Zeitschriftenartikel: „Gear shifting mechanism“

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Dwivedi, Shivam, and Prof Vikas Gupta. "AUTOMATION IN GEAR SHIFTING MECHANISM." SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJOSCIENCE 4, no. 5 (2018): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijoscience.v4i5.139.

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For the vehicle to move forward the engine has to be connected to driving wheels so as to propel the vehicle. The engine rotates at relatively high speeds, while the wheels are required to turn at slower speeds. The torque requirements of the vehicle vary as per the prevailing conditions of load, terrain etc. Gear box provides different gear ratios between the engine and the driving wheels, to suit the varying road conditions such as when climbing hills, traversing rough road or sandy road or pulling a load. The required gear shift for providing varying torque requirements can be obtained either manually or automatically. Automatic gear shifting mechanism is a concept implementing an embedded control system for actuating the gears automatically without human intervention. The automation is achieved by using a microcontroller and suitable sensor and actuator hardware. Whenever the speed of the vehicle increases or decreases beyond a pre-defined set of values, the microcontroller based control system actuates the clutch as well as the gear and helps maintain a steady operation of the automobile.

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Kim, Sun Je, and Kyung-Soo Kim. "Experimental Investigation of the Seamless Gearshift Mechanism Using an Electric Motor and a Planetary Gear-Set." Energies 13, no. 24 (2020): 6705. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13246705.

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Vehicle transmission which has discrete gear-stages inevitably produces torque drop during shifting gears. This torque drop should be minimized because it may lead to uncomfortable driving feeling and degradation of acceleration performance. In accordance with the spread of electric-powered vehicle technology, this study proposes novel transmission architecture to eliminate torque drop during shifting gears by using one electric motor and verifies its operating concept through experiments with a test-bench. The proposed transmission, called CGST (clutchless geared smart transmission) can synchronize the gear-shaft to be engaged for the next gear-stage with the output shaft by using a planetary gear-set and an electric motor. The CGST has a dual input gear-box with even and odd gear-stages on different input shafts, and the planetary gear-set and the electric motor control the speeds of each input shafts to smoothly engage the next gear-stage. This idea was verified by the simplified test-rig in this study. Three distinct scenarios for gear-shift including starting from engine idling, odd to even gear-shift, and even to odd gear-shift were conducted in the experiment. The shifting performance of the CGST was evaluated by comparing it with the results of the manual transmission (MT). As a result, the CGST shows only 24% of torque drop of the MT, and torque oscillation followed after gear-shifting is reduced by 26%. Although the developed test bench was of limited size, the possibility and expected performance of the CGST have been confirmed as the solution for seamless transmission.

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Wu, Yi-Chang, and Che-Wei Chang. "DEVELOPMENT OF 3-SPEED REAR HUB BICYCLE TRANSMISSIONS WITH GEAR-SHIFTING MECHANISMS." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 39, no. 3 (2015): 407–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-2015-0030.

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Rear hub bicycle transmissions require less maintenance and are more reliable than rear derailleurs. This study proposes a systematic design process for the conceptual design of 3-speed rear hub bicycle transmissions. By analyzing the kinematics of a basic epicyclic gear mechanism using the fundamental circuit method, the gear sequence and clutching sequence arrangements for 3-speed rear hub transmissions can be obtained. The numbers of gear-teeth for all gear elements resulting in a minimum installation space and satisfying the required speed ratio at each gear stage are determined. A gear-shifting mechanism is constructed to sequentially control the power-flow path within the epicyclic gear mechanism so as to provide three forward gears. An atlas of 3-speed rear hub bicycle transmissions is listed, where three devices are new design concepts and are suitable for further embodiment design. The results of this study will lead to the creation of new multi-speed rear hub bicycle transmissions.

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Wu, Yi-Chang, and Li-An Chen. "A GEAR-SHIFTING MECHANISM WITH A ROTARY CONFIGURATION FOR APPLICATIONS IN A 16-SPEED BICYCLE TRANSMISSION HUB." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 40, no. 4 (2016): 597–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-2016-0047.

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A multi-speed bicycle transmission hub includes a geared speed-changing mechanism for providing different speed ratios and a gear-shifting mechanism for controlling the gear stage. This paper focuses on the embodiment design of a mechanical gear-shifting mechanism with a rotary configuration used in a 16-speed transmission hub for bicycles. A 16-link, five-degrees of freedom (DOF) split-power epicyclic gear mechanism, which consists of a gear differential and four sets of parallel-connected basic planetary gear trains, is introduced. Based on the clutching sequence table, a systematic design process is developed to come up with the embodiment design of the gear-shifting mechanism. A feasible and compact 16-speed rear transmission hub for bicycles is presented.

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Zhu, Zhen, Xiang Gao, Daoyuan Pan, Yu Zhu, and Leilei Cao. "Study on the Control Strategy of Shifting Time Involving Multigroup Clutches." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9523251.

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This paper focuses on the control strategy of shifting time involving multigroup clutches for a hydromechanical continuously variable transmission (HMCVT). The dynamic analyses of mathematical models are presented in this paper, and the simulation models are used to study the control strategy of HMCVT. Simulations are performed in SimulationXplatform to investigate the shifting time of clutches under different operating conditions. On this basis, simulation analysis and test verification of two typical conditions, which play the decisive roles for the shifting quality, are carried out. The results show that there are differences in the shifting time of the two typical conditions. In the shifting process from the negative transmission of hydromechanical ranges to the positive transmission of hydromechanical ranges, the control strategy based on the shifting time is switching the clutches of shifting mechanism firstly and then disengaging a group of clutches of planetary gear mechanism and engaging another group of the clutches of planetary gear mechanism lastly. In the shifting process from the hydraulic range to the hydromechanical range, the control strategy based on the shifting time is switching the clutches of hydraulic shifting mechanism and planetary gear mechanism at first and then engaging the clutch of shifting mechanism.

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Wu, Yi Chang, Li An Chen, and Tze Cheng Wu. "Design of 3-Speed Bicycle Transmission Hubs." Applied Mechanics and Materials 764-765 (May 2015): 228–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.764-765.228.

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This paper presents the embodiment designs of 3-speed transmission hubs which consist of basic planetary gear mechanisms and gear-shifting control mechanisms. Two feasible clutching sequence tables are synthesized by analyzing the kinematic structure of the gear mechanism. A mechanical control mechanism is used to control the engagement or disengagement of each clutch to guide the power flow from the rear sprocket via the gear mechanism to the hub shell. The power transmission path at each gear stage is further checked to verify the validity of the transmission hub. The embodiment designs of two 3-speed transmission hubs are presented.

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Bhattacharjee, Debraj, Prabha Bhola, and Pranab K. Dan. "A heuristic synthesis of multistage planetary gearbox layout for automotive transmission." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part K: Journal of Multi-body Dynamics 233, no. 2 (2018): 336–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464419318759893.

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The automatic transmission system is very crucial for the high-speed vehicles, where the planetary or epicyclic gearbox is a standard feature. With the increase in design intricacies of planetary gearbox, mathematical modelling has become complex in nature and therefore there is a need for modelling of multistage planetary gearbox including the shifting scheme. A random search-based synthesis of three degrees of freedom (DOF) high-speed planetary gearbox has been presented in this paper, which derives an efficient gear shifting mechanism through designing the transmission schematic of eight speed gearboxes compounded with four planetary gear sets. Furthermore, with the help of lever analogy, the transmission power flow and relative power efficiency have been determined to analyse the gearbox design. A simulation-based testing and validation have been performed which show the proposed model is efficient and produces satisfactory shift quality through better torque characteristics while shifting the gears. A new heuristic method to determine suitable compounding arrangement, based on mechanism enumeration, for designing a gearbox layout is proposed here. An important finding on automotive gear shift quality due to closer gear ratio is also reported in this work.

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Gupta, Ankit. "Design of three speed planetary gear hub system with gear shifting mechanism." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 810 (May 5, 2020): 012011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/810/1/012011.

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9

Chen, Xingbin, Xinhe Min, Peng Zhang, Nini Li, Zhihong Zhong, and Yuansheng Wu. "Study on Impact Characteristics of Multistage Double Crown Face Gear Pairs considering Ratio Switching under Variable Conditions." Shock and Vibration 2020 (August 5, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8880093.

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This paper presents a new transmission mechanism with multistage face gears as the core components for realizing variable speeds with differential meshing. To improve face gear transmission smoothness, suppress meshing resonance, reduce noise, and optimize power transmission performance during the gear shifting process, load distribution between meshing teeth during the transmission process and impact loads during various shifting stages must be determined. Herein, we present a gear impact model considering double crown gear meshing configuration, contact deformation, variable working conditions, and jump impact at meshing points. A single-stage face gear pair is considered as object that the impact characteristics are comparatively studied under four conditions: with/without load and constant/variable speed. The results were used to analyze transient characteristics of the crown gear under contact deformation or frequent shifting impact. Based on this, the impact characteristics of multistage face gear pairs between ratio switching were extendedly investigated under four input conditions: constant/variable torque or constant/variable speed. The results were used to determine the meshing force and impact force fluctuation characteristics of multistage face gear pairs while adapting to various loads and continuous acceleration/deceleration. The proposed model can be beneficial to evaluate the feasibility of multistage gear structures with crown configuration and to obtain boundary conditions for transmission systems.

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Irfan, Muhammad, Viktor Berbyuk, and Håkan Johansson. "Minimizing synchronization time of a gear shifting mechanism by optimizing its structural design parameters." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 234, no. 2-3 (2019): 488–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407019860363.

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A gear shifting mechanism is modeled in GT-Suite software. The mechanism has three main bodies: sleeve, ring, and gear. Results obtained from the simulation show that GT-Suite model can predict gear shifting process. Synchronization processes for three conditions of nominal, road grade, and vibrational motion of the master are studied in six cases by considering the sleeve and the gear as a master alternatively. The optimization based on the GT-Suite model is performed for each case to find the minimum gear shifting time based on variations of 17 structural design parameters. Minimum synchronization time is found almost same in all cases. It is concluded from closeness of the optimization results that average of the parameter values can be considered as optimized values for all cases. At the end, robustness of the optimized structural design parameters are analyzed with respect to the road grade, amplitude, and frequency of oscillatory excitation of rotational motion of the master.

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Sun, Shiheng, and Huiting Shi. "Design and Optimization of Automatic Shifting Mechanism for the Tractor." MATEC Web of Conferences 153 (2018): 04004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815304004.

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The stability of the shifting mechanism is the basis of the reliability of the automatic shift system. The gear shifting process of Taishan TG1804 tractor is hard and long. In order to solve this problem, we design a tractor automatic shift system and apply it to the tractor successfully. This paper designs a shifting mechanism, optimizes the shifting mechanism and dose the dynamic bench test. The test results prove that the optimized shifting mechanism is more reliable and more reasonable.

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Zhou, Li, Chi Dong, Xindong You, Jie Huang, and Congfeng Jiang. "High Availability Green Gear-shifting Mechanism in Cloud Storage System." International Journal of Grid and Distributed Computing 8, no. 5 (2015): 303–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijgdc.2015.8.5.30.

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R, Hariharan. "Design and Fabrication of Pneumatic Gear Shifting Mechanism for Two Wheeler." International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation 23, no. 3 (2019): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.37200/ijpr/v23i3/pr190110.

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14

You, Xindong, Yeli Li, and Zhenyang Zhu. "DRSO-EGSM: data replication strategy oriented to automatic energy gear-shifting mechanism." International Journal of Wireless and Mobile Computing 13, no. 4 (2017): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijwmc.2017.089319.

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Zhu, Zhenyang, Yeli Li, and Xindong You. "DRSO-EGSM: data replication strategy oriented to automatic energy gear-shifting mechanism." International Journal of Wireless and Mobile Computing 13, no. 4 (2017): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijwmc.2017.10010301.

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16

Dong, Peng, Yongfei Wang, Shengdun Zhao, et al. "Design and experimental study of novel multi-stage gearbox." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 235, no. 1 (2020): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407020945823.

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Automatic transmission has been widely used in the automotive industry, and novel automatic transmissions with simple structure and reliable operation are a research hotspot. This paper proposes an automatic transmission with multi-stage gears to simplify its working process. The automatic transmission comprises a case and a driving transmission shaft and driven shaft which are mounted on the case. The transmission gear pairs are superimposed on the driving and driven shafts similar to a tower. The gear pairs on the driving and driven shafts are always engaged. All the driving gears are connected to the driven shaft via a flat key, and the driven gear and the driven shaft are connected by a join key, which is used to connect or disconnect the gear and the driven shaft, and are controlled by a hydraulic shifting mechanism and have been designed in detail. Numerical simulation is adopted to verify the strength of the core components. In addition, the transmission performance of the gearbox is experimentally tested. The results indicate that the novel gearbox can achieve variable speed and work smoothly. The gearbox has a novel structure, the driving and driven shafts are simple and installed friendly, and the transmission gear meshes are reliable.

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Mykhalevych, Mykola, Mykola Silchenko, Alex Yaryta, and Oleksii Uskov. "Studying working process of shifting the gear in electromechanical mechanism of gearbox control." Automobile Transport, no. 47 (December 18, 2020): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.30977/at.2219-8342.2020.47.0.31.

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18

Kavitha, C., S. Denis Ashok, B. Ashok, et al. "Automatic Gear Shifting Mechanism for a Sequential Transmission System for an Electric Vehicle." Materials Today: Proceedings 5, no. 5 (2018): 11442–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2018.02.112.

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19

Chen, Li-An, Pei-Wun Ren, and Yi-Chang Wu. "Design of a Gear-Shifting Control Mechanism for 8-Speed Bicycle Drive Hub." Smart Science 1, no. 2 (2013): 94–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23080477.2013.11665593.

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20

Chen, Zhiqiang, Bangji Zhang, Nong Zhang, Haiping Du, and Guoling Kong. "Optimal preview position control for shifting actuators of automated manual transmission." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 233, no. 2 (2018): 440–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407017745981.

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This paper is concerned with the problem of position tracking control for the motor-driven gear-shift actuating mechanism for electro-mechanical automated manual transmissions (AMT). It is well known that torque interruption is an inherent flaw of AMT. As shift duration directly affects the torque interruption interval, shift quality can be improved by minimizing the duration of the shift. To realize rapid and precise gear-shift control, an optimal discrete-time preview position control scheme is proposed. The proposed control scheme consists of state-feedback control, a discrete integrator, and preview feed-forward control. Instead of the traditional difference method, the state transformation method is utilized to construct the augmented error system such that the augmented system can be kept in a simple form. The H∞ performance index is employed to reduce the effect of the shifting load disturbance during the gear-shifting process. The controller gains are obtained by solving a linear matrix inequality (LMI). Simulation and test bench results all show that the proposed preview control algorithm has better dynamic response and adaptability under different loads compared to the optimal linear quadratic regulator (LQR) controller and the standard PID controller.

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You, Xindong, Yeli Li, Zhenyang Zhu, Lifeng Yu, and Dawei Sun. "QGLG Automatic Energy Gear-Shifting Mechanism with Flexible QoS Constraint in Cyber-Physical Systems." Journal of Database Management 29, no. 1 (2018): 43–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jdm.2018010103.

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This article describes how with the continuous expansion on the volume of data produced by sensors in Cyber Physical Systems, the scale of the cloud storage system has become larger. This will lead to the problems of a high energy consumption rate and a low utilization becoming a serious issue. In order to enhance the effective energy consumption, reduce the invalid energy consumption, and supply more flexible QoS for users in CPS, this article proposes an automatic energy gear-shifting mechanism with flexible QoS constraints (QGLG). The QGLG predicts system load of the follow-up period through a support vector machine model. According to the current system load, the predicted load, and the flexible QoS, QGLG automatically up-shifts and down-shifts among nodes. Substantive results from the simulation experiments done on GridSim show that the QGLG can achieve energy consumption reduction while satisfying the user's flexible QoS requirements. Compared with a similar energy-reducing mechanism, QGLG has its obvious advantage when considering the requirements of user with energy saved notwithstanding.

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Protsenko, V. O., V. O. Nastasenko, M. V. Babiy, and A. O. Bilokon. "MARINE RAM-TYPE STEERING GEAR DETAILS LOAD TRANSFER FEATURES." Shipping & Navigation 30, no. 1 (2020): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31653/2306-5761.30.2020.107-116.

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he article deals with steering gears, used on marine and river ships, namely with ram-type steering gears. Article topicality due to the fact that ship controllability and sailing safety depends of steering gears reliability. Reliability could be increased through the refinement of processes, which took place during the perception and transfer of load. Process of lateral force perception by plungers and guide beams is studied theoretically. It is shown that perception depends of gap size between plunger and sleeve and could pass in one, two or three stages. Those stages are characterized changing in the loading process plungers fixing conditions, and respectively plunger lateral load proposed to determinate by three design schemes. Received expressions for calculation ultimate gaps of «plunger-sleeve» pare landing, that gives the limits of application each of three design schemes. Ratios for determination load of plunger and guide beam are received trough consideration their joint deformation for each design schemes. On the example of YOOWON-MITSUBISHI YDFT-335-2 ram-type steering gear is shown that in new gear, where landing gap is minimal and conditioned by tolerances of plunger and sleeve diameters, guide beam can take only 2.0…6.5% of lateral force, which applied to it and plunger from tiller. In steering gear with partially worn out plunger and sleeve in time of rudder feather shifting from diametric plane to board (when α = 5…35º), guide beam could take 4.7…6.8% of lateral force. The source of origin significant loads on plungers in ram-type steering gears is application of sinus-type mechanism for transformation progressive plunger motion to rotating tiller motion. Decreasing lateral loads on plunger through using unloading guide beams, with considering low unloading percent is ineffective. Guide beams availability complicates steering gear construction, increasing number of friction surfaces and trough this complicates steering gear maintenance.

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Chen, Xingbin, Peng Zhang, Xinhe Min, Nini Li, and Zhanpeng Deng. "Study on power split characteristics of planetary multistage face gear transmission device and its effect to drive efficiency under variable speed working condition." Mechanical Sciences 11, no. 1 (2020): 173–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ms-11-173-2020.

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Abstract. The planetary gear system consists of several concentric single stage face gears symmetrically meshing with multiple cylindrical gears that as the core component of planetary multistage face gears transmission device (PMFGTD), which is the key to realizing shifting and principle innovation that able to flexibly extend the speed ratio region of single stage face gear. The speed ratio distribution mechanism is directly related to the feasibility of the design scheme. The stability, reliability and loading capacity of each power split branch affect the performance of the whole system directly. For the requirements of maximizing drive efficiency and optimizing drive performance under different conditions, this study analyzes the gear matching relationship and driving characteristics by using numerical calculation method basing on the PMFGTD structural characteristics, and calculates the corresponding transmission ratio value. According to the torque equilibrium equation, the torque relation and power ratio relation of each component are established, and then the power distribution relation between system components is calculated. The flow characteristics of system input power and each branch output power under the condition with or without meshing power loss are analyzed. The influence relationship model of power split coefficient on drive efficiency is established to calculate the corresponding rules, thus the dynamic characteristics of PMFGTD on power split under various working conditions are proved by experiments. The result provides reference for the transmission ratio distribution and structure design of planetary multistage face gears transmission.

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Ritari, Antti, Jari Vepsäläinen, Klaus Kivekäs, Kari Tammi, and Heikki Laitinen. "Energy Consumption and Lifecycle Cost Analysis of Electric City Buses with Multispeed Gearboxes." Energies 13, no. 8 (2020): 2117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13082117.

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This study investigates the potential of improving the energy efficiency and reducing the lifecycle costs of electric city buses with multispeed gearboxes. A two-speed dual clutch gearbox and a continuously variable transmission were studied and compared to a reference fixed gear ratio powertrain. A novel two-level optimization model was introduced. The top level involves an exhaustive search algorithm and quasi-static vehicle dynamic model for optimizing the two-speed gearbox gear ratios, utilizing efficiency maps for the electric motor and the inverter. The second level is an integer programming model, which finds an optimal gear shifting policy subject to constraints on hysteresis and gear shifting induced losses. The model was applied with a standard driving cycle and additionally with three measured cycles acquired from a prototype battery electric city bus operating on a daily schedule on a suburban route in Espoo, Finland. The results showed that a two-speed gearbox reduced energy consumption by 2–3.2%, depending on the driving cycle characteristics. On the other hand, the continuously variable transmission was found to increase consumption by 1.9–4.0% due to large losses of the belt mechanism. It was concluded that the two-speed gearbox is a cost-effective investment for electric city buses characterized by operation profiles with frequent acceleration and braking events.

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Jihua, Chang, Liu Shaojun, and Hu Xiaozhou. "A temperature measurement method for testing lubrication system or revealing scuffing failure mechanism of spur gear." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 233, no. 6 (2018): 831–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350650118799927.

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In order to meet the needs of temperature measurement for testing lubrication system or revealing scuffing failure mechanism of spur gear, a temperature measurement method analysis is carried out. This method shifts the high temperature region to a position convenient for measurement. And the measurement target including the highest temperature of gear and its location are also shifted to the new position. Considering the change of gear temperature field caused by thermal barrier covering the end face, the temperature difference of the target measurement position and the direct measurement position is analyzed by finite element method. Taking a spur gear pair as an example, its temperature field is obtained in the thermal steady state before and after shifting of temperature. The results show that temperature of the target measurement position and the direct measurement position is same in distribution, and temperature of the direct measurement position is higher than the temperature in the target measurement position. The highest temperature of the direct measurement position increases by 2.5%. As a result, considering the increment as the safety margin, it is not conservative to estimate the temperature in the target measurement position by the measured temperature data in the direct measurement position. And the measured temperature data also will help to find out the location of the highest temperature of gear in the target measurement position. Meanwhile, the accidental risk of scuffing failure can be avoided during experimental research in testing lubrication system or revealing scuffing failure mechanism by this temperature measurement method. And the comparison of the analytical results with the experimental measurement data shows good agreement.

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Walker, Paul David, Nong Zhang, Wenzhang Zhan, and Bo Zhu. "Modelling and simulation of gear synchronisation and shifting in dual-clutch transmission equipped powertrains." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 227, no. 2 (2012): 276–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406212449550.

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Dual-clutch transmissions have increased in prevalence through the combination of high efficiency and shift quality. This is achieved through the automation of conventional manual transmission synchronisers for gear selection with automated clutch-to-clutch shift control, minimising loss of traction to the road. This article derives a suitably detailed model of a dual-clutch transmission equipped powertrain for the transient simulation and analysis of combined synchroniser engagement and gear shifts. Models are derived for a powertrain equipped with a wet dual-clutch transmission with particular focus on a detailed synchroniser mechanism model, including speed synchronisation, ring unblocking and indexing stages of engagement. To demonstrate the combination of synchroniser engagement with clutch-to-clutch shifting, several simulations are conducted to study the variation of chamfer alignment, vehicle speed and synchroniser engagement timing on powertrain response. Results indicate that vehicle speed and chamfer alignment have only limited impact on the quality of shifting. Synchroniser timing can have a more significant influence on shift quality, stressing the need for independence of these processes.

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Wu, Yi-Chang, and Che-Wei Chang. "An eight-speed rear transmission hub with a novel cam-type gear-shifting mechanism for bicycles." Smart Science 4, no. 2 (2016): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23080477.2016.1188256.

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Han, Jae-Oh, Jae-Won Shin, Jae-Chang Kim, and Se-Hoon Oh. "Design 2-Speed Transmission for Compact Electric Vehicle Using Dual Brake System." Applied Sciences 9, no. 9 (2019): 1793. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9091793.

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Mega trends in the global automotive industry are environmentally friendly. As laws and regulations tighten at the government level, the automobile industry is striving to develop a drive system that can operate without using fossil fuels, instead of developing an internal combustion engine using fossil fuels. Environmentally-friendly energy is attracting attention as an alternative to solve the problems of air pollution and fossil fuel depletion. Electricity is attracting the most attention among environmentally-friendly alternative fuels. In addition, research on the development of a high-efficiency and high-reliability advanced electric automobile drive system are actively being carried out. In this study, a two-speed transmission for electric vehicles is developed using environmentally-friendly fuel. The 1st and the 2nd planetary gear modules were integrated, the ring gear and the carrier gear were shared, and the dual disc brake was used to design a mechanism for fixing each sun and shifting gear. Such a structure can improve shift energy efficiency compared to that of conventional transmissions. It was judged that the structure was suitable for an electric car using a limited power supply. Each gear was designed by calculating bending strength and surface durability.

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Gao, Chang Yin, and Wan Quan Li. "Design of the Pinch Machine for Battery Grid Continuous Casting Machine Based on Link and Floating Gear Mechanism." Key Engineering Materials 474-476 (April 2011): 2258–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.474-476.2258.

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In order to realize pinch during the production of the continuous casting battery grid, using the link and floating mechanism a pinch machine is designed which can automatically adjust the roll gap and pinch tension. First the structure of the grid pinch machine is introduced ,in which adopts the dual drive roller to achieve the upper and lower pinch roll and pinch roll to rotate in accordance with the same speed, but in the opposite direction. The pinch force generates by the fiction force between the grid plate and the upper and lower pinch roller. By means of the shifting bearing and spring the position of the upper pinch roller is controlled and the roll gap adjustment mechanism adopts the link and floating gear mechanism which results in structure simplification , high reliability, Low cost, stable, long life and low noise. Finally, according to the design principle of the pinch machine, using the theoretical mechanics and the Euler formula the pinch roller tension, tension roller tension and pinch pressure are calculated. The pinch machine has made it possible to achieve the manufacturing system of continuous casting battery grid.

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Wu, Yi-Chang, and Tze-Cheng Wu. "EMBODIMENT DESIGN OF NOVEL 5-SPEED REAR DRIVE HUBS FOR BICYCLES." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 39, no. 3 (2015): 431–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-2015-0032.

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This paper presents embodiment design of 5-speed rear drive hubs for bicycles. A 7-link, 2-degrees of freedom (DOF) compound planetary gear train as the main body of a rear drive hub is introduced. The relationship between the number of coaxial links of a planetary gear train and the number of gear stages that a drive hub can provide with is discussed. By means of kinematic analysis, four speed ratios of the planetary gear train are derived, which represents four forward gears of the rear drive hub. By adding a direct-drive gear, five forward gears can be provided and two feasible clutching sequence tables are synthesized. Manual translational-type gear-shifting mechanisms are further designed to incorporate with the planetary gear train for appropriately controlling the gear stage. The power-flow path at each gear stage is checked to verify the feasibility of the proposed design. Finally, two novel 5-speed bicycle rear drive hubs are presented.

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Jahanbakhshi, Ahmad, Bahram Ghamari, and Kobra Heidarbeigi. "Vibrations analysis of combine harvester seat in time and frequency domain." Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences 14, no. 1 (2020): 6251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/jmes.14.1.2020.04.0489.

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Agricultural machineries as one of the main inputs in producing agricultural materials are associated with some problems on occupational health such as vibrations. At the lowest level, vibrations cause different diseases such as those affecting blood vessels, nerves, muscles, etc. The aim of this study was to determine and investigate the seat vibrations in John Deere 1055I combine harvester at different conditions. The experiments were carried out based on ISO 2631 and the Iranian standard number 14133. The tests were done at different engine revolutions and gear ratios with three replications. The collected data were analyzed considering factorial experiments based on completely randomized design. The results of variance analysis related to the effect of the main factors on combine seat vibrations showed a significant difference at the probability level of 1%. Effect of engine revolutions on vibration of the combine seat was higher than that of shifting gears. By calculating the allowable exposure time, there was concluded that for the first and second gears at the engine revolution of 1800 rpm and the first gear at the revolution of 2500 rpm, operators can easily drive the combine harvester for eight hours every day without any problems. The results of this study can be used to optimize the components affecting the vibration of the combine seat.

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Gazzaniga, Michael S. "Shifting Gears: Seeking New Approaches for Mind/Brain Mechanisms." Annual Review of Psychology 64, no. 1 (2013): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143817.

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33

Taghavipour, Amir, and Ali Alipour. "HIL Evaluation of a Novel Real-time Energy Management System for an HEV with a Continuously Variable Transmission." Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 67, no. 4 (2021): 142–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5545/sv-jme.2020.7017.

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One of the most important challenges facing automotive engineers is reducing vehicle fuel consumption and improving the drivability index. Modern hybrid electric powertrains play an important role in reducing fuel consumption. Continuously variable transmission (CVT) is an automatic transmission that can change the gear ratio seamlessly using a belt and pulleys. CVT performs with infinite gear ratios. Controlling and determining the optimal gear ratio, especially in a complex hybrid powertrain, is a major challenge. Therefore, a multi-parametric model predictive controller with real-time implementation capability is proposed that can handle the energy management task concurrently with gear shifting strategy in a parallel pre-transmission hybrid electric vehicle. The proposed controller hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) validation procedure on the high-fidelity Autonomie model shows significant improvement in fuel economy while maintaining drivability in three different driving schedules. HIL evaluation guarantees the real-time capability and the proposed controller readiness to be implemented to real-world control hardware.

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Han, Young-Min, and Seung-Bok Choi. "Control of a haptic gear shifting assistance device utilizing a magnetorheological clutch." Smart Materials and Structures 23, no. 10 (2014): 105029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/23/10/105029.

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35

Tian, Yang, Nong Zhang, Shilei Zhou, and Paul D. Walker. "Model and gear shifting control of a novel two-speed transmission for battery electric vehicles." Mechanism and Machine Theory 152 (October 2020): 103902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2020.103902.

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36

TAKAHASHI, Hiroshi, Daigo KOSHIO, Hirohiko HONDA, Aya KOMATSU, and Hiroyuki SHIMAZAKI. "A Study on Erroneous Operation Proof Gear Shifting System with Predicting Driver's Intention(Mechanical Systems)." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series C 76, no. 761 (2010): 158–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaic.76.158.

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37

Eckert, Jony Javorski, Fabio Mazzariol Santiciolli, Elvis Bertoti, et al. "Gear shifting multi-objective optimization to improve vehicle performance, fuel consumption, and engine emissions." Mechanics Based Design of Structures and Machines 46, no. 2 (2017): 238–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15397734.2017.1330156.

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38

Chen, Man, He Yan Li, and Biao Ma. "Fault Mechanism Analysis and Characteristic Extraction for Multi-Disc Clutch." Applied Mechanics and Materials 526 (February 2014): 155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.526.155.

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The thermo-elastic coupling model of clutch friction pair is established by the thermoelastic instability theory to acquire the basic process of friction disc warp due to hot agglomeration; according to this process, thought of reflecting initial phase clutch fault by observing the partial deformation generated by hot spots is proposed in this paper. And based on this thought, the multi-disc clutch dynamics simulation model is established to acquire the dynamic characteristics existing on the friction pair when tiny deformation happens; according to vibration characteristics of this characteristics and the feature that the interference noise of the high frequency section of the transmission system is comparatively light, and based on the analysis on the difference of frequency spectrum of the high frequency section before and after shifting gears, a new kind of initial phase multi-disc clutch fault diagnosing method based on vibration signal analysis is proposed. The test results further prove that, this method can be used to extract the impact vibration generated by tiny deformation happened on the friction pair, and is hopeful to be used in the practical engineering of initial phase multi-disc clutch fault diagnosing.

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Dick, Taylor J. M., and James M. Wakeling. "Shifting gears: dynamic muscle shape changes and force-velocity behavior in the medial gastrocnemius." Journal of Applied Physiology 123, no. 6 (2017): 1433–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01050.2016.

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When muscles contract, they bulge in thickness or in width to maintain a (nearly) constant volume. These dynamic shape changes are tightly linked to the internal constraints placed on individual muscle fibers and play a key functional role in modulating the mechanical performance of skeletal muscle by increasing its range of operating velocities. Yet to date we have a limited understanding of the nature and functional implications of in vivo dynamic muscle shape change under submaximal conditions. This study determined how the in vivo changes in medial gastrocnemius (MG) fascicle velocity, pennation angle, muscle thickness, and subsequent muscle gearing varied as a function of force and velocity. To do this, we obtained recordings of MG tendon length, fascicle length, pennation angle, and thickness using B-mode ultrasound and muscle activation using surface electromyography during cycling at a range of cadences and loads. We found that that increases in contractile force were accompanied by reduced bulging in muscle thickness, reduced increases in pennation angle, and faster fascicle shortening. Although the force and velocity of a muscle contraction are inversely related due to the force-velocity effect, this study has shown how dynamic muscle shape changes are influenced by force and not influenced by velocity.NEW & NOTEWORTHY During movement, skeletal muscles contract and bulge in thickness or width. These shape changes play a key role in modulating the performance of skeletal muscle by increasing its range of operating velocities. Yet to date the underlying mechanisms associated with muscle shape change remain largely unexplored. This study identified muscle force, and not velocity, as the mechanistic driving factor to allow for muscle gearing to vary depending on the contractile conditions during human cycling.

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Sulikowski, Paweł, and Ryszard Maronski. "Quasi-Periodic Control Technique for Minimizing Fuel Consumption During Record Vehicle Competition." Archive of Mechanical Engineering 60, no. 2 (2013): 185–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/meceng-2013-0012.

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The problem of the optimal driving technique during the fuel economy competition is reconsidered. The vehicle is regarded as a particle moving on a trace with a variable slope angle. The fuel consumption is minimized as the vehicle covers the given distance in a given time. It is assumed that the run consists of two recurrent phases: acceleration with a full available engine power and coasting down with the engine turned off. The most fuel-efficient technique for shifting gears during acceleration is found. The decision variables are: the vehicle velocities at which the gears should be shifted, on the one hand, and the vehicle velocities when the engine should be turned on and off, on the other hand. For the data of students’ vehicle representing the Faculty of Power and Aeronautical Engineering it has been found that such driving strategy is more effective in comparison with a constant speed strategy with the engine partly throttled, as well as a strategy resulting from optimal control theory when the engine is still active.

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Abudukelimu, Abulikemu, Thierry D. G. A. Mondeel, Matteo Barberis, and Hans V. Westerhoff. "Learning to read and write in evolution: from static pseudoenzymes and pseudosignalers to dynamic gear shifters." Biochemical Society Transactions 45, no. 3 (2017): 635–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20160281.

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We present a systems biology view on pseudoenzymes that acknowledges that genes are not selfish: the genome is. With network function as the selectable unit, there has been an evolutionary bonus for recombination of functions of and within proteins. Many proteins house a functionality by which they ‘read’ the cell's state, and one by which they ‘write’ and thereby change that state. Should the writer domain lose its cognate function, a ‘pseudoenzyme’ or ‘pseudosignaler’ arises. GlnK involved in Escherichia coli ammonia assimilation may well be a pseudosignaler, associating ‘reading’ the nitrogen state of the cell to ‘writing’ the ammonium uptake activity. We identify functional pseudosignalers in the cyclin-dependent kinase complexes regulating cell-cycle progression. For the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, we illustrate how a ‘dead’ pseudosignaler could produce potentially selectable functionalities. Four billion years ago, bioenergetics may have shuffled ‘electron-writers’, producing various networks that all served the same function of anaerobic ATP synthesis and carbon assimilation from hydrogen and carbon dioxide, but at different ATP/acetate ratios. This would have enabled organisms to deal with variable challenges of energy need and substrate supply. The same principle might enable ‘gear-shifting’ in real time, by dynamically generating different pseudo-redox enzymes, reshuffling their coenzymes, and rerouting network fluxes. Non-stationary pH gradients in thermal vents together with similar such shuffling mechanisms may have produced a first selectable proton-motivated pyrophosphate synthase and subsequent ATP synthase. A combination of functionalities into enzymes, signalers, and the pseudo-versions thereof may offer fitness in terms of plasticity, both in real time and in evolution.

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Zhu, Lu, Yang, Ji, Han, and Wang. "Launch Bar Dynamics Character Analysis of Carrier-Based Aircraft Catapult Launch." Applied Sciences 9, no. 15 (2019): 3079. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9153079.

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The launch bar is a unique device of carrier-based aircraft, which is connected to the nose gear and shuttle. In order to avoid the launch bar striking the flight deck after the launch bar pops out of the shuttle, it is very important to research the dynamics performance of the launch bar. This paper establishes a staged mathematical model of catapult launch including the launch bar, a steam-powered catapult, a holdback bar, and a carrier-based aircraft. This article studied the effect of the mass of the launch bar, restoring moment of the launch bar, and center of gravity position of the launch bar on the dynamics performance of the launch bar. The results showed the following: (1) we could reduce the risk collision of the launch bar and deck by reducing the mass of the launch bar, increasing the restoring moment, and shifting the center of gravity position of the launch bar; (2) under the working condition of this article, we changed the center of gravity position of the launch bar to control the sink of the launch bar end, having the most obvious effect, and we reduced the mass of the launch bar, having the least effect on controlling the sink of the launch bar end; however, reducing the mass of the launch bar could also greatly reduce the risk collision of the launch bar and deck; (3) in order to avoid the launch bar striking the flight deck, the restoring moment of the launch bar must overcome the sum of other moments. The study results can give a theoretical reference for designing and testing the launch bars of carrier-based aircraft. It can also give a theoretical reference for designing and testing the launch bar’s driving mechanisms.

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Remizovich, YU V., and O. V. Abdulaeva. "Gear shifting in gearboxes of crane mechanisms." Vestnik Mashinostroeniya, July 2020, 9–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.36652/0042-4633-2020-7-9-11.

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A device for gear shifting in a gearbox with composite gears with integrated couplings in which rolling bodies are used is proposed. For device performance, the drive is carried out from a stepper motor with a combination of a screw pair and a wedge mechanism on its shaft, which increases the control effect on the coupling. Keywords gearbox, variable gear ratio, gear wheel, coupling, stepper motor, screw pair, wedge mechanism. remizovich_uv@sibadi.org

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Divya, S., Dinesh K.K, Abishek S, Bala Ganesh M, and Gokulkrishnan S. "IOT ENABLED PNEUMATIC GEAR SHIFTING IN TWO-WHEELER." International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology 6, no. 1 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.33564/ijeast.2021.v06i01.048.

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The present automatic transmission is fully mechanically controlled and costs very high. In this study, a gear shifting mechanism was designed and applied on a featured bike to make the gear transmission process faster and less destructible for the driver using internet. But the gear transmission mechanism designed makes driving easier and to achieve efficient driving. This new device must be reliable, has small dimensions, economical and low maintenance cost. This project aims to improve the gear shifting process with a suitable control mechanism to implement in clutch featured bikes. According to the suggested gear shifting method, which selects the transmission gear as per the speed of the vehicle without direct human interference. A pneumatic shifter is a mechanical device that uses compressed air to shift a gear controls the engaging and disengaging of gears using internet of things principle to control automatically. There is no lag time in a gear shifting operation and taking hold in the rest of the vehicles.

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"E2GSM: Energy Effective Gear-Shifting Mechanism in Cloud Storage System." KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems 10, no. 10 (2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.3837/tiis.2016.10.004.

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46

Bansode Lawrence and Ghorpade Pradumnya. "Design and Implementation of Pneumatic Gear Shifting Mechanism for Shifter Kart." International Journal of Engineering Research and V9, no. 03 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.17577/ijertv9is030500.

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47

Walker, Paul D., Yuhong Fang, and Nong Zhang. "Dynamics and Control of Clutchless Automated Manual Transmissions for Electric Vehicles." Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 139, no. 6 (2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4036928.

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This paper presents a study of the dynamics and control of clutchless automated manual transmissions (CLAMT) for the purpose of investigating the system behavior during up and down shifts. To achieve this, a multibody dynamic model of the proposed powertrain is implemented to simulate the transient behavior of the system, including a direct current (DC) equivalent model of the electric machine (EM) and a synchronizer mechanism model. Closed-loop control of motor speed and torque is used in conjunction with synchronizer mechanism actuation to functionally achieve gear shifting without the need for a primary friction clutch. This includes nested torque–speed closed-loops to implement alternative motor control functionalities at different stages of gear change. To evaluate the performance of shift control, shift metrics including longitudinal jerk, vibration dose value (VDV), and shifting duration are evaluated from simulation results. These results demonstrate the most significant impact on the transient response of the powertrain results from the reduction and reinstatement of motor torque during shift control. Speed control of the motor during the shift transient directly impacts on the duration of shifting, but not the transient response of the powertrain.

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48

Miranda‐Astudillo, Héctor, Mariel Zarco‐Zavala, José J. García‐Trejo, and Diego González‐Halphen. "Regulation of bacterial ATP synthase activity: A gear‐shifting or a pawl–ratchet mechanism?" FEBS Journal, December 30, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/febs.15671.

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49

Shetkar, Keshav Alias Deepesh Ramesh, Tejas Sadanand Pethker, Saurabh Shrikant Savant, and Nilabh Rajendraprasad Vishwakarma. "Implementation of automatic manual transmission for a two wheeler." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering, July 6, 2021, 095440702110265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09544070211026521.

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The concept of Automatic Manual Transmission (AMT) is picking up speed in India after the launch of the Maruti Suzuki Celerio. But very few of the two-wheeler manufacturers in the world have tried to implement the AMT concept in a motorcycle. There are gearless motorcycles available which use a Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT) and a Centrifugal clutch, but this setup is very inefficient compared to a positive gear drivetrain. Thus these gearless motorcycles get low mileage and are also more expensive to manufacture. Geared motorcycles, on the other hand, have better starting torque, greater mileage and a higher span of gear ratios. They are also cheaper, but the average buyer is discouraged by the complexity of the operation. Even those familiar with riding a motorcycle do not shift optimally to obtain the best mileage/performance. The aim of this paper is to present an innovative AMT system developed and implemented on a manual geared motorcycle having a sequential constant-mesh gearbox with a multi-plate clutch. This was carried out by interfacing the manual gear shifting motorcycle with a microcontroller and using an electronic actuation mechanism to make it an automatic gear shifting motorcycle. The significant steps of this project would involve the sensor readouts of the parameters necessary, the actuation of the controls and, most importantly, the algorithm for the optimal shift points for a given motorcycle. These would be obtained experimentally and using the manufacturer data, if available. This AMT setup has been successfully developed and implemented. This setup can then be applied to any geared motorcycle with minimal structural changes without any modification to its existing gearbox. This converts the manual geared motorcycle into the automatic gear shifting motorcycle having better fuel economy and lower maintenance costs as compared to the conventional CVT motorcycles.

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Sorge, F. "Coupling Mechanics of Antikythera Gearwheels." Journal of Mechanical Design 134, no. 6 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4006530.

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This paper discusses the gear coupling mechanics of the ancient Antikythera mechanism, among whose distinctive characteristics was the triangular shaping of the teeth. The engagement of the tooth pairs is analyzed in detail, estimating the temporal variation of the speed ratio due to the back and forth shifting of the relative instant center. The admissibility of the theoretical contact points is carefully checked, and the magnitude of the successive tooth collisions is calculated together with the energy losses arising from the particular nature of the coupling. Some interesting results are that only one tooth pair turns out to be active at each time instant and the real path may belong only to the approach or to the recess region entirely, or may split into separate subphases, in approach and in recess, or may even straddle both regions. The occurrence of each of these conditions depends on the average speed ratio (tooth ratio) and the assigned clearance between the wheels. It is also found that the speed oscillation is roughly contained in a ±10% range and the efficiency may reach rather high values, despite the presumable crude finishing of the ancient gearwheels due to the rather rudimentary technology used in the construction of the tooth profiles.

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