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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „Gaseous iodine“

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Veröffentlicht am 22. Juni 2024

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1

Tietze, S., M. R. St J. Foreman und C. Ekberg. „Synthesis of I-131 labelled iodine species relevant during severe nuclear accidents in light water reactors“. Radiochimica Acta 101, Nr. 10 (Oktober 2013): 675–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1524/ract.2013.2070.

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Summary Methods for the small scale synthesis of I-131 labelled iodine species relevant to severe nuclear accidents in light water reactors have been developed. The introduced methods allow the synthesis of impurity free, volatile, inorganic elemental iodine and volatile, organic iodides such as methyl- and ethyl iodide, as well as butyl iodide, chloroiodomethane, allyl iodide and benzyl iodide with ease. The radioactive iodine containing products are sufficiently stable to allow their storage for later use. Due to their volatility the liquid species can be easily converted into gaseous species and thus can be used in research in liquid and gaseous phase. The primary motivation for the development of these synthesis methods is to study the behaviour of volatile iodine species under the conditions of a severe nuclear accident in a light water reactor. Thus, the chemicals involved in the synthesis are chosen in a way to not generate impurities (chlorine and organic solvents) in the products which interfere with competing reactions relevant during a severe nuclear accident. Teknopox Aqua VA epoxy paint, which is used in Swedish light water reactor containments, and its reactions with the produced iodine species are described. The synthesised iodine species undergo chemisorption on paint films. Different to elemental iodine, the organic iodides are non-reactive with copper surfaces. The sorbed iodine species are partly re-released mainly in form of organic iodides and not as elemental iodine when the exposed paint films are heat treated. The partitioning and hydrolysis behaviour of gaseous methyl- and ethyl iodide between containment gas phase and water pools is found to be similar. The methods have been designed to minimise the use of harmful materials and the production of radioactive waste.

2

Carpenter, Lucy J., Rosie J. Chance, Tomás Sherwen, Thomas J. Adams, Stephen M. Ball, Mat J. Evans, Helmke Hepach et al. „Marine iodine emissions in a changing world“. Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 477, Nr. 2247 (März 2021): 20200824. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2020.0824.

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Iodine is a critical trace element involved in many diverse and important processes in the Earth system. The importance of iodine for human health has been known for over a century, with low iodine in the diet being linked to goitre, cretinism and neonatal death. Research over the last few decades has shown that iodine has significant impacts on tropospheric photochemistry, ultimately impacting climate by reducing the radiative forcing of ozone (O 3 ) and air quality by reducing extreme O 3 concentrations in polluted regions. Iodine is naturally present in the ocean, predominantly as aqueous iodide and iodate. The rapid reaction of sea-surface iodide with O 3 is believed to be the largest single source of gaseous iodine to the atmosphere. Due to increased anthropogenic O 3 , this release of iodine is believed to have increased dramatically over the twentieth century, by as much as a factor of 3. Uncertainties in the marine iodine distribution and global cycle are, however, major constraints in the effective prediction of how the emissions of iodine and its biogeochemical cycle may change in the future or have changed in the past. Here, we present a synthesis of recent results by our team and others which bring a fresh perspective to understanding the global iodine biogeochemical cycle. In particular, we suggest that future climate-induced oceanographic changes could result in a significant change in aqueous iodide concentrations in the surface ocean, with implications for atmospheric air quality and climate.

3

Zhang, L. Y., X. L. Hou und S. Xu. „Speciation of <sup>127</sup>I and <sup>129</sup>I in atmospheric aerosols at Risø, Denmark: insight into sources of iodine isotopes and their species transformations“. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, Nr. 17 (15.09.2015): 25139–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-25139-2015.

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Abstract. Speciation analysis of iodine in aerosols is a very useful approach for understanding geochemical cycling of iodine in the atmosphere. In this study, overall iodine species, including water-soluble iodine species (iodide, iodate and water-soluble organic iodine), NaOH-soluble iodine and insoluble iodine have been determined for 129I and 127I in the aerosols collected at Risø, Denmark, between March and May 2011 (shortly after the Fukushima nuclear accident) and in December 2014. The measured concentrations of total iodine are in the range of 1.04–2.48 ng m−3 for 127I and (11.3–97.0) × 105 atoms m−3 for 129I, and 129I / 127I atomic ratios of (17.8–86.8) × 10−8. The contribution of Fukushima-derived 129I (peak value of 6.3 × 104 atoms m−3) is estimated to be negligible (less than 6 %) compared to the total 129I concentration in northern Europe. The concentrations and species of 129I and 127I in the aerosols are found to be strongly related to their sources and atmospheric pathways. Aerosols that were transported over the contaminated ocean, contained higher amounts of 129I than aerosols transported over the European continent. The high 129I concentrations of the marine aerosols are attributed to secondary emission from heavily 129I-contaminated seawater rather than primary gaseous release from nuclear reprocessing plants. Water-soluble iodine was found to be a minor fraction to total iodine for both 127I (7.8–13.7 %) and 129I (6.5–14.1 %) in ocean-derived aerosols, but accounted for 20.2–30.3 % for 127I and 25.6–29.5 % for 129I in land-derived aerosols. Iodide was the predominant form of water-soluble iodine, accounting for more than 97 % of the water-soluble iodine. NaOH-soluble iodine seems to be independent of the sources of aerosols. The significant proportion of 129I and 127I found in NaOH-soluble fractions is likely bound with organic substances. In contrast to water-soluble iodine however, the sources of air masses exerted distinct influences on insoluble iodine for both 129I and 127I, with higher values for marine air masses and lower values for terrestrial air masses.

4

Zhang, Luyuan, Xiaolin Hou und Sheng Xu. „Speciation of <sup>127</sup>I and <sup>129</sup>I in atmospheric aerosols at Risø, Denmark: insight into sources of iodine isotopes and their species transformations“. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, Nr. 4 (23.02.2016): 1971–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-1971-2016.

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Abstract. Speciation analysis of iodine in aerosols is a very useful approach for understanding geochemical cycling of iodine in the atmosphere. In this study, overall iodine species, including water-soluble iodine species (iodide, iodate and water-soluble organic iodine), NaOH-soluble iodine, and insoluble iodine have been determined for 129I and 127I in the aerosols collected at Risø, Denmark, during March and May 2011 (shortly after the Fukushima nuclear accident) and in December 2014. The measured concentrations of total iodine are in the range of 1.04–2.48 ng m−3 for 127I and (11.3–97.0) × 105 atoms m−3 for 129I, corresponding to 129I ∕ 127I atomic ratios of (17.8–86.8) × 10−8. The contribution of Fukushima-derived 129I (peak value of 6.3 × 104 atoms m−3) is estimated to be negligible (less than 6 %) compared to the total 129I concentration in northern Europe. The concentrations and species of 129I and 127I in the aerosols are found to be strongly related to their sources and atmospheric pathways. Aerosols that were transported over the contaminated seas contained higher concentrations of 129I than aerosols transported over the European continent. The high 129I concentrations of the marine aerosols are attributed to secondary emission of marine discharged 129I in the contaminated seawater in the North Sea, North Atlantic Ocean, English Channel, Kattegat, etc., rather than direct gaseous release from the European nuclear reprocessing plants (NRPs). Water-soluble iodine was found to be a minor fraction to the total iodine for both 127I (7.8–13.7 %) and 129I (6.5–14.1 %) in ocean-derived aerosols, but accounted for 20.2–30.3 % for 127I and 25.6–29.5 % for 129I in land-derived aerosols. Iodide was the predominant form of water-soluble iodine, accounting for more than 97 % of the water-soluble iodine. NaOH-soluble iodine seems to be independent of the sources of aerosols. The significant proportion of 129I and 127I found in NaOH-soluble fractions is likely bound with organic substances. In contrast to water-soluble iodine, the sources of air masses exerted distinct influences on insoluble iodine for both 129I and 127I, with higher values for marine air masses and lower values for terrestrial air masses.

5

Smyth, Peter P. A. „Iodine, Seaweed, and the Thyroid“. European Thyroid Journal 10, Nr. 2 (2021): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000512971.

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<b><i>Backgound:</i></b> Even a minor iodine deficiency can result in adverse thyroidal health consequences while excess iodine intake can also result in thyroid function disorders. One source of iodine is seaweed which as a foodstuff is enjoying an increasing profile in Western countries. Apart from its potential involvement in thyroidal health, gaseous iodine released from seaweeds plays a significant role in influencing coastal climate through cloud formation. <b><i>Summary:</i></b> Sources of dietary iodine, its assessment, recommended dietary intake, and consequences of iodine excess are outlined. The benefits and possible dangers of dietary intake of iodine-rich seaweed are described. Studies linking seaweed intake to breast cancer prevalence are discussed as is the role of gaseous iodine released from seaweeds influencing weather patterns and contributing to iodine intake in coastal populations. <b><i>Key Messages:</i></b> Universal salt iodization remains the optimum method of achieving optimum iodine status. Promoting increased dietary iodine intake is recommended in young women, in early pregnancy, and in vegan and vegetarian diets. Even where iodine intake is enhanced, regular assessment of iodine status is necessary. Caution against consumption of brown seaweeds (kelps) is required as even small amounts can have antithyroid actions while product labelling may be insufficient. Gaseous iodine produced from seaweeds can have a significant effect on cloud formation and associated global warming/cooling. Increased overall iodine deposition through rainfall and apparent uptake in populations dwelling in seaweed-rich coastal regions may provide a partial natural remedy to global iodine deficits.

6

Kamiji, Yu, Kaoru Onuki und Shinji Kubo. „Corrosion Resistance of Nickel-Based Alloy to Gaseous Hydrogen Iodide Decomposition Environment in Thermochemical Water-Splitting Iodine-Sulfur Process“. International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications 9, Nr. 5 (Oktober 2018): 167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijcea.2018.9.5.720.

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7

Zhou, Wanshuang, Chun Kang, Cong Yu, Zhaojie Cui und Xinbo Wang. „Direct Electrical Sensing of Iodine Gas by a Covalent Organic Framework-Based Sensor“. Atmosphere 14, Nr. 1 (14.01.2023): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14010181.

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Rapid and highly sensitive detection of iodine gaseous species is crucial as the first response in case of nuclear accidents and nuclear waste clean-up. A robust and user-friendly sensor-based technology that allows online monitoring is highly desirable. Herein, we report the success of using a covalent organic framework (AQ-COF)-based sensor for real-time iodine gas adsorption and detection by the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technique. The sensor exhibits a high sensitivity and a pronounced electrical response to trace amounts of iodine vapor. Gaseous iodine was readily detected with a significant change in resistance (104×) at 70 °C within 5 min exposure to air. Notably, the EIS response is quite chemoselective to iodine over other common species such as air, methanol, ethanol, and water, with a selectivity of 320, 14, 49, and 1030, respectively. A mechanical study shows that the adsorption of iodine can reduce the optical bandgap of the AQ-COF, causing the impedance to drop significantly. This study demonstrates how the adsorption enrichment effect of selective I2 adsorption by a covalent organic framework can be leveraged to create a highly selective sensor for the direct online electrical detection of radioactive gaseous toxins.

8

Karlsson, Erik, Jörg Neuhausen, Robert Eichler, Alexander Aerts, Ivan I. Danilov, Alexander Vögele und Andreas Türler. „Thermochromatographic behavior of iodine in fused silica columns when evaporated from lead–bismuth eutectic“. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 326, Nr. 2 (11.10.2020): 1249–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10967-020-07420-1.

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Abstract As a step toward licensing a lead–bismuth eutectic (LBE) based reactor design, the adsorption behavior of iodine evaporated from LBE on fused silica was examined. Using inert and reducing carrier gases, depositions with an adsorption enthalpy of − 95 to − 113 kJ mol−1 were observed. These depositions are compatible with a single species, tentatively identified as bismuth monoiodide, BiI. When introducing oxidizing conditions, multiple iodine species with higher volatility form, with adsorption enthalpies ranging from − 67 to − 86 kJ mol−1. Based on an empirical correlation one of these species was identified as monatomic iodine. This work provides fundamental understanding of the LBE/iodine gaseous chemistry and related adsorption deposition behavior.

9

Barnes, Ian, Karl H. Becker und Juergen Starcke. „Fourier-transform IR spectroscopic observation of gaseous nitrosyl iodine, nitryl iodine, and iodine nitrate“. Journal of Physical Chemistry 95, Nr. 24 (November 1991): 9736–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100177a026.

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10

NAKAMURA, YUJI, MISAKO SUMIYA, SHIGEO UCHIDA und YOICHIRO OHMOMO. „Transfer of gaseous iodine to rice plants.“ Journal of Radiation Research 27, Nr. 2 (1986): 171–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1269/jrr.27.171.

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11

Borisov, N. B. „Investigation of gaseous fractions of radioactive Iodine“. Atomic Energy 97, Nr. 5 (November 2004): 761–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10512-005-0059-z.

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12

Gao, Rong, Bohang An, Cen Zhou und Xiao Zhang. „Synthesis of a Triazaisotruxene-Based Porous Organic Polymer and Its Application in Iodine Capture“. Molecules 27, Nr. 24 (09.12.2022): 8722. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27248722.

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A new triazaisotruxene-based porous organic polymer (POP) was designed and successfully synthesized by a FeCl3-promoted crosslinking reaction. As a result of its porosity and good thermal stability, the designed POP can be utilized as a promising adsorbent for iodine, not only in the gaseous phase, but also in organic and aqueous solutions. Compared to its triazatruxene (TN) analogue, the ITN-based POP shows equal iodine uptake in the gaseous phase and in hexane solution, and better uptake in aqueous solution.

13

Wren, Jungsook Clara, und Glenn A. Glowa. „Kinetics of Gaseous Iodine Uptake onto Stainless Steel during Iodine-Assisted Corrosion“. Nuclear Technology 133, Nr. 1 (Januar 2001): 33–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.13182/nt01-a3157.

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14

BARNES, I., K. H. BECKER und J. STARCKE. „ChemInform Abstract: Fourier-Transform IR Spectroscopic Observation of Gaseous Nitrosyl Iodine, Nitryl Iodine, and Iodine Nitrate.“ ChemInform 23, Nr. 8 (22.08.2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199208030.

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15

Sakamoto, Yosuke, Shinichi Enami und Kenichi Tonokura. „Enhancement of Gaseous Iodine Emission by Aqueous Ferrous Ions during the Heterogeneous Reaction of Gaseous Ozone with Aqueous Iodide“. Journal of Physical Chemistry A 117, Nr. 14 (02.04.2013): 2980–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp308407j.

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16

Raso, Angela R. W., Kyle D. Custard, Nathaniel W. May, David Tanner, Matt K. Newburn, Lawrence Walker, Ronald J. Moore et al. „Active molecular iodine photochemistry in the Arctic“. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, Nr. 38 (05.09.2017): 10053–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1702803114.

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During springtime, the Arctic atmospheric boundary layer undergoes frequent rapid depletions in ozone and gaseous elemental mercury due to reactions with halogen atoms, influencing atmospheric composition and pollutant fate. Although bromine chemistry has been shown to initiate ozone depletion events, and it has long been hypothesized that iodine chemistry may contribute, no previous measurements of molecular iodine (I2) have been reported in the Arctic. Iodine chemistry also contributes to atmospheric new particle formation and therefore cloud properties and radiative forcing. Here we present Arctic atmospheric I2and snowpack iodide (I−) measurements, which were conducted near Utqiaġvik, AK, in February 2014. Using chemical ionization mass spectrometry, I2was observed in the atmosphere at mole ratios of 0.3–1.0 ppt, and in the snowpack interstitial air at mole ratios up to 22 ppt under natural sunlit conditions and up to 35 ppt when the snowpack surface was artificially irradiated, suggesting a photochemical production mechanism. Further, snow meltwater I−measurements showed enrichments of up to ∼1,900 times above the seawater ratio of I−/Na+, consistent with iodine activation and recycling. Modeling shows that observed I2levels are able to significantly increase ozone depletion rates, while also producing iodine monoxide (IO) at levels recently observed in the Arctic. These results emphasize the significance of iodine chemistry and the role of snowpack photochemistry in Arctic atmospheric composition, and imply that I2is likely a dominant source of iodine atoms in the Arctic.

17

Albert, Michael F., Jack S. Watson und Robert P. Wichner. „The Absorption of Gaseous Iodine by Water Droplets“. Nuclear Technology 77, Nr. 2 (Mai 1987): 161–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.13182/nt87-a33981.

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18

Kim, Daiuk, und H. Reiss. „Absorption of gaseous iodine by films of polythiophene“. Journal of Physical Chemistry 89, Nr. 13 (Juni 1985): 2728–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100259a005.

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19

Wang, Peng, Bing-Bing Qi, Ao-Tian Gu, Kai-Wei Chen, Chun-Hui Gong und Yang Yi. „An Economical Modification Method for MIL-101 to Capture Radioiodine Gaseous: Adsorption Properties and Enhancement Mechanism“. Adsorption Science & Technology 2023 (27.03.2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/4126562.

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Radioactive iodine is one of the inevitable by-products of nuclear energy application. However, it is a great threat to public health and the adsorbent needs to be adopted for removing the radioactive iodine. The iodine adsorbent needs to have some advantages, such as simple preparation method, low cost, high absorption capacity, and recyclable utilization. In order to meet the above requirements, the etched material of institute Lavoisier 101 (MIL-101) was prepared to absorb the gaseous iodine. After the MIL-101 is etched, the iodine adsorption performance has been greatly improved. The iodine adsorption experiment of etched MIL-101 with different etching time (1 h, 3 h, 4 h, and 6 h) was completed, the results show that the optimal etching time is 4 hours and the capture capacity of the etched MIL-101 is 371 wt%, which is about 22% higher than that of original MIL-101. The experiment results of XRD, FT-IR, and XPS prove that the components and structure of etched MIL-101 are accordable with those of MIL-101. The surface roughness is introduced in this work. The pore roughness is also an important factor to the adsorption capacity, and the related research also supports this conclusion. Furthermore, after iodine is absorbed, etched MIL-101 can be treated by ethanol for iodine release, and the etched MIL-101 has satisfied recyclability within three cycles. Compared with MIL-101, etched MIL-101 not only had good reversible adsorption of iodine but also can adsorb low-concentration iodine. The etched MIL-101 has a broad application prospect in nuclear emergency response and radiation detection.

20

Madhuri, K. Priya, Pralay K. Santra, F. Bertram und Neena S. John. „Current mapping of lead phthalocyanine thin films in the presence of gaseous dopants“. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 21, Nr. 41 (2019): 22955–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cp03873f.

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Iodine doping in nonplanar Pb(ii)phthalocyanine causes significant structural reorganization and enhanced conductance with nanoscale conducting pathways and improved sensitivity towards other gaseous adsorbates.

21

Coleman, L., S. Varghese, O. P. Tripathi, S. G. Jennings und C. D. O'Dowd. „Regional-Scale Ozone Deposition to North-East Atlantic Waters“. Advances in Meteorology 2010 (2010): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/243701.

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A regional climate model is used to evaluate dry deposition of ozone over the North East Atlantic. Results are presented for a deposition scheme accounting for turbulent and chemical enhancement of oceanic ozone deposition and a second non-chemical, parameterised gaseous dry deposition scheme. The first deposition scheme was constrained to account for sea-surface ozone-iodide reactions and the sensitivity of modelled ozone concentrations to oceanic iodide concentration was investigated. Simulations were also performed using nominal reaction rate derived fromin-situozone deposition measurements and using a preliminary representation of organic chemistry. Results show insensitivity of ambient ozone concentrations modelled by the chemical-enhanced scheme to oceanic iodide concentrations, and iodide reactions alone cannot account for observed deposition velocities. Consequently, we suggest a missing chemical sink due to reactions of ozone with organic matter at the air-sea interface. Ozone loss rates are estimated to be in the range of 0.5–6 ppb per day. A potentially significant ozone-driven flux of iodine to the atmosphere is estimated to be in the range of 2.5–500 M moleccm−2 s−1, leading to a mixing-layer enhancement of organo-iodine concentrations of 0.1–22.0 ppt, with an average increase in the N.E. Atlantic of around 4 ppt per day.

22

Butz, A., H. Bösch, C. Camy-Peyret, M. P. Chipperfield, M. Dorf, S. Kreycy, L. Kritten, C. Prados-Román, J. Schwärzle und K. Pfeilsticker. „Constraints on inorganic gaseous iodine in the tropical upper troposphere and stratosphere inferred from balloon-borne solar occultation observations“. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 9, Nr. 4 (07.07.2009): 14645–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-9-14645-2009.

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Abstract. We report upper limits of IO and OIO in the tropical upper troposphere and stratosphere inferred from solar occultation spectra recorded by the LPMA/DOAS (Limb Profile Monitor of the Atmosphere/Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy) payload during two stratospheric balloon flights from a station in Northern Brazil (5.1° S, 42.9° W). In the tropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, upper limits for both, IO and OIO, are below 0.1 ppt. Photochemical modelling is used to estimate the compatible upper limits for the total gaseous inorganic iodine burden (Iy) amounting to 0.09 to 0.16 (+0.10/−0.04) ppt in the tropical lower stratosphere (21.0 km to 16.5 km) and 0.17 to 0.35 (+0.20/−0.08) ppt in the tropical upper troposphere (16.5 km to 13.5 km). In the middle stratosphere, upper limits increase with altitude as sampling sensitivity decreases. Our findings imply that the amount of gaseous iodine transported into the stratosphere through the tropical tropopause layer is small and that iodine-mediated ozone loss plays only a minor role for stratospheric photochemistry. However, photochemical modelling uncertainties are large and iodine might be transported into the stratosphere in particulate form.

23

Gálvez, Óscar, M. Teresa Baeza-Romero, Mikel Sanz und Luis F. Pacios. „A theoretical study on the reaction of ozone with aqueous iodide“. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 18, Nr. 11 (2016): 7651–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cp06440f.

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24

Liu, Biying, Chaochao Mao, Zian Zhou, Qiannan Wang, Xiong Zhou, Zhijie Liao, Ran Deng et al. „Two Facile Aniline-Based Hypercrosslinked Polymer Adsorbents for Highly Efficient Iodine Capture and Removal“. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, Nr. 1 (26.12.2022): 370. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24010370.

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Effective capture and safe disposal of radioactive iodine (129I or 131I) during nuclear power generation processes have always been a worldwide environmental concern. Low-cost and high-efficiency iodine removal materials are urgently needed. In this study, we synthesized two aniline-based hypercrosslinked polymers (AHCPs), AHCP-1 and AHCP-2, for iodine capture in both aqueous and gaseous phases. They are obtained by aniline polymerization through Friedel–Crafts alkylation and Scholl coupling reaction, respectively, with high chemical and thermal stability. Notably, AHCP-1 exhibits record-high static iodine adsorption (250 wt%) in aqueous solution. In the iodine vapor adsorption, AHCP-2 presents an excellent total iodine capture (596 wt%), surpassing the most reported amorphous polymer adsorbents. The rich primary amine groups of AHCPs promote the rapid physical capture of iodine from iodine water and iodine vapor. Intrinsic features such as low-cost preparation, good recyclability, as well as excellent performance in iodine capture indicate that the AHCPs can be used as potential candidates for the removal of iodine from radioactive wastewater and gas mixtures.

25

Yang, Lin, S. Scott Saavedra und Neal R. Armstrong. „Sol−Gel-Based, Planar Waveguide Sensor for Gaseous Iodine“. Analytical Chemistry 68, Nr. 11 (Januar 1996): 1834–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac960033q.

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26

Reiss, H., und Daiuk Kim. „Absorption of gaseous iodine by polythiophene films and powders“. Journal of Physical Chemistry 90, Nr. 9 (April 1986): 1973–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100400a048.

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27

Lin, Chien C., C. F. Wang, Y. C. Sun, J. H. Chao und C. L. Tseng. „Radiation effects on gaseous iodine at very low concentrations“. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 268, Nr. 2 (Mai 2006): 419–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10967-006-0179-5.

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28

Raofie, Farhad, Graydon Snider und Parisa A. Ariya. „Reaction of gaseous mercury with molecular iodine, atomic iodine, and iodine oxide radicals — Kinetics, product studies, and atmospheric implications“. Canadian Journal of Chemistry 86, Nr. 8 (01.08.2008): 811–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v08-088.

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Mercury is present in the Earth’s atmosphere mainly in elemental form. The chemical transformation of mercury in the atmosphere may influence its bioaccumulation in the human food chain as well as its global cycling. We carried out the first kinetic and product studies of the reactions of gaseous mercury with molecular iodine, atomic iodine, and iodine oxide radicals at tropospheric pressure (~740 Torr) and 296 ± 2 K in air and in N2 (1 Torr = 133.322 4 Pa; 0 °C = 273.15 K). Atomic iodine was formed using UV photolysis of CH2I2. IO radicals were formed by the UV photolysis of CH2I2 in the presence of ozone The reaction kinetics were studied using absolute rate techniques with gas chromatographic and mass spectroscopic detection (GC–MS). The measured rate coefficient for the reaction of Hg0 with I2 was ≤ (1.27 ± 0.58) × 10–19 cm3 molecule–1 s–1. The reaction products were analyzed in the gas phase from the suspended aerosols and from deposits on the walls of the reaction chambers using six complementary methods involving chemical ionization and electron impact mass spectrometry, GC–MS, a MALDI-TOF mass spectrometer, a cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometer (CVAFS), and a high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) coupled to an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). The major reaction products identified were HgI2, HgO, and HgIO or HgOI. The implications of the results are discussed with regards to both the chemistry of atmospheric mercury and its potential implications in the biogeochemical cycling of mercury.Key words: mercury, molecular iodine, atomic iodine, iodine oxide radicals kinetics, product study, atmospheric chemistry.

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Zhu, Yao, Yue Qi, Xinghua Guo, Meicheng Zhang, Zhimin Jia, Chuanqin Xia, Ning Liu, Chiyao Bai, Lijian Ma und Qin Wang. „A crystalline covalent organic framework embedded with a crystalline supramolecular organic framework for efficient iodine capture“. Journal of Materials Chemistry A 9, Nr. 31 (2021): 16961–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ta03879f.

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A bicrystalline composite based on a triazine covalent organic framework (COF) and a bisbenzimidazole supramolecular organic framework (SOF) was prepared for the first time and used for adsorption of gaseous iodine.

30

Butz, A., H. Bösch, C. Camy-Peyret, M. P. Chipperfield, M. Dorf, S. Kreycy, L. Kritten, C. Prados-Román, J. Schwärzle und K. Pfeilsticker. „Constraints on inorganic gaseous iodine in the tropical upper troposphere and stratosphere inferred from balloon-borne solar occultation observations“. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 9, Nr. 18 (29.09.2009): 7229–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-7229-2009.

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Abstract. We report upper limits of IO and OIO in the tropical upper troposphere and stratosphere inferred from solar occultation spectra recorded by the LPMA/DOAS (Limb Profile Monitor of the Atmosphere/Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy) payload during two stratospheric balloon flights from a station in Northern Brazil (5.1° S, 42.9° W). In the tropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, upper limits for both, IO and OIO, are below 0.1 ppt. Photochemical modelling is used to estimate the compatible upper limits for the total gaseous inorganic iodine burden (Iy) amounting to 0.09 to 0.16 (+0.10/−0.04) ppt in the tropical lower stratosphere (21.0 km to 16.5 km) and 0.17 to 0.35 (+0.20/−0.08) ppt in the tropical upper troposphere (16.5 km to 13.5 km). In the middle stratosphere, upper limits increase with altitude as sampling sensitivity decreases. Our findings imply that the amount of gaseous iodine transported into the stratosphere through the tropical tropopause layer is small. Thus, iodine-mediated ozone loss plays a minor role for contemporary stratospheric photochemistry but might become significant in the future if source gas emissions or injection efficiency into the upper atmosphere are enhanced. However, photochemical modelling uncertainties are large and iodine might be transported into the stratosphere in particulate form.

31

Avais, Mohd, Sulbha Kumari und Subrata Chattopadhyay. „Degradable and processable polymer monoliths with open-pore porosity for selective CO2 and iodine adsorption“. Soft Matter 17, Nr. 26 (2021): 6383–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1sm00441g.

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A method is reported to prepare biodegradable and processable open pore porous polymer monolith via colloidal templating approach for the removal of gaseous pollutants such as CO₂ and iodine.

32

Chen, Xinyu, Tong Zhang, Yanning Han, Qiao Chen, Chengpeng Li und Pengchong Xue. „Multi-responsive fluorescent switches and iodine capture of porous hydrogen-bonded self-assemblies“. Journal of Materials Chemistry C 9, Nr. 31 (2021): 9932–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1tc02366g.

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Porous nanoribbons from gels may act as smart materials for applications in iodine absorption and fluorescence sensing for gaseous nitrobenzene, and could reversibly change its fluorescence color under shearing force and solvent annealing.

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Brunet, Gabriel, Damir A. Safin, Mohammad Z. Aghaji, Koen Robeyns, Ilia Korobkov, Tom K. Woo und Muralee Murugesu. „Stepwise crystallographic visualization of dynamic guest binding in a nanoporous framework“. Chemical Science 8, Nr. 4 (2017): 3171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7sc00267j.

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The dynamic uptake behaviour of a gaseous guest has been observed crystallographically, yielding a unique and ever-changing set of host–guest interactions that will drive the improvement of high-capacity iodine capture materials.

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Yan, Zhuojun, Yimin Qiao, Jiale Wang, Jialin Xie, Bo Cui, Yu Fu, Jiawei Lu et al. „An Azo-Group-Functionalized Porous Aromatic Framework for Achieving Highly Efficient Capture of Iodine“. Molecules 27, Nr. 19 (23.09.2022): 6297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196297.

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The strong radioactivity of iodine compounds derived from nuclear power plant wastes has motivated the development of highly efficient adsorbents. Porous aromatic frameworks (PAFs) have attracted much attention due to their low density and diverse structure. In this work, an azo group containing PAF solid, denoted as LNU-58, was prepared through Suzuki polymerization of tris-(4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-phenyl)-amine and 3,5-dibromoazobenzene building monomers. Based on the specific polarity properities of the azo groups, the electron-rich aromatic fragments in the hierarchical architecture efficiently capture iodine molecules with an adsorption capacity of 3533.11 mg g−1 (353 wt%) for gaseous iodine and 903.6 mg g−1 (90 wt%) for dissolved iodine. The iodine uptake per specific surface area up to 8.55 wt% m−2 g−1 achieves the highest level among all porous adsorbents. This work illustrates the successful preparation of a new type of porous adsorbent that is expected to be applied in the field of practical iodine adsorption.

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Palmer, Carl J., Thorsten L. Anders, Lucy J. Carpenter, Frithjof C. Küpper und Gordon B. McFiggans. „Iodine and Halocarbon Response of Laminaria digitata to Oxidative Stress and Links to Atmospheric New Particle Production“. Environmental Chemistry 2, Nr. 4 (2005): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en05078.

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Environmental Context.Various organic iodine compounds (including CH3I, CH2ClI, CH2BrI, CH2I2) are present throughout the marine boundary layer as a result of their production from seaweeds, phytoplankton, and photolysis reactions occurring in seawater. In air, these compounds rapidly photolyse to give atomic I which subsequently reacts with ozone to form iodine oxide, potentially leading to perturbations of the tropospheric oxidative capacity and nucleation of atmospheric particles. Recent research has identified molecular iodine as an additional source of iodine atoms to coastal areas. Here we study the relative roles and controls of gaseous organic and molecular iodine release from the seaweed Laminaria digitata. Abstract.Changes in the halocarbon, I2 and particle production of the brown algal kelp Laminaria digitata as a response to different chemical stresses have been investigated. Oxidative stress (caused by either exogenous hydrogen peroxide, gaseous ozone or a solution of oligoguluronates, known elicitors of oxidative stress) caused increased halocarbon and I2 production by the seaweed. The maximum I2 release was observed under exposure to O3 (at several hundred parts per billion by volume (ppbv)), whereas oligoguluronates elicited the highest release of iodine-containing halocarbons including CH2I2. Significantly greater production of I2, compared to CH2I2, was observed at atmospheric levels of ozone. Particle production was observed only when the Laminaria samples were exposed to ozone (up to 16 000 cm−3 s−1 per gram fresh weight (FW) of seaweed with a ~2 min residence time and with a total I atom flux of 1.6 × 108 cm−3 s−1 g−1 FW from photolysis of I2); passing O3-free air over the unstressed seaweed followed by secondary mixing with ozone did not result in any measurable particle formation. Our limited data indicate that ozone elicits abiotic production of I2 from Laminaria and that there is a direct relationship between the amount of I2 released and the number of particles formed. The results support the recent hypothesis that molecular iodine rather than volatile organic iodine (e.g. CH2I2) release from exposed seaweeds is the major source of coastal new particle production.

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Hildenbrand, D. L., K. H. Lau, T. D. Russell, E. G. Zubler und C. W. Struck. „Thermodynamics of Gaseous Species in the Sodium‐Scandium‐Iodine System“. Journal of The Electrochemical Society 137, Nr. 10 (01.10.1990): 3275–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2086199.

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37

Casanova, J. R., und J. I. Franco. „Gaseous iodine absorption by a solid electrolyte. X-ray characterization“. Journal of the European Ceramic Society 18, Nr. 9 (Januar 1998): 1223–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0955-2219(98)00046-6.

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38

Fernandez-Colinas, J., R. Denoyel und J. Rouquerol. „Adsorption of Iodine from Aqueous Solutions on to Activated Carbons: Correlation with Nitrogen Adsorption at 77K“. Adsorption Science & Technology 6, Nr. 1 (März 1989): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026361748900600103.

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The adsorption of iodine has been examined on a set of four microporous charcoals subjected to increasing activation, and also on a Vulcan carbon black used as a non-porous reference. Analysis of the iodine adsorption isotherms and of the corresponding differential enthalpies of displacement is consistent with the nitrogen adsorption data, provided that the slightly larger size of the iodine molecule is kept in mind. The αs method, which is normally applied to adsorption from the gaseous phase, has been usefully extended to these liquid/solid systems and leads to a reasonable micropore volume. This approach provides a useful alternative, especially in those cases where the adsorbent cannot be subjected to drying.

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Chance, R. J., M. Shaw, L. Telgmann, M. Baxter und L. J. Carpenter. „A comparison of spectrophotometric and denuder based approaches for the determination of gaseous molecular iodine“. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 2, Nr. 5 (24.09.2009): 2191–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-2-2191-2009.

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Abstract. The presence of molecular iodine in the atmosphere is thought to have implications for both climate and human nutritional health, but measurement of the gas at low concentrations requires technically demanding techniques that are not widely accessible. Here, starch coated denuder tubes and solvent traps coupled with spectrophotometric detection are evaluated and compared as relatively cheap and straightforward methods to measure gaseous molecular iodine at environmentally relevant concentrations. Denuder tubes were found to give unacceptably low and highly variable recoveries of molecular iodine from a test gas source, with values ranging from 1 to 62%. Blank concentrations were also high, being equivalent to a gas phase concentration of 5 pptv under typical operating conditions. Ethanol and hexane solvent traps gave much better performance. Optimisation of the hexane solvent trap method gave 100% recovery and an atmospheric limit of detection of 70 pptv, which is within the range of concentrations observed in the coastal marine atmosphere.

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Chance, R. J., M. Shaw, L. Telgmann, M. Baxter und L. J. Carpenter. „A comparison of spectrophotometric and denuder based approaches for the determination of gaseous molecular iodine“. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 3, Nr. 1 (09.02.2010): 177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-3-177-2010.

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Abstract. The presence of molecular iodine in the atmosphere is thought to have implications for both climate and human nutritional health, but measurement of the gas at low concentrations requires technically demanding techniques that are not widely accessible. Here, amylose coated denuder tubes and solvent traps coupled with spectrophotometric detection are evaluated and compared as relatively cheap and straightforward methods to measure gaseous molecular iodine at environmentally relevant concentrations. Denuder tubes were found to give unacceptably low and highly variable recoveries of molecular iodine from a test gas source, with values ranging from 1 to 62%. Blank concentrations were also high, being equivalent to a gas phase concentration of 5 pptv under typical operating conditions. Ethanol and hexane solvent traps gave much better performance. Optimisation of the hexane solvent trap method gave 100% recovery and an atmospheric limit of detection of 70 pptv, which is within the range of concentrations observed in the coastal marine atmosphere.

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Ferreri, Loredana, Marco Rapisarda, Melania Leanza, Cristina Munzone, Nicola D’Antona, Grazia Maria Letizia Consoli, Paola Rizzarelli und Emanuela Teresa Agata Spina. „Calix[4]arene Derivative for Iodine Capture and Effect on Leaching of Iodine through Packaging“. Molecules 28, Nr. 4 (16.02.2023): 1869. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28041869.

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A hydrophobic calix[4]arene derivative was investigated for its iodine (I2) capture efficiency from gaseous and liquid phase. The iodine uptake was followed by UV-vis spectroscopy. Additionally, the influence of the calix[4]arene derivative–polyolefin system on the leaching of iodine through packaging from a povidone-iodine-based (PVP-I) formulation was evaluated. In fact, iodine is a low-cost, multi-target, and broad-spectrum antiseptic. However, it is volatile, and the extended storage of I2-based formulations is challenging in plastic packaging. Here, we investigated the possibility of reducing the loss of I2 from an iodophor formulation by incorporating 4-tert-butylcalix [4]arene-tetraacetic acid tetraethyl ester (CX) and its iodine complex in high-density polyethylene (HDPE) or polypropylene (PP) via a swelling procedure. Surface and bulk changes were monitored by contact angle, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectra. The barrier effect of the different polymeric systems (embedded with CX, iodine-CX complex, or I2) was evaluated by monitoring the I2 retention in a buffered PVP-I solution by UV-vis spectroscopy. Overall, experimental data showed the capability of the calix[4]arene derivative to complex iodine in solution and the solid state and a significant reduction in the iodine leaching by the PP-CX systems.

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Wang, Xiaoxian, Zhanwen Ye, Pingyang Wang, Yajun Huang und Guomin Cui. „Modeling of Iodine Feeding System to Achieve Flow Control under the Coupling of Multiple Conditions“. Academic Journal of Science and Technology 5, Nr. 3 (22.04.2023): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ajst.v5i3.7360.

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The design of an iodine working medium storage and supply system is one of the key technologies for the electrical propulsion of iodine working medium. Solid iodine sublimates into a gaseous state in the storage tank, and is transported to the thruster through flow control through components such as a proportional valve or throttle tube. However, iodine working medium has corrosive properties and poor thermal conductivity, which can easily cause condensation in the throttle tube and throttle valve, affecting the accuracy of experimental results or blocking the pipeline, leading to the suspension of the experiment. Based on the system level modeling of the iodine working medium electric propulsion storage and supply system, and taking into account the impact of the coupling effects of various conditions such as the physical parameters of iodine vapor, storage tanks, pipelines, outlet conditions, and proportional valves on the outlet mass flow rate of the iodine storage and supply system, the control of the outlet mass flow rate is achieved by adjusting the valve opening of a comparative example, providing a reference for the selection of the size of the throttle tube in future ground experiments or the control of the proportional valve opening.

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Wang, Canran, Shan Jiang, Wenyue Ma, Zhaoyang Liu, Leijing Liu, Yongcun Zou, Bin Xu und Wenjing Tian. „Polymorphic Covalent Organic Frameworks: Molecularly Defined Pore Structures and Iodine Adsorption Property“. Molecules 28, Nr. 1 (03.01.2023): 449. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28010449.

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Radioactive iodine-capturing materials are urgently needed for the emerging challenges in nuclear waste disposal. The various pore structures of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) render them promising candidates for efficient iodine adsorption. However, the detailed structure–property relationship of COFs in iodine adsorption remains elusive. Herein, two polymorphic COFs with significantly different crystalline structures are obtained based on the same building blocks with varied molecular ratios. The two COFs both have high crystallinity, high specific surface area, and excellent chemical and thermal stability. Compared with the [C4+C4] topology (PyT-2) with an AA stacking form, the [C4+C2] topology (PyT-1) with an AB stacking form has more twisted pore channels and complex ink-bottle pores. At ambient conditions, PyT-1 and PyT-2 both exhibit good adsorption properties for iodine capture either in a gaseous or liquid medium. Remarkably, PyT-1 presents an excellent maximum adsorption capacity (0.635 g g−1), and the adsorption limit of PyT-2 is 0.445 g g−1 in an n-hexane solution with an iodine concentration of 400 mg L−1, which is highly comparable to the state-of-the-art iodine absorption performance. This study provides a guide for the future molecular design strategy toward novel iodine adsorbents.

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Uchida, Shigeo, Yasuyuki Muramatsu, Misako Sumiya und Yoichiro Ohmomo. „Biological Half-life of Gaseous Elemental Iodine Deposited Onto Rice Grains“. Health Physics 60, Nr. 5 (Mai 1991): 675–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004032-199105000-00006.

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45

Gardner, Peter J., und Steve R. Preston. „Binary gaseous diffusion coefficients for iodine in helium and in argon“. Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data 37, Nr. 4 (Oktober 1992): 500–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/je00008a029.

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46

Damyanova, M., L. Zarkova und U. Hohm. „Effective Intermolecular Interaction Potentials of Gaseous Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, and Iodine“. International Journal of Thermophysics 30, Nr. 4 (August 2009): 1165–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10765-009-0624-0.

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47

Deitz, Victor R. „Interaction of radioactive iodine gaseous species with nuclear-grade activated carbons“. Carbon 25, Nr. 1 (1987): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0008-6223(87)90037-6.

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48

Yang, Lingtao, Jiang Wu und Dongjing Liu. „Gaseous mercury capture using iodine-modified carbon nitride derived from guanidine hydrochloride“. Chemical Physics Letters 793 (April 2022): 139171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2021.139171.

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49

Zhao, Yun, Shuang Gu, Ke Gong, Jie Zheng, Junhua Wang und Yushan Yan. „Iodine Redox-Mediated Electrolysis for Energy-Efficient Chlorine Regeneration from Gaseous HCl“. Journal of The Electrochemical Society 164, Nr. 7 (2017): E138—E143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2.0461707jes.

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50

FURUHASHI, Yukiko, Takashi TAKIGUCHI und Shuichi OHMORI. „Making Evaluation of Emission Behavior of Gaseous Inorganic/Organic Iodine under Irradiation“. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Power and Energy Systems 2019.24 (2019): B145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmepes.2019.24.b145.

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