Dissertationen zum Thema „Gaz de schiste – Exploitation“
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Michelet, Félix. „Trois essais sur les impacts du déploiement des énergies renouvelables“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPSLM018.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis consists of three independent chapters examining the implications of deploying renewable energies. It explores how these energies contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and how they can negatively affect local populations. The first two chapters focus on the environmental value of renewable energies, specifically the amount of CO2 emissions avoided by generating an additional megawatt-hour. The third chapter focuses on the NIMBYism phenomenon.Chapter 1 analyzes how the environmental value of renewables is altered by the integration of electricity markets. It shows that market integration increases emissions avoided in France due to Spanish wind energy but decreases more those avoided in Spain, thus reducing the overall environmental value. This result is attributed to a lesser substitution of coal in Spain and a greater substitution of gas in France, leading to a higher cost of CO2 reduction.Chapter 2 quantifies regional variations in the environmental value in the United States based on fuel and CO2 prices. It reveals that without a carbon price, renewables primarily replace gas, offering modest benefits. As the carbon price increases, coal becomes the marginal technology, enhancing the environmental value of renewables up to a threshold. Beyond this point, coal becomes uneconomical, and the environmental value decreases as gas becomes the marginal source again.Chapter 3 examines the impact of wind turbines on property prices in Germany, documenting the NIMBYism phenomenon. The results show a decrease in house prices, local tourism and building permits following the installation of new turbines. These effects are more pronounced for the first turbine. On the positive side, each installed wind turbine increases a municipality's local tax capacity through their contribution to local commercial tax income
Kirat, Yassine. „Economic and environmental impacts of natural resources abundance“. Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01E056.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis examines how societies use and sustain the natural resources that fundamentally shape human well-being, the environment and the economy. The links between economic prosperity, resources and environmental preservation are complex and diverse. This implies that, if all dimensions are not taken into account in public policy making, any progress in achieving objectives in these areas can be hindered by undesirable outcomes. A key issue in development studies is how natural resource wealth affects long-term economic growth. In order to address this question, the first chapter examines the impact of non-conventional resource development on the US manufacturing sector over the period 1997-2013. In the same veine, chapter 3 examines the impact of abundant natural resources on the economy by exploiting the volatility channel of natural resources rent on a panel of 103 countries between 1985-2014. Moreover, the extraction and processing of natural resources are often energy-intensive activities that involve large-scale ecosystem alterations. Chapter 2 of the thesis investigates the impact of natural resource abundance on CO2 intensity in developed countries over the period 1995-2014
Paquet, Nicolas. „Vers une analyse géopolitique des grands projets d'aménagement et de développement au Québec : le cas des gaz de schiste“. Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/31151.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLarge-scale planning and development projects are more and more contested in Quebec. Out of all these projects, those of the energy sector occupy a distinctive place. Due to their size and their reach, energy projects are particularly sensitive. They convey economic growth and social progress, but also disturbances and risks. As such, they engender competing discourses, antagonistic representations and contradictory interests. Only yesterday, these large-scale projects were the object of consensus and nourished collective imaginaries. Today, they generate feats of strength and suspiciousness. Over the past few years, a number of these projects have been contested. One of the latest ones is the development project of the shale gas industry. It is this project that we are addressing in this masters thesis. We propose that representations of risks, carried by the actors, are decisive in this conflict. Similarly to research endeavors led by the school of geography, our thesis consists of showing that the analysis of representations is an indispensable tool in the geopolitical analysis of planning and development projects in Quebec. It allows us to understand territorial relations and especially to understand the nature of the encountered rivalries. We ask ourselves : what is the influence of representations of risks on the positioning of actors ? Aided by Philippe Subra’s work, we study this case through a qualitative and multime thodological approach combining territorial observations, interviews with actors and mental cartography. In summary, our data, which resulted from our empirical approach, enabled us to conclude that antagonistic representations of risks influence the positioning of actors; whilst there also exists, in the conflict’s deployment, a dialectical relationship between these two terms.
Khater, Mario. „ASSESSING THE ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF SHALE GAS. A North American Perspective. An Economic Insight into Production Decline Curve Analysis“. Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29743/29743.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleChailleux, Sébastien. „«Non au gaz de schiste!» Cadrages et débordements de la controverse sur les hydrocarbures non conventionnels en France et au Québec“. Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26653.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleL’analyse de la controverse sur le gaz de schiste en France et au Québec à un niveau intermédiaire (méso) permet de souligner les processus de construction et contestation sociale et politique des différents cadrages soutenus par les réseaux d’acteurs en concurrence. Les dynamiques d’intéressement à l’intérieur et à l’extérieur de l’action publique illustrent les multiples scènes et forums dans lesquels se déploie la controverse. L’analyse de la construction de ce problème public et ses diverses redéfinitions démontre le rôle central du cadrage politique des controverses. Les solutions retenues définissent tout autant qu’elles tentent de réduire le risque relatif à cette nouvelle industrie gazière (face à un risque cadré comme technologique en France, on observe un cadrage sur l’acceptabilité sociale au Québec). Il s’agit alors d’insister particulièrement sur la dimension procédurale de problématisation des enjeux au regard du recours à la participation publique et à l’expertise scientifique. Les multiples acteurs de cette controverse sont interrogés : les participants à la mobilisation sociale mais aussi les acteurs de l’industrie et des structures politiques et administratives, afin de dresser la cartographie de leur position mais aussi de leurs discours depuis les prémices de cette nouvelle activité industrielle d’exploration du gaz de schiste (2008) jusqu’aux derniers rebondissements politiques (2015). Cette recherche s’appuie sur un corpus d’entretiens qualitatifs (40) mais aussi d’articles de presse écrite (2 400) ainsi que sur l’analyse qualitative et quantitative des divers rapports et commissions de travail sur le gaz de schiste. MOTS-CLÉS Gaz de schiste, controverse, traduction, problème public, hydrocarbures non conventionnels, fracturation hydraulique, expertise, intéressement, comparaison, risque technologique, acceptabilité sociale.
The analysis of the shale gas controversy in France and Quebec at an intermediate (meso) level stresses the social and political construction and dispute processes of the various framings supported by contesting actors’ networks. “Interestment” dynamics both inside and outside public policies show the multiple scenes and forums in which the controversy unfold. The analysis of how this public problem is built and its various redefinitions shows the core role of political framing of controversies. The solutions define as well as they reduce the risk related to this new industry (a technological risk in France and a frame on social acceptability in Quebec). It is then important to stress the procedural dimension of problematizing the stakes regarding public participation and scientific expertise. This study questions the various actors of the controversy, those of social mobilization, the industry and the political and administrative structures, to map both their position and their discourses since the beginnings of the new industrial activity of exploring for shale gas (2008) to the latest political developments (2015). This study is based on a corpus of qualitative interviews (40), press articles (2 400) and a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the various reports and committees on shale gas. KEYWORDS Shale gas, controversy, translation, public problem, unconventional hydrocarbons, hydraulic fracturing, expertise, interestment, comparison, technological threat, social acceptability.
Chailleux, Sébastien. „Non au gaz de schiste ! : cadrages et débordements de la controverse sur les hydrocarbures non conventionnels en France et au Québec“. Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0454/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe analysis of the shale gas controversy in France and Quebec at an intermediate (meso)level stresses the social and political construction and dispute processes of the various framingssupported by contesting actors’ networks. “Interestment” dynamics both inside and outside publicpolicies show the multiple scenes and forums in which the controversy unfold. The analysis ofhow this public problem is built and its various redefinitions shows the core role of politicalframing of controversies. The solutions define as well as they reduce the risk related to this newindustry (a technological risk in France and a frame on social acceptability in Quebec). It is thenimportant to stress the procedural dimension of problematizing the stakes regarding publicparticipation and scientific expertise. This study questions the various actors of the controversy,those of social mobilization, the industry and the political and administrative structures, to mapboth their position and their discourses since the beginnings of the new industrial activity ofexploring for shale gas (2008) to the latest political developments (2015). This study is based on acorpus of qualitative interviews (40), press articles (2 400) and a qualitative and quantitativeanalysis of the various reports and committees on shale gas
Farah, Nicolas. „Flow Modelling in Low Permeability Unconventional Reservoirs“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066503.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleUnconventional low permeability reservoirs present a multi-scale fractured media, including stimulated fractures and natural fractures of various sizes, increasing the heterogeneity and the complexity of the reservoir simulation. This work proposes a methodology to address this challenge, taking into account reservoir key parameters such as fractures locations, orientation, anisotropy and low permeability matrix in a unique model as simple as possible. Using standard Discrete Fracture Models (DFMs), the matrix-fracture interaction is not properly handled due to the large grid cells and very low matrix permeability. In this work, we extended the MINC (Multiple INteracting Continua) method to the DFM in order to improve the matrix-fracture flow exchange. Our DFM based on a MINC proximity function is computed by taking into account all discrete fractures, within a triple-porosity model where the propped fractures are explicitly discretized and other fractures are homogenized. In order to improve the flow exchange between the matrix and fracture media, the matrix grid cell is subdivided according to the MINC proximity function based on the distance to all discrete fractures, by using randomly sampled points. Our approach is particularly useful for multi-phase flow simulations in matrix-fracture interaction with phase change, which cannot be handled by a standard approach. Finally, we applied our technique to synthetic DFM case in a retrograde gas and a tight-oil reservoirs. A good agreement is observed by comparing our results to a reference solution where very fine grid cells were used
Eddie, Marie-Hélène. „Publics, espace public et problème public : une étude de cas de l’enjeu du gaz de schiste au Nouveau-Brunswick de 2010 à 2016“. Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/39948.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBen, Jaber Mouna. „Biofiltration d'H2S - Cas du traitement aérobie de l'air et de la purification anoxique de biogaz“. Rennes, Ecole nationale supérieure de chimie, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ENCR0036.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleO, Burrola Francisco de la. „Étude pétrographique et géochimique intégrée du charbon et de shale à gaz du bassin Sabinas et de Chihuahua au Nord du Mexique : estimation des ressources en gaz méthane“. Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0233/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis comprehensive characterization study was performed using organic petrology and geochemistry conducted in the Sabinas basin and Chihuahua in northern Mexico. This information allowed a numerical modeling of gas formation, considering the thermal subsidence of coal and carbonaceous shales.The objectives of this thesis are: establish a characterization methodology for the studied rocks ; estimate potential gas generator and its regional distribution ; estimate the methane gas resources. For the development of this project, we conducted an intensive campaign representative sampling of coal, carbonaceous shales and coal gas "in situ". For the Sabinas basin were studied 97 samples and 114 samples in the basin of Chihuahua. The analyses carried out that were used on the samples analyzed allowed to characterize the kerogen and gas. The methodology used to cross petrographic and geochemical information to analyze the petroleum system by numerical modeling. Analyses were: Petrographic, reflectance %Ro, elemental analysis and immediate, Rock Eval6 ® (Bulk rock), isotopic analysis, [delta]13C, [delta]D, (coal gas), scanning electron microscopy, image analysis and analysis of macerals fluid inclusions. The analyzes that were used on the samples allowed to characterize the sample, the kerogen and gas. The methodology used to cross petrographic and geochemical information for analyze the oil system by numerical modeling. Analyses were: Petrographic, reflectance% Ro, elemental analysis and immediate, Rock Eval6 ® (Bulk rock), isotopic analysis, d13C, dD, (coal gas), scanning electron microscopy, image analysis and analysis of macerals fluid inclusions. A computer program was constructed to cross the information with the analysis of samples of artificial maturation experiments in the laboratory. This approach allowed estimation of methane gas resources generated by coal and carbonaceous shales. [...] In conclusion, between the two basins studied, the Sabinas basin, generates more gas for industrial exploitation. However, the rocks of the basin of Chihuahua unconventional types (shale gas) show good potential for hydrocarbon generation. The methodology used for the study of kerogen and gas in the two basins is in our opinion the most appropriate to meet the objectives proposed in this thesis. This allows to characterize the thermal evolution of coal, carbonaceous shale (shale gas), coal gas and hydrocarbon source rocks
Farah, Nicolas. „Flow Modelling in Low Permeability Unconventional Reservoirs“. Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066503/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleUnconventional low permeability reservoirs present a multi-scale fractured media, including stimulated fractures and natural fractures of various sizes, increasing the heterogeneity and the complexity of the reservoir simulation. This work proposes a methodology to address this challenge, taking into account reservoir key parameters such as fractures locations, orientation, anisotropy and low permeability matrix in a unique model as simple as possible. Using standard Discrete Fracture Models (DFMs), the matrix-fracture interaction is not properly handled due to the large grid cells and very low matrix permeability. In this work, we extended the MINC (Multiple INteracting Continua) method to the DFM in order to improve the matrix-fracture flow exchange. Our DFM based on a MINC proximity function is computed by taking into account all discrete fractures, within a triple-porosity model where the propped fractures are explicitly discretized and other fractures are homogenized. In order to improve the flow exchange between the matrix and fracture media, the matrix grid cell is subdivided according to the MINC proximity function based on the distance to all discrete fractures, by using randomly sampled points. Our approach is particularly useful for multi-phase flow simulations in matrix-fracture interaction with phase change, which cannot be handled by a standard approach. Finally, we applied our technique to synthetic DFM case in a retrograde gas and a tight-oil reservoirs. A good agreement is observed by comparing our results to a reference solution where very fine grid cells were used
Watanasungsuit, Arnat. „Vaporéformage du méthane : élaboration d'un catalyseur“. Toulouse, INPT, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPT068G.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleEtchanchu, Helen. „The roles of discourse, legitimacy and power in enabling and hindering institutional change towards sustainability“. Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, Ecole supérieure des sciences économiques et commerciales, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ESEC0005.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis dissertation is based on three separate but interconnected essays which underscore the important roles of discourse, legitimacy and power in fueling or hindering institutional change towards sustainability. In two chapters of my thesis I explore the discursive legitimation dynamics in the contested issue field around shale gas, in France and Germany. The exploitation of shale gas via the hydraulic fracturing (or fracking) technique triggered strong contestation in these countries due to its socio-economic, environmental, and political implications which challenge the energy sector on a global scale. The first essay is a comparative case study of the public shale gas debates which surfaces the important role of institutions in influencing the success of certain arguments over others. The second essay is a single case study focusing on the (de)legitimation of the actors involved in the French shale gas debate which proposes that there is a fundamental difference in legitimating an issue and legitimating an actor. The third theoretical essay introduces the concept of parentalism in order to highlight how actors control who may participate in discursive struggles. On a whole this thesis surfaces how ongoing struggles in contested environmental and social issue fields are shaped by the fit of discursive strategies with the institutional context and contestants’ legitimate identities as well as by actors’ discursive and non-discursive controlling strategies of who participates and how in deliberation
Le, Minh Thong. „Le rôle des gaz conventionnels et non-conventionnels dans la transition énergétique en Asie“. Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAE007/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleEnergy and environmental issues are one of the main challenges for humanity in the 21st century. Global growth in energy demand links to environmental concerns including pollution, global warming and reduction of CO2 emissions. In particular, it is an urgent request in rapidly growing developing regions such as Asian countries. Using cleaner energy sources, renewable energy instead of traditional energy sources like coal and oil is an inevitable option in the future. In the current context, natural gas is seen as a clean energy source which plays a major role in the energy transition process towards a low-carbon economy. The consequences for natural gas markets are significant and the condition of this change is an abundant supply of natural gas. The development of unconventional gas, particularly shale gas, provides an opportunity to expand the global gas supply. This is illustrated by the “shale gas revolution” in US which has profoundly changed the regional gas markets. However, this "revolution" is hardly reproducible in other regions of the world. This thesis demonstrates particularly that apart from geological, institutional conditions (taxation, property rights), economic (prices, technologies) and organizational (free markets) are necessary for a large scale development of unconventional resources. This research also shows that most of these conditions are not met in Europe or Asia (especially in China). Therefore, an energy transition by natural gas to meet climate challenges in Asia will be solved through imports, rather than through regional production. From three scenarios of the POLES model based on assumptions about climate policy, shale gas development and rapid increase of demand for gas in the energy mix (particularly in Asia), two main conclusions emerge. The developments of shale gas with low cost in the USA make the global gas supply abundant and more competitive than other energies, particularly coal. Therefore, even without climate policy, the conditions are ripe for the increaseof natural gas proportion in the energy mix. Secondly, a strong climate policy has contradictory effects on the relative share of natural gas in the Asian energy mix. On the one hand, it allows natural gas larger penetration into the energy mix of Asia. But at the same time, with limitation of energy demand, requested natural gas volumes are only slightly higher than in scenarios without climate policy
Bouteldja, Hana. „Étude hydrodynamique des écoulements gaz-liquide ascendants dans des lits fixes inclinés“. Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30137/30137.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSeguin, Laura. „Les apprentissages de la participation. Regards croisés sur un dispositif institué et une mobilisation contestataire“. Thesis, Tours, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOUR1804/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCitizenship has been making a strong resurgence in the environmental field, visible both in institutionalised procedures intended to include all citizens in decision-making, and in protest movements or resistance to some planning projects or land uses. For those who take part - citizens, members of associations, policy makers and public policy professionals -, these two kinds of participatory experiences represent significant spaces for political learning. Through the exploration of an institutionalised procedure for public participation (a citizens’ conference on water management) and a protest movement (against shale gas), this work identifies what actors learn on the one hand, and the learning methods on the other. The ethnographic survey and the use of educational sciences constitute the originality of this research which describes and analyses experiments in political learning, education to conflict as well as participation
Cingotti, Béatrice. „Étude du mécanisme d'action d'une famille de copolymères inhibiteurs cinétiques susceptibles de modifier la cristallisation des hydrates de méthane“. Grenoble INPG, 1999. https://theses.hal.science/tel-01351384.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCressot, Cindy. „Exploitation de mesures satellitaires pour l'estimation des flux de méthane à la surface du globe“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015VERS046V.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMethane is a powerful greenhouse gas with direct and indirect effect on global warming but its recent trend is misunderstood and still debated. My PhD aims at evaluating the ability of new satellite methane measurements to quantify the methane annual fluxes and their interannual variability. I assimilate the measurements of three satellite observing systems and the traditional observing surface network in a bayesian variational inversion system over long temporal windows consistent with the methane lifetime.First, I show that the tuning of input error statistics of each observing system allows a good agreement between the annual regional methane budgets inferred from TANSO-FTS, IASI and the surface network. This result opens the possibility to combine these measurements to better constrain the methane emission estimates. However, the results inferred from SCIAMACHY measurements acquired at the end of the life of the instrument, remain inconsistent, probably because of an error structure that is difficult to model.Secondly, I show that the surface network and IASI detect the main methane flux anomalies in South Africa and in East Asia whereas TANSO-FTS detects almost all the anomalies in North Africa. Moreover, negatively correlated with soil moisture, the recent anomalies observed in North Africa and in East Asia suggest, respectively, an increase of fire emissions and a change in rice culture practices. I also show that the lands over the Northern Hemisphere low latitudes have a major contribution to the recent methane trend
Biben, Christophe. „Contribution à l'étude d'un dispositif de détection de chocs sur conduites de gaz enterrées“. Toulouse, ENSAE, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ESAE0011.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGrandin, Guy-Alexandre. „Développement et exploitation de techniques de diagnostic optique pour la compréhension des phénomènes de combustion assistée par décharges nanosecondes impulsionnelles répétitives“. Rouen, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ROUES009.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleEfforts to further improve performances of aircraft jet engines (reduction of ignition delay, flame blow-off prevention and extension of flammability limits, reduction of pollutant emissions …) require new concepts of injection systems like for instance, Lean-Premixed-Prevaporized (LPP) injectors. However, these injection systems can produce combustion instabilities which induce serious limitations (i. E. Flashback) for industrial exploitation. We argue these perturbations can be mitigated by using alternative methods consisting on modifying the chemical kinetics of the combustion by generating and sustaining large electron number densities, which result in a non-equilibrium excitation of the gas mixture which favours the partial dissociation of reactants into radicals. These radicals then react releasing energy and broadening the radical pool and thereby ignite the fuel/air mixture. At the frontier between plasmas and combustion, the objective of this multidisciplinary thesis consists to improve our knowledge on the thermodynamics and kinetic mechanisms of fuel oxidation and also on the properties of ignition induced by a nanosecond pulsed discharge produced in an atmospheric methane/air mixture. The non-equilibrium plasma is produced by repetitive electrical pulses of 15 kV peak voltage, 20 ns pulse width and 300 Hz maximum repetition rate. Probing of the pulsed discharge has been performed with Laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) in order to measure the temporal distributions of OH, CH and CH2O species concentrations during the plasma/gas mixture interaction. Measurements were performed for various equivalence ratios surrounding the ignition limits (0. 5 – 1. 3) in order to highlight the chemical processes produced by the discharge and not those induced by combustion. The experimental results combined with temperature CARS measurements (coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering) and with electrical properties (electron temperature and electron density) obtained by Thomson scattering were compared with numerical simulations performed with the CHEMKIN program associated with the detailed chemical mechanism designed for the kinetic of methane/air mixtures: GRI-Mech 3. 0. The results of this comparison highlighted the main kinetic paths controlling the ignition of methane/air mixtures. In particular, a large reduction of ignition delay observed experimentally has been numerically confirmed. The production of enough radicals from the plasma/gas interaction leads to ignition in less than 1 s. This delay is several orders of magnitude lower than the conventional ignition delay times observed with thermal ignition. The integration of the plasma actuator within a LPP injector involves also the knowledge of the interaction between plasma and droplets. The last part of this thesis deals with this interaction. To highlight thermomechanical effects of the discharge on one single droplet, an experiment including a monodispersed droplet stream coupled with the electrodes configuration from the gaseous experiments was performed. Shadowgraphy was used to characterize this interaction. After passing through the plasma the droplet grows in size during a period of around 30 μs then collapses. Similar behaviours are obtained whatever the fuel composition of the droplet (ethyl alcohol, water, n-undecane and acetone). Numerical simulations have been used to study the nucleation of a liquid inside an electric field with regards to the experimental data. “Flash boiling atomization” assumption was then used to obtain the same orders of magnitude observed on the experimental data
Cressot, Cindy. „Exploitation de mesures satellitaires pour l'estimation des flux de méthane à la surface du globe“. Thesis, Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015VERS046V/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMethane is a powerful greenhouse gas with direct and indirect effect on global warming but its recent trend is misunderstood and still debated. My PhD aims at evaluating the ability of new satellite methane measurements to quantify the methane annual fluxes and their interannual variability. I assimilate the measurements of three satellite observing systems and the traditional observing surface network in a bayesian variational inversion system over long temporal windows consistent with the methane lifetime.First, I show that the tuning of input error statistics of each observing system allows a good agreement between the annual regional methane budgets inferred from TANSO-FTS, IASI and the surface network. This result opens the possibility to combine these measurements to better constrain the methane emission estimates. However, the results inferred from SCIAMACHY measurements acquired at the end of the life of the instrument, remain inconsistent, probably because of an error structure that is difficult to model.Secondly, I show that the surface network and IASI detect the main methane flux anomalies in South Africa and in East Asia whereas TANSO-FTS detects almost all the anomalies in North Africa. Moreover, negatively correlated with soil moisture, the recent anomalies observed in North Africa and in East Asia suggest, respectively, an increase of fire emissions and a change in rice culture practices. I also show that the lands over the Northern Hemisphere low latitudes have a major contribution to the recent methane trend
Leblanc, Florian. „Controverses économiques et environnementales autour des hydrocarbures non conventionnels : les enseignements de la modélisation intégrée“. Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEH116.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFrom the perspective of economic and environmental controversies over unconventional oil and gas resources, this thesis contributes to the development of integrated modelling tools intwo aspects : their ability to reflect the long-term dynamics of energy markets ; and the consideration of the links between the economy and the dynamics of the various greenhouse gases.In the first case, a set of simulations with the Imaclim-R model highlights the economic impacts of shale gas and light tight oil through (i) the links between growth paths and technicalinertia ; (ii) the conditionality of US competitiveness gains on implicit or explained strategies ; and (iii) the conditionality of US competitiveness gains on this country implicit or explicit strategies in terms of international specialization and exchange rate regime. In the course of these simulations, we study (α) the adjustment processes towards the long-term equilibrium, looking at the conditions of existence and convergence of the model temporary equilibria ; (β) the tractability limits of a stylized model of Imaclim-R reproducing the main mechanisms.In the second case, the question of the role of methane in short and long term climate strategies is addressed. The integration of the Oscar2.2 Earth System model into the Imaclim-Rmodel is used to assess the role of methane in terms of mitigation costs and to assess the risk of emissions leakage at shale gas wellheads. The simulations show that, on the one hand, theeconomic advantage of shale gas availability can be balanced against the costs induced by these emissions leakage. On the other hand, the ambitous climate strategies aiming at limitingtemperature increases well below 2° or 1.5°C require a more instant control of methane
Ortiz, Cancino Olga. „Etude expérimentale de l'adsorption du méthane dans des gaz de schistes colombiens et de la séparation méthane/dioxyde de carbone“. Thesis, Pau, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PAUU3002/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn this dissertation we developed three main works in which adsorption phenomenon play a predominant role.According to the BP Statistical Review, Colombia’s reserves/production ratio is close to 12 and currently all the natural gas production comes from conventional reserves; meanwhile its unconventional technically recoverable gas reserves are about twelve times greater than conventional ones. Most of them are located in the Middle Magdalena Valley Sedimentary Basin (MMV). In this context we measured the methane adsorption capacity on five shale core samples obtained during exploratory drilling from three boreholes located in the MMV. The experiments were carried out at 50 and 75°C and for pressure ranging up to 3.5 MPa under dry conditions. The geochemical and structural characterizations were carried out in the Department of Geology of the Universidad Autonoma de Madrid. The effect of total organic carbon (TOC), thermal maturity, clay content and specific surface area (SSA) on methane adsorption capacity was studied. The results shows that the temperature has a negative effect on the adsorption capacity, while TOC has a positive effect, even if no linear regression was found between TOC and methane adsorption capacity. No correlation was observed between the clay content and the TOC-normalized adsorption capacity to methane, which indicates that clay minerals do not significantly contribute to methane adsorption in the case of our samples. In addition, there is not a general trend between TOC normalized and thermal maturity. Among the factors investigated in the present study, TOC has the major contribution to the adsorption uptake. A similar contribution is found for the SSA, which is consistent, considering the positive correlation between TOC and SSA. This set of data represents meaningful information for indirect estimations of the gas in place during the future recovery strategies. And maybe the most important, this study furthers the ongoing projects on the understanding of the adsorption effect on shale gas production and assessment.In addition to this work, we made a study on selective CH4/CO2 adsorption on a shale gas, which was previously characterized. The adsorption capacity and enthalpy of CO2 and CH4 pure at 50°C and for pressures up to 3.2 MPa were measured. Additionally, the equimolar mixture methane/carbon dioxide adsorption isotherms was performed up to 2 MPa at the same temperature. The results show that CO2 is preferentially adsorbed than methane, both in pure state as in the mixture. The estimated selectivity CO2/CH4 highlights a significant affinity of CO2 with the kerogen of this sample. These results are of great interest from an industrial point of view, because they mean that this shale could be a candidate for CO2 injection as recovery method; and for CO2 storage when it was depleted. Finally, having into account that separation and capture of CO2 have environmental connotations, we explored the separation of CO2 from an equimolar CH4/CO2 mixture using adsorbents of silica nanoparticles (natives and functionalized with amines) developed in the University of Vigo. We measured the adsorption capacity and enthalpy of CO2 and CH4 at 50°C and pressures up to 3MPa and the equimolar CH4/CO2 adsorption capacity at the same temperature and up to 2 MPa in both set of nanoparticles. The results showed that there is a preferential adsorption to CO2 over CH4 (in pure state and in the mixture), but CO2 adsorption is lower in native particles than in functionalized ones. However native particles are promising for CO2 capture. The value of selectivity of CO2 over CH4 is almost the same for both samples, it means that the functionalization process did not improve the performance of the particles in this case. This kind of works has a lot of perspective for the future
Xexo, Gjergj. „Flamme de diffusion turbulente dans un écoulement transversal : comportement dynamique et rayonnement“. Toulouse, INPT, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPT082H.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMatskova, Natalia. „Approche multi-échelle pour la caractérisation de l'espace poreux des réservoirs pétroliers argileux non conventionnels“. Thesis, Poitiers, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018POIT2276.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGas shale reservoirs are characterized by pore systems, associated with a heterogeneous spatial distribution of mineral and organic phases at multiple scales. This high heterogeneity requires a multi-scale & multi-tool approach to characterize the pore network. Such an approach has been developed on 7 cores from the Vaca Muerta formation (Argentina), which belong to areas with various hydrocarbon maturities, but with comparable mineral compositions. 3D µtomography and quantitative 2D mapping of the connected porosity by autoradiography have been applied at the core scale, in aim to localize and analyze the spatial heterogeneities, and to identify similar homogenous areas for localizing comparable sub-samples.The correlative coupling of various techniques was applied to achieve quantitative balance of porosity and pore size distribution, from mm to nm scales on representative sub-samples and for the first time, on preserved blocks rather than crushed powders, even for nitrogen gas adsorption experiments. Results of autoradiography are in very good agreement with other total bulk porosities, indicating that all pores are connected and accessed by the 14C-MMA used for impregnation. Decreased total porosity and pore throat/body sizes were also observed as organic matter maturity increased. An innovative approach for electron microscopy images acquisition and treatment provided large mosaics, with the distribution of mineral and organic phases at the cm scale. The correlative coupling with the autoradiography porosity map of the same zone, revealed the spatial correlations between mineralogical variations and porosity
Martin, Justin. „Etude et caractérisation d'onde de pression générée par une décharge électrique dans l'eau. Application à la fracturation électrique de roches“. Thesis, Pau, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PAUU3024/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNumerous parts of the world contain huge unconventional gas reserves which are located in low permeability rocks, and consequently, cannot be produced by classical drilling techniques. Besides its numerous detractors, the only currently available method to exploit these reservoirs relies on hydraulic fracturing. For these reasons, a research collaboration was started in 2007 between the Total Company and the Electrical Engineering Laboratory of Pau university (recently renamed SIAME Laboratory). The main goal was to study the potential concerning the use of the electrical fracturing technique as an alternative to hydraulic fracturing. This method is based on a dynamic rock fracturing process through the applying of a pressure wave enhanced by the generation of an electrical arc into a liquid. This work, which is financed by TOTAL through a CIFRE funding, follows the track initiated on this topic and mainly intends to improve the knowledge concerning the critical part of the fracturing process: the electrical discharge in water and the resulting pressure wave characterization. In this purpose, the importance of the circuit and of the arc electrical parameters was demonstrated in terms of current injection and power transfer. An empirical formula used to predict the dynamic pressure value has consequently been established. In order to optimize the electro acoustic efficiency, a specific study was performed on the liquid dielectric breakdown modus. This work allowed us to suggest new solutions concerning the dynamic pressure wave control. Finally, the fluid thermodynamic properties effects on its dielectric strength, on the energy consumption, and on the pressure wave propagation were analyzed in order to draw conclusions for the process optimization
Saussay, Aurélien. „Three essays on energy prices and the energy transition“. Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEH156.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis takes advantage of the remarkable volatility of energy prices across both time and space over the past two decades to identify the impacts of increased fossil fuel energy prices on economic agents. It first examines one of the main sources of this renewed energy price volatility, the U.S. shale gas revolution, before turning to the analysis of two policy issues related to the implementation of carbon pricing: the risk of industrial investment relocation as a consequence of degraded competitiveness, and the distributional impacts of increased gasoline prices for households. The first chapter performs a detailed statistical analysis of an original dataset of 40,000 U.S. shale gas wells to calibrate a techno-economic model of shale gas extraction profitability, and finds that the shale gas revolution is not transferrable to continental Europe. The second chapter combines a database of 70,000 industrial M&A transactions covering 20 years and 41 countries with a sectoral industrial energy price index to identify the impact of relative energy prices on industrial investment location. Findings imply that firms tend to engage in more cross-border investments when their domestic energy prices increase in relative terms against foreign prices, which broadly supports the pollution haven hypothesis. Counterfactual policy simulations show that this effect is limited though. The third chapter develops a simple dynamic model of household gasoline consumption, using the rational habits framework to capture the intertemporal dimension of gasoline demand. This model is then estimated on PSID household-level data between 1999 and 2015 using localized gasoline prices. Estimation results show that households exhibit habits formation and forward-looking behavior in their gasoline consumption, and find a -0.88 long term price elasticity. Micro-simulations also find suggestive evidence of interactions between dynamic heterogeneity and the regressivity of gasoline price increases. The findings of this thesis strengthen the case for compensatory policies aimed at improving carbon pricing acceptance by economic agents, and provide tools that can contribute to their design and calibration
Di, Meglio Florent. „Production de pétrole : étude dynamique et contrôle des écoulements à bouchons“. Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00617949.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePougy, Roberto. „Unconventional oil and natural gas supplies and the mitigation of climate change“. Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017EHES0075.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis in energy and environmental economics extends the geological Hotelling-type extraction-exploration model from Okullo, Reynes and Hofkes (2015) in order to account for the bell-shaped reserve additions that were empirically observed by Laherrère (2003). The proposed model explains them as the result of geological “sweet spots”: premium areas within geological formations where the concentration of hydrocarbons is highest. The proposed theoretical formulation was programmed into the mathematical model LOGIMA – “Long-term Oil and Gas Images” – and calibrated on data covering the seven main unconventional oil and gas plays in the United States. Results indicate the need to learn the location of sweet spots through trial and error drillings leads to schedules of exploratory effort that allow the optimal “de-risking” of exploratory activities. As a result, the optimal response of producers to price shocks becomes contingent on the prevailing level of cumulative discoveries.We apply LOGIMA to investigate the impact, caused by the recent advent of large-scale supplies of unconventional oil and gas, in the United States, on the ongoing efforts to mitigate climate change. We do so by soft coupling long-term scenarios from LOGIMA with the integrated assessment model, IMACLIM-R, a recursive, computable general equilibrium model of integrated global energy, economy and environment systems. We analyze how different price targets, potentially pursued by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), would affect supplies of unconventional oil and gas from the United States. We control this interplay under three climate policy frameworks: business as usual (BAU), nationally determined contributions (NDCs) and 2°C scenario (2DS). The results of the exercise show that, despite having a significant potential to affect global energy markets, unconventional oil and gas supplies would have a limited potential to affect global cumulative greenhouse gas emissions to 2040, as the different effects triggered in different sectors approximately balanced each other out
Piponiot, Camille. „Quel futur pour les forêts de production en Amazonie ? Du bilan Carbone de l'exploitation forestière à la recherche de compromis entre services écosystémiques (bois d'oeuvre, biodiversité et carbone)“. Thesis, Guyane, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018YANE0008/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHalf of the world's tropical forets are designated by national forest services as production forests. While here have been numerous studies on the impact if devorestation on carbon emissions and biodiversity loss in the tropics, the long-term impacts of selective logging are still poorly studied; However, the importance of these production forests is increasing. Not only must they meet the growing tropical timber demand, but their role in Carbon storage and the biodiversity conservation is increasingly recognized. The studies developped in this thesis are threefold. First, a carbon balance model of logging is developped, and regional differences in post-logging carbon recovery of timber volume on the Amazon, and thus the unsustainability of current logging practices. These models (carbon and timber) were developped on a Bayesian framework, with support and data from the Tropical managed Forest Observatory (TmFO : www.tmfo.org), a netword of 9 research institutions and more than 200 forest plotswhere post-logging forest dynamics have been monitored for <30 years in the Amazon. Finally, a comparative analysis of prospective scenarios was carried out, where potential tradeoffs between ecosystem services (timber, carbone and biodiversity) were explored using multi-criteria optimization analysis
Blum, Veronique. „Le contenu informationnel des réserves pétrolières : pertinence des actifs spécifiques mesurée par le modèle d'Ohlson“. Thesis, Paris 10, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA100160.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDespite a fifteen years work, the international standard setter, the International Accounting Standard Board (IASB) hasn't succeeded in its attempt to define a specific standard relative to extractive activities. This semi-failure raises the following - maybe unresolved - question : does an informational content proper to specific activities exist, and if it does, which would be its appropriate communication form ? Despite the restrictive aspect of a scope admitting that IASB's primary target is the shareholder, our work subsequently started with the evaluation of his/her perceptions. Consistent with the IASB's point of view, we mobilized the positivist theory in an eleven years longitudinal study, covering a period of low barrel prices - in 1996/1997- and the sudden raise of 2004, to study the way in which the market(s) perceive(s) the disclosures of specific items relative to oil and gas activities. The latter are characterized by the presence of specific assets, sometimes strategic, described by the standard setter as highly uncertain. A literature review offers a retrospective on previous researches questioning the value-relevance of either the volume or the value of oil and gas reserves, and on the Real Options Reasoning that is tested in our empirical work. Our examination, on a international sample, of the link between specific accounting disclosures and the market value relies on the Ohlson's model and provides us with some insights on the identification of multicollinearity as likely present when dealing with specific variables
Feignier, Bruno. „Comportement à la source de séismes induits : caractérisation géomécanique“. Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 1989. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00719602.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMendes, Melchuna Aline. „Experimental study and modeling of methane hydrates cristallization under flow from emulsions with variable fraction of water and anti-agglomerant“. Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016EMSE0811/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCrystallization of hydrates during oil production is a major source of hazards, mainly related to flow lines plugging after hydrate agglomeration. During the petroleum extraction, oil and water circulate in the flow line, forming an unstable emulsion. The water phase in combination with light hydrocarbon components can form hydrates. The crystallization of hydrates has been extensively studied, mainly at low water content systems. However, as the oil field matures, the water fraction increases and can become the dominant phase, a system less known in what concerns hydrate formation. Actually, several techniques can be combined to avoid or remediate hydrate formation. Recently, a new class of additives called Low Dosage Hydrate Inhibitor (LDHI) started to be studied, they are classified as Kinetic Hydrate Inhibitors (KHI-LDHI) and Anti-Agglomerants (AA-LDHI).This work is a parametric study about hydrate formation from emulsion systems ranging from low to high water content, where different flow rates and the anti-agglomerant presence were investigated. The experiments were performed at the Archimède flow loop, which is able to reproduce deep sea conditions. The goal of this study is enhancing the knowledge in hydrate formation and comprehending how the dispersant additive acts to avoid agglomeration. For this matter, it was developed a crystallization topological model for the systems without and with additive. A technique to determine the system continuous phase and a mechanism of the anti-agglomerant action from the chord length measurements were also proposed
Princeton, Judith. „Pratiques innovantes d'exploitation des réseaux routiers en lien avec une mobilité durable : une nouvelle approche de l'évaluation“. Thesis, Paris Est, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PEST1152/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTraffic management is facing the new issues of the sustainable development concept. The objective is not only to guarantee acceptable travels times over the networks anymore. Energy consumption as well as associated greenhouse gaz and pollutant emissions must be reduced for a better quality of life for current and future generations. Standards in road safety have also been reinforced and aim at cutting off the number of accident fatalities. Thus, traffic operators use the most innovating strategies. Nevertheless, if decision-makers have greater possibilities to implement their programmes, they also are committed to assess their performance at different stages. This doctoral thesis analyses the new strategies in motorway network management by identifying their respective domains of application as well as their potential and real impacts. Limitations of existing a priori and a posteriori evaluation methods are highlighted and a new approach is proposed. It associates the three main criteria of sustainable mobility to one concept: the level of service, which is widely used by network operators. The methodology is validated on several operations. Besides, based on results obtained from the various lane management operations implemented all accross Europe, the thesis proposes a tool to help in choosing the appropriate strategy according to the motorway layout and congestion level. The tool is presented in the form of a catalog of typical cases for the Ile-de-France motorway network. The new evaluation approach proposed in this thesis may be easily integrated in the available traffic simulation tools. Hence, the impacts of a traffic management operation on congestion, safety and the environment may be obtained as output from those simulators in the framewok of an a priori evaluation. This integration is also possible in the traffic management center systems, for a posteriori evaluations. Besides, the thesis identifies potential subjects for future research. Firstly, accident severity could be considered in the proposed evaluation approach, which takes into account all injury accidents at once by now, due to a lack of data. Likewise, only four manged lane strategies are included in the catalog, which could be extended to all the existing traffic management operations through the same methodology described in the thesis
Kilani, Meriam. „Multiple product-project decisions coordination support : application to oil and gas development projects“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPAST027.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe major challenge addressed in this research concerns the coordination of the multiple interdependent decisions that must be made during the project, either technical, financial, or contractual. Interdependence means that making one decision without considering the impacts for other decisions may imply some underperformance, or even dead ends, iterations, and rework.To overcome this challenge, a more adaptable multi-decision-making process has been proposed, consisting of three blocks: 1/ modeling the decision network and formulating the multi-decision problem; 2/ structuring the problem to propose relevant and plausible scenarios assembled from elementary decision alternatives; 3/ solving the problem by selecting and recommending scenarios.Building the multi-decision-making process is based on multiple possibilities for each block. The decision-maker selects from a set of possible choices to adapt the decision-making process to the precise context.For block #1, we have first articulated the need to build a global decision network that models the decisions under study and the interdependencies they may have with other decisions. We have then argued that graphs and matrices can be used to fulfill this need. Both methods allow to include all decisions and interdependencies of the decision network in one single model, each of them having its advantages and drawbacks, with a kind of complementarity.Then, to formulate the local multi-decision problem, two interactions-based clustering approaches are proposed: the top-down approach (considering decision interdependencies) and the bottom-up approach (with an additional due date-based grouping of decisions). Both help to delineate the focus of decision makers on a specific set of decisions, since considering the whole network of decisions at the same time can be challenging.In block #2, to structure the problem, two matrix-based and one graph-based methods have been proposed. These methods offer the possibility to generate possible scenarios considering compatibility and performance criteria, either sequentially (morphological analysis), simultaneously (QFD), or with a hybrid way (graph exploration). For the two matrix-based methods, an algorithm was proposed to facilitate the identification of plausible scenarios. As for the graph-based method, a lighter heuristic can be applied on live during a decision meeting.Finally, to solve the problem in block #3, several MCDA methods have been listed for evaluating and selecting a recommended scenario: absolute compensatory methods, relative pairwise comparison methods, and relative comparison to reference point methods.According to industrial actors, such a process could improve coordination mechanisms between the major decisions of their projects. Even though decisions were interdependent, they were not often considered as such, and our proposed process permits (according to them) to have a better vision of the decisions to be made together and of the consequences of the choices. A fictitious case study, inspired by real past projects, was used to illustrate the proposed multi-decision coordination process.We are convinced that our research will provide a solid basis for further studies on the coordination of multiple interdependent decisions in complex projects, although there are academic and industrial perspectives that need to be tackled
Gagnon-Boudreau, Brigitte. „Étude de la mobilisation entourant la question du gaz de schiste au Québec depuis 2007 : un exemple d'écocitoyenneté“. Mémoire, 2013. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/5787/1/M13129.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleArtigaud, Cécile. „Le développement d’hydrocarbures dans l’océan Arctique et l’obligation d’entreprendre une évaluation environnementale“. Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/24443.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAs the ice melts, the Arctic Ocean becomes progressively accessible. It brings a renewed interest for a region that has long been forgotten by states. The new licenses granted for the exploration and the exploitation of hydrocarbons evidence a globalization of the Arctic. However, before accepting an economic project, it must undergo an environmental impact assessment (EIA). This procedure is intended to inform the public authorities about the impacts that a project will have on the environment. The goal of an EIA is to move towards a conscientious and ecological decision. Thus, the scope and the type of information collected is of a crucial importance as it will influence the stakeholders’ choice. Therefore, the globalization of the Arctic raises the question of the relevance of such a procedure because new hydrocarbon development projects are generally accepted even if they take place in an environment characterized by its fragility and uniqueness. As a consequence, it is legitimate to ask whether the international and national obligations to undertake an environmental assessment (E.A) for hydrocarbon projects are adapted to the specific environment of the Arctic.