Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Gavin D ́Costa“

Health services are now advertised in a global marketplace. Hip and knee replacements, ophthalmologic procedures, cosmetic surgery, cardiac care, organ transplants, and stem cell injections are all available for purchase in the global health services marketplace. “Medical tourism” companies market “sun and surgery” packages and arrange care at international hospitals in Costa Rica, India, Mexico, Singapore, Thailand, and other destination nations. Just as automobile manufacturing and textile production moved outside the United States, American patients are “offshoring” themselves to facilities that use low labor costs to gain competitive advantage in the marketplace. Proponents of medical tourism argue that a global market in health services will promote consumer choice, foster competition among hospitals, and enable customers to purchase high-quality care at medical facilities around the world. Skeptics raise concerns about quality of care and patient safety, information disclosure to patients, legal redress when patients are harmed while receiving care at international hospitals, and harms to public health care systems in destination nations. The emergence of a global market in health services will have profound consequences for health insurance, delivery of health services, patient-physician relationships, publicly funded health care, and the spread of medical consumerism.

Abstract Introduction: Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is an effective treatment option for patients with hematological and neoplastic diseases. Despite recent improvements, HSCT is still associated with a significant risk of mortality. Determining risk factors for death within the first 100 days after HSCT could help to identify patients who would benefit from interventions in order to decrease that risk. We have previously reported that increased fluid accumulation during conditioning chemotherapy and in the early period after HSCT was associated with decreased survival (Costa EMM et al, ASH 2013Abstract #4512). Herein, we expand that series of patients and we further analyze the impact of weight gain on early (100-days) mortality in patients who underwent HSCT at our institution. Objective: To determine the impact of weight gain during the first 10 days post-HSCT on 100 days mortality. Methods:We retrospectively reviewed the medical charts of 331 patients who underwent HSCT at our institution from January, 2007 until December, 2013. Information on patients' body weight (BW) was measured daily, starting at admission. The highest BW recorded until until the first 10 days post-SCT (D+10) was used to calculate the BW increase in relation to the baseline BW. Based on our previous study, we used a cutoff of 6% gain in BW to identify a group of patients with increased risk of complications. The primary endpoint was mortality within 100 days post HSCT. Overall survival (OS) was estimated from the time of HSCT until death, and surviving patients were censored at last follow-up. A logistic regression model and a Cox model were fit to determine variables that predicted death within 100 days and OS, respectively. Statistical analysis was performed with STATA (v11.0) and alfa error was defined as 5%. Results: Median age was 43 years old (range <1 year-76 years) and 60% were male. HSC sources included autologous (46%), matched related donors (16%), matched unrelated donors (12%), cord blood units (16%) and mismatched related/unrelated donors (10%). Diagnosis included acute leukemia or chronic myeloid disorders (34%), lymphoma/multiple myeloma (42%) and non-malignant hematological disorders (24%). Twenty-one percent of patients had a ≥6% gain in BW until the first 10 days post-HSCT. These patients had developed an increased inflammatory state after the start of the conditioning regimen: there was no difference in baseline levels of C-reactive protein (4.8 mg/L vs. 7.4, p=0.37), but by D+10 patients who gained more BW had higher CRP (116.7 mg/L vs. 178.6 mg/L; p=0.01). Patients with increased gain in BW until D+10 had a decreased OS (HR 2.33, p<0.0001, 95% CI 1.45-3.73). The mortality within 100 days was 47% in the increased BW vs. 17% in the control group (p<0.0001). Among 18 patients who died within 100 days and had a ≥6% BW gain by D+10, causes of death included pneumonia (N=4), septic shock (N=9), fungal endocarditis (N=1), ischemic stroke (N=1) and disease progression (N=3). In a logistic regression analysis, after adjusting for age, sex, diagnosis and type of SCT, a ≥6% BW gain by D10 was associated with an increased risk of being dead within 100 days (coefficient 1.75; p<0.0001; 95% CI 0.90-2.61). Similarly, in a multivariate Cox analysis after adjusting for age, sex, diagnosis and type of SCT, a ≥6% BW gain by D10 was an independent risk factor for survival (HR 2.72, p<0.0001, 95% CI 1.65-4.48). A landmark analysis at D+100 revealed that the negative impact of weight gain by D+10 on survival was restricted to the first 100 days, as after this time point there was no survival difference between the two groups (HR 1.35; p=0.41; 95% CI 0.65-2.83). Conclusion: A ≥6% BW gain by D+10 is a risk factor for early mortality in both autologous and allogeneic HSCT. The most common cause of death in these patients is infectious-related complications. An increase in BW is related to the development of an inflammatory state, probably induced by the conditioning regimen. BW gain is a simple variable that can be easily used to determine prognosis of patients post-allogeneic HSCT, and further studies are needed to determine its etiology. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Introdução: As alterações vasculares são anomalias de desenvolvimento dos vasos que proporcionam acúmulo de sangue e são de etiologia desconhecida. Fazem parte deste grupo de lesões as malformações arteriovenosas, hemangiomas, linfoangiomas e varicosidades. Embora não raras, as lesões vasculares que ocorrem nos lábios, por vezes, interferem na estética e apresentam dificuldades quanto ao seu diagnóstico e tratamento. Objetivo: Descrever um caso clínico realizado com laser de diodo de alta potência para a fotocoagulação de uma lesão vascular, abordando suas vantagens e limitações em comparação ao tratamento cirúrgico. Material e Método: O procedimento foi realizado em um paciente de 53 anos, sexo feminino, branca, com queixa de aparecimento de uma bolha de sangue no lábio com evolução de aproximadamente oito anos. Ao exame físico intraoral, observou-se nódulo em vermelhão do lábio inferior, do lado direito, próxima à comissura labial, medindo aproximadamente 1,0 cm de diâmetro, de base séssil, superfície lisa, limites bem definidos, coloração violácea, consistência macia e sem sintomatologia dolorosa à palpação. Após a diascopia e diagnóstico clínico de lesão vascular, optou-se pela fotocoalulação com laser de diodo de alta potência. Resultados: Houve regressão total da lesão, após uma única aplicação, sem complicações trans e pós-operatórias, sem sangramento durante a cirurgia, o que proporcionou melhor visão do campo operatório e resultou em um procedimento minimamente invasivo. A paciente encontra-se em proservação, sem recidiva da lesão. Conclusão: A fotocoagulação pode ser considerada como uma alternativa segura e eficiente para o tratamento de lesões vasculares. Descritores: Lesões do Sistema Vascular; Fotocoagulação; Laser; Mucosa Bucal. Referências Nair SC, Spencer NJ, Nayak KP, Balasubramaniam K. Surgical management of vascular lesions of the head and neck: a review of 115 cases. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2011;40(6):577-83. Dasgupta R, Fishman SJ. ISSVA Classification. Pediatr.Surg. 2014;23(4):158-61. Medeiros R, Silva IH, Carvalho AT, Leão J. C.Nd:YAG laser photocoagulationofbenign oral vascular lesions: a case series. Lasers in Medical Science. 2015;30(8):2215-20. Abdyli RA, Abdyli Y, Perjuci F, Gashi A, Agani Z, Ahmedi J. Slerotherapy of intraoral superficial hemangioma. Case rep dent. 2016;2016:1-5. Choi BE, Kim Y, Leem DH, Baek JA, Ko SO. Utility of sodium tetradecyl sulfate sclerotherapy from benign oral vascular lesion. Maxillofac plast reconstr surg. 2016;38(1):1-4. Angelo AR, Moraes JJC, Da Rosa MRD. Incidência de hemangioma na região de cabeça e pescoço em pacientes com faixa etária entre 0 e 18: estudo de 10 anos. Rev Odontol Univ São Paulo. 2008;20(2):209-14. Palma FR, Garcia JAC, Jung R, Garcia RN, Aranha FCS. Escleroterapia de hemangioma oral. Relato de caso. SALUSVITA. 2016;35(1):85-93. Costa JRS, Torriani MA, Hosni ES, D'Avila OP, Figueiredo PJ. Sclerotherapy for Vascular Malformations in the oral and Maxillofacial Region: Treatment and Follow-Up of 66 Lesions. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2011;69(6):88-92. Chang CS, Wong A, Rohde CH, Ascherman JA, Wu JK. Management of lip hemangiomas: Minimizing peri-oral scars. JPRAS. 2012; 65(2):163-68. Ribas MO, Laranjeira J, Sousa MH. Hemangioma bucal: escleroterapia com oleato de etanolamina. revisão da literatura e apresentação de caso. Rev de Clín Pesq Odontol. 2004;1(2):31-6. Silva WB, Ribeiro ALR, De Menezes SAF, Pinheiro JJV, Alves-Junior SM. Oral capillary hemangioma: A clinical protocol of diagnosis and treatment in adults. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2013;18(4):431-37. Gill JS, Gill S, Bhardwaj A, Grover HA Oral Hemangioma. Case Reports in Medicine. 2012; 2012:1-4. Rezende KMP, Corrêa FNP, Corrêa JPNP, Bönecker M, Corrêa MSNP. Hemangioma: descrição de um caso clínico e sua importância no diagnóstico diferencial. Rev Assoc Paul Cir Dent. 2016;70(1):19-23. Passas MA, Teixeira M. Hemangioma da infância. Nascer e Crescer. 2016;25(2):83-9. Chen W, Zhang B, Li J, Yang Z, Wang Y, Huang Z et al. Liquid nitrogen cryotherapy of lip mucosa hemangiomas under inhalation general anesthesia with sevoflurane in early infancy. Ann Plast Surg. 2009;62(2):154-57. Mandu ALC, Lira CRS, Barbosa LM, Silva VCR, Cardoso AJO. Escleroterapia de Hemangioma: relato de caso. Rev Cir Traumatol Buco-Maxilo-fac. 2013;13(1):71-6. Silva AJDD, Dos Santos RV, Amato SJTA, Amato ACM. Malformação venosa associada à hiperelasticidade cutânea e atrofia do tecido subcutâneo. J Vasc Bras. 2016;15(1):66-9. Gupta A, Verma A, Dhua A, Bhatnagar V. Vascular anomalies: a pediatric surgeon’s perspective. Indian J 2017;84(8):612-17. Kobayashi, K, Nakao K, Kishishita S, Tamaruya N, Monobe H, Saito K, Kihara A. Vascular malformations of the head and neck. Auris Nasus Larynx. 2013;40(1):89-92. Fekrazad R, Am Kalhori K, Chiniforush N. Defocused irradiation mode of diode laser for conservative treatment of oral hemangioma. J Lasers Med Sci. 2013;4(3):147-50. Tonioli IB, Tomo S, Boer NB, Simonato LE, De Lucia MBI. OR 12. Tratamento de hemangioma em lábio superior com agente esclerosante. Arch Health Invest. 2016;5(Spec Iss 3):77. Tachmatzidis T, Dabarakis N. Technology of lasers and their applications in oral surgery: Literature review. Balk J Dent Med. 2016;20(3):131-37. Corrêa PH, Nunes LC, Johann AC, Aguiar MC, Gomez RS, Mesquita RA. Prevalence of oral hemangioma, vascular malformation and varix in a Brazilian population. Braz Oral Res. 2007; 21(1):40-5. Fonseca Junior LA, Cha SB, Cartumm J, Rehder JRCL. Eficácia terapêutica do interferon alfa em criança com hemangioma gigante craniofacial: relato de caso. Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2008; 71(3):423-26. Bharti V, Singh J. Capillary hemangioma of palatal mucosa. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2012; 16(3):475-78. Saawarn N, Saawarn S, Ragavendra R, Kasetty S, Ekka RK, Singh V. Oral hemangioma management in children: a concise review. Inter Ped Dent Open Acc J. 2018;1(3):49-50. Pereira ERD, Silva GLS, Sahium GMB, Pereira JPS, De Faria MM, Faria RBCC. Laser de Nd YAG1064 ncm no tratamento de hemangioma: relato de caso. Rev Educ Saúde. 2017;5(2):130-35. Newadkar UR. Oral hemangioma or vascular malformation: different entities. J Indian Acad Oral Med Radiol 2015;27:497-99. Biddappa L, Kanwar S, Lingaraju N, Kumaran S. A rare case of intraoral acquired hemangioma. Int J Health Sci Res. 2015;5(8):610-13. Rao G, Tripthi PS, Srinivasan K. Haemostatic effect of CO2 laser over excision of an intraoral hemangioma. Int J Laser Dent. 2012;2(3):74-7. Monteiro LS, Azevedo A, Cadilhe S, Sousa D, Faria C, Martins M. Laser treatment of vascular anomalies of oral cavity. Rev Port Stomatol Med Dent Maxillofac Surg. 2013;54(3):171- Pedron IG, Ramalho KM, Moreira LA, Freitas PM. Association of two lasers in the treatment of traumatic fibroma: excision with Nd: YAP laser and photobiomodulation using InGaAIP: a case report. J Oral Laser Appl. 2009;9(1):49-53. Jasper J, Camilotti RS, Pagnoncelli RM, Poli VD, da Silveira Gerzson A, Gavin Zakszeski AM. Treatment of lip hemangioma using forced dehydration with induced photocoagulation via diode laser: report of three cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2015;119(3):e89-94. Ortega-Concepción D, Cano-Durán JA, Peña-Cardelles J, Paredes-Rodríguez V, González-Serrano J, López-Quiles J. The application of diode laser in the treatment of oral soft tissues lesions. a literature review. J Clin Exp Dent. 2017;9(7):925-28. Frigerio A, Tan OT. Laser applications for benign oral lesions. Lasers Surg Med. 2015;47(8):643-50. Angiero F, Benedicenti S, Benedicenti A, Arcieri K, Bernè E. Head and neck hemangiomas in pediatric patients treated with endolesional 980-nm diode laser. Photomed Laser Surg. 2009;27(4):553-59. Asnaashari M, Zadsirjan S. Application of laser in oral surgery. J Lasers Med Sci. 2014;5(3):97-107. Silva TWS, Do Nascimento ACC, Ferreira Filho, JL. Diagnóstico e tratamento de hemangioma cavernoso intraoral – relato de caso. JOAC. 2018;4(1):1-6.

Background: The case we are presenting is about one of the rare pathogens, Serratia Fonticola (SF) that may cause urinary tract infection. Case Presentation: A 58 years-old female presented with dysuria, suprapubic pain, frequency of micturition, and change in urine color. The patient was afebrile on physical examination; however, the urine culture was positive to SF as the sole isolate. The patient received levofloxacin tables (750 mg) once a day for 5 days along with supportive instructions to improve hygiene. On follow-up, she was free of symptoms and the repeated urine culture was negative. References Geerlings SE. Clinical presentations and epidemiology of urinary tract infections. Microbiol. Spectr. 4, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1128/9781555817404.ch2 Flores-Mireles AL, Walker JN, Caparon M, Hultgren SJ. Urinary tract infections: epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2015 May;13(5):269-84. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro3432 Gavini F, Ferragut C, Izard D, Trinel PA, Leclerc H, Lefebvre B, Mossel DA. Serratia fonticola, a new species from water. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 1979;29(2):92-101. https://doi.org/10.1099/00207713-29-2-92 Aljorayid A, Viau R, Castellino L, Jump RL. Serratia fonticola, pathogen or bystander? A case series and review of the literature. IDCases. 2016 May 24; 5:6-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idcr.2016.05.003 Müller HE. Isolation of Serratia fonticola from birds. Zentralblatt Bakteriol Mikrobiol Und Hyg - Abt 1 Orig A 1986; 261:212–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0176-6724(86)80038-4 Garcia ME, Lanzarot P, Costas E, Lopez Rodas V, Marín M, Blanco JL. Isolation of Serratia fonticola from skin lesions in a Nile Crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) with an associated septicaemia. Vet J. 2008 May;176(2):254-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.02.025. Bollet C, Gainnier M, Sainty JM, Orhesser P, De Micco P. Serratia Fonticola isolated from a leg abscess. J Clin Microbiol 1991; 29:834–5. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.29.4.834-835.1991 Farmer JJ 3rd, Davis BR, Hickman-Brenner FW, McWhorter A, Huntley-Carter GP, Asbury MA, Riddle C, Wathen-Grady HG, Elias C, Fanning GR, et al. Biochemical identification of new species and biogroups of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from clinical specimens. J Clin Microbiol. 1985 Jan;21(1):46-76. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.21.1.46-76.1985 Stock I, Burak S, Sherwood KJ, Gruger T, Wiedemann B. Natural antimicrobial susceptibilities of strains of 'unusual' Serratia species: S. ficaria, S. fonticola, S. odorifera, S. plymuthica and S. rubidaea. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2003;51(4):865-85. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkg156. Gorret J, Chevalier J, Gaschet A, Fraisse B, Violas P, Chapuis M, Anne JG. Childhood delayed septic arthritis of the knee caused by Serratia fonticola. Knee 2009; 16 (6):512–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.knee.2009.02.008 Hai PD, Hoa LTV, Tot NH, Phuong LL, Quang VV, Thuyet BT, Son PN. First report of biliary tract infection caused by multidrug-resistant Serratia fonticola. New Microbes New Infect. 2020; 36:100692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100692 Conclusion: This case can be considered globally the third that diagnosed in the urine culture of the asymptomatic patient.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of graded levels of sunflower seed oil (SSO) supplementation on lamb five-month-old carcass characteristics and commercial cuts. Used 18 local male lambs, weaned, aged about 2 months, weight (10.21 ± 2.29 kg). Experimental design used group random design. Each group of sheep get a complete ration with a different level of sunflower seed oil (SSO), namely (P0) = 0% SSO (control); (P1) = 4% SSO; (P2) = 6% SSO. After animal five old age or 90 days feeding, randomly selected tree animals from each group were slaughtered The measured parameters include, weight slaughter, carcasses composition (meats, bones, fats), and commercial cuts of carcasses (leg, loin, shoulder, breast, neck, shank, flank, rack). The observation showed that the parameters are not affected by the treatment. It can be concluded that the addition of 6% sunflower oil in a complete ration keeping the characteristics and commercial cut of local lamb. Key words: slaughter weight, carcass composition, lamb, sunflower seed oil DAFTAR PUSTAKA [AUS-MEAT]. 2005. Sheep Meat. ISBN 0 9578793 69. https://www.ausmeat.com.au/media/1275/9-sheepmeat.pdf. Diunduh 15 Juni 2019. [BSN] Badan Standardisasi Nasional Indonesia. 2008. Mutu Karkas dan Daging Kambing/Domba. Standar Nasional Indonesia. 3925. Jakarta (ID): Badan Standardisasi Nasional Indonesia [NRC] National Research Council. 2007. Nutrient Requirements of Small Ruminants: Sheep, Goats, Cervids, and New World Camelids. Washington DC (US): The National Academies Pr. Ensminger M E. 2002. Sheep and Goat Science. Illinois (US): Interstate Publisher. Francisco A, Dentinho MT, Alves SPP, Portugal V, Fernandes F, Sengo S, Jerónimo E, Oliveira MA, Costa P, Sequeira A, Bessa RJB, Santos-Silva J. 2015. Growth performance, carcass and meat quality of lambs supplemented with increasing levels of a tanniferous bush (Cistus ladanifer L.) and vegetable oils. Meat Science. 100, p. 272-282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2014.10.014 Gatenby RM, Doloksaribu M, Bradford GE, Romjaii GE, Batubara L, Mirza I. 1995. Reproductive performance of sumatera and hair sheep crossbred ewes. SR-CRSP Annual Report 1994 - 1995, Sungai Putih, Sumatera Utara. González L, Moreno T, Bispo E, Dugan MER, Franco D. 2014. Effect of supplementing different oils: Linseed, sunflower and soybean, on animal performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality and fatty acid profile of veal from “Rubia Gallega” calves. Meat Science. 96 (2): Part A. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2013.09.027 Hendri. 1986. Studi perbandingan distribusi perdagingan kambing kacang dan domba priangan pada dua tingkat umur. Karya Ilmiah. Fakultas Peternakan. Institut Pertanian Bogor. Herman R. 1993. Perbandingan pertumbuhan komposisi tubuh dan karkas antara domba Priangan dan Ekor Gemuk. [disertasi]. Fakultas Pasca sarjana. Institut Pertanian Bogor. Bogor. Lambuth TR, Kemp JD, Glimp HA. 1970. Effect of rate of gain a slaughter weight on lamb carcass composition. Journal of Animal Science. 30: 27-35. Marinova P, Banskalieva, VS Alexandrov, Tzvetkova S, Stanchev V. 2001. Carcass Composition and meat qulity of kids fed sunflower oil supplemented diet. Small Rumminant Resources. 42 (3): 217-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-4488(01)00245-0. Mir PS, McAllister TA, Zaman S, Morgan Jones, SD, He ML, Aalhus JL, Jeremiah LE, Goonewardene LA, Weselake RJ and Mir Z. 2003. Effect of dietary sunflower oil and vitamin E on beef cattle performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality. Canada Journal of Animal Science. 83: 53–66 Morgado E, Ezequiel JMB, Galzerano L, Sobrinho S. 2013. Performance and carcass characteristics of lambs fed with carbohydrate sources associated to sunflower oil. Bioscience Journal. 29 (3): 712-720 Purbowati E, Sutrisno CI, Baliarti E, Budhi SPS, Lestariana W. 2006. Karakteristik fisik otot longissimus dorsi dan biceps femoris domba lokal jantan yang dipelihara di pedesaan pada bobot potong yang berbeda. Jurnal Protein. 13(2):147-153 Rasmani. 2010. Komposisi fisik dan potongan komersial karkas domba lokal jantan pada tingkat kecepatan pertumbuhan yang berbeda dengan pemeliharaan secara intensif. Bogor (ID): IPB. Rousset-Akrim S, Young OA, Berdague JL. 1997. Diet and growth effects in panel assessment of sheepmeat odour and flavour. Meat Science. 45:169-181. Supriyati. 2012. Pertumbuhan kambing Peranakan Etawah prasapih yang diberi susu pengganti. Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner. 17(2): 142-151. Rahayu, S, Astuti DA, Satoto KB, Priyanto R, Khotijah L , Suryati T, Baihaqi M 2011. Produksi domba balibu UP3 Jonggol melalui strategi perbaikan pakan berbasis Indigofera sp. dan limbah tauge. Laporan Penelitian Unggulan Fakultas. IPB, Dirjendikti Kementrian Pendidikan Nasional. Radunz, AE, Wickersham LA, Loerch SC, Fluharty FL, Reynolds CK, and Zerby HN. 2009. Effects of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on fatty acid composition in muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue of lambs. Journal of Animal Science. 87: 4082-4091. Wiryawan KG, Astuti DA, Priyanto R, Suharti S. 2009. Optimalisasi pemanfaatan rumput dan legum pohon terhadap performa, produksi, dan kualitas daging domba jonggol. Laporan Penelitian. Bogor (ID): Fakultas Peternakan IPB

05–543Aguilar-Sánchez, Jorge (INTESOL, Indianapolis, USA; students@intesol.org), English in Costa Rica. World Englishes (Oxford, UK) 24.2 (2005), 161–172.05–544Campbell, Jamie I. D. (U of Saskatchewan, Canada; Jamie.Campbell@usask.ca), Asymmetrical language switching costs in Chinese–English bilinguals' number naming and simple arithmetic. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition (Cambridge, UK) 8.1 (2005), 39–61.05–545Cohen, Roger (U of Guam, The Territory of Guam, USA), English in Mongolia. World Englishes (Oxford, UK) 24.2 (2005), 203–216.05–546Curco, Carmen (National Autonomous U of Mexico, Mexico), Code switching and identity in the discourse of Catalan immigrants in Mexico. AILA Review (Amsterdam, the Netherlands) 18 (2005), 18–40.05–547Dimova, Slobodanka (Purdue U, USA; dimova@purdue.edu), English in Macedonia. World Englishes (Oxford, UK) 24.2 (2005), 187–202.05–548Edwards, Viv (U of Reading, UK) & Lynda Pritchard Newcombe, Language transmission in the family in Wales: an example of innovative language planning. Language Problems and Language Planning (Amsterdam, the Netherlands) 29.2 (2005), 135–150.05–549Francis, Norbert (Northern Arizona U, Flagstaff, USA; norbert.francis@nau.edu), Research findings on early first language attrition: implications for the discussion on critical periods in language acquisition. Language Learning (Malden, MA, USA) 55.3 (2005), 491–531.05–550García Mayo, María del Pilar (U del País Vasco, Vitoria, Spain; mariapilar.garciamayo@ehu.es), Amparo Lázaro Ibarrola & Juana M. Liceras, Placeholders in the English interlanguage of bilingual (Basque/Spanish) children. Language Learning (Malden, MA, USA) 55.3 (2005), 445–489.05–551Gómez, Leo, David Freeman & Yvonne Freeman (U of Texas Pan American, USA), Dual language education: a promising 50–50 model. Bilingual Research Journal (Tempe, AZ, USA) 29.1 (2005), 145–164.05–552Guion, Susan G. (U of Oregon, Eugene, USA; guion@uoregon.edu), Knowledge of English word stress patterns in early and late Korean–English bilinguals. Studies in Second Language Acquisition (Cambridge, UK) 27.4 (2005), 503–533.05–553Hilgendorf, Suzanne K. (Detroit, USA; s.k.hilgendorf@wayne.edu), ‘Brain Gain statt[instead of]Brain Drain’: the role of English in German education. World Englishes (Oxford, UK) 24.1 (2005), 53–67.05–554Johnson, Eric (Arizona State U, USA), Proposition 203: a critical metaphor analysis. Bilingual Research Journal (Tempe, AZ, USA) 29.1 (2005), 69–84.05–555Leung, Yan-kit Ingrid (U of Essex, UK; ileung@essex.ac.uk), L2 vs. L3 initial state: a comparative study of the acquisition of French DPs by Vietnamese monolinguals and Cantonese–English bilinguals. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition (Cambridge, UK) 8.1 (2005), 39–61.05–556Montrul, Silvina (U of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA; montrul@uiuc.edu), Second language acquisition and first language loss in adult early bilinguals: exploring some differences and similarities. Second Language Research (London, UK) 21.3 (2005), 199–249.05–557Nickels, Edelmira L. (Indiana U, USA; eoquendo@indiana.edu), English in Puerto Rico. World Englishes (Oxford, UK) 24.2 (2005), 227–238.05–558Nicoladis, Elena (U of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; elenan@ualberta.ca), The acquisition of complex deverbal words by a French–English bilingual child. Language Learning (Malden, MA, USA) 55.3 (2005), 415–443.05–559Oakes, Leigh (Queen Mary, U of London, UK), From internationalisation to globalisation: language and the nationalist revival in Sweden. Language Problems and Language Planning (Amsterdam, the Netherlands) 29.2 (2005), 151–176.05–560Rolstad, Kellie, Kate S. Mahoney & Gene V. Glass (Arizona State U, USA), Weighing the evidence: a meta-analysis of bilingual education in Arizona. Bilingual Research Journal (Tempe, AZ, USA) 29.1 (2005), 43–67.05–561Tan, Peter K. W. (National U of Singapore, Singapore), The medium-of-instruction debate in Malaysia: English as a Malaysian language?Language Problems and Language Planning (Amsterdam, the Netherlands) 29.1 (2005), 47–66.05–562Thordardottir, Elin T. (McGill U, Montreal, Canada; elin.thordardottir@mcgill.ca), Early lexical and syntactic development in Quebec French and English: implications for cross-linguistic and bilingual assessment. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders (London, UK) 40.3 (2005), 243–278.05–563Ustinova, Irina P. (Murray State U, USA; irina.ustinova@murraystate.edu), English in Russia. World Englishes (Oxford, UK) 24.2 (2005), 239–252.05–564Valdés, Guadalupe (Stanford U, USA; gvaldes@stanford.edu), Bilingualism, heritage language learners, and SLA research: opportunities lost or seized?The Modern Language Journal (Malden, MA, USA) 89.3 (2005), 410–426.

Os traumatismos dentários são frequentes na rotina clínica dos Cirurgiões-Dentistas e a correta conduta do tratamento é fundamental para um bom prognóstico. Objetivo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o perfil e a conduta dos cirurgiões-dentistas das 41 Unidades Básicas de Saúde do município de Patos-PB frente aos traumatismos dentários. Metodologia: Para coleta de dados foi aplicado um questionário contendo perguntas sobre o perfil demográfico dos profissionais e a experiência com traumatismo dental. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente pelo Qui-quadrado, com margem de erro de 5%. Resultados: 66,7% dos Cirurgiões-dentistas eram do sexo feminino, 83,3% fizeram a graduação em instituição de ensino pública, 33,3% possuíam mais de 10 anos de formados, 53,3% eram especialistas, apenas 10% relataram ter algum tipo de cursos na área e a especialidade predominante foi a de Saúde da Família (16,7%). Sobre a prevalência do trauma dental na rotina de atendimentos, 46,7% dos entrevistados relataram ter recebido pacientes com traumatismo dentário, destes, 36,7% receberam apenas casos de fratura dental e 10% receberam tanto fratura como avulsão dental, 92,8% realizaram o primeiro atendimento e 7,2% encaminharam para outro local e 56,7% relataram sentirem-se seguros para realizar o atendimento. A relação entre a segurança no atendimento com variáveis de perfil e conduta não demonstrou associação estatisticamente significante (p>0,05). Conclusão: Observou-se uma alta prevalência de traumatismo dentário e que muitos profissionais ainda não se sentem seguros para prestarem o atendimento imediato, sendo necessário mais incentivo em cursos na área, visando otimizar a assistência ao paciente com trauma dental.Descritores: Odontólogos; Conhecimento; Traumatismo Dentário.ReferênciasDuarte DA, Bonecker MS, Santanna GR, Suga SS. Caderno de Odontopediatria: Lesões traumáticas em dentes decíduos: Tratamento e Controle. São Paulo: Santos; 2001.Piva F, Potter IG, Sari GT, Klein-Júnior CA, Coelho-De Souza FH. Atendimento de urgência frente ao traumatismo alvéolo dentário – relato de caso clínico. Rev Assoc Paul Cir Dent. 2013;67(3):224-28.Kremer JTM, Pereira LP, Marques FR, Portugal MEG, Bruzamolin, CD. Avaliação do conhecimento dos cirurgiões-dentistas sobre o manejo do trauma dental infantil. Rev Gestão & Saúde. 2017;16(2):1-8.Traebert J, Traiano ML, Armênio R, Barbieri DB, De Lacerda JT, Marcenes W. Knowledge of lay people and dentists in emergency management of dental trauma. Dent Traumatol. 2009;25(3):277-83.Sb-Brasil 2010. Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde Bucal. Proposta de projeto técnico para consulta pública. Brasília; 2010.Skaare AB, Jacobsen I. Primary tooth injuries in Norwegian children (1–8 years). Dent Traumatol. 2005;21(6):15-9.Silva BM, Costa MMA, Almeida CEM, Maia AS, Carvalho OIC, Resende BG. Avaliação do conhecimento da abordagem de trauma dental pelos profissionais de creches. ConScientiae Saude. 2009;8(1):65-73.Andreasen JO, Andreasen FM, Anderson L. Textbook and color atlas of traumatic injuries to the teeth. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell; 2013.Torres Silva MC, Díaz YB, Díaz AMB, Figueredo EJ, García YR. Factores predisponentes de trauma dental en escolares del municipio Rafael Freyre. Ccm Holguín. 2017;21(3):798-808.Pádua MN, Mendes FM, Benedetto MS, Volpi NA, Mello-Moura JCI, Bonini GAVC. Prevalência de lesões dentárias traumáticas em pré-escolares de escolas públicas e particulares. J Health Sci Inst. 2010;28(3):237-40.Sanabe EM, Cavalcante BL, Coldebella RC, Abreu-e-Lima BCF. Urgências em traumatismos dentários: classificação, características e procedimentos. Rev Paul Pediatr 2009;27(4):447-51.Wigen TI, Agnalt R, Jacobsen I. Intrusive luxationof permanent incisors in Norwegians aged 6-17 years:a retrospective study of treatment and outcome. Dent Traumatol. 2008;24(3):612-18.Cortes MI, Marcenes W, Sheiham A. Impact of traumatic injuries to the permanent teeth on the oral health-related quality of life in 12-14-year-old children. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2002;30(3):193-98.Pinheiro SAA, Delfino CS. Conhecimento do cirurgião-dentista sobre trauma dentário. Rev cir traumatol buco-maxilo-fac. 2014;14(1):83-90.Granville-Garcia AF, Balduíno Jr JB, Ferreira JMS, Menezes VA, Fontes LBC, Cavalcanti AL. Conhecimento do cirurgião-dentista sobre avulsão dental no Programa de Saúde da Família de Campina Grande- PB/Brasil. Odonto. 2009;17(33):35-41Costa LED, Queiroz FS, Nóbrega CBC, Leite MS, Nóbrega WFS, Almeida ER. Trauma dentário na infância: avaliação da conduta dos educadores de creches públicas de Patos-PB. Rev Odontol UNESP. 2014;43(6):402-8.Hu LW, Prisco CRD, Bombana AC. Knowledge of Brazilian general dentists and endodontists about the emergency management of dentoal­veolar trauma. Dent Traumatol. 2006;22(3):113-17.Leôncio LL, Batista EPC, Nóbrega CBC, Costa LED. Diagnóstico e encaminhamento de pacientes com doenças bucais no serviço público de saúde de Patos-PB: atuação do cirurgião-dentista na referência e contra referência. Arq Odontol. 2015;51(4):210-15.Antunes Drusila P, Antunes Débora P, Chaoubat A, Paula MVQ de, Salgado IO, Coelho, LGC. O conhecimento de cirurgiões-dentistas sobre condutas clínicas nas avulsões e reimplantes dentários: estudo piloto. HU Rev. 2012;38(3,4):135-41.França RI, Traebert J, De Lacerda JT. Brazilian dentists’ knowledge regarding immediate treatment of traumatic dental injuries. Dent Traumatol. 2007;23(5):287-90.Granville-Garcia AF, Menezes VA, Lopes I, Araujo OS, Fontes LBC, Cavalcanti AL. Conduta terapêutica dos cirurgiões-dentistas em relação aos traumatismos dentários. Arq Ciênc Saúde Unipar. 2008;12(3):239-47.Lima DC, Pereira AA, Swerts AA, Fernandes LA. Conduta dos cirurgiões-dentistas de Alfenas/MG frente ao tratamento emergencial de pacientes com avulsão dentária. Arq Odontol. 2013;49(4):169-76.Ribeiro ILA, Melo RTC, Trigueiro DA, Ferreira GS. Conduta clínica de cirurgiões-dentistas de João Pessoa-PB no tratamento endodôntico de dentes com rizogênese incompleta Rev. Odontol Univ Cid São Paulo. 2014;26(3):212-18.Carvalho C, Freire LG, Nakamura V, Gavini G. Possibilidades terapêuticas no tratamento de dentes jovens portadores de polpa viva: revisão de literatura. Rev Ciênc Saúde. 2012;14(1):40-52.Freires IA, Cavalcanti YW. Proteção do complexo dentinipulpar: indicações, técnicas e materiais para uma boa prática clínica. Rev Bras Pesq Saúde. 2011;13(4):69-80.Diangelis AJ, Andreasen JO, Ebeleseder KA, Kenny DJ, Trope M, Sigurdsson A et al. International Association of Dental Traumatology guidelines for the management of traumatic dental injuries: 1. Fractures and luxations of permanent teeth. Dent Traumatol. 2012;28(1)2-12.Pereira AC, Silveira VAS, Rosa LEB, Rocha RF. Prescrição medicamentosa em odontopediatria. Rev odontol UNESP. 2009;38(4):256-62.Guimarães S, Moura D, Silva PS. Terapêutica Medicamentosa e Suas Bases Farmacológicas. 5.ed. Porto: Porto Editora, 2006.Andersson L, Andreasen JO, Day P, Heithersay G, Trope M, Diangelis AJ et al. International Association of Dental Traumatology guidelines for the management of traumatic dental injuries: 2. Avulsion of permanent teeth. Dent Traumatol. 2012;28(2):88-96.Trope, M. Clinical management of the avulsed tooth: Present strategies and future directions. Dent Traumatol. 2002;18(1):1-11.Fagundes Ddos, de Mendonça IL, de Albuquerque MT, Inojosa Ide F. Spontaneous healing responses detected by cone‐beam computed tomography of horizontal root fractures: a report of two cases. Dent Traumatol. 2014;30(6):484-87.Mankar N, Jogad N, Chute A, Patil S, Gade V, Mohkar S. Management of horizontal root fracture: two case reports. IOSR J Dent Med Sci. 2014;13(4):1-4.Kinirons MJ, Gregg TA, Welbury RR, Cole BO. Variations in the presenting andt treatment features in reimplant permanent incisors in children and their effect on the prevalence of root resorption. Br Dent J. 2000;189(5):263-66.Panzarini SR, Gulineli JL, Poi WR, Sonoda CK, Pedrini D, Brandini DA. Treatment of root surface in delayed tooth replantation: a review of literature. Dent Traumat. 2008;24(3):277-82.

IntroductionIf human beings have become a geophysical force, capable of impacting the very crust and atmosphere of the planet, and if geophysical forces become objects of study, presences able to be charted over millions of years—one of our many problems is a 'naming' problem. - Bethany NowviskieThe anthropocene "denotes the present time interval, in which many geologically significant conditions and processes are profoundly altered by human activities" (S.Q.S.). Although the narrative and terminology of the anthropocene has not been officially legitimized by the scientific community as a whole, it has been adopted worldwide by a plethora of social and cultural studies. The challenges of the anthropocene demand interdisciplinary efforts and actions. New contexts, situations and environments call for original naming propositions: new terminologies are always illegitimate at the moment of their first appearance in the world.Against the background of the naming challenges of the anthropocene, we will map the emergence and tell the story of a tiny world within the world of media studies: the world of the term 'nanomedia' and its hyphenated sister 'nano-media'. While we tell the story of the uses of this term, its various meanings and applications, we will provide yet another possible interpretation and application to the term, one that we believe might be helpful to interdisciplinary media studies in the context of the anthropocene. Contemporary media terminologies are usually born out of fortuitous exchanges between communication technologies and their various social appropriations: hypodermic media, interactive media, social media, and so on and so forth. These terminologies are either recognised as the offspring of legitimate scientific endeavours by the media theory community, or are widely discredited and therefore rendered illegitimate. Scientific legitimacy comes from the broad recognition and embrace of a certain term and its inclusion in the canon of an epistemology. Illegitimate processes of theoretical enquiry and the study of the kinds of deviations that might deem a theory unacceptable have been scarcely addressed (Delborne). Rejected terminologies and theories are marginalised and gain the status of bastard epistemologies of media, considered irrelevant and unworthy of mention and recognition. Within these margins, however, different streams of media theories which involve conceptual hybridizations can be found: creole encounters between high culture and low culture (James), McLuhan's hybrid that comes from the 'meeting of two media' (McLuhan 55), or even 'bastard spaces' of cultural production (Bourdieu). Once in a while a new media epistemology arises that is categorised as a bastard not because of plain rejection or criticism, but because of its alien origins, formations and shape. New theories are currently emerging out of interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary thinking which are, in many ways, bearers of strange features and characteristics that might render its meaning elusive and obscure to a monodisciplinary perspective. Radical transdisciplinary thinking is often alien and alienated. It results from unconventional excursions into uncharted territories of enquiry: bastard epistemologies arise from such exchanges. Being itself a product of a mestizo process of thinking, this article takes a look into the term nanomedia (or nano-media): a marginal terminology within media theory. This term is not to be confounded with the term biomedia, coined by Eugene Thacker (2004). (The theory of biomedia has acquired a great level of scientific legitimacy, however it refers to the moist realities of the human body, and is more concerned with cyborg and post-human epistemologies. The term nanomedia, on the contrary, is currently being used according to multiple interpretations which are mostly marginal, and we argue, in this paper, that such uses might be considered illegitimate). ’Nanomedia’ was coined outside the communications area. It was first used by scientific researchers in the field of optics and physics (Rand et al), in relation to flows of media via nanoparticles and optical properties of nanomaterials. This term would only be used in media studies a couple of years later, with a completely different meaning, without any acknowledgment of its scientific origins and context. The structure of this narrative is thus illegitimate, and as such does not fit into traditional modalities of written expression: there are bits and pieces of information and epistemologies glued together as a collage of nano fragments which combine philology, scientific literature, digital ethnography and technology reviews. Transgressions Illegitimate theories might be understood in terms of hybrid epistemologies that intertwine disciplines and perspectives, rendering its outcomes inter or transdisciplinary, and therefore prone to being considered marginal by disciplinary communities. Such theories might also be considered illegitimate due to social and political power struggles which aim to maintain territory by reproducing specific epistemologies within a certain field. Scientific legitimacy is a social and political process, which has been widely addressed. Pierre Bourdieu, in particular, has dedicated most of his work to deciphering the intricacies of academic wars around the legitimacy or illegitimacy of theories and terminologies. Legitimacy also plays a role in determining the degree to which a certain theory will be regarded as relevant or irrelevant:Researchers’ tendency to concentrate on those problems regarded as the most important ones (e.g. because they have been constituted as such by producers endowed with a high degree of legitimacy) is explained by the fact that a contribution or discovery relating to those questions will tend to yield greater symbolic profit (Bourdieu 22).Exploring areas of enquiry which are outside the boundaries of mainstream scientific discourses is a dangerous affair. Mixing different epistemologies in the search for transversal grounds of knowledge might result in unrecognisable theories, which are born out of a combination of various processes of hybridisation: social, technological, cultural and material.Material mutations are happening that call for new epistemologies, due to the implications of current technological possibilities which might redefine our understanding of mediation, and expand it to include molecular forms of communication. A new terminology that takes into account the scientific and epistemological implications of nanotechnology applied to communication [and that also go beyond cyborg metaphors of a marriage between biology and cibernetics] is necessary. Nanomedia and nanomediations are the terminologies proposed in this article as conceptual tools to allow these further explorations. Nanomedia is here understood as the combination of different nanotechnological mediums of communication that are able to create and disseminate meaning via molecular exchange and/ or assembly. Nanomediation is here defined as the process of active transmission and reception of signs and meaning using nanotechnologies. These terminologies might help us in conducting interdisciplinary research and observations that go deeper into matter itself and take into account its molecular spaces of mediation - moving from metaphor into pragmatics. Nanomedia(s)Within the humanities, the term 'nano-media' was first proposed by Mojca Pajnik and John Downing, referring to small media interventions that communicate social meaning in independent ways. Their use of term 'nano-media' proposes to be a revised alternative to the plethora of terms that categorise such media actions, such as alternative media, community media, tactical media, participatory media, etc. The metaphor of smallness implied in the term nano-media is used to categorise the many fragments and complexities of political appropriations of independent media. Historical examples of the kind of 'nano' social interferences listed by Downing (2),include the flyers (Flugblätter) of the Protestant Reformation in Germany; the jokes, songs and ribaldry of François Rabelais’ marketplace ... the internet links of the global social justice (otromundialista) movement; the worldwide community radio movement; the political documentary movement in country after country.John Downing applies the meaning of the prefix nano (coming from the Greek word nanos - dwarf), to independent media interventions. His concept is rooted in an analysis of the social actions performed by local movements scattered around the world, politically engaged and tactically positioned. A similar, but still unique, proposition to the use of the term 'nano-media' appeared 2 years later in the work of Graham St John (442):If ‘mass media’ consists of regional and national print and television news, ‘niche media’ includes scene specific publications, and ‘micro media’ includes event flyers and album cover art (that which Eshun [1998] called ‘conceptechnics’), and ‘social media’ refers to virtual social networks, then the sampling of popular culture (e.g. cinema and documentary sources) using the medium of the programmed music itself might be considered nano-media.Nano-media, according to Graham St John, "involves the remediation of samples from popular sources (principally film) as part of the repertoire of electronic musicians in their efforts to create a distinct liminalized socio-aesthetic" (St John 445). While Downing proposes to use the term nano-media as a way to "shake people free of their obsession with the power of macro-media, once they consider the enormous impact of nano-technologies on our contemporary world" (Downing 1), Graham St John uses the term to categorise media practices specific to a subculture (psytrance). Since the use of the term 'nano-media' in relation to culture seems to be characterised by the study of marginalised social movements, portraying a hybrid remix of conceptual references that, if not completely illegitimate, would be located in the border of legitimacy within media theories, I am hereby proposing yet another bastard version of the concept of nanomedia (without a hyphen). Given that neither of the previous uses of the term 'nano-media' within the discipline of media studies take into account the technological use of the prefix nano, it is time to redefine the term in direct relation to nanotechnologies and communication devices. Let us start by taking a look at nanoradios. Nanoradios are carbon nanotubes connected in such a way that when electrodes flow through the nanotubes, various electrical signals recover the audio signals encoded by the radio wave being received (Service). Nanoradios are examples of the many ways in which nanotechnologies are converging with and transforming our present information and communication technologies. From molecular manufacturing (Drexler) to quantum computing (Deutsch), we now have a wide spectrum of emerging and converging technologies that can act as nanomedia - molecular structures built specifically to act as communication devices.NanomediationsBeyond literal attempts to replicate traditional media artifacts using nanotechnologies, we find deep processes of mediation which are being called nanocommunication (Hara et al.) - mediation that takes place through the exchange of signals between molecules: Nanocommunication networks (nanonetworks) can be used to coordinate tasks and realize them in a distributed manner, covering a greater area and reaching unprecedented locations. Molecular communication is a novel and promising way to achieve communication between nanodevices by encoding messages inside molecules. (Abadal & Akyildiz) Nature is nanotechnological. Living systems are precise mechanisms of physical engineering: our molecules obey our DNA and fall into place according to biological codes that are mysteriously written in our every cell. Bodies are perfectly mediated - biological systems of molecular communication and exchange. Humans have always tried to emulate or to replace natural processes by artificial ones. Nanotechnology is not an exception. Many nanotechnological applications try to replicate natural systems, for example: replicas of nanostructures found in lotus flowers are now being used in waterproof fabrics, nanocrystals, responsible for resistance of cobwebs, are being artificially replicated for use in resistant materials, and various proteins are being artificially replicated as well (NNI 05). In recent decades, the methods of manipulation and engineering of nano particles have been perfected by scientists, and hundreds of nanotechnological products are now being marketed. Such nano material levels are now accessible because our digital technologies were advanced enough to allow scientific visualization and manipulation at the atomic level. The Scanning Tunneling Microscopes (STMs), by Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer (1986), might be considered as the first kind of nanomedia devices ever built. STMs use quantum-mechanical principles to capture information about the surface of atoms and molecules, allowed digital imaging and visualization of atomic surfaces. Digital visualization of atomic surfaces led to the discovery of buckyballs and nanotubes (buckytubes), structures that are celebrated today and received their names in honor of Buckminster Fuller. Nanotechnologies were developed as a direct consequence of the advancement of digital technologies in the fields of scientific visualisation and imaging. Nonetheless, a direct causal relationship between nano and digital technologies is not the only correlation between these two fields. Much in the same manner in which digital technologies allow infinite manipulation and replication of data, nanotechnologies would allow infinite manipulation and replication of molecules. Nanocommunication could be as revolutionary as digital communication in regards to its possible outcomes concerning new media. Full implementation of the new possibilities of nanomedia would be equivalent or even more revolutionary than digital networks are today. Nanotechnology operates at an intermediate scale at which the laws of classical physics are mixed to the laws of quantum physics (Holister). The relationship between digital technologies and nanotechnologies is not just instrumental, it is also conceptual. We might compare the possibilities of nanotechnology to hypertext: in the same way that a word processor allows the expression of any type of textual structure, so nanotechnology could allow, in principle, for a sort of "3-D printing" of any material structure.Nanotechnologies are essentially media technologies. Nanomedia is now a reality because digital technologies made possible the visualization and computational simulation of the behavior of atomic particles at the nano level. Nanomachines that can build any type of molecular structure by atomic manufacturing could also build perfect replicas of themselves. Obviously, such a powerful technology offers medical and ecological dangers inherent to atomic manipulation. Although this type of concern has been present in the global debate about the social implications of nanotechnology, its full implications are yet not entirely understood. A general scientific consensus seems to exist, however, around the idea that molecules could become a new type of material alphabet, which, theoretically, would make possible the reconfiguration of the physical structures of any type of matter using molecular manufacturing. Matter becomes digital through molecular communication.Although the uses given to the term nano-media in the context of cultural and social studies are merely metaphorical - the prefix nano is used by humanists as an allegorical reference of a combination between 'small' and 'contemporary' - once the technological and scientifical realities of nanomedia present themselves as a new realm of mediation, populated with its own kind of molecular devices, it will not be possible to ignore its full range of implications anymore. A complexifying media ecosystem calls for a more nuanced and interdisciplinary approach to media studies.ConclusionThis article narrates the different uses of the term nanomedia as an illustration of the way in which disciplinarity determines the level of legitimacy or illegitimacy of an emerging term. We then presented another possible use of the term in the field of media studies, one that is more closely aligned with its scientific origins. The importance and relevance of this narrative is connected to the present challenges we face in the anthropocene. The reality of the anthropocene makes painfully evident the full extent of the impact our technologies have had in the present condition of our planet's ecosystems. For as long as we refuse to engage directly with the technologies themselves, trying to speak the language of science and technology in order to fully understand its wider consequences and implications, our theories will be reduced to fancy metaphors and aesthetic explorations which circulate around the critical issues of our times without penetrating them. The level of interdisciplinarity required by the challenges of the anthropocene has to go beyond anthropocentrism. Traditional theories of media are anthropocentric: we seem to be willing to engage only with that which we are able to recognise and relate to. Going beyond anthropocentrism requires that we become familiar with interdisciplinary discussions and perspectives around common terminologies so we might reach a consensus about the use of a shared term. For scientists, nanomedia is an information and communication technology which is simultaneously a tool for material engineering. For media artists and theorists, nano-media is a cultural practice of active social interference and artistic exploration. However, none of the two approaches is able to fully grasp the magnitude of such an inter and transdisciplinary encounter: when communication becomes molecular engineering, what are the legitimate boundaries of media theory? If matter becomes not only a medium, but also a language, what would be the conceptual tools needed to rethink our very understanding of mediation? Would this new media epistemology be considered legitimate or illegitimate? Be it legitimate or illegitimate, a new media theory must arise that challenges and overcomes the walls which separate science and culture, physics and semiotics, on the grounds that it is a transdisciplinary change on the inner workings of media itself which now becomes our vector of epistemological and empirical transformation. A new media theory which not only speaks the language of molecular technologies but that might be translated into material programming, is the only media theory equipped to handle the challenges of the anthropocene. ReferencesAbadal, Sergi, and Ian F. Akyildiz. "Bio-Inspired Synchronization for Nanocommunication Networks." Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM), 2011.Borisenko, V. E., and S. Ossicini. What Is What in the Nanoworld: A Handbook on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 2005.Bourdieu, Pierre. "The Specificity of the Scientific Field and the Social Conditions of the Progress of Reason." Social Science Information 14 (Dec. 1975): 19-47.---. La Distinction: Critique Sociale du Jugement. Paris: Editions de Minuit, 1979. Delborne, Jason A. "Transgenes and Transgressions: Scientific Dissent as Heterogeneous Practice". Social Studies of Science 38 (2008): 509.Deutsch, David. The Beginning of Infinity. London: Penguin, 2011.Downing, John. "Nanomedia: ‘Community’ Media, ‘Network’ Media, ‘Social Movement’ Media: Why Do They Matter? And What’s in a Name? Mitjans Comunitaris, Moviments Socials i Xarxes." InCom-UAB. Barcelona: Cidob, 15 March 2010.Drexler, E.K. "Modular Molecular Composite Nanosystems." Metamodern 10 Nov. 2008. Epstein, Steven. Impure Science: AIDS, Activism, and the Politics of Knowledge. Vol. 7. U of California P, 1996.Hara, S., et al. "New Paradigms in Wireless Communication Systems." Wireless Personal Communications 37.3-4 (May 2006): 233-241.Holister, P. "Nanotech: The Tiny Revolution." CMP Cientifica July 2002.James, Daniel. Bastardising Technology as a Critical Mode of Cultural Practice. PhD Thesis. Wellington, New Zealand, Massey University, 2010.Jensen, K., J. Weldon, H. Garcia, and A. Zetti. "Nanotube Radio." Nano Letters 7.11 (2007): 3508–3511. Lee, C.H., S.W. Lee, and S.S. Lee. "A Nanoradio Utilizing the Mechanical Resonance of a Vertically Aligned Nanopillar Array." Nanoscale 6.4 (2014): 2087-93. Maasen. Governing Future Technologies: Nanotechnology and the Rise of an Assessment Regime. Berlin: Springer, 2010. 121–4.Milburn, Colin. "Digital Matters: Video Games and the Cultural Transcoding of Nanotechnology." In Governing Future Technologies: Nanotechnology and the Rise of an Assessment Regime, eds. Mario Kaiser, Monika Kurath, Sabine Maasen, and Christoph Rehmann-Sutter. Berlin: Springer, 2009.Miller, T.R., T.D. Baird, C.M. Littlefield, G. Kofinas, F. Chapin III, and C.L. Redman. "Epistemological Pluralism: Reorganizing Interdisciplinary Research". Ecology and Society 13.2 (2008): 46.National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI). Big Things from a Tiny World. 2008.Nowviskie, Bethany. "Digital Humanities in the Anthropocene". Nowviskie.org. 15 Sep. 2014 .Pajnik, Mojca, and John Downing. "Introduction: The Challenges of 'Nano-Media'." In M. Pajnik and J. Downing, eds., Alternative Media and the Politics of Resistance: Perspectives and Challenges. Ljubljana, Slovenia: Peace Institute, 2008. 7-16.Qarehbaghi, Reza, Hao Jiang, and Bozena Kaminska. "Nano-Media: Multi-Channel Full Color Image with Embedded Covert Information Display." In ACM SIGGRAPH 2014 Posters. New York: ACM, 2014. Rand, Stephen C., Costa Soukolis, and Diederik Wiersma. "Localization, Multiple Scattering, and Lasing in Random Nanomedia." JOSA B 21.1 (2004): 98-98.Service, Robert F. "TF10: Nanoradio." MIT Technology Review April 2008. Shanken, Edward A. "Artists in Industry and the Academy: Collaborative Research, Interdisciplinary Scholarship and the Creation and Interpretation of Hybrid Forms." Leonardo 38.5 (Oct. 2005): 415-418.St John, Graham. "Freak Media: Vibe Tribes, Sampledelic Outlaws and Israeli Psytrance." Continuum: Journal of Media and Cultural Studies 26. 3 (2012): 437–447.Subcomission on Quartenary Stratigraphy (S.Q.S.). "What Is the Anthropocene?" Quaternary.stratigraphy.org.Thacker, Eugene. Biomedia. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2004.Toffoli, Tommaso, and Norman Margolus. "Programmable Matter: Concepts and Realization." Physica D 47 (1991): 263–272.Vanderbeeken, Robrecht, Christel Stalpaert, Boris Debackere, and David Depestel. Bastard or Playmate? On Adapting Theatre, Mutating Media and the Contemporary Performing Arts. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University, 2012.Wark, McKenzie. "Climate Science as Sensory Infrastructure." Extract from Molecular Red, forthcoming. The White Review 20 Sep. 2014.Wilson, Matthew W. "Cyborg Geographies: Towards Hybrid Epistemologies." Gender, Place and Culture 16.5 (2009): 499–515.

The American Broadcasting Company (ABC) Family Network show Switched at Birth tells two stories—one which follows the unique plot of the show, and one about the new openness of television executives toward integrating more people with a variety of visible and invisible physical embodiments, such as hearing loss, into television content. It first aired in 2011 and in 2017 aired its fifth and final season.The show focuses on two teen girls in Kansas City who find out they were switched due to a hospital error on the day of their birth and who grew up with parents who were not biologically related to them. One, Bay Kennish (Vanessa Marano), lives with her wealthy parents—a stay-at-home mom Kathryn (Lea Thompson) and a former professional baseball player, now businessman, father John (D.W. Moffett). She has an older brother Toby (Lucas Grabeel) who is into music. In her high school science class, Bay learns about blood types and discovers her parents’ blood types could not have produced her. The family has professional genetic tests done and discovers the switch (ABC Family, “This Is Not a Pipe”).In the pilot episode, Bay’s parents find out that deaf teen, Daphne Vasquez (Katie Leclerc), is actually their daughter. She lives in a working class Hispanic neighbourhood with her hairdresser single mother Regina (Constance Marie) and grandmother Adrianna (Ivonne Coll), both of whom are of Puerto Rican ancestry. Daphne is deaf due to a case of meningitis when she was three, which the rich Kennishes feel happened because of inadequate healthcare provided by working class Regina. Daphne attends an all-deaf school, Carlton.The man who was thought to be her biological father, Angelo Sorrento (Gilles Marini), doesn’t appear in the show until episode 10 but becomes a series regular in season 2. It becomes apparent that Daphne believes her father left because of her deafness; however, as the first season progresses, the real reasons begin to emerge. From the pilot onwards, the show dives into clashes of language, culture, ethnicity, class, and even physical appearance—in one scene in the pilot, the waspy Kennishes ask Regina if she is “Mexican.” As later episodes reveal, many of these physical appearance issues are revealed to have fractured the Vasquez family early on—Daphne is a freckled, strawberry blonde, and her father (who is French and Italian) suspected infidelity.The two families merge when the Kennishes ask Daphne and her mother to move into their guest house in order get to know their daughter better. That forces the Kennishes into the world of deafness, and throughout the show this hearing family therefore becomes a surrogate for a hearing audience’s immersion into Deaf culture.Cultural Inclusivity: The Way ForwardShow creator Lizzy Weiss explained that it was actually the ABC Family network that “suggested making one of the kids disabled” (Academy of Television Arts & Sciences). Weiss was familiar with American Sign Language (ASL) because she had a “classical theatre of the Deaf” course in college. She said, “I had in the back of my head a little bit of background at least about how beautiful the language was. So I said, ‘What if one of the girls is deaf?’” The network thought it was wonderful idea, so she began researching the Deaf community, including spending time at a deaf high school in Los Angeles called Marlton, on which she modelled the Switched at Birth school, Carlton. Weiss (Academy of Television Arts & Sciences) says of the school visit experience:I learned so much that day and spoke to dozens of deaf teenagers about their lives and their experiences. And so, this is, of course, in the middle of writing the pilot, and I said to the network, you know, deaf kids wouldn’t voice orally. We would have to have those scenes only in ASL, and no sound and they said, ‘Great. Let’s do it.’ And frankly, we just kind of grew and grew from there.To accommodate the narrative structure of a television drama, Weiss said it became clear from the beginning that the show would need to use SimCom (simultaneous communication or sign supported speech) for the hearing or deaf characters who were signing so they could speak and sign at the same time. She knew this wasn’t the norm for two actual people communicating in ASL, but the production team worried about having a show that was heavily captioned as this might distance its key—overwhelmingly hearing—teen audience who would have to pay attention to the screen during captioned scenes. However, this did not appear to be the case—instead, viewers were drawn to the show because of its unique sign language-influenced television narrative structure. The show became popular very quickly and, with 3.3 million viewers, became the highest-rated premiere ever on the ABC Family network (Barney).Switched at Birth also received much praise from the media for allowing its deaf actors to communicate using sign language. The Huffington Post television critic Maureen Ryan said, “Allowing deaf characters to talk to each other directly—without a hearing person or a translator present—is a savvy strategy that allows the show to dig deeper into deaf culture and also to treat deaf characters as it would anyone else”. Importantly, it allowed the show to be unique in a way that was found nowhere else on television. “It’s practically avant-garde for television, despite the conventional teen-soap look of the show,” said Ryan.Usually a show’s success is garnered by audience numbers and media critique—by this measure Switched at Birth was a hit. However, programs that portray a disability—in any form—are often the target of criticism, particularly from the communities they attempting to represent. It should be noted that, while actress Katie Leclerc, who plays Daphne, has a condition, Meniere’s disease, which causes hearing loss and vertigo on an intermittent basis, she does not identify as a deaf actress and must use a deaf accent to portray Daphne. However, she is ASL fluent, learning it in high school (Orangejack). This meant her qualifications met the original casting call which said “actress must be deaf or hard of hearing and must speak English well, American Sign Language preferred” (Paz, 2010) Leclerc likens her role to that of any actor to who has to affect body and vocal changes for a role—she gives the example of Hugh Laurie in House, who is British with no limp, but was an American who uses a cane in that show (Bibel).As such, initially, some in the Deaf community complained about her casting though an online petition with 140 signatures (Nielson). Yet many in the Deaf community softened any criticism of the show when they saw the production’s ongoing attention to Deaf cultural details (Grushkin). Finally, any lingering criticisms from the Deaf community were quieted by the many deaf actors hired for the show who perform using ASL. This includes Sean Berdy, who plays Daphne’s best friend Emmett, his onscreen mother, played by actress Marlee Matlin, and Anthony Natale who plays his father; their characters both sign and vocalize in the show. The Emmett character only communicates in ASL and does not vocalise until he falls in love with the hearing character Bay—even then he rarely uses his voice.This seemingly all-round “acceptance” of the show gave the production team more freedom to be innovative—by season 3 the audience was deemed to be so comfortable with captions that the shows began to feature less SimCom and more all-captioned scenes. This lead to the full episode in ASL, a first on American mainstream television.For an Hour, Welcome to Our WorldSwitched at Birth writer Chad Fiveash explained that when the production team came up with the idea for a captioned all-ASL episode, they “didn’t want to do the ASL episode as a gimmick. It needed to be thematically resonant”. As a result, they decided to link the episode to the most significant event in American Deaf history, an event that solidified its status as a cultural community—the 1988 Deaf President Now (DPN) protest at Gallaudet University in Washington. This protest inspired the March 2013 episode for Switched at Birth and aired 25 years to the week that the actual DPN protest happened. This episode makes it clear the show is trying to completely embrace Deaf culture and wants its audience to better understand Deaf identity.DPN was a pivotal moment for Deaf people—it truly solidified members of a global Deaf community who felt more empowered to fight for their rights. Students demanded that Gallaudet—as the premier university for deaf and hard-of-hearing students—no longer have a hearing person as its president. The Gallaudet board of trustees, the majority of whom were hearing, tried to force students and faculty to accept a hearing president; their attitude was that they knew what was best for the deaf persons there. For eight days, deaf people across America and the world rallied around the student protestors, refusing to give in until a deaf president was appointed. Their success came in the form of I. King Jordan, a deaf man who had served as dean of the College of Arts & Sciences at the time of the protest.The event was covered by media around the world, giving the American Deaf community international attention. Indeed, Gallaudet University says the DPN protest symbolized more than just the hiring of a Deaf president; it brought Deaf issues before the public and “raised the nation’s consciousness of the rights and abilities of deaf and hard of hearing people” (Gallaudet University).The activities of the students and their supporters showed dramatically that in the 1980s deaf people could be galvanized to unite around a common issue, particularly one of great symbolic meaning, such as the Gallaudet presidency. Gallaudet University represents the pinnacle of education for deaf people, not only in the United States but throughout the world. The assumption of its presidency by a person himself deaf announced to the world that deaf Americans were now a mature minority (Van Cleve and Crouch, 172).Deaf people were throwing off the oppression of the hearing world by demanding that their university have someone from their community at its helm. Jankowski (Deaf Empowerment; A Metaphorical Analysis of Conflict) studied the Gallaudet protest within the framework of a metaphor. She found a recurring theme during the DPN protest to be Gallaudet as “plantation”—which metaphorically refers to deaf persons as slaves trying to break free from the grip of the dominant mastery of the hearing world—and she parallels the civil rights movement of African Americans in the 1960s. As an example, Gallaudet was referred to as the “Selma of the Deaf” during the protest, and protest signs used the language of Martin Luther King such as “we still have a dream.” For deaf Americans, the presidency of Gallaudet became a symbol of hope for the future. As Jankowski attests:deaf people perceived themselves as possessing the ability to manage their own kind, pointing to black-managed organization, women-managed organizations, etc., struggling for that same right. They argued that it was a fight for their basic human rights, a struggle to free themselves, to release the hold their ‘masters’ held on them. (“A Metaphorical Analysis”)The creators of the Switched at Birth episode wanted to ensure of these emotions, as well as historical and cultural references, were prevalent in the modern-day, all-ASL episode, titled Uprising. That show therefore wanted to represent both the 1988 DPN protest as well as a current issue in the US—the closing of deaf schools (Anderson). The storyline focuses on the deaf students at the fictitious Carlton School for the Deaf seizing one of the school buildings to stage a protest because the school board has decided to shut down the school and mainstream the deaf students into hearing schools. When the deaf students try to come up with a list of demands, conflicts arise about what the demands should be and whether a pilot program—allowing hearing kids who sign to attend the deaf school—should remain.This show accomplished multiple things with its reach into Deaf history and identity, but it also did something technologically unique for the modern world—it made people pay attention. Because captioning translated the sign language for viewers, Lizzy Weiss, the creator of the series, said, “Every single viewer—deaf or hearing—was forced to put away their phones and iPads and anything else distracting … and focus … you had to read … you couldn’t do anything else. And that made you get into it more. It drew you in” (Stelter). The point, Weiss said, “was about revealing something new to the viewer—what does it feel like to be an outsider? What does it feel like to have to read and focus for an entire episode, like deaf viewers do all the time?” (Stelter). As one deaf reviewer of the Uprising episode said, “For an hour, welcome to our world! A world that’s inconvenient, but one most of us wouldn’t leave if offered a magic pill” (DR_Staff).This episode, more than any other, afforded hearing television viewers an experience perhaps similar to deaf viewers. The New York Times reported that “Deaf and hard-of-hearing viewers commented by the thousands after the show, with many saying in effect, “Yes! That’s what it feels like” (Stelter).Continued ResonancesWhat is also unique about the episode is that in teaching the hearing viewers more about the Deaf community, it also reinforced Deaf community pride and even taught young deaf people a bit of their own history. The Deaf community and Gallaudet were very pleased with their history showing up on a television show—the university produced a 30-second commercial which aired within the episode, and held viewing parties. Gallaudet also forwarded the 35 pages of Facebook comments they’d received about the episode to ABC Family and Gallaudet President T. Alan Hurwitz said of the episode (Yahr), “Over the past 25 years, [DPN] has symbolised self-determination and empowerment for deaf and hard of hearing people around the world”. The National Association of the Deaf (NAD) also lauded the episode, describing it as “phenomenal and groundbreaking, saying the situation is very real to us” (Stelter)—NAD had been vocally against budget cuts and closings of US deaf schools.Deaf individuals all over the Internet and social media also spoke out about the episode, with overwhelmingly favourable opinions. Deaf blogger Amy Cohen Efron, who participated in 1988′s DPN movement, said that DPN was “a turning point of my life, forcing me to re-examine my own personal identity, and develop self-determinism as a Deaf person” and led to her becoming an activist.When she watched the Uprising episode, she said the symbolic and historical representations in the show resonated with her. In the episode, a huge sign is unfurled on the side of the Carlton School for the Deaf with a girl with a fist in the air under the slogan “Take Back Carlton.” During the DPN protest, the deaf student protesters unfurled a sign that said “Deaf President Now” with the US Capitol in the background; this image has become an iconic symbol of modern Deaf culture. Efron says the image in the television episode was much more militant than the actual DPN sign. However, it could be argued that society now sees the Deaf community as much more militant because of the DPN protest, and that the imagery in the Uprising episode played into that connection. Efron also acknowledged the episode’s strong nod to the Gallaudet student protestors who defied the hearing community’s expectations by practising civil disobedience. As Efron explained, “Society expected that the Deaf people are submissive and accept to whatever decision done by the majority without any of our input and/or participation in the process.”She also argues that the episode educated more than just the hearing community. In addition to DPN, Uprising was filled with other references to Deaf history. For example a glass door to the room at Carlton was covered with posters about people like Helen Keller and Jean-Ferdinand Berthier, a deaf educator in 19th century France who promoted the concept of deaf identity and culture—Efron says most people in the Deaf community have never heard of him. She also claims that the younger Deaf community may also not be aware of the 1988 DPN protest—“It was not in high school textbooks available for students. Many deaf and hard of hearing students are mainstreamed and they have not the slightest idea about the DPN movement, even about the Deaf Community’s ongoing fight against discrimination, prejudice and oppression, along with our victories”.Long before the Uprising episode aired, the Deaf community had been watching Switched at Birth carefully to make sure Deaf culture was accurately represented. Throughout season 3 David Martin created weekly videos in sign language that were an ASL/Deaf cultural analysis of Switched at Birth. He highlighted content he liked and signs that were incorrect, a kind of a Deaf culture/ASL fact checker. From the Uprising episode, he said he thought this quote from Marlee Matlin’s character said it all, “Until hearing people walk a day in our shoes they will never understand” (Martin). That succinctly states what the all-ASL episode was trying to capture—creating an awareness of Deaf people’s cultural experience and their oppression in hearing society.Even a deaf person who was an early critic of Switched at Birth because of the hiring of Katie Leclerc and the use of SimCom admitted he was impressed with the all-ASL episode (Grushkin):all too often, we see media accounts of Deaf people which play into our society’s perceptions of Deaf people: as helpless, handicapped individuals who are in need of fixes such as cochlear implants in order to “restore” us to society. Almost never do we see accounts of Deaf people as healthy, capable individuals who live ordinary, successful lives without necessarily conforming to the Hearing ‘script’ for how we should be. And important issues such as language rights or school closings are too often virtually ignored by the general media.In addition to the episode being widely discussed within the Deaf community, the mainstream news media also covered Uprising intensely, seeing it as a meaningful cultural moment, not just for the Deaf community but for popular culture in general. Lacob wrote that he realises that hearing viewers probably won’t understand what it means to be a deaf person in modern America, but he believes that the episodeposits that there are moments of understanding, commonalities, and potential bridge-building between these two communities. And the desire for understanding is the first step toward a more inclusive and broad-minded future.He continues:the significance of this moment can’t be undervalued, nor can the show’s rich embrace of deaf history, manifested here in the form of Gallaudet and the historical figures whose photographs and stories are papered on the windows of Carlton during the student protest. What we’re seeing on screen—within the confines of a teen drama, no less—is an engaged exploration of a culture and a civil rights movement brought to life with all of the color and passion it deserves. It may be 25 years since Gallaudet, but the dreams of those protesters haven’t faded. And they—and the ideals of identity and equality that they express—are most definitely being heard.Lacob’s analysis was praised by several Deaf people—by a Deaf graduate student who teaches a Disability in Popular Culture course and by a Gallaudet student who said, “From someone who is deaf, and not ashamed of it either, let me say right here and now: that was the most eloquent piece of writing by someone hearing I have ever seen” (Emma72). The power of the Uprising episode illustrated a political space where “groups actively fuse and blend their culture with the mainstream culture” (Foley 119, as cited in Chang 3). Switched at Birth—specifically the Uprising episode—has indeed fused Deaf culture and ASL into a place in mainstream television culture.ReferencesABC Family. “Switched at Birth Deaf Actor Search.” Facebook (2010). <https://www.facebook.com/SwitchedSearch>.———. “This Is Not a Pipe.” Switched at Birth. Pilot episode. 6 June 2011. <http://freeform.go.com/shows/switched-at-birth>.———. “Not Hearing Loss, Deaf Gain.” Switched at Birth. YouTube video, 11 Feb. 2013. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F5W604uSkrk>.Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. “Talking Diversity: ABC Family’s Switched at Birth.” Emmys.com (Feb. 2012). <http://www.emmys.com/content/webcast-talking-diversity-abc-familys-switched-birth>.Anderson, G. “‘Switched at Birth’ Celebrates 25th Anniversary of ‘Deaf President Now’.” Pop-topia (5 Mar. 2013). <http://www.pop-topia.com/switched-at-birth-celebrates-25th-anniversary-of-deaf-president-now/>.Barney, C. “’Switched at Birth’ Another Winner for ABC Family.” Contra Costa News (29 June 2011). <http://www.mercurynews.com/tv/ci_18369762>.Bibel, S. “‘Switched at Birth’s Katie LeClerc Is Proud to Represent the Deaf Community.” Xfinity TV blog (20 June 2011). <http://xfinity.comcast.net/blogs/tv/2011/06/20/switched-at-births-katie-leclerc-is-proud-to-represent-the-deaf-community/>.Chang, H. “Re-Examining the Rhetoric of the ‘Cultural Border’.” Essay presented at the American Anthropological Association Annual Meeting, Philadelphia, Dec. 1988.DR_Staff. “Switched at Birth: How #TakeBackCarlton Made History.” deafReview (6 Mar. 2013). <http://deafreview.com/deafreview-news/switched-at-birth-how-takebackcarlton-made-history/>.Efron, Amy Cohen. “Switched At Birth: Uprising – Deaf Adult’s Commentary.” Deaf World as I See It (Mar. 2013). <http://www.deafeyeseeit.com/2013/03/05/sabcommentary/>.Emma72. “ABC Family’s ‘Switched at Birth’ ASL Episode Recalls Gallaudet Protest.” Comment. The Daily Beast (28 Feb. 2013). <http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/02/28/abc-family-s-switched-at-birth-asl-episode-recalls-gallaudet-protest.html>.Fiveash, Chad. Personal interview. 17 Jan. 2014.Gallaudet University. “The Issues.” Deaf President Now (2013). <http://www.gallaudet.edu/dpn_home/issues.html>.Grushkin, D. “A Cultural Review. ASL Challenged.” Switched at Birth Facebook page. Facebook (2013). <https://www.facebook.com/SwitchedatBirth/posts/508748905835658>.Jankowski, K.A. Deaf Empowerment: Emergence, Struggle, and Rhetoric. Washington: Gallaudet UP, 1997.———. “A Metaphorical Analysis of Conflict at the Gallaudet Protest.” Unpublished seminar paper presented at the University of Maryland, 1990.Lacob, J. “ABC Family’s ‘Switched at Birth’ ASL Episode Recalls Gallaudet Protest.” The Daily Beast 28 Feb. 2013. <http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/02/28/abc-family-s-switched-at-birth-asl-episode-recalls-gallaudet-protest.html>.Martin, D. “Switched at Birth Season 2 Episode 9 ‘Uprising’ ASL/Deaf Cultural Analysis.” David Martin YouTube channel (6 Mar. 2013). <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JA0vqCysoVU>.Nielson, R. “Petitioned ABC Family and the ‘Switched at Birth’ Series, Create Responsible, Accurate, and Family-Oriented TV Programming.” Change.org (2011). <http://www.change.org/p/abc-family-and-the-switched-at-birth-series-create-responsible-accurate-and-family-oriented-tv-programming>.Orangejack. “Details about Katie Leclerc’s Hearing Loss.” My ASL Journey Blog (29 June 2011). <http://asl.orangejack.com/details-about-katie-leclercs-hearing-loss>.Paz, G. “Casting Call: Open Auditions for Switched at Birth by ABC Family.” Series & TV (3 Oct. 2010). <http://seriesandtv.com/casting-call-open-auditions-for-switched-at-birth-by-abc-family/4034>.Ryan, Maureen. “‘Switched at Birth’ Season 1.5 Has More Drama and Subversive Soapiness.” The Huffington Post (31 Aug. 2012). <http://www.huffingtonpost.com/maureen-ryan/switched-at-birth-season-1_b_1844957.html>.Stelter, B. “Teaching Viewers to Hear with Their Eyes Only.” The New York Times 8 Mar. 2013. <http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/09/arts/television/teaching-viewers-to-hear-the-tv-with-eyes-only.html>.Van Cleve, J.V., and B.A. Crouch. A Place of Their Own: Creating the Deaf Community in America. DC: Gallaudet University Press, 1989.Yahr, E. “Gallaudet University Uses All-Sign Language Episode of ‘Switched at Birth’ to Air New Commercial.” The Washington Post 3 Mar. 2013 <http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/tv-column/post/gallaudet-university-uses-all-sign-language-episode-of-switched-at-birth-to-air-new-commercial/2013/03/04/0017a45a-8508-11e2-9d71-f0feafdd1394_blog.html>.

The purpose of this essay is to analyze views on the relationship between other religions and the Christian notion of salvation as they are presented in works by theologians Gavin D ́Costa, Kajsa Ahlstrand and Karl Rahner. To interpret their views, I use the fourfold model for theology of religions as it its presented by theologian Jakob Wirén. Because the purpose of this essay is to analyze the relation between soteriology and other religions I use the fourfold model solely to analyze the soteriological implications of their respective theology.  I have restricted my analysis to the three works Vägar – En öppen religionsdialog by Ahlstrand, The Meeting of the Religions and the Trinity by D ́Costa and Religiös Inklusivism by Rahner. These works represent different ways of framing theological content where Ahlstrands work tends to be descriptive while Rahners and D ́Costas tends to be normative in their approach to the subject.  The results of my analysis follow along the line as I conclude that Ahlstrands position within the fourfold model cannot quite be determined. However, I conclude that her views are not to be placed within the exclusivism spectrum even though her position cannot be specified further with regards to her text.  My analysis places both Rahner and D ́Costa within inclusivism but also shows that they represent to very different forms of inclusivism. Rahner sees other religions as righteous traditions where the one God may lead people to salvation earning these people the title anonymous christians. He however stretches that this implies that this people need to be made fully aware that they are in fact christians. D ́Costa on the other hand points out that the spirit acts freely outside the church where it may lead non-christians to salvation. He however stretches that the church must not try to domesticate the work of the spirit outside the church as it has no knowledge a priori on the full implications on where the activity of the spirit within other religions may lead to.  Therefore D ́Costa and Rahner are inclusivists in different ways where Rahner presents a traditional form of christian inclusivism while D ́Costa presents a modern form of inclusivism.  Keywords: Gavin D ́Costa, Kajsa Ahlstrand, Karl Rahner, theology of religions, soteriology.

Whether a search for altruism is worth pursuing depends on what is meant by altruism. In recent years, seven different things have been called altruism. Four refer to specific forms of behavior, not to our motivational concern: (a) helpful behavior, (b) helping behavior, (c) high-cost helping, and (d) moral behavior. Three refer to motivation rather than behavior, but the first two of these view altruism as a special case of egoism: (e) helping in order to gain internal rather than external rewards and (f) helping in order to reduce one’s own distress caused by witnessing another’s distress. The altruism we’re looking for is (g) a motivational state with the ultimate goal of increasing another’s welfare. Altruism in this sense is juxtaposed to egoism, a motivational state with the ultimate goal of increasing one’s own welfare. This last definition is the only one that focuses on the human–nature question raised in Chapter 1.

AbstractPower consumption is the major cost factor in data centers. It can be reduced by dynamically right-sizing the data center according to the currently arriving jobs. If there is a long period with low load, servers can be powered down to save energy. For identical machines, the problem has already been solved optimally by [25] and [1].In this paper, we study how a data-center with heterogeneous servers can dynamically be right-sized to minimize the energy consumption. There are d different server types with various operating and switching costs. We present a deterministic online algorithm that achieves a competitive ratio of 2d as well as a randomized version that is 1.58d-competitive. Furthermore, we show that there is no deterministic online algorithm that attains a competitive ratio smaller than 2d. Hence our deterministic algorithm is optimal. In contrast to related problems like convex body chasing and convex function chasing [17, 30], we investigate the discrete setting where the number of active servers must be an integral, so we gain truly feasible solutions.

In this chapter, we discuss the emergence of alternative products. Under conditions of severe competition, companies launch alternative products to gain the initiative and to promote increased sales, although the R&D and manufacturing cause large cost increases. In the case of the VCR, many alternative products, such as EVR, TED, and the laser disk, have existed since the 1960s and were improved many times in attempts to beat VHS. However, VHS (a magnetic recording system) remained the de facto standard until the DVD and HDD recorders replaced the VHS around 2000. Here we explain the reasons why VHS products were able to become the de facto standard for a few decades and how the alternative products, DVD and HDD recorders, ultimately replaced the VHS.

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is revolutionizing item identification and tracking. The technology demonstrates complexities in terms of (a) huge initial capital investment, (b) validating the need for RFID followed by its implementation decisions, (c) risks associated with consumer acceptance and consequences of incorrect implementation, and (d) capability to support enhancements and upgrades in cordial agreement with the individual implementer organizations. This paper explores the extent of RFID implementation at the Swansea University Library, examining the Social, Technological, Economic, and Managerial (STEM) aspects directly associated with implementation. A focused interview approach was resorted to, for data collection purposes. The core implementation team for RFID at Swansea University was interviewed to gain insights into the study’s areas of interest. It was found that self service is the most sought after benefit. It simplifies stock management and enhances security at the libraries. Although the cost of the system remains a concern, varying on the basis of the scale of implementation, vandalism also continues to exist but to a reduced degree. University libraries are public sector organizations, consequently leading these findings to have an insinuation for RFID implementations in other public sector organizations as well.

The Maximizing Emission Reductions and Economic Savings Simulator (MERESS) is an optimization tool that allows users to evaluate avant-garde strategies for installing and operating combined heat and power (CHP) fuel cell systems (FCSs) in buildings. This article discusses the deployment of MERESS to show illustrative results for a California campus town, and, based on these results, makes recommendations for further installations of FCSs to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. MERESS is used to evaluate one of the most challenging FCS types to use for GHG reductions, the Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC) system. These PAFC FCSs are tested against a base case of a CHP combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT). Model results show that three competing goals (GHG emission reductions, cost savings to building owners, and FCS manufacturer sales revenue) are best achieved with different strategies, but that all three goals can be met reasonably with a single approach. According to MERESS, relative to a base case of only a CHP CCGT providing heat and electricity with no FCSs, the town achieves the highest 1) GHG emission reductions, 2) cost savings to building owners, and 3) FCS manufacturer sales revenue each with three different operating strategies, under a scenario of full incentives and a $100/tonne carbon dioxide (CO2) tax (Scenario D). The town achieves its maximum CO2 emission reduction, 37% relative to the base case, with operating Strategy V: stand alone operation (SA), no load following (NLF), and a fixed heat-to-power ratio (FHP) [SA, NLF, FHP] (Scenario E). The town’s building owners gain the highest cost savings, 25%, with Strategy I: electrically and thermally networked (NW), electricity power load following (ELF), and a variable heat-to-power ratio (VHP) [NW, ELF, VHP] (Scenario D). FCS manufacturers generally have the highest sales revenue with Strategy III: NW, NLF, with a fixed heat-to-power ratio (FHP) [NW, NLF, FHP] (Scenarios B, C, and D). Strategies III and V are partly consistent with the way that FCS manufacturers design their systems today, primarily as NLF with a FHP. By contrast, Strategy I is avant-garde for the fuel cell industry, in particular, in its use of a VHP and thermal networking. Model results further demonstrate that FCS installations can be economical for building owners without any carbon tax or government incentives. Without any carbon tax or state and federal incentives (Scenario A), Strategy I is marginally economical, with 3% energy cost savings, but with a 29% reduction in CO2 emissions. Strategy I is the most economical strategy for building owners in all scenarios (Scenarios A, B, C, and D) and, at the same time, reasonably achieves other goals of large GHG emission reductions and high FCS manufacturer sales revenue. Although no particular building type stands out as consistently achieving the highest emission reductions and cost savings (Scenarios B-2 and E-2), certain building load curves are clear winners. For example, buildings with load curves similar to Stanford’s Mudd Chemistry building (a wet laboratory) achieve maximal cost savings (1.5% with full federal and state incentives but no carbon tax) and maximal CO2 emission reductions (32%) (Scenarios B-2 and E-2). Finally, based on these results, this work makes recommendations for reducing GHG further through FCS deployment. (Part I of II articles discusses the motivation and key assumptions behind the MERESS model development (Colella 2008).)

A design concept and characteristics for an epithermal breeder controlled by variable feedback and external neutron source intensity are presented. By replacing the control rods with neutron sources, we could maintain good power distribution and perform radioactive waste burning in high flux subcritical reactors (HFSR) that have primary system size, power density and cost comparable to a pressurized water reactor (PWR). Another approach for actinide transmutation is a molten salt subcritical reactor proposed by Russian scientists. To increase neutron source intensity the HFSR is divided into two zones: a booster and a blanket with solid and liquid fuels. A neutron gate (absorber and moderator) imposed between two zones permits fast neutrons from the booster to flow to the blanket. Neutrons moving in the reverse direction are moderated and absorbed in the absorber zone. In the HFSR, neptunium-plutonium fuel is circulated in the booster and blanket, and americium-curium in the absorber zone and outer reflector. Use of a liquid actinide fuel permits transport of the delayed-neutron emitters from the blanket to the booster, where they can provide additional neutrons (source-dominated mode) or all the necessary excitation without an external neutron source (self-amplifying mode). With a blanket neutron multiplication gain of 20 and a booster gain of 50, an external neutron source rate of at least 1015 n/s (0.7MW D-T or 2.5MW electron beam power) is needed to control the HFSR that produces 300MWt. Most of the power could be generated in the blanket that burns about 100 kg of actinides a year. The analysis takes into consideration a wide range of HFSR design aspects including the wave model of observed relativistic phenomena, plant seismic diagnostics, fission electric cells (FEC) with a multistage collector (anode) and layered cathode.

Abstract The Savonius vertical axis wind turbine offers several benefits as simple construction, low manufacturing, installation and maintenance costs, low operating wind speed, and independence of wind direction. However, the conventional single-stage Savonius rotors have negative torque values at a certain range of rotor angles and large torque variation over the complete cycle which led to reduction of the power coefficient and the self-starting abilities. To overcome these drawbacks, a multi-stage Savonius wind rotor is proposed to obtain the optimum number of stages that enhances both the power coefficient and the self-starting capabilities. In the current study, one-, two-, three-, and four-stage Savonius wind rotors with straight semicircular blades are investigated. In two stages rotor, one single-stage rotor is mounted over another single stage with a phase shift of 90°. In the three stages rotor, the three singlestage rotors are mounted one above the other with a phase shift of 60° relative to one another while with a phase shift of 45° for the four stages. All rotors have overall rotor diameter (D) of 200 mm, a thickness of 2 mm, a stage aspect ratio of 1.0, and an overlap ratio (δ) of 0.0. The diameter of the circular end plates (Do) attached to the rotor tips is 1.1 of the rotor diameter (D). All studies are performed at a wind speed (V) of 6 m/s. The variations of torque and power coefficients are estimated for all the studied multi-stages rotors. Therefore, 3D incompressible unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes equations along with the k-ω shear-stress transport turbulence model is developed and numerically simulated using ANSYS Fluent. The numerical model is validated using the available measurements and numerical results. The predicted flow field characteristics such as streamlines and pressure fields around the studied rotors with various numbers of stages are presented and analyzed. Accordingly, results indicated that with the increase in the number of stages, a significant enhancement of the torque and the power coefficients is attained. In addition, the rate of percentage gain in the torque and the power coefficients is higher for two stages rotor than that of three and four stages rotors. The maximum torque and power coefficients for the two stages rotor are 0.336 and 0.194, respectively. The power coefficient gain obtained by using the two stages Savonius rotor is 17.5 % compared to the conventional single stage which has a power coefficient of 0.165 at a wind velocity (V) of 6 m/s. Furthermore, using a multi-stage rotor significantly smooths the variations in the torque coefficient and produces positive static torque values at all rotational angles resulted in enhancing the self-starting capabilities of the Savonius rotor.

Abstract Pigging of Once Through Steam Generators (OTSGs) indicated various types of scales, the most predominant of these being silicates of hardness causing ions. It was noted that scaling propensity can potentially go up with higher Steam Quality (SQ) as the reject stream gets concentrated with ions. However, models suggested that there are benefits of higher SQ in enhancing fuel savings (8%) and electricity savings (2%) when SQ was increased by 20%. The challenges of higher SQ were noted in terms of increased scaling tendency and therefore the need for improved softening. In Field D, the service cycle, the backwash cycle, and the brining cycle were optimized leading to a gain in throughput and reduction in salt consumption. Service cycle improvement gained 30 % to 130 % in throughput between two regenerations, backwash cycle improvement by fluidizing the bed to nearly 35% helped gain 10% in throughput, and reduction of brining cycle from 75 minutes to 48 minutes helped reduce salt consumption by 56% without impacting the throughput. In Field B, a six month pilot revealed that shallow shell resins where ion-exchange is more efficient due to inert core (better intra particle diffusion control) can enhance the throughput by 30% - 80% and simultaneously reduce the number of regenerations by 15 – 30%. Resin fouling is still a major challenge to contend with as oil can foul the resin and throughput can decline by 0.5 – 3 folds. In a plant operation, where there are multiple softener and brine vessels, there is a need to optimize them as a system. Reliability, Availability, and Maintainability (RAM) Models are used in Field C to a) Address equipment configuration optimization with impact on capital capacity expansion project scope b) Understand how net softwater delivery capacity was affected by increases in inlet hardness and c) Assess through a comparison scenario, if the large cost of addressing the valve issue in an upstream nutshell filter was worth the lost production opportunity related to unplanned downtime.

Abstract Kuwait Oil Company (KOC) has a vast pool of heavy oil reservoirs. Cost-effective artificial lift technologies, are required to produce these reservoirs, optimally. With this strategic objective, pilot of newly developed ‘ES-HR-PCP’ (Electrical Submersible Hydraulically Regulated PCP) technology, is carried out in KOC. Scope of this technical paper is to highlight significance of this technology and to share results of our pilot studies, which are carried out to maximize cold heavy oil production. With regard to our methodology, initially, techno-economic evaluation of ‘ES-HR-PCP’ system, is carried out. Selected well for the pilot, is having horizontal completion, with 3-1/2″ tubing and 7″ casing. Perforation is at 1900 feet MD (TVD at 686 feet). Oil API gravity is 17. Target liquid production rate is 200 b/d. After finalization of design, pilot of ‘ES-HR-PCP’ system is commissioned and pump performance is monitored for 6 months. Results are analyzed to determine success of the pilot. This study is based on actual field implementation and does not include lab studies. Technology evaluation has shown that ‘ES-HR-PCP’ system has definite edge over conventional PCP system. Standard PCP can handle only 25% of free gas; while ‘ES-HR-PCP’ can handle 90% of free gas, due to its unique design concept. ‘ES-HR-PCP’ system uses electric cable (and not sucker rods) and down- hole permanent magnet motor (PMM), to transmit power. PMM system can deliver more production, at higher speed; while expending less power. All these factors enable ‘ES-HR-PCP’, to be installed, near to the perforation zone, especially, in horizontal wells, thereby, allowing to attain lowest possible pump intake pressure and maximize production. During the pilot, peak liquid rate of 270 b/d (at 220 rpm), is achieved with installed ‘ES-HR-PCP’ system. Simulation studies also indicated that this technology could handle more than 40% of free gas, for given operating conditions. It is relevant to note that peak liquid rate of 223 b/d (at 375 rpm), is achieved, when this particular well, was installed with standard PCP, earlier. Substantial savings in power consumption is also witnessed by using ‘ES-HR-PCP’ system. Overall, performance of ‘ES-HR-PCP’ system, is observed highly encouraging during the pilot period. It is inferred from our studies that ‘ES-HR-PCP’ technology can offer distinct advantages over standard PCP, to accomplish, enhanced oil gain, operational flexibility and savings in operating expenses. Findings of this study can serve, as a valuable reference, for effective exploitation of heavy oil reservoirs of similar nature.

The present study is undertaken to model an industrial-sized vertical Direct Chill (DC) slab caster fitted with a porous filter near the melt entry region. The modeled alloy is a high strength aluminum alloy AA-2024 which is extensively used by the aerospace industry. The model has incorporated the 3-D turbulent aspect of the melt flow and heat transfer in the liquid sump and the mushy region solidification aspect of this long solidification range (136° C) alloy. The verified 3-D turbulent CFD in-house code is used to study the effects of various parameters of this casting process in order to gain some fundamental understanding of the melt flow and solidification behavior of the process. The studied caster consists of a popular ‘hot-top’ mold fitted with a porous filter above which molten aluminum alloy is delivered with a constant flow-rate across the entire hot-top. Because of two-fold symmetry, a quarter of the domain of the caster is modeled to save computational costs and time. A staggered control volume based finite-difference scheme is used to solve the non-dimensional modeled equations and the associated boundary conditions. The turbulent aspect of the flow in the porous filter is modeled using the latest suggested version of the Brinkman-Forcheimer extended form of Darcy equation for a porous media. The turbulent melt flow and solidification heat transfer in the clear fluid region are modeled using a low Reynolds number version of the k–ε eddy viscosity model. Computed results for the steady-state phase of the casting process are presented for four casting speeds, varying from 100 to 220 mm/min, for three metal-mold contact regions, varying from 20 to 50 mm and for three metal-mold convective heat transfer boundary conditions, varying from 1.0 to 4.0 kW/m2K and all for a fixed inlet melt superheat of 64° C. The permeability of the filter is also varied to ascertain its influence on the predicted results. Computed results of the velocity and temperature profiles, the sump depth and mushy region at the centre of the caster as well as the solidification shell thickness at the exit of the mold are provided and discussed. The present work can provide some useful guidelines in designing and optimizing a vertical DC slab caster for producing good quality casts for the common aluminum alloy AA-2024.

In the present paper, the effects of misaligned wave and wind action on the dynamic response of the WindWEC combined concept are evaluated and presented. WindWEC is a recently proposed combined wind and wave energy system; a hybrid offshore energy system that consists of: (a) a 5MW floating wind turbine supported by a spar-type substructure (e.g. Hywind), a Wave Energy Converter (WEC) that is of heaving buoy type (e.g. Wavestar), (c) a structural arm that connects the spar with the WEC and (d) a common mooring system. Hybrid offshore platforms are combining wave and wind energy systems and are designed in order to gain the possible synergy effects and reduce the cost of generated electrical power while increasing the quality of delivered power to grids. During the lifetime of a combined concept, wave and wind can be misaligned which may affect the dynamic response and as a result the functionality of it. In particular, for asymmetric configurations, the misalignment of the wave and wind may result in unexpected behaviour and significant effects that may reduce the produced power. For the case of the WindWEC concept, the relative motion of the spar platform and WEC buoy results to the produced power. In this paper, the dynamic response and power production of the buoy type WEC and wind turbine are examined for different loading conditions where the wave and wind are misaligned. Integrated/coupled aero-hydro-servo-elastic time-domain dynamic simulations considering multi-body analyses are applied. The motion, structural and tension responses as well as power production are examined. The misalignment of wave and wind results to higher loads that affect the mooring line system and motion responses of the spar. It is found that the produced power of wind turbine is not significantly affected.

This paper describes a detailed experimental investigation of narrow jet impingement channel with surface features. Three novel surface features: aerofoil shaped dimple cavities on the target plate, chevron elements extending between the jet issuing plate and the target plate and 45 degree wedges mounted on the jet-issuing plate, are proposed. The narrow rectangular channel is 254 mm × 57.2 mm × 19.1 mm (10” × 2.25” × 0.75”) in dimensions and consists of five jets with a constant diameter, D of 9.525 mm (0.375”). The inter-jet spacing and jet-to-target plate distance is 4D and 2D, respectively. Three test cases with different novel surface features are proposed, and the effect of these surface features on the distribution of heat transfer coefficient on the target plate is characterized using the transient liquid crystal technique. In the first test case, dimpulated surface features are introduced on the target plate. The second case consists of chevron elements which extend between the jet issuing plate and the target plate, while the third case has 45 degree wedges mounted on the jet-issuing plate. The smooth jet impingement channel is used as a baseline case for comparison of the heat transfer coefficient distribution on the target plate. The Reynolds number is defined based on the jet diameter, D and bulk velocity of the jet. The experiments were performed at Reynolds number ranging between 61,000 to 98,000. In order to gain a better insight of the flow field within the channel for each of these features, a steady state numerical simulation was performed for each case using the commercially available software, ANSYS CFX. The boundary conditions for these simulations were set as close to the experimental conditions as possible. For turbulence closure, the Shear Stress Transport (SST) model was used which has been shown to be reasonably accurate with moderate computational costs. The numerical results are in favorable trend compared to the values obtained through experimentation. However, in certain regions, the SST turbulence model has overpredicted the heat transfer coefficient values. The results show that the first test case with dimpulated surface features exhibits the highest heat transfer enhancement among all the tested configurations. This enhancement is approximately 25 percent higher than that of the baseline case. The presence of the chevron elements has minimized the deflection of the jets due to crossflow, but, inhibited the spreading of the impinging jets on the target plate. This, in turn, has reduced the local heat transfer performance quite substantially. In case of the 45 degree wedges, the heat transfer enhancement was augmented at the downstream, which was ultimately caused by the diversion of the crossflow towards the target plate.

The offshore oil and gas industry has seen a continual trend of conservatism in design for applications where a high level of strain is expected during the installation phase, leading to a tightening of the acceptable mechanical property performance of the linepipe. This is especially true with regards to longitudinal tensile properties in the strained and aged condition. Due to the expected change in data seen throughout previous projects, are the tightening expectations realistic for the manufacturers and cost effective for the client? The current condition that is widely accepted for the release of pipes suitable for high strain events is straining and ageing. However is this appropriate given that pipes are coated (aged), installed (strained) then left over time (aged)? These questions will be investigated through a series of tests and data analysis. For this project a conventional ageing as per the standard and a coating simulation were used, with all test pieces having either 0% or 1% applied strain. The test pieces for this project were tested in one of seven conditions; • As manufactured • Aged (at 200°C/5min or 250°C/1hr) • Strained and aged (1% strain applied then aged at 200°C/5min or 250°C/1hr) • Aged and strained (aged at 200°C/5min or 250°C/1hr then 1% strain applied) To ensure a direct comparison in the data the comparable test pieces were taken from the same circumferential position on the pipe. All testing for this project was carried out on material of a similar composition and future development of this work will comprise of documenting the effect on different microstructures, t/D ratios and levels of strain. It was clear from the project that changing the conditions used had an impact on the results. This could have implications for the industry in the future and has set up a scheme of development following on from this project to gain a greater understanding.

In the aerospace industry, competition is high and the need to ensure safety and security while managing costs is paramount. Furthermore, stakeholders—who gain the most by working together—do not necessarily trust each other. Now, mix that with changing enterprise technologies, management of historical records, and customized legacy systems. This issue touches all aspects of the aerospace industry, from frequent flyer miles to aircraft maintenance and drives tremendous inefficiency and cost. Technology that augments, rather than replaces, is needed to transform these complex systems into efficient, digital processes. Blockchain technology offers collaborative opportunities for solving some of the data problems that have long challenged the industry. This SAE EDGE™ Research Report by Rhonda D. Walthall examines how blockchain technology could impact the aerospace industry and addresses some of the unsettled concerns surrounding its implementation.