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1
PIAHANAU, Aliaksandr. „Police Violence During the “Belle Epoqueˮ. Formation and Activity of the Hungarian Royal Gendarmerie (1881–1914)“. Novaia i noveishaia istoriia, Nr. 1 (2022): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013038640018257-0.
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Drawing on statistical and press data, the article analyses the dynamics and socio-political context of violence on the part of the Hungarian Royal Gendarmerie on the eve of the Great War. It attempts to establish the political context of the formation of the Gendarmerie in Hungary in 1881, to identify situations in which its officers engaged in physical violence, and to trace the dynamics of its development up to 1914. The Gendarmerie, formed in 1881 primarily from ethnic Magyars, was the largest law enforcement body at the direct disposal of the Hungarian government. Its personnel rose from 5,500 in the mid-1880s to 12,000 by 1914. During this time, its law enforcement responsibilities extended beyond the countryside to towns and cities. Gendarmes were regularly called upon by the authorities to suppress mass demonstrations and strikes, and to organise parliamentary elections and conduct political investigations. Official reports indicate that violence peaked in the late 1880s, mid-1890s, and 1905–1910. The Trans-danubian region was the most dangerous zone for the gendarmerie, but the quietest were Felvidék and Transylvania. The death toll at the hands of the gendarmes remains unknown, but the royal gendarmerie reported using weapons around hundred times a year. The article suggests that the violence and relative impunity of the gendarmes undermined public confidence in the government.
2
Bril’, Gennadiy G., und Leonid N. Zaytsev. „Legal bases of activity of adjutants of a separate corps of gendarmes of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th century – the early 20th century“. Vestnik of Kostroma State University 27, Nr. 2 (28.06.2021): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.34216/1998-0817-2021-27-2-187-194.
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The work highlights the activities of adjutants of the political police, their place and role in the work of the gendarmerie apparatus of the Russian Empire. The source base of the research was made up of archival documents and materials, memoirs of the employees of the Kostroma provincial gendarmerie department, rotmistrov A.M. Polyakov and V.V. Parfyonov. The authors have studied the legal framework governing the activities of adjutants of a separate corps of gendarmes, the directions of their activities, as well as their place and role in the structure of the security body. The article studies the historical and legal foundations of the creation, development and functioning of the institute of adjutant of a separate corps of gendarmes on the territory of the Russian Empire, and their main directions. Conclusions are drawn about the formation and development of a separate corps of gendarmes of the Russian Empire, as well as the special role of its adjutants in the field of external and internal security. The continuity and significance of law enforcement agencies in the historical context is emphasised.
3
Bril’, Gennadiy G., und Leonid N. Zaytsev. „POLITICAL POLICE OF KOSTROMA PROVINCE AND ITS CADRE PERSONNEL IN 1826–1867“. Vestnik of Kostroma State University, Nr. 1 (2020): 221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.34216/1998-0817-2020-26-1-221-227.
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The article examines the process of origin and formation of the political police of Kostroma Province in the mid-19th century. Special attention is paid to the issue of its staffi ng and the wide use of army offi cers for service in the political police. The chronological framework covers a little-studied period of activity of the political police in Kostroma Province. The authors of the article note that the Highest orders of military ranks that had a special place in the appointment of the headquarters and chief offi cers of the political police. On the basis of archival materials, the main directions of service activities of the highest ranks of the political police in the region are analysed. The article reveals the contribution of the gendarmes’ Corps chiefs to the protection of public order during the period under review. The author reveals the attitude of the authorities to literacy among the lower ranks of the gendarmerie. On the basis of historical and archival documents, it is concluded that the successful career of offi cers was promoted by conscientious performance of their offi cial duties, their «excellent-diligent and zealous service». It is concluded that special attention was paid to discipline among the gendarmes. The political police were independent of other branches of government, and were subordinate only to the headquarters of the gendarmes’ corps and the third division of His Imperial Majesty’s own offi ce. Gaps in the historical and legal coverage of the work of the state security Agency in the province of the Russian Empire at the fi rst stage of its existence are fi lled.
4
Власов, А. Е., und А. В. Штепа. „“They started doing their dirty deed…”: Informants and Snitches in Kaluga Committee of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party“. Вестник Рязанского государственного университета имени С.А. Есенина, Nr. 4(73) (07.02.2022): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.37724/rsu.2021.73.4.003.
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В статье актуализируется вопрос образования розыскного пункта — отдельного подразделения политического розыска в составе Калужского губернского жандармского управления. Установлена личность жандармского офицера, первого непосредственного руководителя оперативно-розыскной службы Калужской жандармерии. Рассмотрены права и обязанности данного офицера по вопросам руководства созданным учреждением. Авторы анализируют и дают оценку результатам его деятельности по двум главным направлениям работы специальных служб Российской империи: организации работы внешней и внутренней агентуры — агентов наружного наблюдения и провокаторов, внедренных в различные подразделения Калужского комитета Российской социал-демократической рабочей партии (РСДРП) на территории Калуги и Калужской губернии. Доносы провокаторов помогли калужским жандармам установить точный адрес конспиративной квартиры Калужского комитета РСДРП для встреч с иногородними революционерами, а также пункт связи калужских социал-демократов со своими однопартийцами из других уездных городов Калужской губернии, и разгромить одну из конспиративных квартир военной организации РСДРП в Калуге. К лету 1907 года калужская военно-боевая организация РСДРП была окончательно разгромлена. Авторы делают вывод, что за первые два года реализации «Основного положения об охранных отделениях» розыскной пункт Калужской жандармерии продемонстрировал достаточно эффективную работу. The article focuses on the formation of a political investigation department, a unit of the Gendarmerie force in the Kaluga Province. The article discloses the name of the superior gendarmerie officer who supervised political investigations performed by the Gendarmerie force in the Kaluga Province. The article treats the officer’s rights and duties associated with the supervision of the department. The authors analyze and assess the results of the officer’s work in the spheres controlled by the secret services of the Russian Empire (cooperation with inside and outside informants, snitches, surveillance agents working in various departments of the Kaluga Committee of the Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party in Kaluga and the Kaluga Province). Informants, snitches and surveillance agents were employed by a specially trained gendarmerie officer. Informants and snitches helped Kaluga gendarmes to locate printing houses of the Kaluga Committee of the Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party and places where printing equipment was stored. Informants and snitches helped Kaluga gendarmes to locate the safe house members of the Kaluga Committee of the Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party used to meet with revolutionaries from other cities. Informants and snitches helped Kaluga gendarmes to locate a place Kaluga Social Democrats used to meet with party members from other towns of the Kaluga Province. Due to informants’ help Kaluga gendarmes managed to destroy a safe house used by the fighting squad of the Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party in the Kaluga Province. By the summer of 1907, the fighting squad of the Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party in the Kaluga Province had been completely destroyed. The authors conclude that the political investigation department of the Gendarmerie force in the Kaluga Province functioned really effectively during the first two years of its existence.
5
Bril', Gennadiy G., und Leonid N. Zaytsev. „Kostroma provincial gendarmerie management and its first supervisor“. Vestnik of Kostroma State University, Nr. 2 (2019): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.34216/1998-0817-2019-25-2-27-32.
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In this article, the authors for the fi rst time using little-known historical and archival footage to trace the history of the origin, formation, development of Kostroma provincial gendarmerie management (hereinafter referred to as the КPGM). The chronological framework of the article covers the period of 1857—1890. The theme of daily life of employees of the КPGM is not widely enough disclosed in modern research, the history of one person, including the heads of local law enforcement agencies. Topicality of the article lies in the lack of knowledge of the provincial gendarmerie managements. The effectiveness of the political police is impossible without a wise, professional, competent leader. In the scientifi c circulation for the fi rst time are archival documents relating to the identity of the fi rst head of the КPGM Ivan Nikolaevich Chaleyev. In the formative years, the КPGM faced some diffi culties in recruitment, however, Ivan Chaleyev successfully coped with the selection and placement of staff. The authors for the fi rst time investigated the personnel of the KPGM, which served experienced offi cers. Special attention is paid to the formation of school for training and preparation for the future activities of the lower ranks Of the gendarmes on October 29, 1870 in St. Petersburg. For the fi rst time, attention has been drawn to the attitude of gendarmes to religion. We have come to the conclusion that the activities and effectiveness of the political police authority on the ground largely depended on the personality of its leader. In the study period, the activities of the CPGM professionalism, personal qualities, its authority in the region and leadership entrusted to Ivan Chaleyev provided adequate security of the ruling regime in Kostroma Province.
6
Özbek, Nadir. „POLICING THE COUNTRYSIDE: GENDARMES OF THE LATE 19TH-CENTURY OTTOMAN EMPIRE (1876–1908)“. International Journal of Middle East Studies 40, Nr. 1 (Februar 2008): 67a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743807080361.
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This article lays the groundwork for a more systematic history of the Ottoman gendarmerie (jandarma), with special emphasis on the men in the corps and their working conditions. Through this paramilitary police institution, 19th-century Ottoman bureaucrats aimed to extend their authority into the provinces, which at that time could be described as only marginally under Ottoman sovereignty according to contemporary definitions of the term. From the late 18th century on, extending state sovereignty to recognized territorial boundaries emerged as a vital need for most European states as well as the Ottoman Empire. Along with other modern military and civil institutions and modern administrative practices, introducing various types of paramilitary provincial police forces enabled governments in Europe to enhance and extend their authority over territories where it had been limited. The gendarmerie thus emerged in both Europe and the Ottoman Empire as integral to modern state formation and its technologies of government. While acknowledging the Pan-European context of the gendarmerie's emergence and its theoretical ramifications, the present article is concerned more with the Ottoman context within which this police corps was established, evolved, and took on a uniquely Ottoman form.
7
Özbek, Nadir. „POLICING THE COUNTRYSIDE: GENDARMES OF THE LATE 19TH-CENTURY OTTOMAN EMPIRE (1876–1908)“. International Journal of Middle East Studies 40, Nr. 1 (Oktober 2008): 47–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743807080087.
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This article lays groundwork for a more systematic history of the Ottoman gendarmerie (jandarma), here with special emphasis on the men in the corps and their working conditions. The gendarmerie, which before 1879 reform the Ottomans called asakir-i zabtiye, was a provincial paramilitary police organization established by bureaucrats of the Tanzimat state during the 1840s on an ad hoc basis. This force later acquired a more uniform and centralized character, becoming the empire's principal internal security organization. Through this paramilitary police institution, 19th-century Ottoman bureaucrats aimed to extend their authority into the provinces, which at that time could be described as only marginally under Ottoman sovereignty according to contemporary definitions of the term. From the late 18th century on, extending state sovereignty to recognized territorial boundaries emerged as a vital need for most European states as well as the Ottoman Empire. Along with other modern military and civil institutions and modern administrative practices, introducing various types of paramilitary provincial police forces enabled governments in Europe to enhance and extend their authority over territories in which it had been limited. The gendarmerie thus emerged in both Europe and in the Ottoman Empire as integral to modern state formation and its technologies of government. Although acknowledging the Pan-European context of the gendarmerie's emergence and its theoretical ramifications, the present article is concerned more with the Ottoman context within which this police corps was established, evolved, and took on a uniquely Ottoman form.
8
Haberbusch, Benoît. „L’emploi de la gendarmerie au Mexique (1861-1867), force prévôtale ou force de sécurité intérieure ?“ Revue Historique des Armées 258, Nr. 1 (01.01.2010): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/rha.258.0003.
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Entre décembre 1861 et mars 1867, la gendarmerie impériale de Napoléon III fournit une force publique attachée au corps expéditionnaire du Mexique. Ses activités ne se limitent pas à la prévôté mais s’étendent aux opérations militaires dans un contexte de conflit asymétrique. Certains gendarmes sont ainsi amenés à combattre l’ennemi. Grâce aux registres de la troupe, il est possible de dresser le portrait de ces hommes et de constater que le recrutement de la prévôté s’opère directement dans le corps expéditionnaire. Par ailleurs, cette force publique se voit confier la mission originale de mettre sur pied une gendarmerie impériale mexicaine au service de l’empereur Maximilien. Ce modèle d’exportation témoigne de l’intérêt du commandement pour la gendarmerie en matière de sécurisation de territoire dans la perspective d’une sortie de crise. Toutefois, cette formation ne survit pas au retrait du corps expéditionnaire français.
9
Ivanov, S. Yu, und R. Yu Kazankov. „Counteraction to Political Terrorism in the Russian empire on the Example of Ukrainian provinces in Late ХІХ – Early ХХ Century“. Bulletin of Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs 93, Nr. 2 (02.07.2021): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.32631/v.2021.2.03.
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The peculiarities of the fight against political terrorism in the Russian Empire on the example of Ukrainian provinces in this period have been studied. In particular, the authors have analyzed historical conditions for the formation and development of various political forces of terrorist orientation, have demonstrated the basic measures on the part of state authorities and specialized law enforcement agencies on counteracting political terrorism. The emphasis has been placed on the fact that such concepts as terror and terrorism are very often interchangeable, although there is currently no their established definition. Terrorism is an attempt to pursue political interests by violent means. Terror is usually used after revolutions in order to gain complete control over society.
In general, the authors have demonstrated the conditions and circumstances under which there was the transition to political attempts on various representatives of public authorities, and their motivation. It has been determined that one of the dominant motives for the transition to political terror was revenge for the repressive actions of the authorities against the populist movement during 1877-1878.
Particular attention has been paid to regulatory legal documents of various levels; the authors have clarified their impact on the further fight against terrorism in the Empire; have determined the role of emergency lawmaking, such as: “On measures to protect public order and public safety”, “On the formation of military courts”, “On special measures to maintain public safety”, “Regulations on the structure of the secret police in the Empire”, etc.
The authors have demonstrated the activities of specialized law enforcement agencies, without the functioning of which the fight against terrorists has not been successful. Among them were: the palace guard, the police department, the palace agency, security departments of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the corps of gendarmes. Their work was regulated in accordance with such documents as “Temporary Rules on the Arrangement of the Police”, “Regulations on the Gendarmerie Corps” and others.
10
Andrusyshyn, B. I. „Continuity of legal traditions of Ukrainian legislation (Constitutional projects by George Andruzsky)“. TRANSFORMATION LEGISLATION OF UKRAINE IN MODERN CONDITIONS DOCTRINAL APPROACHES AND MEASUREMENTS, Nr. 14 (01.09.2023): 100–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.33663/2524-017x-2023-14-100-107.
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The legislative process of the first half and middle of the 19th century is considered. in Ukraine, in particular, the constitutional projects of Cyril and Methodius. A historical and legal analysis of the constitutional drafts of the youngest member of the Cyril and Methodius Brotherhood, George Andrusky, entitled «Outlines of the Constitution of the Republic» was made. The influence on the preparation and content of the documents of the ideas of the «Book of the Being of the Ukrainian People» and the revolutionary ideas of Taras Shevchenko is emphasized. Against the historical background of the era, the reaction of the tsarist guard to the creation of St. Volodymyr’s Kyiv University and its role in modern Ukrainian nation-building, the formation of ideas of political resistance and free-thinking are highlighted. The work of Ukrainian lawyers, historians, philosophers who studied this problem was analyzed. The historical and legal features of Ukrainian constitutionalism, the influence of the Cyril-Methodist heritage on the germs of civil society ideas in Ukrainian political and legal thought are highlighted. The evolution of the constitutional concept of H. Andruzhsky from the ideas of the constitutional monarchy to the republican form of government is revealed. The ideas of equality before the law of the rights of citizens, the need to abolish serfdom and estate privileges, land reform in the context of giving peasants land, the introduction of political freedoms, a fair tax system for the population, the creation of an accessible general education system, the establishment of central and local press, military reform, defense of Ukrainians’ right to their language, literature, and culture in general. Considerable attention is paid to the structure of state power of the future state, especially local self-government, the community, which in the project is almost the main, basic link of the state. A solution to the problems of health care and social security is proposed. Worthy of attention in the project are the provisions that set out the requirements for candidates for management positions, in which the age, educational and residency qualifications, the absence of a criminal record and other punishments during the last three years, and the voting procedure were established. The order of coexistence with neighboring countries, first of all with Slavic countries, was envisaged. The statement that the basis of the state’s well-being is the agricultural sector is considered relevant. The essence of a citizen’s freedom, religious education at school, maintenance of the church at the expense of the community has been determined. It is emphasized that the thoughts and considerations expressed by H. Andruzky in the draft constitution were developed in the future in the process of development of Ukrainian constitutionalism and law-making. Key words: Ukraine, Cyril and Methodius brotherhood, George Andrusky, Taras Shevchenko, «Outlines of the Constitution of the Republic», Mykola I, Kyiv University of St. Volodymyr, M. Kostomarov, Hetmanship, constitutional jurisdiction, state formation, Ukrainophiles, Slavophiles, autocracy, gendarmes.
11
Svitlenko, Serhii. „SHEVCHENKIV ANNIVERSARIES AND UKRAINIAN PUBLIC CENTERS AND ORGANIZATIONS IN ODESA IN THE LAST QUARTER OF THE 19TH – BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY“. Chornomors’ka Mynuvshyna, Nr. 18 (28.12.2023): 117–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/2519-2523.2023.18.292465.
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The purpose of the article is to reconstruct the history of commemoration of Shevchenko's anniversary in the context of the activities of Ukrainian public centers and organizations in Odesa in the last quarter of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Research methods have become personalistic and systemic. Sources: archival and published documents, as well as epistolaries, journalism, memoirs gleaned from Ukrainian periodicals. The main results consist in understanding the process of commemorating Shevchenko's anniversary as an important factor in the formation of Ukrainian national consciousness and identity among the population of Odesa – an important socio-economic and socio-political center of southern Ukrainian lands. It is shown that the preservation of the historical memory of the great Ukrainian poet and thinker T. G. Shevchenko had a long history in Odessa from the last quarter of the 19th century before the First World War. Commemoration of the Shevchenkiv anniversaries can be traced in the activities of various Ukrainian public centers and organizations, in particular the Odesa Ukrainian Community, the Odesa «Prosvita», the Odesa «Ukrainian Club» and the «Ukrainian House». The main forms of holding Shevchenko's commemorations were literary, musical and vocal evenings of memory; reading reports, lectures, abstracts about Kobzar; publications about T. G. Shevchenko in newspapers, magazines, brochures, bibliographic indexes, etc.; organization of appropriate memorial services. In the 1870s and 1880s, measures to perpetuate the memory of T. G. Shevchenko were held illegally, and from the end of the 19th century gained publicity and relative mass. A notable role in the organization and implementation of events to perpetuate the memory of the Ukrainian poet and thinker belonged to such figures as L. A. Smolenskyi, O. O. Andrievskyi, P. O. Zeleny, M. F. Komarov, I. M. Lutsenko, D. D. Sygarevich, A. V. Nikovskyi, S. P. Shelukhin, and others. The commemoration of Shevchenko's anniversary faced internal difficulties of an organizational and ideological nature that arose in the Ukrainian ethno-national community of a polyethnic and multicultural city. Shevchenko's measures, first of the Odesa Ukrainian community, and later of the Odesa «Prosvita» and its successors, were in the field of view of the local administration, gendarmes and police, who exerted undisguised pressure and repression on conscious Ukrainianism and its public centers and organizations, sought to block the process of spreading Ukrainian national consciousness and identity in the city. However, the punitive and protective measures of the Russian imperial regime could not stop the activity of conscious Ukrainianism in Odessa to perpetuate the historical memory of T. G. Shevchenko, which was of great importance for the revival and preservation of the historical heritage of Kobzar, the spread of Ukrainian national and cultural values in the Russified and at the same time multifaceted in ethno-cultural, ethno-national and social dimensions of the region. Concise conclusions. It has been proven that from the end of the 1870s to 1914, Ukrainian public centers and organizations accumulated important historical experience in commemorating Shevchenko's anniversaries. This activity contributed to the national consolidation of local conscious Ukrainianism, the formation of the modern Ukrainian ethno-cultural landscape.
12
Barotovna, Makhmudova Nigora. „Activities of the Security Police in the Turkestan Region According to the Materials of the Revision of Senator K.K. Palen“. Irish Interdisciplinary Journal of Science & Research 06, Nr. 02 (2022): 01–07. http://dx.doi.org/10.46759/iijsr.2022.6201.
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The article examines and analyzes the activities of law enforcement agencies-the security police and the gendarme department, in the Turkestan region based on the materials of the audit of Senator K.K. Palen carried out in 1908-1909. An analysis of one of the volumes of the report called “Security Police” (221 pages) is presented, in which all the answers to the questions posed in the “...special instruction ...” by the Tsar of the Russian Empire are given. The structure of the law enforcement system in the Turkestan Governor General, the history of the formation of police departments, states and composition of police departments are considered.
13
Pororo, Anca Elena. „Relația poliție – jandarmerie în județul Buzău în perioada 1929-1940 (instituții de ordine publică la oraș, respectiv sat)“. Teologie și educație la "Dunărea de Jos" 17 (12.06.2019): 283–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.35219/teologie.2019.12.
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The beginning of the economic crisis in our country, the emergence of new elements against state security, led to the adoption in the year 1929 of the Lawfor the organization of the general state police and the Law on the organization of the rural gendarmerie. The role of policemen and gendares has intensified, both as activity and accountability. The mission of the two institutions was to ensure the maintenance of public order and security, enforcement of laws in urban and rural areas. In their jurisdiction they had: prevention of crime, investigation and prosecution of all offences provided by civil, military law, gathering of information on state security and reporting to the upper management. Regarding the police-gendarmerie relationship, very important were the Instructions of July 1930 to establish service links between the two institutions, drawn up by the General Inspectorate of Gendarmerie and approved by the Ministry of Interior. Close collaboration had to be in the interest of the service, order and public safety, without regard to other aspects. A good collaboration existed with the other local authorities. At the level of the Buzau county was constituted in the year 1931 the Administrative Cooperation Council, of which were part: the county prefect, the Chief of Police, the commander of the Legion of Gendarme, the commander of the Garrison. In the meetings were discussed the most important problems in Buzau County, as well as the measures taken. Police and gendarmerie reports record certain special events in Buzau County, such as: theft, insults, scandals, beatings, injuries, suicides, murders, accidents, fires, prunings, epidemics, disappearances, desertion, vagrancy. Measures were taken to prevent railroad attacks in order to ensure peace and public safety around the elections in order to prevent any acts of brutality on voters or supporters of one party or another. Among the powers of police and gendarmerie are the control of foreigners from towns and villages, their activity being closely supervised, and suspicious personswere banished from the country. They were checking even the Romanian citizens coming to the area, asking for information about their past from the policies of the cities where they had their last home. Police and gendarmerie received clear orders regarding the actions they had to undertake if the Communists attempted to provoke revolutionary movements and attacks against the authorities. At the same time, they informed the upper management about all meetings, congresses, meetings held in the village and the city. They reported information on how the events were, the number of participants, the people taking the floor.A number of documents deal with the legionary problem, the work carried out by the “Everything for the country“. We find that the police and gendarmerie authorities have taken repressive measures against the Legion organization. There have been searches at the home of the heads and members of the legionaries, they have confiscated weapons and various brochures, manifests. Some have been arrested, brought to military courts or been established as forced residence in other counties. Very important are the reports on the state of mind of the population, which include aspects relating to economic, social, political, minorities and religious sects. It was recorded the general dissatisfaction of the population due to the expensive clothing, footwear and food, felt in all social layers, but especially among the retired. About the minority population we learn that it consisted of: Hungarians, Bulgarians, Russians, Germans, Serbs, Polons, Turks, Greeks, Italians, Armenians, Albanians, Austrians. Among them there were people suspected of espionage. Police officers in collaboration with the Gendares played an important role in the withdrawal, control and supervision of refugees from Bessarabia and Northen Bukovina in the year 1940. For their verification, they were asked for maximum attention, some of whom may have been sent as spies. Research and supervision were difficult because of the large number of refugees and that some of them did not respect the home settlements fixed. By studying the archive documents I wanted to highlight the collaborative relations between the two structures, the cooperation missions, the formation of mixed patrols, the raids, the way to act according to the events that marked the history of Romanians.
14
Bril’, Gennadiy G., und Leonid N. Zaitsev. „Vladimir Konstantinovich Semiganovskiy – the last head of Kostroma provincial gendarmerie department (based on materials from the archives of Kostroma Region)“. Vestnik of Kostroma State University 28, Nr. 1 (20.04.2022): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.34216/1998-0817-2022-28-1-32-39.
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The article, based on extensive archival and historical material, reveals the main stages of the life path, formation and professional development of Colonel Vladimir Semiganovskiy. Topicality of the topic is due to the absence of his scientific biography in the historiography, as well as the expansion of the source base of research on the activities of the political police of the Russian Empire in the region. The authors have studied the main life and professional paths of Vladimir Semiganovskiy. New facts about his activities as the head of Kostroma provincial gendarmerie department were introduced into scientific circulation, which made it possible to recreate the portrait of the last gendarme of Kostroma Province. His role and place in fighting revolutionary movement in the province is noted, including his effective agency work between June 1913 and March 1917. The conclusion about his professionalism and about Vladimir Semiganovskiy's personal contribution to the maintenance of stable political situation in the region is made.
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Zaitsev, Leonid N. „LEONTIY VASIL’YEVICH DUBEL’T – STATESMAN AND PUBLIC FIGURE OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE IN THE 1ST HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY“. Vestnik of Kostroma State University 28, Nr. 3 (28.02.2023): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.34216/1998-0817-2022-28-3-25-32.
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On the basis of archival and historical materials, the article examines in detail the personality of one of the prominent state and public figures of his time, Cavalry General Leontiy Vasil’yevich Dubel’t, whose 230th anniversary is celebrated in 2022. He beat back Napoleon in 1812, held the managerial position of the III department of His Majesty’s own Chancellery. The main stages of the life path, formation and professional formation of Leontiy Dubel’t are revealed. The topicality is due to insufficient research of his scientific biography, as well as the expansion of the source base of research on his personality. The author introduced into scientific circulation new facts about the statesman’s activities as the manager of the III department of His Majesty’s own Chancellery, which made it possible to recreate the portrait of the Russian Empire’s second gendarme. His role and place in the activities of the political police of the Russian Empire, including with the help of effective public administration in the field of state security in the context of the growing crisis of power, is noted. The conclusion is made about his personal contribution to the management of the state, professionalism, and maintaining a stable political situation in the country.
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Khominets, V. V., K. A. Nadulich, E. B. Nagornyi, A. V. Teremshonok, A. L. Kudyashev und A. A. Strelba. „Contribution of G.I. Turner in formation and development of the doctrine about spinal pathology“. Bulletin of the Russian Military Medical Academy 21, Nr. 4 (15.12.2019): 181–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/brmma630094.
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The contribution of the distinguished scientist and teacher, world renowned orthopedic surgeon, father of the national orthopedics and founder of the first orthopedic clinic in Russia – professor Henry Ivanovich Turner in the evolvement of the spinal disorders science is analyzed in this article. Of all fields of orthopedic science Henry Turner paid special attention to the spinal disorders. His main research directions included the study of scoliosis, inflammatory spinal diseases, spinal trauma and anomalies, Bechterew’s disease. Henry Turner identified congenital and secondary causes of spinal disorders. In his works on conservative treatment of scoliotic spine deformities he emphasized the importance of physical exercise and spinal corsets treatment. Profound knowledge of the spine biomechanics and clinical manifestations of the disease let him to define the requirements for scoliosis treatment corsets. Pioneer in science, Henry Turner was one of the first in Russia to recognize the significance and prospects of the surgical treatment of severe spine deformities. He disapproved ineffective «short» fusion and fusion on the maximum spine curvature surgery, as well as isolated muscle surgery. In his articles on management of spondylitis of various etiology Henry Ivanovich outlined the clinical picture of the disease, proved the necessity of hard spine immobilization and suggested glue-lignin corset affordable for the most patients. Contribution of Henry Turner in the research of spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis can hardly be overestimated. He described in detail clinical and pathoanatomical signs of the disease, and defined the «telescopic body» symptom and radiographic signs of «sparrow tail» and «gendarme hat» which became classic.
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Brinza, Andreea-Cornelia. „Vehicle control“. Eximia 11 (08.08.2023): 335–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/eximia.v11i1.312.
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Through the activities carried out, a police officer constantly seeks to protect life and the bodily integrity and other legitimate rights and interests of citizens. In this sense, the action to impose the law is fully justified and must be explained to those concerned, to make them understand that as long as they align with the established norms, they will not be subject to its repressive side. The activity of a traffic policeman is carried out in a planned manner, according to the daily activity plan and established patrol variants, which eliminates its random character. Traffic police activities are carried out by crews (patrols) made up of at least two traffic policemen. In special situations, when for objective reasons this configuration of the crew cannot be ensured, it is accepted that one of the policemen belongs to another police formation, or is replaced by a gendarme or by support persons. At the request of the traffic participant, a policeman presents himself with his service ID. If the citizen has doubts about the policeman's presence in traffic in the place and at that time or if he is interested in whether he is in the exercise of his duties, he can contact the nearest police unit (municipal or city police, respectively police station) communal), the policeman being obliged to present the personal documents or the devices used only to the competent authorities.
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Antoshchenko, Aleksandr V. „The Revolutionary Youth of Georgii Fedotov“. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 69, Nr. 1 (2024): 124–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu02.2024.109.
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This article delves into George Fedotov’s involvement in the revolutionary struggle; his reasons, motives, and perception of it; as well as the conditions and factors that led to the decision to discontinue his revolutionary activities. The study relies on documents of the local gendarme administration from the State Archives of Saratov Region and private correspondence between G. P. Fedotov and T. Iu. Dmitrieva. Their examination allows for a fresh perspective on his involvement in the revolutionary activities of the Social Democrats in Saratov, shedding light on its existential underpinnings. This research employs the hermeneutics of understanding (Verstehen) as a methodological paradigm to explore George Fedotov’s youth. This approach involves identifying internal motives behind the external events in the life of the subject in question. It considers individual psychological aspects that contributed to the formation of G. P. Fedotov’s personality. The author defines the emerging changes in the personality of G. P. Fedotov as a reorientation of his own fate caused not only by the decline of the revolutionary movement but also by the crisis of his identity. Consequently, crucial moments in his early biography are demonstrated as manifestations of the revision of his identity shaped by the interplay between his personal aspirations and the influences of the social environment, where his closest associates played a significant role.
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Semenova, Ekaterina Yu. „Urban Population of the Russian Periphery in the Days of the First World War: Special Considerations for Identifying Documents on Issues of Public Sentiment and Behavioral Practices“. Herald of an archivist, Nr. 4 (2018): 984–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2018-4-984-995.
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The article offers a systematization of archival sources on formation and development of public moods and behavioral practices of the rear zone population of the Russian periphery in the days of World War I. The following groups of archival sources have been identified: laws and regulations of central and local authorities (circulars, resolutions of ministries and departments, governors, heads of gubernia gendarme departments, commissars of the Provisional Government, orders of garrison commanders); record keeping materials (reports of gendarmerie officials, governors, uezd police officers, polizeimeisters, and police supervisors (nadzirateli); reports of self-government institutions; censorship officers reports; reports and reviews of various committees, meetings, societies, cultural and educational institutions); personal provenance sources (letters, memoirs, anonymous and named complaints and police information); statistical and reference materials. This complex of sources allows to characterize public sentiments and behavioral practices of provincial towns citizens in the wartime: their perception of reality in the changing multifaceted demographic situation; attitudes towards national and confessional groups and their representatives; their reaction to veterans, wounded, prisoners of war, recruits, personnel of rear garrisons, and refugees; leisure possibilities; cultural entertainment and its impact on mood and behavior of citizens; their attitude towards authority and its representatives; impact of the opposition on political activities and dissatisfaction of citizens; organization of supply and its influence on socio-political processes in the urban environment; transformation of official national paradigm. The case-study of the Volga region registers difficulties in identification of sources in the fonds of regional and central archives, which pertain to the subject. The regional specificity in structure and content of archival materials is demonstrated.
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Кулюкин, Андрей Андреевич. „ORGANIZATIONAL AND LEGAL BASES OF FORMATION, DEVELOPMENT AND ACTIVITY OF MILITARY POLICE BODIES OF THE RUSSIAN ARMY IN THE XIXth - THE EARLY XXth CENTURIES“. Vestnik Samarskogo iuridicheskogo instituta, Nr. 2(43) (19.08.2021): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.37523/sui.2021.48.86.018.
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В рамках статьи исследован вопрос развития военно-полицейских органов в России до 1917 г. Отмечено, что до формирования кадровых военно-полицейских частей уже с XVII в. законом предусматривались специальные воинские чины, на которых были возложены задачи по поддержанию правопорядка в армии на ранних этапах ее становления. Приведен пример полицейской службы Ингерманландского драгунского полка в годы Отечественной войны 1812 г., который стал прообразом кадровой военно-полицейской части. Рассмотрены организация службы, функции, полномочия, этапы формирования и законодательные акты, регламентирующие деятельность военно-полицейских частей. Раскрыта краткая история гвардейского жандармского полуэскадрона, приведены примеры выполнения военной полицией возложенных задач. Произведены обобщение, структурирование задач и функций, возложенных на военную полицию в годы Первой мировой войны. Сделан вывод, что создание в составе армии кадровых военно-полицейских частей стало одним из этапов и логическим продолжением генезиса военно-полицейских органов в России. Проведен сравнительный анализ деятельности военно-полицейских органов в различное время, при этом отмечено, что задачи и функции военной полиции с течением времени оставались в основном неизменными. Within the framework of the article, the issue of the military-police bodies development in Russia from 1815 to 1917 is investigated. It is noted that before the formation of cadre military-police units, already from the 17th century, the law provided for special military ranks, who were entrusted with the tasks of maintaining law and order in the army at the early stages of its formation. An example is given of the police service of the Ingermanland Dragoon Regiment during the Patriotic War of 1812, which became the prototype of the regular military-police unit. The organization of the service, functions, powers, stages of formation and legislative acts regulating the activities of military-police units are considered. A brief history of the Guards gendarme half-squadron is revealed, examples of the military police performing the assigned tasks are given. The generalization, structuring of the tasks and functions assigned to the military police during the First World War are made. It is concluded that the creation of personnel military-police units within the army was one of the stages and a logical continuation of the genesis of military-police bodies in Russia. A comparative analysis of the activities of military-police bodies at different times is carried out, while it is noted that the tasks and functions of the military police have remained largely unchanged over time.
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Lavrenko, Valeriia S. „Images of Jews in the minds of the Russian Administration and Society of the Front-line Zone during the First World War“. Universum Historiae et Archeologiae 1, Nr. 1-2 (26.12.2019): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/2611808.
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The article analyzes generalized visions of the Jewish population that existed during 1914–1917 in the surrounding of Russian administration and among the general population of the temporarily occupied territories of Russian empire and of its western provinces. The source base of the study is presented by documents of the gendarme agency from the collections of the Central State Historical Archive of Ukraine (Kyiv). They reveal the political mood of the population, rumors and statements that potentially can destabilize the situation in the region. The sources give the following generalized characteristics of the Jewish population: 1. Jews avoid military service and public works; 2. Jews massively sympathize to the enemy and gladly perceive his victories and defeats of the Russian army; 3. Jews spy in favor of Austria-Hungary; 4. During the war, the Jewish population significantly increased its wealth by raising prices for essential goods; 5. Jews gain excessive wealth in the game of exchange rates; 6. Jews in Galicia directly agitate for the return of the Austrian authorities; 7. Jews represent a community that is unsafe to provide civil rights, because it will automatically strike in the interests of the rest of the population; 8. Jews are often robbed during the war, but they deserve it; 9. The Jewish community is characterized by a special rejection of Nicholas II’s personal and royal family; 10. Jews massively spread anti-Russian rumors. The author concludes that most of the characteristics of the Jewish population reflect the attitude towards it as a “domestic enemy”. The Russian authorities, both in the front-line provinces and territories temporarily occupied during the war, actively contributed to the formation of such a negative image. This fully fitted into the policy of the tsarist government, which can be characterized as state anti-Semitism. Later, such actions were partly due to the pogromous activity of the local population against the Jews in the revolutionary purges of 1917-1921.
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PAHIRIA, OLEKSANDR. „COOPERATION BETWEEN THE CZECHOSLOVAK MILITARY AND THE CARPATHIAN SICH TO COUNTERACT SABOTAGE ACTIONS BY POLAND AND HUNGARY AGAINST CARPATHO-UKRAINE (1938–1939)“. Ukraine: Cultural Heritage, National Identity, Statehood 32 (2019): 97–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.33402/ukr.2019-32-97-112.
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The article examines one of the little-studied aspects of the subversive operation of Poland and Hungary against Carpatho-Ukraine, namely the military cooperation between the Carpathian Sich and the Czechoslovak Army and security agencies (StOS, gendarmery, state police, and financial guard) in the protection of the borders of the autonomous region against attacks by Polish and Hungarian saboteurs in fall 1938 – early 1939. Drawing on Czech and Polish archival materials, as well as memoirs, the author establishes the role of Czechoslovak officers in the provision of arms, ammunition, and training for the Carpathian Sich units, as well as in their engagement in joint intelligence and counter-sabotage activities in the border areas with Poland and Hungary. Such actions produced a joint Czech-Ukrainian response to the undeclared "hybrid war" waged by Poland and Hungary against Carpatho-Ukraine, which final aim was to establish a common frontier in the Carpathians. Despite its largely secondary (auxiliary) function in this operation, the Carpathian Sich members were able not only to demonstrate efficiency in the fight against Hungarian and Polish militants but at the same time to become a source of information for the Czechoslovak intelligence. From the point of view of the Czechoslovak command's interests, the Carpathian Sich served as a "non-state actor," who was trying to counter-balance the enemy's non-regular formations. The mentioned military cooperation marked the first stage in relations between the Carpathian Sich and the Czechoslovak military that started in the first half of November 1938 and ended in mid-January 1939 with the nomination by Prague of Czech general Lev Prchala as the third minister in the autonomous government of Carpatho-Ukraine. For the Carpathian Sich, the cooperation with the Czechoslovak security agencies produced their first combat experience and served as the source of replenishment of its scarce arsenal. Keywords: Carpatho-Ukraine, Carpathian Sich, sabotage, Poland, Hungary, "Lom" operation.
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Taporosky Filho, Paulo Silas, und Rui Carlo Dissenha. „Riscos do imperativo da convicção na jurisprudência: do “diritto mite” ao “diritto morbido”?“ Revista da Faculdade de Direito 1, Nr. 39 (31.12.2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/0104-6594.84578.
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RESUMODiante do quadro social contemporâneo, que pressiona as instituições jurídicas a serem ativas no sentido de garantirem clamores populares como a luta contra a sensação social de insegurança, é natural que o Judiciário ganhe protagonismo e termine com uma posição ativa na sua jurisprudência. O que se tem percebido, entretanto, é que, no plano penal, é comum que esse ativismo judicial seja lançado no sentido da reinterpretação de normas garantistas de forma a produzir um aumento do poder punitivo. Fato é que o julgador pode tender a adotar fundamentações que escapam ao jurídico e, mesmo, ao dogmático, para atender a demandas populistas e de ordem pragmática. Nesse exercício, é possível que o Julgador penal siga para além da razoável e constitucional flexibilidade (“mitezza”) do Direito reconhecida por Zagrebelsky, e transforme o Direito em uma massa flácida e amorfa facilmente adaptável aos seus critérios pessoais (“morbida”). Esse exercício, corroborado pelo apoio de parte da doutrina e das falhas do próprio sistema processual penal, são de extremo risco a um poder punitivo controlado e podem produzir, ao mesmo tempo um Judiciário que apenas repete demandas populares e que fomenta a formação de um Estado-gendarme. PALAVRAS-CHAVEJurisdição penal. Decisionismo judicial. Aumento do poder punitivo. ABSTRACTIn the face of the contemporary social situation, which pressures legal institutions to be active in order to guarantee popular demands such as the fight against the sensation of insecurity, it is natural for the judiciary to gain prominence and end up with in an active position in its judgments. What has been perceived, however, is that, in the criminal sphere, it is common that this judicial activism to be used in the sense of reinterpreting norms in order to produce an increase in punitive power. The fact is that the judge may tend to adopt reasons that escape the juridical sense and even the dogmatic, to meet populist and pragmatic demands. In this exercise, it is possible for the criminal judge to go beyond the reasonable and constitutional flexibility (“miteza”) of the Law recognized by Zagrebelsky, and turn the Law into a flaccid and amorphous mass easily adaptable to its personal (“morbid”) criteria. This exercise, corroborated by the support of the doctrine and the failures of the criminal procedural system itself, is an extreme risk to a controlled punitive power and can procedure, at the same time, a Judiciary that only repeats popular demands and that foments the formation of a Gendarme State.KEYWORDSCriminal jurisdiction. Judicial decision-making. Increasing of punitive power.