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1
LOUREIRO, TABITA YALING CHENG. „GAS FLOW MEASUREMENT IN FLARE SYSTEMS“. PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2013. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=37188@1.
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Anualmente, mais de 100 bilhões de metros cúbicos de gás são queimados mundialmente em flares nas instalações de petróleo e gás natural. Esse número era ainda maior a alguns anos atrás. No passado, o holofote estava sobre o petróleo e o gás natural era visto como uma fonte de energia não rentável. A preocupação mundial com o aquecimento global impulsionou as ações para redução das emissões de gases causadores do efeito estufa. A crescente mobilização dos órgãos reguladores de diversos países para imposição de restrições de queima e ventilação do gás natural vem contribuindo para a melhoria dos índices de aproveitamento do gás associado. Muito embora já tenha havido um avanço relevante, o montante de gás desperdiçado ainda precisa ser reduzido. Neste contexto, a necessidade de se quantificar corretamente os volumes desperdiçados de gás fica evidente. As ações para redução da queima ou ventilação de gás natural se baseiam fortemente em medições precisas. O reflexo disto são as constantes publicações de diretrizes regulatórias voltadas para as medições de vazão de gás dos sistemas de alívio/tocha. Apesar da medição de gás de flare não ser uma técnica nova, ela ainda é considerada desafiadora e bem diferente das demais aplicações de medição de vazão. A natureza imprevisível da queima de gás natural, associada a instalações inadequadas, torna a medição extremamente difícil e complexa. O presente trabalho traz uma visão geral da queima de gás natural, da regulação do tema no Brasil e no mundo e das características e desafios da medição de gás de flare. Adicionalmente, foram feitos estudos de incerteza sobre os volumes diários medidos nos pontos fiscais de gás de uma instalação típica, de forma a analisar a influência da incerteza da medição do gás de tocha sobre a incerteza da produção mensal de gás natural, que é a base de cálculo para as devidas participações governamentais. Também foram calculadas as diferenças obtidas entre a medição indireta (balanço volumétrico de gás) e a medição direta (medição ultrassônica) da queima de gás natural e as incertezas relacionadas à medição indireta.Annually, more than 100 billion cubic meters of gas are flared from upstream oil and gas facilities. This number was even higher a few years ago. In the past, the spotlight was on oil and natural gas was seen as a non-profitable source of energy. The worldwide concern over global warming spurred actions to reduce emissions of greenhouses effect gases, contributing to change the scenario above. The increased mobilization of regulators from many countries enforcing gas flaring and venting restrictions has contributed to the improvement of gas use. However, although some progress has been already achieved, the amount of wasted gas still needs to be reduced. In this context, the need to correctly quantify the volumes of gas flared is evident. Actions to reduce the flaring or venting of natural gas rely heavily on accurate measurements. This reflects on the rigorous flare measurement guidelines introduced by many countries to support flaring legislation. Although the flare gas measurement is not a new technique, it is still considered a challenging task and quite unique compared to other flow measurement applications. The unpredictable nature of the flaring, many times happening at inadequate facility, makes measuring it extremely difficult and complex. This work provides an overview of gas flaring, regulatory requirements in Brazil and worldwide and the characteristics and challenges of flare gas measurement. In addition, uncertainty studies were made over the daily volumes measured in the fiscal points of a typical installation, in order to analyze the influence of the uncertainty of flared gas measurement on the uncertainty of monthly gas production, which is the basis for calculating the government takes. The differences obtained between the gas flaring indirect measurement (bydifference method) and direct measurement (ultrasonic measurement) were also calculated, as well as the uncertainties related to the indirect measurement.
2
Batt, J. J. M. „Three-dimensional unsteady gas turbine flow measurement“. Thesis, University of Oxford, 1997. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:3302ca8f-0618-4440-9e23-3bf99bc3705d.
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The high pressure turbine stage can be considered the most important component for the efficiency and longevity of a modern gas turbine. The flow field within this stage is highly complex and is both unsteady and three-dimensional. Understanding this flow field is essential if improvements are to be made to future engine designs. Increasingly designers are placing more emphasis on the use of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) rather than experimental results. CFD methods can be more flexible and cost effective. However before these predictions can be used they must be validated against experimental data at engine conditions. The hostile environment and complexity of flows within a gas turbine engine mean that collection of experimental data is extremely challenging. This thesis describes the development of an instrumentation technique for unsteady gas turbine flow measurement capable of resolving unsteady three-dimensional flow. The technique is based on an aerodynamic probe constructed with miniature semiconductor pressure transducers manufactured by Kulite Semiconductor Inc. Measurements recorded using this instrumentation technique from the Oxford Rotor experiment are presented to illustrate its use, and these in turn are compared with a CFD prediction of the rotor flow-field. This work was funded by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council and Kulite Semiconductor Inc. The Oxford Rotor project is jointly funded by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), and Rolls-Royce Plc.
3
Fuller, Andrew D. „A flow rate measurement system for a mobile emissions measurement system“. Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2001. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1903.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2001.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xv, 111 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 89-91).
4
Cripps, Andrew Jonathan. „Modelling and measurement of soil gas flow“. Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.266643.
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5
Hayes, D. G. „Tomographic flow measurement by combining component distribution and velocity profile measurements in 2-phase oil/gas flows“. Thesis, University of Manchester, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.501710.
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This thesis describes the development of a novel tomographic imaging system which can measure the concentration and velocity profiles in two-phase oil/gas flows. Two-phase flow measurement is a problem of great strategic and commercial importance to the oil industry. For example, an oilwell seldom produces just oil; there is often a significant quantity of gas and/or water present and it is very important to know how much of each is being produced. Unfortunately, this turns out to be a very demanding: task, particularly when the components have significantly different densities as in oil/gas flows. The fundamental problem with oil/gas flow measurement is that the individual components can arrange themselves in many different ways. This results in many possible concentration and velocity distributions, which in turn, render conventional flow measurement techniques inadequate. The tomographic system overcomes these problems by explicitly deriving the component distributions at two adjacent planes along a pipeline. These two images of the component distributions are then cross correlated on a pixel-by-pixel basis to obtain the velocity profile of the gaseous component. Multiplying the component concentration and velocity profiles yields a measure of the volumetric gas flow rate. The component distributions are obtained using two tomographic capacitance imaging systems. The problems caused by their interference have been examined in detail and this includes extensive electrostatic simulation studies. The field interactions are shown to affect the effective distance between the sensors and this varies with radial position, resulting in an effective separation profile". Numerous component distribution and velocity profile measurements are presented which were obtained from a 3" multi-phase flow loop, with superficial oil velocities ranging from 0.1m/s to 0.8m/s. and superficial gas velocities ranging from 0.05m/s to 0.5m/s. Void fractions range from 5% to 55%. The system is based on a combination of transputer and digital signal processor hardware and can reconstruct images at 180 frames per second. Techniques for real-time image correlation are examined and these, in combination with a number of suggestions for future work, will facilitate the development of a novel, real-time, multi-phase flow measurement system
6
Hoeven, Saartje Willemijn van der. „Modelling and control of gas flow in anaesthesia“. Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670099.
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7
Stewart, David G. „Thermophysical properties of gases and gas mixtures for critical flow nozzle applications“. Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.248763.
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8
Paavilainen, Janne. „Characterization of Chimney Flue Gas Flows : Flow Rate Measurements with Averaging Pitot Probes“. Licentiate thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Energiteknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-23481.
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Performance testing methods of boilers in transient operating conditions (start, stop and combustion power modulation sequences) need the combustion rate quantified to allow for the emissions to be quantified. One way of quantifying the combustion rate of a boiler during transient operating conditions is by measuring the flue gas flow rate. The flow conditions in chimneys of single family house boilers pose a challenge however, mainly because of the low flow velocity. The main objectives of the work were to characterize the flow conditions in residential chimneys, to evaluate the use of the Pitot-static method and the averaging Pitot method, and to develop and test a calibration method for averaging Pitot probes for low 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅.A literature survey and a theoretical study were performed to characterize the flow conditions in in single family house boiler chimneys. The flow velocities under normal boiler operating conditions are often below the requirements for the assumptions of non-viscous fluid justifying the use of the quadratic Bernoulli equation. A non-linear calibration coefficient is required to correct for these viscous effects in order to avoid significant measurement errors. The flow type in the studied conditions changes from laminar, across the transition regime, to fully turbulent flow, resulting in significant changes of the velocity profile during transient boiler operation. Due to geometrical settings occurring in practice measurements are often done in the hydrodynamic entrance region, where the velocity profiles are neither fully developed nor symmetrical. The predicted changes in velocity profiles are also confirmed experimentally in two chimneys.Several requirements set in ISO 10780 and ISO 3966 for Pitot-static probes are either met questionably or not met at all, meaning that the methods cannot be used as such. The main issues are the low flow velocity, viscous effects, and velocity profiles that change significantly during normal boiler operation. The Pitot-static probe can be calibrated for low 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅, but is not reliable because of the changing velocity profiles.The pressure averaging probe is a simple remedy to overcome the problems with asymmetric and changing velocity profiles, but still keeping low the irrecoverable pressure drop caused by the probe. However, commercial averaging probes are not calibrated for the characterized chimney conditions and the information available on the performance of averaging probes at low 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 is scarce. A literature survey and a theoretical study were done to develop a method for calibrating pressure averaging probes for low 𝑅𝑅𝑒 flue gas flows in residential chimneys.The experimental part consists of constructing a calibration rig, testing the performance of differential pressure transducers, and testing a prototype pressure averaging probe. The results show good correlation over a wide operation range, but the low 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 characteristics of the probe could not be identified due to instability in the chosen pressure transducer, and temperature correlation for one of the probes while not for the other. The differential pressures produced are close to the performance limitations of readily available transducers and it should be possible to improve the method by focusing on finding or building a suitable pressure transducer. The performance of the averaging method can be improved further by optimizing the geometry of the probe. Another way of reducing the uncertainty would be to increase the probe size relative to the conduit diameter to produce a higher differential pressure, at the expense of increasing the irrecoverable pressure drop.
9
Kuppa, Subrahmanyam. „Visualization and velocity measurement of unsteady flow in a gas generator using cold-flow technique“. Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/54226.
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Modeling of internal flow fields with hot, compressible fluids and sometimes combustion using cold flow techniques is discussed. The flow in a gas generator has been modeled using cold air. Experimental set up was designed and fabricated to simulate the unsteady flow with different configurations of inlet tubes. Tests were run for flow visualization and measurement of axial velocity at different frequencies ranging from 4 Hz to 12 Hz. Flow visualization showed that the incoming flow was a complex jet flow conformed to a cylindrical enclosure, while the outgoing flow resembled the venting of a pressurized vessel. The pictures show a complex flow pattern due to the angling of the jet towards the wall for the bent tube configurations and straightened flows with straight tube and other configurations with straighteners. Velocity measurements were made at an inlet Re of 8.1 x 10⁴ based on maximum velocity and inlet diameter using a single sensor hot wire anemometer at several locations in the plane of the inlet tube at 4 Hz, 8 Hz and 12 Hz for the straight tube and bent tube inlet configurations. The axial velocity near the entrance showed a strong component of the forcing frequency. Phase averaged mean velocities were observed to be well defined during charging and diminished during venting inside the cylinder. The jet flow penetrated most for the 4 Hz and least for the 12 Hz case. For the straight tube inlet comparison with a steady flow measurement of sudden expansion flow showed a qualitative similarity of the mean axial velocity distribution and centerline velocity decay during the charging phases. For the bent tube inlet case the contour plots showed the flow tendency towards the wall. Two cells were seen in the contours for the 8 Hz and 12 Hz cases. The deviation of the point of occurrence of maximum velocity in a radial profile was found to be about 6.5°. Entrance velocity profiles showed symmetry for the straight tube inlet while were skewed for the bent tube inlet. Contour plots of the phase averaged axial turbulence intensity for bent tube cases showed higher values in the core and near the wall in the region of impingement. Axial turbulence intensity measured for the straight tube case showed features as observed in an axisymmetric sudden expansion flow.Ph. D.
10
Xie, Cheng-Gang. „Mass flow measurement of solids in a gravity drop conveyor using capacitance transducers“. Thesis, University of Manchester, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.254465.
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11
Klonowicz, W. „Measurement of the time averaged fluctuating gas pressure with thin tubes“. Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.381117.
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12
Sodhi, C. „Development of an adaptive time of flight system for the measurement of fluid flow velocity“. Thesis, University of Salford, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.384114.
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13
Zhang, Ming. „Optical measurement of ash particle size and velocity in gas-solid flow“. Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2004. https://etd.wvu.edu/etd/controller.jsp?moduleName=documentdata&jsp%5FetdId=3462.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2004.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 98 p. : ill. (some col.) + 1 video file. Includes a video file (29 sec.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 91-92).
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Long, T. P. „Simulation and experimental measurement of unsteady gas flow at engine ducting discontinuities“. Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.361277.
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15
Seo, Dongjin. „Measurement and Control of Slip-Flow Boundary Conditions at Solid-Gas Interfaces“. Diss., Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/50650.
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This thesis describes measurements of the gas-solid flow boundary condition at moderate Knudsen number, i.e., where the dimensions of the flow are similar to the mean free path, and thus partial slip is expected. This regime has become more important with increased focus on nano-scale devices, but there is currently no consensus on how the slip length should vary for different solids and gases, or whether it can be controlled. In this thesis, I describe unambiguous measurements showing that partial slip occurs, that the slip length depends both on gas and solid, and that the slip length can be altered in situ. The slip length is determined from analysis of the vibration of a small sphere adjacent to a solid. I also describe applications of these findings both to the separation of gases, and to inhalants.
The effect of water films, gas species, organic films, and electric fields on gas flow was studied. Water films had a large, but complex effect. On bare hydrophobilic glass, the tangential momentum accommodation coefficient (TMAC) for nitrogen on hydroxyl-terminated silica changed from 0.25 to 0.88 when the humidity changed from 0 to 98 %. On hydrophobized glass, TMAC changed from 0.20 to 0.56 in the same range.
The effect of the gas on TMAC was measured for five different gases (helium, nitrogen, argon, carbon dioxide, hexafluoride sulfur) on octadecyltrichlorosilane-coated glass surfaces. A lower
TMAC occurred for greater molar mass, and this trend was explained using a simple model representing both the gas and the monolayer by spheres. The existence of this gas-dependent difference in TMAC suggests that gases can be separated based on their collisions with surfaces.
Methods for controlling the flow boundary condition were also developed by adsorbing monolayers on the solid, and altering the monolayers in situ. Both temperature and electric fields altered the boundary condition, and these changes were attributed to changes in the surface roughness. The effect of roughness was modeled with grooved surfaces. Possible applications of this effect of roughness include changing the flow of aerosol droplets for deeper delivery of therapeutic drugs into the lung.Ph. D.
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Guilbert, A. R. „Modelling of piezoelectric ultrasonic transducers with application to high speed gas flow measurement“. Thesis, Cranfield University, 1991. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/10402.
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The
design and testing of an ultrasonic time of ight Mach number probe for use in
the
bypass duct of an aircraft gas turbine is presented.
Analysis of the time and frequency domain behaviour of the type of thickness mode
transducers selected for use in the
probe, and the effects of beam profile and
attenuation on the transmitted ultrasonic wave in a
owing medium are also covered
and extended. The results of this
analysis are implemented in a computer model
which is used to aid in the
design of various parts of the probe.
Experimental assessment of the transducers designed for the probe is presented
together with the results of tests on the performance of the selected probe
configuration.
A
digital signal processing system to control the probe and compensate for the poor
signal to noise ratio of the received signal is developed together with analogue
circuitry to interface this system to the transducers.
A novel method of
compensating for the beam sweep encountered at the Mach
numbers to b measured
using 'ski-ramps' is then developed and implemented.
Results from the final
configuration including the ski-ramps is then presented.
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Knight, Jared Gregory. „Measurement of total hydrocarbon emissions with MEMS using a portable FID and a novel exhaust flow meter“. Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2002. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=2725.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2002.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xiii, 155 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 121-123).
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Hilditch, Mary Anne. „Unsteady heat transfer measurements in a rotating gas turbine stage“. Thesis, University of Oxford, 1989. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:2d3e6d7a-1f55-4536-b863-e9ccc9a281eb.
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As the performance required of high pressure turbines continues to increase, there is a need to investigate many details of the flow which occur in a gas turbine stage that were previously overlooked. These include the effects of rotation and three-dimensional flow as well as unsteady effects due to the relative motion of the blade rows. In order to obtain a better understanding of the turbine flowfield a new transient facility has been commissioned in which aerodynamic and heat transfer measurements can be undertaken in a full stage turbine at engine representative conditions. The previously used technique of measuring the heat transfer rate by mounting thin film gauges on models manufactured from machineable glass ceramic was not suitable for use on the rotor blade because of the high stress levels involved. An alternative technique has been developed in which a metal turbine blade is coated with an insulating layer of enamel and thin film gauges painted on top. The developments in signal processing and calibrations which were necessary for the use of this type of thin film gauge are discussed in detail. Signal conditioning electronics have been developed which permit amplification of the thin film gauge output to a higher level within the rotating frame before transmission through a slipring. Extensive tests have been undertaken, in a purpose built spinning rig, to establish the effects of rotation on the performance and mechanical integrity of the instrumentation and associated electronics. The heat transfer measurements recorded in the rotor facility to date are presented and compared with data from a previous two-dimensional simulation of wake passing flow on the mid-height section of the same blade.
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Hwang, Du-Hyun Dwayne. „Flow quality measurement based on stratification of flow in nitrogen gas-water and HFC-134a refrigerant-PAG oil two-phase flow systems“. Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ58743.pdf.
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Justo, Hernandez Ruiz. „Low differential pressure and multiphase flow measurements by means of differential pressure devices“. Diss., Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/1077.
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The response of slotted plate, Venturi meter and standard orifice to the presence of two phase, three phase and low differential flows was investigated. Two mixtures (air-water and air-oil) were used in the two-phase analysis while a mixture of air, water and oil was employed in the three-phase case. Due to the high gas void fraction (α>0.9), the mixture was considered wet gas. A slotted plate was utilized in the low differential pressure analysis and the discharge coefficient behavior was analyzed. Assuming homogeneous flow, an equation with two unknowns was obtained for the multi-phase flow analysis. An empirical relation and the differential response of the meters were used to estimate the variables involved in the equation. Good performance in the gas mass flow rate estimation was exhibited by the slotted and standard plates for the air-water flow, while poor results were obtained for the air-oil and air-water oil flows. The performance of all the flow meter tested in the analysis improved for differential pressures greater than 24.9 kPa (100 in_H2O). Due to the tendency to a zero value for the liquid flow, the error of the estimation reached values of more than 500% at high qualities and low differential pressures. Air-oil and air-water-oil flows show that liquid viscosity influences the response of the differential pressure meters. The best results for high liquid viscosity were obtained in the Venturi meter using the recovery pressure for the gas flow estimation at differential pressures greater than 24.9 kPa (100 in_H2O). A constant coefficient Cd was used for the low differential pressure analysis and results did show that for differential pressure less than 1.24 kPa (5 inH2O) density changes are less than 1% making possible the incompressible flow assumption. The average of the computed coefficients is the value of Cd.
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OLIVEIRA, THIAGO BARRA VIDAL DE. „METROLOGICAL EVALUATION OF THE V-CONE TYPE METER PERFORMANCE FOR WET GAS FLOW RATE MEASUREMENT“. PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2010. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=32997@1.
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O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar o desempenho metrológico e o potencial de aplicação do medidor tipo v-cone para medição de vazão de gás natural em condições de gás úmido. Observa-se que os medidores do tipo placa de orifício, geralmente utilizados na medição de vazão de gás no segmento de Exploração e
Produção (E e P), podem não representar a tecnologia mais adequada. O medidor v-cone representa uma tecnologia relativamente recente, que vem demonstrando bom desempenho para a medição de vazão e vem ganhando aceitação de órgãos reguladores. O interesse e a motivação do pesquisador residem na busca de maior exatidão na medição de vazão em condições operacionais adversas (gás úmido não especificado), sem impacto significativo sobre o custo do sistema. O presente trabalho, por meio de uma pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, apresenta o estágio atual de desenvolvimento da tecnologia de medição por v-cone e detalha as características dos sistemas de medição de vazão de gás natural, além de abordar as normas e regulamentos relacionados ao tema em questão. A fase experimental busca avaliar o
desempenho do medidor por meio de uma investigação empírica realizada em laboratório, simulando condições de gás úmido encontradas em campo. Essa análise envolve também a determinação de erros e incertezas de medição. A pesquisa realizada, em conjunto com a avaliação dos resultados dos testes e
das correlações utilizadas, demonstra que o medidor v-cone apresenta boa confiabilidade na medição de vazão de gás natural em escoamento de gás úmido, podendo ser utilizado em aplicações encontradas no segmento de E e P.The aim of this study is to evaluate the metrological performance and potential of use of the v-cone type meter for measuring the natural gas flow rate under wet gas conditions. The orifice plate type meters, that are usually used to measure the gas flow rate in the Exploration and Production segment (E and P), may not represent the most appropriate technology. The v-cone meter represents a relatively recent technology, which has shown good performance for the flow rate measurement and is gaining acceptance from the regulators. The interest and motivation of the researcher are related to the quest for greater flow rate measurement accuracy in adverse operating conditions (unspecified wet gas), with no significant impact on the cost of the system. This work, through a literature and documentary search, presents the current stage of development of the v-cone flow rate measurement technology and details the characteristics of natural gas flow rate measurement systems, in addition to addressing the standards and regulations relating to the subject. The experimental phase aims to evaluate the meter performance through an empirical research conducted in laboratory, by simulating wet gas conditions found in the field. This analysis also involves the determination of measurement errors and uncertainties. The research and the evaluation of test results and correlations show that the v-cone meter has good reliability in natural gas flow rate measurement under wet gas conditions, allowing it to be used in applications found in E and P.
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PEREIRA, LUIZ OCTAVIO VIEIRA. „PERFORMANCE VERIFICATION METHODOLOGY OF MULTIPHASE FLOW METERS IN ALLOCATION MEASUREMENT IN THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY“. PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2018. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=37027@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROO medidor de vazão de fluido multifásico (MM) se desenvolveu impulsionado principalmente pela necessidade da indústria de óleo e gás em medir a vazão da produção dos poços que comumente é composta por petróleo, gás e água. Em outubro de 2015, a Agência Nacional de Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis (ANP) publicou o Regulamento Técnico de Medição de Fluido Multifásico para Apropriação de Petróleo, Gás Natural e Água que apresenta os requisitos através de planos que as empresas operadoras de óleo e gás precisam preparar e submeter para obter a autorização para aplicar o MM na medição para apropriação. Contudo, esse regulamento não especifica a metodologia que deve ser utilizada no denominado plano de verificação de desempenho para avaliar desempenho do MM no campo, cabendo a cada operadora desenvolver a sua metodologia para esse fim e apresentar a ANP. Este trabalho propõe e aplica uma metodologia para verificação de desempenho para MM com resultados de testes realizados em laboratório com fluidos reais e em campo de produção de petróleo e gás. É observado que testes com tempo curto de duração, inferior a 1000 segundos, tendem a gerar incertezas mais elevadas do que testes com longa duração, com mais de 1000 segundos, como os realizados na plataforma. Sendo assim, os resultados de incerteza de medição maiores gerados no laboratório com tempos de integração curtos podem ser considerados mais conservativos que os resultados dos testes realizados na plataforma.
The multiphase flowrate (MM) was driven by the necessity of the oil and gas industry to measure the production flow of the wells that are commonly composed of oil, gas and water. In October 2015, the National Agency for Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels (ANP) published the Technical Regulation for Measurement of Multiphase Fluid for Petroleum, Natural Gas and Water produced, which presents the requirements through plans that oil and gas companies need to prepare and submit for authorization to apply the MM in the measurement for allocation. However, this regulation does not specify the methodology that should be used in the so-called performance verification plan to evaluate the performance of the MM in the field, it being incumbent on each operator to develop its methodology for this purpose and present the ANP. This work proposes and applies a methodology for performance verification for MM with test results performed in the laboratory with real fluids and in oil and gas field. It was observed that short duration tests, below 1000 seconds, tend to generate higher uncertainties than long tests, higher than 1000 seconds, such as those performed on the platform. Thus, the higher measurement uncertainty results generated in the laboratory with short integration times can be considered more conservative than the results of the tests performed in the platform.
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Ismail, Idris. „Measurement of wet gas flow and other two-phase processes in oil industry using electrical capacitance tomography“. Thesis, University of Manchester, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.616964.
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Pressure drop and void fraction are important hydro-dynamic aspects for wet gas metering. Among differential pressure drop meters, Venturi meters are the most favoured devices for measuring unprocessed wet gas flows. However, Venturi meters are based on dry gas metering concepts, and various correlation factors have to be applied to the readings, Because the correction factors are flow-regime-dependent and only valid within specified operating flow conditions (preferably homogeneous or quasi-homogeneous flows), preconditioning or mixing devices are required. Electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) has been applied to measure wet gas separation processes. A combination of Venturi and ECT present the strengths of both principles and overcome the respective disadvantages. The combination also gives a possibility for wet gas pressure gradient calculation using void fraction measurement from ECT.
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Ghazi, Christopher. „Measurement of Fluid and Particle Transport through Narrow Passages“. ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2014. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/297.
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There are many instances where fluid and particles traveling through a narrow passage, such as a crack in a window or door, have large but sometimes unseen effects on our daily lives. For instance, in the cold months of the year a pressure gradient can exists between the inside and outside of a building which causes cold, outdoor air to flow inside through any cracks; significantly decreasing heating efficiency. This inflow of atmospheric air can bring with it dangerous contaminant particles to the inside of a building. Pollution can also occur inside a structure from internal sources of contamination, such as smoke generation from a fire. This thesis represents a two-fold examination of these phenomena.
The first part of the thesis showcases a method for local measurement of air leakage flow rate, which can be used to quickly assess leakage rates across a surface, such as a window. The method uses a small local enclosure with constant volume placed about a region on the structure under investigation, which is depressurized and injected with a small concentration of carbon dioxide as a tracer gas. The time variation of the pressure and carbon dioxide concentration inside the enclosure are monitored and used to quantify the leakage flow rate as a function of pressure difference. Because of the small size of the enclosure, advanced data processing techniques are necessary to reduce uncertainty in determination of the rate of change of the carbon dioxide concentration that arises from sensor variability. Results of a laboratory demonstration of the proposed leakage detection and characterization device are reported for the problem of leakage through a circular hole in a plate with prescribed pressure differences. Experimental results from the laboratory tests are found to be in excellent agreement with results of a numerical simulation of leakage flow through a hole, as well as predictions from a number of empirical equations for this problem found in the literature.
The second part of the thesis is a numerical study of particle capture in the entrance region of a crack, which is a phenomenon previously not well understood or accounted for in empirical correlations. The computational domain for laminar flow through a crack consists of the crack channel and both inlet and exit reservoirs that are much larger than the channel width. The simulations examined different mechanisms for particle capture within the channel entrance region, including collision on the inlet reservoir wall just outside the crack channel, collision within the crack channel due to cross-stream inertia imparted by the entrance flow, collision induced by Brownian diffusion both on the inlet reservoir wall outside of the channel and within the channel, and gravitational collision within the channel. A detailed study of the variation of the entrance penetration factor with parameters such as the Stokes, Peclet, and Froude numbers was performed, and comparison of the numerical predictions with different theoretical expressions were made when the latter were available. Validity of the assumption of penetration factor independence was also examined for cases where both entrance region inertia and gravitational settling are significant.
25
Chatel, Juliette. „On the assessment of pollutant emissions: the role of flue gas flow rate measurement : Critical review and industrial feedback“. Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-200393.
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From a bottom-up perspective, the assessment of flow rate of stack flue gases is crucial being the very first brick of the calculation. With the concentration of pollutant, it gives access to the amount of pollutant released in the atmosphere. Nevertheless, flow rate measurement has not been well-framed and can be poorly controlled, leading to large uncertainties. The recent launch of the European Standard EN 16 911 has enlighten the lack of expertise concerning the flow rate assessment in the industry. That is why RECORD, the project sponsor, conscious of the possible lack of expertise and the possible unreliability of the measurement is willing to understand the requirements; theoretical, technical and regulatory; for a reliable pollutant emissions measurement in accordance with the EU regulation in the field of waste treatment and incineration. Thus, this study offers the theoretical, operational and regulatory keys to realize a reliable flow rate measurement. 9 methods are identified for stack flue gases flow rate measurement. For each of these methods an ID-card, based on bibliographical researches, supplier’s interviews and representatives of the industry’s feedbacks, has been built containing information required for a reliable measurement. This thesis will contribute to a report that will offers all the keys for a reliable velocity/flow rate measurement in the waste treatment (domestic waste incineration mainly but it can also be useful in every industry that releases flue gas in the atmosphere: chemistry, steel manufacture, etc.). Moreover, this study proposes an analysis of the European Standard related to flow rate measurement in the industry and enlightens the key information related to these standards for an industrial operator. Finally, in relation with the complete report published on the RECORD website, a comparison tool of the 9 technologies is created to guide the industrial in their flow rate measurement. Once the best technology has been selected thanks to the comparison tool, the ID-card gives the key to realize a reliable measurement with the selected method. Finally, the theoretical part and the standard analysis have to be used as a frame for all the technologies.
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MORI, Hideo, Toshihiko ISHIDA, Shigeyuki HAYASHI, Yoshinori AOKI und Tomohide NIIMI. „A Study on REMPI as a Measurement Technique for Highly Rarefied Gas Flows (Simulations and Its Fundamental Properties of REMPI Spectra)“. The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/9022.
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27
MORI, Hideo, Toshihiko ISHIDA, Yoshinori AOKI und Tomohide NIIMI. „A Study on REMPI as a Measurement Technique for Highly Rarefied Gas Flows (Analyses of Experimental REMPI Spectra in Supersonic Free Molecular Flows)“. The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/9021.
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28
MARTINS, LILIAN ALVES. „METROLOGICAL ANALYSIS ON THE ECONOMICAL IMPACT OF REAL TIME FLUID PROPERTY CORRECTION IN NATURAL GAS FLOW MEASUREMENT ON THE TRANSPORTATION PIPELINES“. PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2005. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=7847@1.
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A presente dissertação de mestrado faz uma análise
metrológica focada na
medição da vazão e totalização do volume de gás natural
através de placa de
orifício. O trabalho considera no cômputo da vazão a
determinação das
propriedades físico-químicas do combustível e a
utilização
desses parâmetros na
medição de volume de gás natural. O trabalho também
considera aspectos
relativos à aquisição eletrônica de outras variáveis
como
pressão, temperatura e
pressão diferencial, comumente amostradas em uma estação
de medição de
vazão de gás natural por placa de orifício. Não
obstante,
o estudo reflete uma
permanente preocupação da Petrobras em garantir a
confiabilidade de suas
medições e encontra sua motivação em mostrar que
metrologia constitui-se, de
fato, em importante insumo para avaliação de impacto
técnico e econômico. O
estudo considera três alternativas para aplicação da
composição química do gás
natural no cálculo da vazão de gás natural em cada um
dos
pontos de
transferência de custódia da malha de gasodutos da
Petrobras. Cada uma das
soluções técnicas está associada a investimentos em
instalação, operação e
manutenção de complexos equipamentos, criando inusitadas
oportunidades para
análise da confiabilidade metrológica capazes de
produzir
impacto econômico,
cabendo aqui lembrar que incertezas e erros associados
ao
processo de
medição não necessariamente são reduzidos com o aumento
dos investimentos
em tecnologia e instrumentação. O estudo dessas questões
torna-se ainda mais
atraente quando se considera que a malha de gasodutos da
Petrobras
distribuem cerca de 35 dos 45 milhões de m3 de gás
natural
consumidos
diariamente no Brasil. Cabe ainda salientar a relevância
deste estudo no âmbito
das melhorias estruturais propostas, uma vez que a
presente dissertação mostra
que é possível garantir controle metrológico a um custo
justificado, agregando
benefícios que não se limitam à malha de gasodutos
existente.This study presents a metrological analysis focused on the natural gas flow and volume measurement by orifice plate measurement systems. It takes into account the determination of chemical and physical properties and the application of these parameters in the flow and volume measurement. The study also considers aspects related to the electronic sampling of other process information such as pressure, temperature and differential pressure. Nevertheless, it demonstrates that metrology is, in fact, an important input of economical and technical analysis and shows a permanent concern of Petrobras: to guarantee measurement reliability. The dissertation presents three alternatives to the application of the natural gas composition in the computation of flow and volume measurement. When measuring natural gas flow and volume at the custody transfer points, the invoicing process begins to take place. Therefore, each one of the alternatives is associated to benefits, such as reduction of uncertainty, and costs and investments in equipments. It`s worthy to mention that it creates interesting opportunities to develop metrological analysis capable of generate economical impact. This study is even more attractive when referring to a 50 million cubic meters scenario, the Brazilian daily natural gas volume consumption. The relevance of this study is to show that is possible guarantee metrological control to a justified cost.
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Bábíček, Ondřej. „Návrh řízení spalovací komory“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-444302.
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The subject of the diploma thesis is research of the testing process exhaust clamps. There is a description of a testing device designed to provide simulations of the real operating conditions on an exhaust assembly. The testing device is named the Hot Gas Test Bench. The thesis solves the optimization process of the test setup by determining the optimal fuel ratio, which is given by air flow as oxidizer and flow of natural gas as fuel. The input parameters which provide flow of mentioned fluids are speeds of blowers. In diploma thesis is created a design of initialization and control process to ensure the optional combustion ratio during the entire length of the test.
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Song, Di. „Study of Electrostatic Charging and Particle Wall Fouling in a Pilot-scale Pressurized Gas-Solid Fluidized Bed up to Turbulent Flow Regime“. Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/36007.
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In gas-solid fluidized beds, the generation of electrostatic charges due to continuous contacts between fluidizing particles, and the particles and the fluidization vessel wall, is unavoidable. Industrial operations, such as the production of polyethylene, are susceptible to significant operational challenges caused by electrostatics including reactor wall fouling, a problem known as “sheeting”. The formation of particle sheets can require shutdown periods for clean-up which results in significant economic losses. To gain a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of electrostatic charging in gas-solid fluidized beds, in an attempt to eliminate or minimize this problem, a pilot-scale pressurized gas-solid fluidization system was designed and built, housing an online electrostatic charge measurement technique consisting of two Faraday cups. The system permits the study of the degree of particle wall fouling at pressures and temperatures up to 2600 kPa and 100°C, respectively, and gas velocities up to 1 m/s (covering a range including turbulent flow regime). The system also allowed, for the first time, the measurement of the fluidizing particles’ mass, net charge and size distribution in various regions of the bed, especially those related to the wall coating under the industrially relevant operating conditions of high pressures and gas velocities. Experimental trials were carried out using polyethylene resin received from commercial reactors to investigate the influence of pressure and gas velocity on the bed hydrodynamics and in turn, the degree of bed electrification.
Mechanisms for particle charging, migration and adherence to the column wall were proposed. The size distribution of the gas bubbles shifted towards smaller bubbles as the operating pressure was raised. Thus, higher pressures lead to greater mixing within the bulk of the bed and resulted in a higher degree of particle wall fouling. Moreover, the extent of wall fouling increased linearly with the increase in gas velocity and as the bed transitioned to turbulent regime, due to the increase in particle-wall contacts. Bipolar charging was observed especially within the wall coating with smaller particles being negatively charged. Overall, particle-wall contacts generated negatively charged particles resulting in a net negative charge in the bed, whereas particle-particle contacts generated positively and negatively charged particles resulting in no net charge when entrainment was negligible. The formation of the wall layer and its extent was influenced by the gravitational and drag forces balancing the image force and Coulomb forces (created by the net charge of the bed and the metallic column wall as the attraction between oppositely charged particles).
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Laurantzon, Fredrik. „Flow measurements related to gas exchange applications“. Doctoral thesis, KTH, Strömningsfysik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-94133.
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This thesis deals with flow measuring techniques applied to steady and pulsating gas flows relevant to gas exchange systems for internal combustion engines. Gas flows in such environments are complex, i.e. they are inhomogeneous, three-dimensional, unsteady, non-isothermal and exhibit significant density changes. While a variety of flow metering devices are available and have been devised for such flow conditions, the performance of these flow metersis to a large extent undocumented when a strongly pulsatile motion is superposed on the already complex flow field. Nonetheless, gas flow meters are commonly applied in such environments, e.g. in the measurement of the air flow to the engine or the amount of exhaust gas recirculation. The aim of the present thesis is therefore to understand and assess, and if possible to improve the performance of various flow meters under highly pulsatile conditions as well as demonstrating the use of a new type of flow meter for measurements of the pulsating mass flow upstream and downstream the turbine of a turbocharger. The thesis can be subdivided into three parts. The first one assesses the flow quality of a newly developed flow rig, designed for measurements of steady and pulsating air flow at flow rates and pulse frequencies typically found in the gas exchange system of cars and smaller trucks. Flow rates and pulsation frequencies achieved and measured range up to about 200 g/s and 80 Hz, respectively. The time-resolved mass flux and stagnation temperature under both steady and pulsating conditions were characterized by means of a combined hot/cold-wire probe which is part of a newly developed automated measurement module. This rig and measurement module were used to create a unique data base with well-defined boundary conditions to be used for the validation of numerical simulations, but in particular, to assess the performance of various flow meters. In the second part a novel vortex flow meter that can measure the timedependent flow rate using wavelet analysis has been invented, verified and extensively tested under various industrially relevant conditions. The newly developed technique was used to provide unique turbine maps under pulsatile conditions through time-resolved and simultaneous measurements of mass flow, temperature and pressure upstream and downstream the turbine. Results confirm that the quasi-steady assumption is invalid for the turbine considered as a whole. In the third and last part of the thesis, two basic fundamental questions that arose during the course of hot/cold-wire measurements in the aforementioned high speed flows have been addressed, namely to assess which temperature a cold-wire measures or to which a hot-wire is exposed to in high speed flows as well as whether the hot-wire measures the product of velocity and density or total density. Hot/cold-wire measurements in a nozzle have been performed to test various hypothesis and results show that the recovery temperature as well as the product of velocity and stagnation density are measured.QC 20120510
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Vitry, Youen. „Étude expérimentale des écoulements film mince sur plan incliné avec contrecourant gaz dans des conditions de similitude aux écoulements cryogéniques“. Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011INPT0117.
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L’objectif est d’améliorer la connaissance des écoulements de films minces se développant au sein des colonnes servant à distiller les gaz de l’air sous conditions cryogéniques. Ce travail porte sur la caractérisation expérimentale de l’épaisseur du film liquide dans des conditions hydrodynamiques proches de celles rencontrées dans l’industrie. Tout d’abord, ce travail a permis de déterminer les conditions opératoires permettant la réalisation d’écoulement en similitude hydrodynamique avec les écoulements cryogéniques mais à température et pression proches de l’ambiant. Ensuite, un dispositif expérimental a ensuite été développé afin de permettre la réalisation d’écoulement de film liquide avec et sans contre-courant gaz sur plan incliné. Une métrologie optique utilisant un procédé de fluorescence a été développée et calibrée afin de mesurer des épaisseurs de films minces inférieures à 2 mm. Pour finir, l’étude expérimentale a permis de caractériser l’écoulement du film mince par l’étude statistique de son épaisseur, l’étude des régimes d’ondes de surface ainsi que son aire interfacialeThe aim of this study is to get a better knowledge of thin film flow inside column used to distil the gases of air under cryogenic conditions. Experimental characterisation of the liquid film thickness submitted to hydrodynamic conditions similar to those found in real processes is investigated in this work. First, operating conditions were defined that allow thin film flow in hydrodynamic similitude with cryogenic flows but under conditions close to standard temperature and pression. Then, an experimental setup was designed in order to realize liquid film flows down an inclined plate with and without counter-current air flow. An optical technique using fluorescence was built and calibrated in order to measure the thickness of liquid film up to 2 mm. Finally, thin liquid film flow characteristics were experimentally studied with special attention given to the statistical variation of film thickness, interfacial wave patterns and interfacial area
33
Sidney, John Kenneth. „Cross-correlation flow measurements in liquid-gas mixtures“. Thesis, Teesside University, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.328785.
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34
Prasser, Horst-Michael. „3. Workshop "Meßtechnik für stationäre und transiente Mehrphasenströmungen", 14. Oktober 1999 in Rossendorf“. Forschungszentrum Dresden, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:d120-qucosa-30118.
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Am 14. Oktober 1999 wurde in Rossendorf die dritte Veranstaltung in einer Serie von Workshops über Meßtechnik für stationäre und transiente Mehrphasenströmungen durchgeführt. Dieses Jahr kann auf auf 11 interessante Vorträge zurückgeblickt werden. Besonders hervorzuheben sind die beiden Hauptvorträge, die von Herrn Professor Hetsroni aus Haifa und Herrn Dr. Sengpiel aus Karlsruhe gehalten wurden. Erneut lag ein wichtiger Schwerpunkt auf Meßverfahren, die räumliche Verteilungen von Phasenanteilen und Geschwindigkeiten sowie die Größe von Partikeln bzw. Blasen der dispersen Phase zugänglich machen. So wurde über einen dreidimensional arbeitenden Röntgentomographen, ein Verfahren zur Messung von Geschwindigkeitsprofilen mit Gittersensoren und eine Methode zur simultanen Messung von Blasengrößen sowie Feldern von Gas- und Flüssigkeitsgeschwindigkeit mit einer optischen Partikelverfolgungstechnik vorgetragen. Daneben wurden interessante Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiet der lokalen Sonden vorgestellt, wie z.B. eine Elektrodiffusionssonde. Neue meßtechnische Ansätze waren ebenfalls vertreten; hervorzuheben ist der Versuch, die Methode der optischen Tomographie für die Untersuchung von Zweiphasenströmungen nutzbar zu machen. Der Tagungsband enthält die folgenden Beiträge: S. John, R. Wilfer, N. Räbiger, Universität Bremen, Messung hydrodynamischer Parameter in Mehrphasenströmungen bei hohen Dispersphasengehalten mit Hilfe der Elektrodiffusionsmeßtechnik E. Krepper, A. Aszodi, Forschungszentrum Rossendorf, Temperatur- und Dampfgehaltsverteilungen bei Sieden in seitlich beheizten Tanks D. Hoppe, Forschungszentrum Rossendorf, Ein akustisches Resonanzverfahren zur Klassifizierung von Füllständen W. Sengpiel, V. Heinzel, M. Simon, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Messungen der Eigenschaften von kontinuierlicher und disperser Phase in Luft-Wasser-Blasenströmungen R. Eschrich, VDI, Die Probestromentnahme zur Bestimmung der dispersen Phase einer Zweiphasenströmung U. Hampel, TU Dresden, Optische Tomographie O. Borchers, C. Busch, G. Eigenberger, Universität Stuttgart, Analyse der Hydrodynamik in Blasenströmungen mit einer Bildverarbeitungsmethode C. Zippe, Forschungszentrum Rossendorf, Beobachtung der Wechselwirkung von Blasen mit Gittersensoren mit einer Hochgeschwindigkeits-Videokamera H.-M. Prasser, Forschungszentrum Rossendorf, Geschwindigkeits- und Durchflußmessung mit Gittersensoren
35
Prasser, Horst-Michael. „3. Workshop "Meßtechnik für stationäre und transiente Mehrphasenströmungen", 14. Oktober 1999 in Rossendorf“. Forschungszentrum Rossendorf, 1999. https://hzdr.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A21838.
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Am 14. Oktober 1999 wurde in Rossendorf die dritte Veranstaltung in einer Serie von Workshops über Meßtechnik für stationäre und transiente Mehrphasenströmungen durchgeführt. Dieses Jahr kann auf auf 11 interessante Vorträge zurückgeblickt werden. Besonders hervorzuheben sind die beiden Hauptvorträge, die von Herrn Professor Hetsroni aus Haifa und Herrn Dr. Sengpiel aus Karlsruhe gehalten wurden. Erneut lag ein wichtiger Schwerpunkt auf Meßverfahren, die räumliche Verteilungen von Phasenanteilen und Geschwindigkeiten sowie die Größe von Partikeln bzw. Blasen der dispersen Phase zugänglich machen. So wurde über einen dreidimensional arbeitenden Röntgentomographen, ein Verfahren zur Messung von Geschwindigkeitsprofilen mit Gittersensoren und eine Methode zur simultanen Messung von Blasengrößen sowie Feldern von Gas- und Flüssigkeitsgeschwindigkeit mit einer optischen Partikelverfolgungstechnik vorgetragen. Daneben wurden interessante Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiet der lokalen Sonden vorgestellt, wie z.B. eine Elektrodiffusionssonde. Neue meßtechnische Ansätze waren ebenfalls vertreten; hervorzuheben ist der Versuch, die Methode der optischen Tomographie für die Untersuchung von Zweiphasenströmungen nutzbar zu machen. Der Tagungsband enthält die folgenden Beiträge: S. John, R. Wilfer, N. Räbiger, Universität Bremen, Messung hydrodynamischer Parameter in Mehrphasenströmungen bei hohen Dispersphasengehalten mit Hilfe der Elektrodiffusionsmeßtechnik E. Krepper, A. Aszodi, Forschungszentrum Rossendorf, Temperatur- und Dampfgehaltsverteilungen bei Sieden in seitlich beheizten Tanks D. Hoppe, Forschungszentrum Rossendorf, Ein akustisches Resonanzverfahren zur Klassifizierung von Füllständen W. Sengpiel, V. Heinzel, M. Simon, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Messungen der Eigenschaften von kontinuierlicher und disperser Phase in Luft-Wasser-Blasenströmungen R. Eschrich, VDI, Die Probestromentnahme zur Bestimmung der dispersen Phase einer Zweiphasenströmung U. Hampel, TU Dresden, Optische Tomographie O. Borchers, C. Busch, G. Eigenberger, Universität Stuttgart, Analyse der Hydrodynamik in Blasenströmungen mit einer Bildverarbeitungsmethode C. Zippe, Forschungszentrum Rossendorf, Beobachtung der Wechselwirkung von Blasen mit Gittersensoren mit einer Hochgeschwindigkeits-Videokamera H.-M. Prasser, Forschungszentrum Rossendorf, Geschwindigkeits- und Durchflußmessung mit Gittersensoren
36
Aissani, Slimane. „Etude et réalisation de sondes de mesure de pressions, de vitesses et de concentrations pour les écoulements gazeux chargés en vésicules d'eau“. Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066195.
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Cette étude entre dans le cadre de la mesure des paramètres du titre dans les gaz rejetés par les dépoussiéreurs hydrauliques. En parallèle à l'étude et à la réalisation des sondes du titre, on met en place une installation d'essai permettant d'obtenir des vitesses de l'air jusqu'à 20 μg/m et des concentrations en poussières et en vésicules atteignant quelques centaines de m μg/m3
37
Rybalcenko, Konstantin. „Gas flow measurements in shales : laboratory, field and numerical investigations“. Thesis, University of Leeds, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/16966/.
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A multi-disciplinary research project including experimental and modelling studies was carried out on shale samples to characterise their porosity and permeability. Pressure expansion techniques were used, including current industry-standard methods as well as new methods developed and modified throughout this research. The derived porosity and permeability values were cross-checked with the results from commercial laboratories. Finally, the results obtained were applied to a shale resource play currently being appraised to understand its commercial viability. Precise grain density results were achieved using the crushed shale method as helium is able to rapidly intrude small sample pores and is not significantly adsorbed onto the constituents of the shale. Precise bulk volume measurements were obtained using mercury immersion but these are ambient stress measurements and need correcting for in-situ conditions. Mercury probably does not enter the pore-space of shale at low pressures during MICP tests and instead closes artificial microfractures. So the results may provide a method to estimate bulk density at the reservoir stresses. The porosity measured using the crushed shale method is more accurate compared to core plug methods. It is important to dry crushed samples to standardise porosity measurements. Other laboratories produced comparable results except for one laboratory which most likely did not conduct sample cleaning procedures properly. Permeability values obtained using the crushed shale method were orders of magnitudes different between the measurements conducted during this study and commercial laboratories. Overall, this test appears to provide no useful information regarding the flow properties of shales. Measurements made on core plugs are often dominated by the presence of microfractures but it is possible to obtain reasonably reliable permeability estimates by inverting the experimental data using a dual porosity-permeability model. To assess the applicability of porosity and permeability methods on commercial shale play, a significant amount of in-situ field data (i.e. well tests, core data etc.) were gathered and tested during the collaborative project in Europe with a local gas exploration company. Gas-In-Place (GIP) and Estimated Ultimate Recovery (EUR) values were produced and based on these the project was approved by the company for the next stage of development. However the model constructed lacked the ability to reproduce the well flow production rates.
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Griffiths, Julian P. „Measurements of the flow field in a modern gas turbine combustor“. Thesis, Loughborough University, 1999. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/12714.
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A detailed investigation into the aerodynamics of a modern gas turbine combustor is reported in this thesis. The main objectives of this work were to examine the interactions between the various features of the internal flow field, and between the external and internal aerodynamics, and to obtain sufficient flow field data for validation of CFD codes. A new experimental facility was developed to allow optical access for high quality internal and external measurements of the isothermal flow field in a three sector segment of an annular gas turbine combustor whose geometry is typical of the combustors in use in current turbofan engines. A specialised traverse system was designed to enable measurements of the flow field by a three component Laser Doppler Anemometry (LDA) system, and a considerable effort was made to maximise the accuracy of the LDA system. Measurements of three orthogonal mean velocity components and all six Reynolds stresses were obtained throughout a burner sector of the combustor. A set of data has been obtained that is sufficiently extensive for use as a benchmark data set for CFD validation. Measurements in the feed annuli showed that the behaviour of the flow was as expected. Internal measurements revealed a strong coupling between the flow in the feed annuli and the flow entering the flame tube through primary and secondary ports. Differences in the geometries and flow splits in the inner and outer annuli caused significant differences between the opposed jets inside the flame tube. The initial pitch angle and axial and radial momentum components of the jets were found to be strongly dependent on the ports' feed conditions. Differences between the opposed jets, due to differences in their feed conditions, affected the location of their impingement and the trajectory of the jet fluid after impingement. The impingement process was also found to be unstable. The centre primary jets, which are downstream of the fuel injector, displayed a dramatically increased sensitivity to their feed conditions, caused by the low pressure in the recirculation induced by the swirler. This caused the jets to be deflected in opposite directions, with no impingement. The flow field in the primary zone was thus substantially altered, with serious implications for the performance of the combustor. These results also demonstrate the importance of coupling the internal and external flows in all experimental and computational models.
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Parsi, Mohammad. „Three-dimensional measurements of mixture motion in the cylinder of an I.C. engine“. Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.293404.
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Abreu, Pedro Augusto Lopes. „CARACTERIZAÇÃO METROLÓGICA DE UM MEDIDOR VOLUMÉTRICO PARA PEQUENAS TAXAS DE FLUXO DE GÁS UTILIZANDO O MÉTODO DE DIFERENÇA DE PRESSÃO“. Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2011. http://tedebc.ufma.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/460.
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A system for measuring low rates of gas flow has great importance for some industrial and especially for scientific applications where usually high accuracy and low uncertainty are required. This type of measurement systems have undergone a great development in recent years primarily due to the concern with the release of gases in natural processes occurring in the environment, such as anaerobic biodegradation process which releases methane and the use in the production of biogas. In this work, the development of low-volume gas flow rate measurement system using the method of pressure difference in a container of known volume is presented. A microcontroller is used to control two valves located one gas inlet and the other at the gas outlet of the container. Appropriate analysis of uncertainty propagation is carried out, and components suitable are selected for the development of the meter in order to perform the measurement with low uncertainty. Simulations and experimental tests are presented for validating the proposed system.
Os sistemas de medição de pequenas taxas de fluxo de gás tem grande relevância nos âmbitos industriais e científicos, nos quais suas aplicações exigem geralmente medições com baixa incerteza. Esses sistemas de medição tem tido uma grande evolução ultimamente. Isso se deve, principalmente, à preocupação com a liberação de gases em processos biológicos naturais como, por exemplo, o gás metano liberado no processo de biodegradação anaeróbio, e que também é aproveitado como biogás. Neste trabalho, apresenta-se o desenvolvimento de um medidor para pequenos volumes de gases utilizando o método de diferença de pressão em um recipiente de volume conhecido. Um microcontrolador é utilizado no controle das duas válvulas localizadas na entrada e na saída do recipiente. São realizados estudos apropriados de análise e propagação de incertezas, e são escolhidos componentes adequados para o desenvolvimento e construção do medidor, de modo a realizar a medição com boa exatidão e baixa incerteza. Simulações e testes experimentais são apresentados para validação do sistema proposto.
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Ieronymidis, Ioannis. „Flow and heat transfer measurements in a gas turbine wall cooling passage“. Thesis, University of Oxford, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670199.
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Abbott, M. P. „Laser doppler anemometry applied to gas expansion flows and industrial coal flames“. Thesis, Cardiff University, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.329766.
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OLSSON, ADAM. „Analysis and Measurements of Gas Flows for Engines with EGR“. Thesis, KTH, Maskinkonstruktion (Inst.), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-143557.
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Roclawski, Harald. „PIV Measurements of Channel Flow with Multiple Rib Arrangements“. UKnowledge, 2001. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_theses/303.
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A model of a gas turbine blade cooling channel equipped with turbulators and a backward facing step geometry was examined. Up to four turbulators oriented cross-stream and inclined 45° to the flow direction were mounted in the channel. The blockage ratio b/H of the turbulators and the height h/H of the backward facing step was 0:125 and 0:14 respectively. The number of turbulators as well as their size was varied. In a preliminary investigation, hot-wire and pressure measurements were taken for three different Reynolds numbers (5,000, 12,000, 18,000)in the center plane of the test section. Subsequently, particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements were made on the same geometries. Results of PIV measurements for a Reynolds number range of Reb=600 to 5,000 for the turbulators and Reh=1,500 to 16,200 for the backward facing step are presented, where Reynolds numbers are based on turbulator height b and step height h, respectively. Plots of the velocity field, vorticity, reverse flow probability and RMS velocity are shown. The focus is on the steady flow behavior but also the unsteadiness of the flow is discussed in one section. Also reattachment lengths were obtained and compared among the various turbulator arrangements and the backward facing step geometry. It was found that the flow becomes periodic after three or four ribs. For one turbulator, a very large separation region was observed. The magnitude of the skin friction factor was found to be the highest for two ribs. If the first rib is replaced by a smaller rib, the skin friction factor becomes the lowest for this case. Compared to the backward facing step, the flow reattaches earlier for multiple turbulators. A dependency of reattachment length on Reynolds number was not observed.
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Králová, Kateřina. „Zdravotně technické instalace a plynovod v poliklinice“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-409869.
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The diploma thesis is focused on sanitary installations. Theoretical part is focused on description of flow meters and their categorization and flow measurement. Calculation and project part is about water suplly, sewerage and pipeline in health care center. Building is located in Brno and it is a reconstruction, which is divided into stages. The part of the building, which is solved in this thesis is 5. stage.
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Carmack, Andrew Cardin. „Heat Transfer and Flow Measurements in Gas Turbine Engine Can and Annular Combustors“. Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32466.
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A comparison study between axial and radial swirler performance in a gas turbine can combustor was conducted by investigating the correlation between combustor flow field geometry and convective heat transfer at cold flow conditions for Reynolds numbers of 50,000 and 80,000. Flow velocities were measured using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) along the center axial plane and radial cross sections of the flow. It was observed that both swirlers produced a strong rotating flow with a reverse flow core. The axial swirler induced larger recirculation zones at both the backside wall and the central area as the flow exits the swirler, and created a much more uniform rotational velocity distribution. The radial swirler however, produced greater rotational velocity as well as a thicker and higher velocity reverse flow core. Wall heat transfer and temperature measurements were also taken. Peak heat transfer regions directly correspond to the location of the flow as it exits each swirler and impinges on the combustor liner wall.
Convective heat transfer was also measured along the liner wall of a gas turbine annular combustor fitted with radial swirlers for Reynolds numbers 210000, 420000, and 840000. The impingement location of the flow exiting from the radial swirler resulted in peak heat transfer regions along the concave wall of the annular combustor. The convex side showed peak heat transfer regions above and below the impingement area. This behavior is due to the recirculation zones caused by the interaction between the swirlers inside the annulus.Master of Science
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Banerjee, Arindam. „Statistically steady measurements of Rayleigh-Taylor mixing in a gas channel“. Texas A&M University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/4183.
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A novel gas channel experiment was constructed to study the development of
high Atwood number Rayleigh-Taylor mixing. Two gas streams, one containing air
and the other containing helium-air mixture, flow parallel to each other separated by
a thin splitter plate. The streams meet at the end of a splitter plate leading to the
formation of an unstable interface and of buoyancy driven mixing. This buoyancy
driven mixing experiment allows for long data collection times, short transients and
was statistically steady. The facility was designed to be capable of large Atwood
number studies of ABtB ~ 0.75. We describe work to measure the self similar evolution
of mixing at density differences corresponding to 0.035 < ABtB < 0.25. Diagnostics
include a constant temperature hot-wire anemometer, and high resolution digital
image analysis. The hot-wire probe gives velocity, density and velocity-density
statistics of the mixing layer. Two different multi-position single-wire techniques
were used to measure the velocity fluctuations in three mutually perpendicular
directions. Analysis of the measured data was used to explain the mixing as it
develops to a self-similar regime in this flow. These measurements are to our knowledge, the first use of hot-wire anemometry in the Rayleigh-Taylor community.
Since the measurement involved extensive calibration of the probes in a binary gas
mixture of air and helium, a new convective heat transfer correlation was formulated
to account for variable-density low Reynolds number flows past a heated cylinder. In
addition to the hot-wire measurements, a digital image analysis procedure was used
to characterize various properties of the flow and also to validate the hot-wire
measurements. A test of statistical convergence was performed and the study
revealed that the statistical convergence was a direct consequence of the number of
different large three-dimensional structures that were averaged over the duration of
the run.
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Gomez, Ramirez David. „Heat Transfer and Flow Measurements in an Atmospheric Lean Pre-Mixed Combustor“. Diss., Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/71812.
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Energy conservation, efficiency, and environmental responsibility are priorities for modern energy technologies. The ever increasing demands for lower pollutants and higher performance have driven the development of low-emission gas turbine engines, operating at lean equivalence ratios and at increasingly higher turbine inlet temperatures. This has placed new constraints on gas turbine combustor design, particularly in regards to the cooling technologies available for the combustor liner walls. To optimize combustor thermal management, and in turn optimize overall engine performance, detailed measurements of the flame side heat transfer are required. However, given the challenging environment at which gas turbine combustors operate, there are currently only limited studies that quantify flame side combustor heat transfer; in particular at reacting conditions.
The objective of the present work was to develop methodologies to measure heat transfer within a reacting gas turbine combustor. To accomplish this, an optically accessible research combustor system was designed and constructed at Virginia Tech, capable of operating at 650 K inlet temperature, maximum air mass flow rates of 1.3 kg/s, and flame temperatures over 1800 K. Flow and heat transfer measurements at non-reacting and reacting conditions were carried out for Reynolds numbers (Re) with respect to the combustor diameter ranging from ~11 500 to ~140 000 (depending on the condition). Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) was used to measure the non-reacting flow field within the burner, leading to the identification of coherent structures in the flow that accounted for over 30% of the flow fluctuation kinetic energy along the swirling jet shear layers. The capability of infrared (IR) thermography to image surface temperatures through a fused silica (quartz) glass was demonstrated at non-reacting conditions. IR thermography was then used to measure the non-reacting steady state heat transfer along the combustor liner. A peak in heat transfer was identified at ~1 nozzle diameter downstream of the combustor dome plate. The peak Nusselt number along the liner was over 18 times higher than that predicted from fully developed turbulent pipe flow correlations, which have traditionally been used to estimate flame side combustor heat transfer.
For the reacting measurements, a novel time-dependent heat transfer methodology was developed that allowed for the investigation of transient heat loads, including those occurring during engine ignition and shutdown. The methodology was validated at non-reacting conditions, by comparing results from an experiment with changing flow temperature, to the results obtained at steady state. The difference between the time-dependent and the steady state measurements were between 3% and 17.3% for different mass flow conditions. The time-dependent methodology was applied to reacting conditions for combustor Reynolds numbers of ~12 000 and ~24 000. At an equivalence ratio of ~0.5 and a combustor Reynolds number of ~12 000, the peak heat load location in reaction was shifted downstream by 0.2 nozzle diameters compared to the non-reacting cases. At higher equivalence ratios, and more visibly at a Reynolds number of ~24 000, the heat transfer distribution along the combustor liner exhibited two peaks, upstream and downstream of the impingement location (X/DN=0.8-1.0 and X/DN=2.5). Reacting PIV was performed at Re=12 000 showing the presence of a strong corner recirculation, which could potentially convect reactants upstream of the impingement point, leading to the double peak structure observed.
The methodologies developed have provided insight into heat transfer within gas turbine combustors. The methods can be used to explore additional conditions and expand the dataset beyond what is presented, to fully characterize reacting combustor heat transfer.Ph. D.
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Abraham, Santosh. „Heat Transfer and Flow Measurements on a One-Scale Gas Turbine Can Combustor Model“. Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35177.
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Combustion designers have considered back-side impingement cooling as the solution for modern DLE combustors. The idea is to provide more cooling to the deserved local hot spots and reserve unnecessary coolant air from local cold spots. Therefore, if accurate heat load distribution on the liners can be obtained, then an intelligent cooling system can be designed to focus more on the localized hot spots. The goal of this study is to determine the heat transfer and pressure distribution inside a typical can-annular gas turbine combustor. This is one of the first efforts in the public domain to investigate the convective heat load to combustor liner due to swirling flow generated by swirler nozzles. An experimental combustor test model was designed and fitted with a swirler nozzle provided by Solar Turbines Inc. Heat transfer and pressure distribution measurements were carried out along the combustor wall to determine the thermo-fluid dynamic effects inside a combustor. The temperature and heat transfer profile along the length of the combustor liner were determined and a heat transfer peak region was established.
Constant-heat-flux boundary condition was established using two identical surface heaters, and the Infrared Thermal Imaging system was used to capture the real-time steady-state temperature distribution at the combustor liner wall. Analysis on the flow characteristics was also performed to compare the pressure distributions with the heat transfer results. The experiment was conducted at two different Reynolds numbers (Re 50,000 and Re 80,000), to investigate the effect of Reynolds Number on the heat transfer peak locations and pressure distributions. The results reveal that the heat transfer peak regions at both the Reynolds numbers occur at approximately the same location. The results from this study on a broader scale will help in understanding and predicting swirling flow effects on the local convective heat load to the combustor liner, thereby enabling the combustion engineer to design more effective cooling systems to improve combustor durability and performance.Master of Science
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Dietz, Anthony John. „Blade surface pressure measurements on the rotor of a model turbine stage in a transient flow facility“. Thesis, University of Oxford, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.257741.
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