesis’ overarching perspective, key elements of a participatory approach were adopted in the fieldwork to ensure men with learning disabilities’ active research involvement. They comprised the steering group, and twenty men participated in qualitative interviews facilitated by accessible materials and detailed preliminary preparations. The findings showed the men were aware of health issues, but were grappling with the adverse health effects of impairment, including disabilist health care and victimisation. Low income associated with limited employment confined most men to relative poverty with negative effects on health. The findings demonstrated a sharp appreciation of masculinity. Marginalised by other men, they experienced health threatening abuse, but their resistance to conventional male disregard for health care, had positive implications for their health. The thesis provides a more informed, nuanced understanding of the adverse impact of different dimensions of social disadvantage on the health of men with mild to moderate learning disabilities. In doing so, it demonstrates the value of developing knowledge grounded in their perspectives and experience.

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Bagheri, Shima. „FATTIGDOMENS FEMININA ANSIKTE : – En studie om fattigdom ur ett genusperspektiv“. Thesis, Växjö University, School of Social Sciences, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-1892.

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The estimated number of people living in extreme poverty is 1.3 billion and 70% of those are women. The aim of this study is to explain in what ways and why women are regarded as poorer than men.

The definition of poverty has expanded and is now multidimensional. In order to answer the aim of this thesis the following dimensions will be included and work as a theory in which the analysis will be structured after. Through a gender perspective, will the role of woman emerge through a multidimensional definition of poverty. If the balance is a negative in these dimensions, the situation for women will worsen and become permanent. This thesis can conclude that poverty among women is explained by discrimination of sex- and power structures that exists in societies. This gender inequality makes it very difficult for women to break these structures and get out of the poverty trap.

Aid organisations have for a long period focused their aid on women to generate development. As a result, women are now seen as a group of their own in order to improve conditions of the whole society. This thesis will, parallel to the aim of the thesis, describe aid organisations way of gender mainstreaming.

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New, Elizabeth J. „CONSTRUCTING INEQUALITY IN THREE KENTUCKY COMMUNITIES: DISCOURSES OF BLAME AND RESPONSIBILTY“. UKnowledge, 2010. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_theses/61.

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This thesis focuses on the social determinants of health in Appalachia. Using anthropological ethnographic field methods, this thesis explores the ways in which public assistance programs and exchanges between health care practitioners and clients result in discourses of blame and responsibly. Also included is a discussion of the role that health insurance plays in granting or denying individuals living in poverty the opportunity for treatment and care. The narratives collected for this project then become the bases for a critical examination of the public discourse surrounding health care reform in the United States in 2009 and 2010.

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Sjövall, Johanna. „Dance to Buss : An Ethnographic Study of Dancehall Dancing in Jamaica“. Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Socialantropologiska institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-96266.

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Dancehall is an influential space of cultural creation and expression within Jamaican society. This study is about how Jamaican dancehall is being performed, and what this performance means to its participants. Dancehall is mainly practiced by lower-class Jamaicans. This thesis focuses on dancers as a specific group among these participants. During 15 weeks I lived in Kingston and participated in dancehall culture daily. The fieldwork was focused on one dance group called “The Black Eagles”. The dancehall is gender structured and most dancers are men who organize in male crews. Practicing dancehall can be seen as a cultural resistance to structural injustice, while it also works to enforce oppressive ideologies. Dancehall culture is criticized for being immoral, inappropriate and violent. Dancehall is a survival strategy for many lower-class Jamaicans and an alternative to a life in crime. The Black Eagles dance because they love it, but the main motivation for initiating a career as a dancehall dancer is the hope of getting a better life. Digital technology and social media have helped dancers to reach this goal. Through social media, the dancehall dance has gained international popularity. This thesis relates to broader themes such as development, poverty, globalization, gender and identity.

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Hinton, Jennifer Jean. „Gender differentiated impacts and benefits of artisanal mining : engendering pathways out of poverty. A case study of Katwe-Kabatooro Town Council, Uganda“. Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/35920.

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Artisanal and small scale mining (ASM) is a crucial livelihood for over 20 million miners in developing countries throughout the world (Veiga and Baker, 2004). Despite misperceptions of “mining as men’s work”, ~40-50% of Africa’s artisanal miners are women who occupy critical roles in commercial, domestic and social spheres (Lahiri Dutt, 2003; Hinton et al, 2003a). The widespread poverty, environmental degradation and poor social conditions which characterize the ASM poverty cycle are largely attributed to its informal nature and use of crude technologies while its capacity to reduce poverty through increased incomes is also well recognized. Numerous policy reforms and interventions have been implemented accordingly with variable success. This research posits that ASM policy and action must further be informed by understanding of factors that determine livelihood outcomes through a gender lens. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used to investigate the gender-differentiated constraints facing women and men miners compared to those in fishing, trading and other activities as well as the main assets or poverty reducing measures to which they have access. Based on a case study in the salt mining community of Katwe-Kabatooro Town Council in Western Uganda, it was found that women are clearly disadvantaged in most assets that comprise the foundation for sustainable livelihoods. Nevertheless, many women miners’ vulnerability has prompted them to “trade up” their assets of labour, cash and growing social capital through livelihood diversification, leading to improved socio-economic and health outcomes. While this suggests a clear pathway out of poverty, the majority of women miners often cope by using strategies that compromise their wellbeing, with far reaching implications for themselves and the community. Although a number of women have been able to overcome major constraints, gender inequalities were shown to play a prominent role in exacerbating the ASM poverty cycle. Findings point to women’s lack of autonomy and decision-making power as a root cause of negative outcomes for health and wellbeing of both women and men. If ASM policy and technical intervention increase emphasis on building human and social capital, more success can be achieved in realizing the poverty reduction potential of ASM.

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Erswell, Christopher Charles. „UK aid policy and practice 1974-90 : an analysis of the poverty-focus, gender-consciousness and environmental sensitivity of British official aid“. Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.387285.

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This thesis provides a detailed analysis of UK Aid policy over the period 1974-90. Its focus is primarily upon the extent to which official aid was concerned with poverty alleviation. This theme permitted a comparison to be made between the records of the Labour administration of 1974-79 and the Conservative administration of 1979-90. A quantitative comparison is made of the two aid programmes. The philosophical, moral and ideological aspects of the British aid programme are explored. Two themes in particular are studied in depth: aid and gender and aid and the environment. The influence of lobby groups is considered, including those representing political, commercial, gender, environmental and “human development” interests. The implications of conditionality are also considered. Assessment is made of the proportion of ODA projects which can be said to be relevant to women using unpublished ODA documents. An analysis is also made of internal, unpublished ODA “flagship” projects documents, aimed at the poorest, women and the environment. The results of this investigation indicate that official aid during the period under scrutiny was characterised by a continuity dictated by the exigencies of the export lobby, the Department of Trade and Industry, the Treasury and the Foreign Office. The commercial and political influences were already evident under Labour. A quantitative increase in aid was negotiated in return for the introduction of the Aid for Trade Provision. This significantly increased the commercial influence on aid, resulting in a shift away from the poorest countries and the sectors most critical to the poorest. It also prepared the ground for the greater emphasis on, and expansion of, commercial uses of aid under the Thatcher Government. Similarly, the political continuity between Labour and Conservative periods of office was typified by the support for the Somoza regime by the Labour Government and the axing of aid to the Sandinista regime by the Conservatives. A sectoral analysis of British aid reveals a heavy bias towards cash crops and a lack of emphasis on sub-sectors critical to basic needs and human development. Very few projects can be said to be relevant to women in a conscious, pre-planned way. The very small number of poverty-focussed, gender-conscious or environmentally-sensitive projects are unlikely to ever account for more than a tiny fraction of the aid budget. It is argued that the conditionality attached to an increasing amount of aid is a mechanism for imposing a model of economic development in the interest of the donor, making it advisable for recipients to avoid using aid until such time as conditionality can be eliminated. Conditional aid should be abandoned by Northern agencies, but, given that this is unlikely to happen in the foreseeable future, it is necessary to support attempts to reform aid in order to eliminate as many strings as possible in the medium term.

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Turgeon, Brianna Marie. „Poor Women, Poor Workers, Poor Mothers: Using Critical Discourse Analysis to Examine Welfare-to-Work Program Managers’ Expectations and Evaluations of their Clients’ Mothering“. Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1396815783.

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Mérida, Lindgren Frida. „The Relation Between Climate Change and Gender Inequality in Mozambique : A case study on how climate change affects women in poverty in Mozambique“. Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsstudier (SS), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-105606.

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Mozambique is a developing country specifically targeted by the impacts and consequencesthat are caused by climate change. This is due to the inconvenient geographical location interms of climate change but also due to their economical and infrastructural disadvantagewhich makes the countries populations more prone to suffer from the consequences in amanner that makes adapting and coping with the circumstances significantly difficult. At the same time Mozambique has high rates of gender inequality, which impacts women inthe country who live in poverty, in unfavourable forms in everyday life.These two topics are investigated throughout the thesis, from both a broader and closerperspective. The idea with this research is to come closer to cover the research gap that isconcerned with how women in Mozambique who are already targets of gender inequality inthe country suffer from the hard impacts of climate change and how the two issues may relateor influence each other. The research is performed as a qualitative study with the ecofeminist theoretical approach asa lens on the investigation, and the findings were obtained through the text-analysis method.The findings of the research present evidence on how climate change affects Mozambiqueand its society as well as the gender inequality circumstances women live in the samecountry. From empirical studies the findings chapter provides a perspective that helps betterexplain and understand how women's vulnerable position in society along with theirexpected responsibilities due to cultural norms sets them in a directly exposed climatechange-affected position. The research culminates with a response to the research gapsuggesting that the relation between climate change and gender inequality in Mozambiquehas an unbalanced impact on women, where the gender roles forced upon women in thecountry set a targeted situation for them by climate change resulting in a double-burdencircumstance for women.

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Goulding, Sarah, und sarahgoulding@yahoo com au. „Gender and Technologies of Knowledge in Development Discourse: Analysing United Nations Least Developed Country Policy 1971-2004“. Flinders University. School of Geography, Population and Environmental Management, 2006. http://catalogue.flinders.edu.au./local/adt/public/adt-SFU20070619.123607.

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The United Nations category Least Developed country (LDC) was created in 1971 to ameliorate conditions in countries the UN identified as the poorest of the poor. Its administration and operation within UN development discourse has not been explored previously in academic analysis. This thesis explores this rich archive of development discourse. It seeks to situate the LDC category as a vehicle that both produces and is a product of development discourse, and uses gender analysis as a critical tool to identify the ways in which the LDC category discourse operates. The thesis draws on Foucauldian theory to develop and use the concept technologies of knowledge, which places the dynamics of LDC discourse into relief. Three technologies of knowledge are identified: LDC policy, classification through criteria, and data. The ways each of these technologies of knowledge operates are explored through detailed readings of over thirty years of UN policy documents that form the thesiss primary source material. A central question within this thesis is: If the majority of the worlds poor are women, where are the women in the policy about the countries that are the poorest of the poor? In focusing the analysis on the representation of women in LDCs, I place women at the centre of the analytic stage, as opposed to the marginal position I have found they occupy within LDC discourse. Through this analysis of the reductionist representations of LDC women, I explore the gendered dynamics of development discourse. Exploring the operation of these three technologies of knowledge reveals some of the discursive boundaries of UN LDC category discourse, particularly through its inability to incorporate gender analysis. The discussion of these three technologies of knowledge policy, classification through criteria, and data is framed by discussions of development and gender. The discussion on development positions this analysis within post-development critiques of development policy, practice and theory. The discussion on gender positions this analysis within the trajectory of postmodern and postcolonial influenced feminist engagements with development as a theory and praxis, particularly with debates about the representation of women in the third world. This case study of the operation of development discourse usefully highlights gendered dynamics of discursive ways of knowing.

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Myers, Meghan Elizabeth. „Gender Inequality and Levels of Female Homicide in Cities: Examining the Influence of Race, Poverty Context, and Family Structure for Levels of Female Homicide Victimization and Offending“. The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1357262841.

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Ramphoma, Sefako Samuel. „An analysis of socio-economic factors on poverty in Nyakallong (Matjhabeng Municipality) / Sefako Samuel Ramphoma“. Thesis, North-West University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/10346.

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The aim of this dissertation was to analyse the effect of socio-economic factors on poverty in Nyakallong. Nyakallong is a former Black township in the Free State Province of South Africa. The effect of the socio economic factors on poverty was analysed using an econometric model. The analysis was based on data collected by the researcher and three fieldworkers who conducted a survey of 412 households in Nyakallong in 2009. To calculate poverty rates and the effect of socio-economic factors, data relating to the area was used. Poverty was defined and then measured for the township, and the profile of both the whole and the poor population was determined. The following poverty lines are used in South Africa – PDL, MSL, MLL, SLL, HSL and HEL. The HSL, which is defined as an estimate of the theoretical income needed by an individual household to maintain a defined minimum level of health and decency in the short term, was used as a measure of poverty in the area. The headcount index, poverty gap ratio and the dependency ratio were also used to measure poverty. The headcount index was found to be 0.472 for Nyakallong, meaning that 47.2% of all household’s income is below their respective poverty line. Poverty rate in Nyakallong was found to be 48.5% which is almost similar to the poverty rate of 49.1% for the Free State province, while poverty rate in Kwakwatsi was found to be 62.1%. The analysis of the sources of income of the poor showed that government grants constitute 64% of household income, with the old state pension grant alone contributing 16% to household income for a poor family. In Kwakwatsi, government grants contributed 38.4% of poor household’s income, with the old state pension grant having contributed 40.6%. On average, the whole population has a monthly income of R2 938, 35 compared to R1 140 which is received by the poor population; while in Kwakwatsi, the poor population received a monthly income of R688 and the whole population received an average of R1401.01. The expenditure patterns for the whole sampled population show that 39.7% of household income goes to buying food, compared to 44.3% for the poor sampled population of Nyakallong. In Kwakwatsi, poor population spent 49.2% of income on food and the whole population spent 33.4%. In Nyakallong, 50% of the whole population and 53% of the poor population was found to be economically inactive. In Kwakwatsi, 44% of the whole population and 56% of the poor population was found to be economically inactive. The unemployment rate of the poor in Nyakallong is 95.6% compared to 69.9% of the whole population. In Kwakwatsi 86.9% of the poor population and 79% of the whole population were unemployed. The dependency ratio was found to be 6 among the poor population and 2 for the whole population of Nyakallong, while in Kwakwatsi it was found to be 7 among the poor population and 4 among the whole population. The study analysed the socio-economic determinants of poverty in the area. The data was evaluated using hypothesis testing for statistical significance of the parameters. It was established that there is a positive relationship between education and the poverty gap ratio although it is statistically insignificant. It was also found that there is an inverse relationship between employment and poverty ratio. This complies with theory. The results also showed a positive relationship between household expenditure and the poverty gap – this is what was expected, because expenditure is the reduction of resources. On gender, the results confirm the generally held hypothesis that female headed households are poorer compared to their male counterparts. The results show that poverty is high among female headed households compared to male headed households. Household size was measured by the number of people staying in a given house. The household size was found to range from one to eleven members per household. The average household size was found to be 4.2 in Nyakallong, 3.9% in Kwakwatsi and 3.4% in the Free State. Household size is an important variable in determining poverty – increasing the household size by 10% is likely to increase the poverty gap of the household by about 1%. This might seem not significant, but this is a result that must be noted and handled with caution. More people in households also mean more expenditure on food items, medical expenses, clothing and education. In order to reduce the level of poverty in Nyakallong, job creation and employment opportunities should be targeted. The nearby university of technology and FET College should inform learners at secondary schools about funds (NFSAS) available to help them in furthering their studies. Educators should also engage learners to realise the disadvantages of large household size. Large organisations such as ESCOM and Harmony Gold could help by means of skills development, especially among youth and females, in order to make them employable. Unemployment can also be reduced by putting back into operation the closed mine shaft and Allanridge Sanatorium hospital. A food garden community programme should be established in order to reduce the level of poverty. People who are involved should be trained on how to manage and develop the programme.
MCom, Economics, North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2012

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Lima, Brenda Rolemberg de. „Nas tramas de produção e reprodução: mulheres titulares do Programa Bolsa Família no município de São Paulo“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8132/tde-25032019-125839/.

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A pesquisa analisa a forma como se articulam as experiências de trabalho produtivo e reprodutivo das mulheres que compõem a base da pirâmide social e que se encontram na titularidade do Programa Bolsa Família (PBF) no município de São Paulo, no intuito de compreender em que medida o substrato social existente favorece ou desfavorece a superação da pobreza por essas mulheres. Visou-se identificar o cenário no qual se encontram tais mulheres no município de São Paulo e analisar suas trajetórias individuas no que se refere ao trabalho não remunerado desenvolvido no âmbito doméstico-familiar e o trabalho remunerado desenvolvido no mercado de trabalho, bem como a maneira pela qual o Programa Bolsa Família interfere na dinâmica laboral. Para tanto, a pesquisa integrou abordagens metodológicas de naturezas distintas, quantitativa e qualitativa, a fim de tanto captar um panorama geral sobre quem são as mulheres titulares do PBF em São Paulo, como entender o funcionamento da dinâmica existente entre as esferas da produção e da reprodução. A metodologia quantitativa consistiu na análise estatística dos dados do Cadastro Único dos Programas Sociais (CadÚnico) referentes ao universo total de mulheres titulares do PBF na cidade de São Paulo. Por sua vez, a abordagem qualitativa partiu de entrevistas semiestruturadas com quinze mulheres titulares do PBF em três diferentes regiões da capital, com base na técnica dos relatos de vida. Como resultados da metodologia quantitativa, obteve-se um perfil geral de mulheres majoritariamente negras, com média etária superior a 30 anos, com Ensino Fundamental como maior escolaridade alcançada, inseridas no mercado de trabalho em atividades sem registro em carteira de trabalho. O resultado da abordagem qualitativa, por sua vez, aponta para um engajamento ainda na adolescência no mercado de trabalho, por vezes interrompido por gravidez e/ou casamento. Também aponta para as dificuldades de conciliação de trabalho remunerado e o cumprimento de obrigações da esfera reprodutiva. O Programa Bolsa Família incrementa a renda familiar mensal e confere a suas titulares arbítrio sobre a destinação do valor monetário transferido, porém gera acúmulo de funções atreladas à maternidade. Observa-se que os fatores que criam o substrato para a situação de pobreza na qual tais mulheres são complexos e a superação sustentada dessa condição depende da articulação de políticas públicas referentes à infância, qualificação profissional e emprego ao Programa Bolsa Família.
The study analyzes how productive and reproductive work experiences of the women who make up the base of the social pyramid and are in the ownership of the Bolsa Família Program (PBF) in the Municipality of São Paulo are articulated, in order to understand to what extent the existing social substratum favors or disadvantages the overcoming of poverty by these women. The objective was to identify the scenario in which these women are located in the city of São Paulo and to analyze their individual trajectories regarding unpaid work developed in the domestic-family environment and the paid work developed in the labor market, as well as the way for which the Bolsa Família Program interferes with the work dynamics. To do so, the research integrated methodological approaches of different natures, both quantitative and qualitative, in order to capture a general picture about who are the women members of the PBF in São Paulo and to understand the functioning of the dynamics between the spheres of production and reproduction. The quantitative methodology consisted in the statistical analysis of data from the Unified Registry for Social Programs (CadÚnico) referring to the total universe of women holding the Bolsa Família Program in the city of São Paulo. On the other hand, the qualitative approach was based on semi-structured interviews with fifteen women who hold the BFP in three different regions of the capital, based on the technique of life stories. As a result of the quantitative methodology, a general profile of mostly black women, with an average age of over 30 years, with primary schooling as a higher level of schooling reached, entered into the labor market in activities without work paper. The result of the qualitative approach, in turn, points to an engagement in adolescence in the labor market, sometimes interrupted by pregnancy and/or marriage. It also points to the difficulties of conciliation of paid work and the fulfillment of obligations of the reproductive sphere. The Bolsa Família Program increases monthly family income and gives its holders discretion over the allocation of the monetary value transferred, but generates an accumulation of functions linked to maternity. It is observed that the factors that create the substrate for the situation of poverty in which such women are complex and the sustained overcoming of this condition depends on the articulation of public policies regarding childhood, professional qualification and employment to the Bolsa Família Program.

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Trivelli, Carolina. „Una mirada cuantitativa a la situación de pobreza de los hogares indígenas en el Perú“. Economía, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118080.

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This document is based on the reading of collected by the surveys with the objective to relate the variables of poverty and ethnicity for the Peruvian case. One of its main results is that Peru is a country with an important indigenous population. Altogether the 33.7% of the Peruvian homes are indigenous homes, being the main ethnic group the one of Quechua speech (77% of the indigenous homes). These homes face indices of superior poverty mainly and extreme poverty that the non-indigenous homes: of the total of poor homes the 43.4% are indigenous, whereas the 52.4% of extreme the poor homes are indigenous. The obtained results show that although the being member of an indigenous home is related to the condition of poverty (the probability of being poor is greater 11% in the indigenous homes that in the non-indigenous homes), this relation varies from a region to another one, being narrower in area rural and nonexistent means in Metropolitan Lima. Also, along with the education, the experience and the region, the indigenous condition is excellent in the determination of the labor income, since the members of non-indigenous homes have labor income that practically double the income of the members of indigenous homes. But, the ethnic variable is not single in the characterization of the differences in the Peruvian homes, because in all the subjects treated in this document they appear two additional variables that are necessary to understand the differences: geographic location and gender.
Este documento se basa en la lectura de la información recogida por las encuestas de ENAHO y ENNIV con el objetivo de relacionar las variables de pobreza y etnicidad para el caso peruano. Uno de los resultados más resaltantes es que el Perú es un país con una importante población indígena. En total el 33.7% de los hogares peruanos son hogares indígenas, siendo el principal grupo étnico el de habla Quechua (77% de los hogares indígenas). Estos hogares enfrentan índices de pobreza, y sobre todo pobreza extrema, superiores a los hogares no indígenas: del total de hogares pobres el 43.4% es indígena, mientras que el 52.4% de los hogares pobres extremos es indígena. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que si bien el ser miembro de un hogar indígena está relacionado con la condición de pobreza (la probabilidad de ser pobre es 11% mayor en los hogares indígenas que en los hogares no indígenas), esta relación varía de una región a otra, siendo más estrecha en el medio rural e inexistente en Lima Metropolitana. Asimismo, junto con la educación, la experiencia y la región, la condición indígena resulta relevante en la determinación de los ingresos laborales, ya que los miembros de hogares no indígenas tienen ingresos laborales que prácticamente doblan los ingresos de los miembros de hogares indígenas. Sin embargo, la variable étnica no es la única en la caracterización de las diferencias en los hogares peruanos, pues en todos los temas tratados en este documento aparecen dos variables adicionales que son necesarias para entender las diferencias: ubicación geográfica y género.

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Dissertationen zum Thema „Gender and poverty“

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