Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „Games bib“

The research carried out intends to develop educational games in learning activities based on wordwall games created for grade IV science and science lessons at SDN 41 North Pontianak which fulfill the requirements to assist with learning evaluation activities in the Merdeka curriculum. This research method is an RnD method with the model namely ADDIE. This research data was obtained by involving 1 class with 25 class IV students at State Elementary School 41 North Pontianak, 1 media and material expert validator and 1 media and material expert validator again. The techniques for collecting data in this research are observation, interviews and questionnaires. The results after the research show that the process of developing wordwall-based educational games in science lessons in class IV elementary schools has gone through 4 stages of the ADDIE model research from the 5 stages. Wordwall game development product validity activities produced very valid criteria with an average score of 82.81% for the material aspect and 91.91% with very valid criteria for the media aspect. After carrying out practicality, the results obtained were that the wordwall-based educational game developed had a practicality level of 93.7% in the "very practical" category so that the media was declared very suitable and practical for use in the classroom learning process.

<p>Penelitian ini membahas tentang pengaruh motivasi belajar dengan model pembelajaran <em>Kooperatif Teams Games Tournament (TGT)</em> terhadap prestasi belajar peserta didik kelas X mata pelajaran biologi materi pokok kingdom animalia. Tujuannya untuk mengetahui adakah pengaruh yang positif antara motivasi belajar dengan model pembelajaran <em>Kooperatif Teams-Games tournament (TGT)</em> dengan prestasi belajar peserta didik.</p><p>Metode angket dengan teknik korelasi yang digunakan untuk mengetahui motivasi belajar siswa, baik itu siswa kelas kontrol maupun kelas eksperimen. Adapun untuk mengetahui prestasi belajar peserta didik menggunakan hasil test sub bab materi pokok kingdom animalia. Pengumpulan data menggunakan instrumen angket dengan jumlah responden kelas eksperimen (XB) 35 siswa, sedangkan jumlah peserta didik kelas kontrol (XA) berjumlah 34 siswa, dengan menggunakan teknik random sampling.</p><p>Data yang terkumpul dianalisis dengan statistik menggunakan reumus regresi. Dari dua variabel yang ada yaitu, variabel X (motivasi belajar siswa dengan model pembelajaran TGT), pada kelas eksperimen memiliki rata-rata 53,571 itu lebih besar daripada rata motivasi belajar kelas kontrol (39,056). Begitu juga rata nilai ulangan sub bab meteri kelas eksperimen lebih besar daripada kelas kontrol (73,89&gt;67,65).</p>Setelah diuji hipotresis ternyata terdapat pengaruh yang positif antara keadaan motivasi belajar dengan model pembelajaran <em>Kooperatif Teams-Games-Tournament (TGT), </em>hal ini ditunjukkan dengan<em> </em>hitung : 15,544&gt; tabel 5% (4,13), hitung : 15,544&gt; tabel 1% (7,44). Dengan demikian hipotesis yang diajukan peneliti diterima dikarenakan terdapat pengaruh positif yang signifikan antara motivasi belajar dengan model pembelajaran <em>Kooperatif Teams-Games-Tournament (TGT) </em>terhada prestasi belajar peserta didik kelas X mata pelajaran biologi materi pokok kingdim animalia MA NU 03 Sunan Katong Kaliwungu Kendal

The summer Olympic Games is the major mega sports event since the first modern era Olympiad, held in Athens, Greece in 1896. International Olympic Committee (IOC) has the responsibility of the organization of the summer and winter Games ensuring the broadcast in all corners of earth. The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) is the responsible organization of the fight against doping in sports. IOC and WADA support the event's country WADA Accredited Laboratory to incorporate the maximum of the new analytical technologies to become applicable during the event's antidoping testing. The current study reviewed the last 5 years progresses of the antidoping system with emphasis on the laboratory field.

A series of dried blood spot (DBS) detection methods for doping agents have been developed in the last two decades. The DBS technique minimizes invasiveness and reduces storage and shipping costs. Recently, the World Anti-Doping Agency announced the use of DBS for the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympic Games and Paralympic Games owing to the advantages of the DBS application in routine doping control. Therefore the further development of detection methods for doping agents in DBS is important and urgent. This review summarizes five aspects of DBS application in doping analysis: sample collection, storage conditions, pretreatment, instrumentation and validation according to the Prohibited List issued by the World Anti-Doping Agency, and proposes some suggestions for future studies of DBS in doping analysis.

This research was motivated by the lack of tourist attraction in Agrowisata Balai Benih Induk (BBI) of Lubuk Minturun Padang, such as, there is no entertainment and recreation services at agro rides BBI, the least of the event activities in agrotourism meeting room BBI and the lack of souvenirs offered by agro tourism BBI Lubuk Minturun Padang. This research aims to determine the strategy of developing tourist attraction that has indicators in the form of tourist attractions, amenities and anchillary services are viewed from internal factors in the form of strengths and weaknesses and external factors in the form of opportunities and threats. This research is a descriptive research with qualitative data. Data collection technique is done by interview and observation that involves informant by using purposive sampling and snowball sampling technique. Development strategy of tourist attraction that can be done is in the form of: 1) Optimizing the function of land by developing tourism activities such as providing rides games and mini garden. 2) Develop MICE event in meeting and gazebo sessions such as holding workshops and agricultural exhibition. 3) Provide souvenirs by utilizing culture and network techniques.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the application of event design principles in the creation and execution of effective experiential sponsorship activations (ESAs) by B2B brands and examine the challenges posed by the sponsorship context to sponsors seeking to create ESAs, with proposed potential solutions. Design/methodology/approach A case study of Cisco’s ESA activities as part of its London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games sponsorship activation is developed, drawing on interviews with key Cisco employees and secondary sources of data, both internal and external to Cisco. Findings Blending the event design principles typically associated with B2B events with those more commonly found in corporate hospitality or B2C events enables sponsors to address the cognitive needs of attendees as business representatives, while also satisfying their needs as individuals seeking more sensorial experiences. Effective use of event design principles, creative marketing and promotion, and collaboration with other sponsors allow brands to overcome constraints placed on them by the unpredictable nature of sponsorship, sponsorship rights agreements and the increased clutter in the sponsorship environment. Research limitations/implications Existing knowledge on sponsorship activation is extended, drawing on principles of event design to offer a sponsor-focused perspective on the creation and execution of effective ESAs for B2B brands. Existing thinking around B2B event design is challenged and augmented when considering its application to ESA design. Practical implications Inter-sponsor collaboration and the blending of cognitive and sensorial elements of event design are important for sponsors seeking to create and deliver effective ESAs. Originality/value The paper draws on the event design literature to appraise the execution of ESA by B2B brands within the context of event sponsorship.

In order to determine the willingness of the population of São Carlos (a city in the state of São Paulo, Brazil) to pay for the environmental protection (WTP) of the Feijão River's watershed, the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM), as well as the bidding-games technique, were used. In October 2010, 280 questionnaires were applied to a probabilistic sample of the population. A multivariate logistic regression model was built, creating five scenarios adjusted to the age and probability to pay according to the significant variables found. Concerning the WTP, 56% of the interviewees showed willingness to pay a monthly amount using the water bill as a vehicle for this. The WTP average was 1.94 US Dollar (USD), with a standard deviation of 1.91 USD. The total annual amount for the scenario that considers the whole population over 18 years old was of USD 3,930,616.80. The main argument for the negative WTP was that the interviewees could not afford it (14%).

Sulitnya siswa mengingat maupun memahami materi tentang bilangan oksidasi (biloks) dan tata nama senyawa ion maupun senyawa kovalen membuat guru berfikir keras bagaimana caranya membuat kegiatan pembelajaran di kelas berlangsung menyenangkan dan berkesan agar materi pembelajaran diingat siswa. Salah satu cara agar kegiatan pembelajaran di kelas menjadi “hidup” adalah penggunaan media pembelajaran. Banyak media pembelajaran yang dapat digunakan untuk membuat kegiatan belajar lebih seru dan tidak membosankan. Dalam penelitian ini penulis berinovasi membuat media pembelajaran untuk menunjang kegiatan pembelajaran yang disebut Match Game for Biloks. Media ini diterapkan pada bab redoks materi biloks dan Tata Nama senyawa di pelajaran kimia kelas X semester 2 serta bisa juga untuk merefresh ingatan siswa kelas XII semester 1 sebelum masuk materi Redoks. Game ini terinspirasi dari permainan domino, dimana setiap pemain harus memasangkan kartu yang ia punya dengan kartu sebelumnya. Perbedaan media ini dengan permainan domino, satu kartu bisa dipasangkan dengan banyak kartu yang lain dengan biloks yang sama dan siswa harus menyebutkan terlebih dahulu nama unsur bebas atau molekul senyawa atau molekul ion kartu tersebut sehingga kelebihannya siswa dapat menghitung biloks dan megetahui nama unsur/senyawa kimia. Pembuatan media ini dengan cara menentukan 60 rumus molekul unsur/senyawa/ion beserta namanya dan biloks unsur yang akan ditanyakan diberikan warna beda dalam rumus molekulnya, setelah itu membuat kartu “match game”. Setelah media ini selesai, dilakukan Match games dalam kelompok dan setiap kelompok sudah ada 1 asisten guru (siswa ahli) yang memegang kunci jawaban dari media match games yang dimilikinya untuk mengoreksi jawaban teman-temannya. Games ini menggunakan aturan tertentu dengan membagikan 30 domino ke 5 siswa, sehingga pemenang siswa adalah yang telah habis terlebih dahulu dan mendapatkan skor tertinggi.

Introduction. One of the librarians’ role is to improve the feeling of optimistic through bibliotheraphy on patients. This paper focuses on bibliotherapy to improve patients’ optimistic attitude. This study aims to understand the benefits of bibliotheraphy from patients’ health perspectives. Data Collection Method: This research used a quasi-experimental approach. Data collection was conducted through patients observation, in-depth interviews and literature study. Our study population was patients in several hospital as well as involving academic experts in the field of bibliotheraphy. Analysis Data: The data was analysed based opn qualitative approach. Results and Discussions: There were 5 implementation stages of bibliotherapy to the patients: (1) Patients were motivated by the librarian with the games involving patients with positive advice (2) The librarian asked the patients to read the prepared material (3) The librarian gaves patients some time to reflect on their reading materials (4) The librarian discussed with patients about the reading materials (5) the librarian evaluated by listening to the patients. Conclusion: Bibliotherapy can be useful for health improvement, particularly to improve optimistic attitude of patients in dealing with their disease.

This study aims to produce "BBB Books (Play, Learn, Language) To Stimulate Literacy Ability in B Groups of Kindergarten in age of 5-6 years old in Ngrambe District", which are valid regarding in effectiveness, efficiency and attractiveness. Literacy is very important for early childhood, because early literacy activities build language skills that are rich in vocabulary, self-expression and understanding. This skill helps children to understand printed words when they start in reading. This study used research and development methods (RND). Research and development in the field of education focuses on the development of designs and planning, whether in the form of design models, or teaching materials to be developed. This research method has stages of procedures carried out in the development of learning books, namely analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. Based on the results of the validation and testing, it result a score according to the aspect to be achieved as follow the effectiveness aspect got 95.55%, the efficiency aspect got 97.22%, and the attractiveness aspect got 94.44%. Which means that BBB (Play, Learn, Language) books are suitable to be used for stimulating the literacy skills of children in age of 5-6 years old. This research contributed for helping to stimulate children's literacy skills, make the children to do evaluative activities and language games easier.

The purpose of the study was To find out the effect of burpees exercises and biceps curl exercises on smash skills. The next goal is to find out which exercise is better between burpees and biceps curl against smash skills. The method used in this study is an experimental method. The subjects in this study were 30 players of the Selorejo Village BBI volleyball team. The data retrieval method used uses a smash test, which aims to measure the accuracy of directing the ball in the smash. This study used two research groups, namely burpees and biceps curl. Based on the results of data analysis using the t-test and getting results: There is an influence of burpees and biceps curl training methods on smash skills. This statement is reinforced by the results of the t-test burpees having a t-test value of 49.33, t-table at a significance level of 5% and d.b. (freedom rate) 14 is 2.145. Biceps curl has a t-test value of 18.04, t-table at a significance level of 5%, d.b. (degree of freedom) 14 is 2.145. There was a significant difference between the program latihan burpees and biceps curl to smash skills -0.479 < 2.145.

Rumah Baca Apung located in Tambak Lorok Village is a valuable asset belonging to the community that can be used as meeting hall and village library. In fact Rumah Baca Apung has not been utilized optimally in accordance with the function and purpose of building a library. Based on preliminary observations of the researchers, can be knew that the location is more often used as a place for discussion by the local people.Therefore, this study aims to further study the utilization of Rumah Baca Apung and the reasons behind the utilization. This research uses qualitative approach of case study with using data collection technique through interview, documentation study, and observation. The results of this study show that the use of Rumah Baca Apung has not been based on the function of education, research and preservation function of a library. Rumah Baca Apung also has not been used as a place to increase reading habit. Rumah Baca Apung is now used as a place of recreation, a place to discuss, socialize and counsel for the local people. The utilization of Rumah Baca Apung which has not yet represented the function of the village library is due to the limited quantity and quality of the collection books, the lack of educative games equipment, and the absence of learning companion teacher as a volunteer for the coastal children of Tambak Lorok.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kemampuan kognitif siswa SMA setelah diajar menggunakan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe teams games and tournaments (TGT) dilengkapi media kartu kwartet hace pada pokok bahasan koloid. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas XI IPA 5 SMA Negeri 4 Samarinda. Sampel dalam penelitian ini dipilih dengan menggunakan teknik random sampling. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui soal post-test di setiap akhir pertemuan dan ulangan akhir bab. Analisis data dilakukan dengan cara menghitung skor dari jawaban siswa dan mengubah skor dalam bentuk persentase sebaran sesuai jenjang kemampuan kognitif, dan menghitung nilai rata-rata seluruh jenjang kemampuan kognitif sehingga terlihat kemampuan kognitif siswa secara keseluruhan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata nilai tingkat kemampuan siswa untuk mengingat (C1) sebesar 100, mengerti (C2) sebesar 88, menerapkan (C3) sebesar 97, menganalisis (C4) sebesar 82, mengevaluasi (C5) sebesar 81 dan mencipta (C6) siswa sebesar 82. Secara keseluruhan kemampuan kognitif siswa pada pokok bahasan koloid dengan penerapan model TGT dilengkapi media kartu kwartet hace termasuk dalam kategori sangat baik

Tujuan dari pendampingan pengabdian masyarakat ini adalah meningkatkan pengetahuan siswa serta merubah perilaku siswa tentang manfaat Stop Buang Air Besar Sembarangan (BABS), Cuci Tangan Pakai Sabun (CTPS) dan Pemilahan Sampah organik dan anorganik pada siswa kelas 1 sampai dengan 6 di SD di Babakan Raden, Kec. Cariu, Kab. Bogor, Jawa Barat. Metode yang dilakukan metode ceramah, metode praktik dan metode games berhadiah. Berdasarkan hasil kegiatan yang telah dilakukan dapat disimpulkan beberapa hal, antara lain: Siswa SD Negri Babakan Kiara dapat memahami pentingnya Stop BABS untuk memutus mata rantai penyebaran penyakit, dengan membiasakan BAB pada fasilitas MCK yang sudah disediakan pihak desa. Siswa SD Negri Babakan Kiara dapat memahami pentingnya Cuci Tangan Pakai Sabun (CTPS) dalam memutus mata rantai penyebaran penyakit untuk mewujudkan pola hidup bersi dan sehat demi terwujudnya masyarakat Babakanraden sehat ramah lingkungan. Siswa SD Negri Babakan Kiara setelah Mahasiswa KKN melakukan penyuluhan dan praktik, secara umum telah memiliki kebiasaan membuang sampah pada tempatnya. pengelolaan sampah.

ABSTRACT Toilet training is an effort to train children to be able to control and urinate (BAK) and defecate (BAB). Toilet training is one of the main tasks of children at toddler age. Toilet training is one of the main tasks of children in toddler age which is very important to be done to create independence in children in controlling BAK and BAB and children know the parts of the body and their functions. Data in 2012 shows that ± 60% of parents do not teach toilet training to children from an early age. The aim of the study was to find out the effectiveness of toilet training education on maternal behavior and toilet skills in toddler age training (18-36 months). The study was conducted in July-August 2018. This type of quantitative research used the design of the Quasy pretest and posttest experiment with non-equivalent control group design. Samples were 36 mothers and 36 children with purposive sampling technique. Data analysis used Paired t test, Wilcoxon test, Man-Whitney test an Independent t test. The results showed that toilet training education through lecture methods, modules and maze games was more effective than toilet training education through lecture and leaflet methods on children's knowledge and abilities. Conversely, for the role of mothers in supervision there is no significant difference in effectiveness. Health education is recommended in health promotion programs to increase maternal knowledge, the role of mothers and the ability of toilet training children independently. Keywords: Toilet training, Lecture method, Module, Maze game, Leaflet, Knowledge, Role of mother, Children's ability.

The purpose of the study is to analyze stabilometric parameters for motor disorders in patients with an ischemic stroke in the carotid artery in the early rehabilitation period and to monitor their dynamics under rehabilitation therapy with biofeedback (BFB) stabilization training. Materials and Methods. The study involved 24 patients aged 44–75. We chose the patients with mild and moderate motor impairments who were at the second stage of medical rehabilitation at Bryansk City Hospital No. 1. The patients suffered stroke 1–6 months ago. The stabilographic study was carried out on a BFB stabiloanalyzer “Stabilan-01-2” (RITM, Taganrog). The stabilometric training consisted of 7–10 sessions and included various computer games taking into account the type of paresis, the severity of coordination disorders and individual load tolerance. At the beginning of therapy, training lasted 5–10 minutes but gradually it increased up to 15–20 minutes. MS EXCEL and IBM Statistica 12.0 were used for statistical analysis of the obtained data. The Wilcoxon test was used to assess the dynamics. All obtained differences were significant (p≤0.05). Results. During the study, a change in stabilometric parameters was noted towards a decrease in the main parameters of the stabilographic test (“Frontal spread” (p=0.049), “Mean spread” (p=0.045)) and the Romberg test (“Mean spread” with eyes closed (p=0.046) and “Time rate of statokinesigram area” with eyes closed (p=0.043)), which indicated an improvement in the patients’ motor skills during rehabilitation therapy. Conclusions. The results of the analysis allow us to consider stabilization training with biofeedback an effective treatment modality in the early rehabilitation period for patients with ischemic stroke in the carotid artery.

Combat sports have a great interest in society and among professional sports. They are an important group of sports in the Olympic Games, but the strategies carried out by athletes to reduce body weight for weighing day, is famously known, suffering the adverse physical and psychological effects of rapid weight loss. This could compromise not only the performance, but the health and development of young athletes. A total of 22 elite male judokas (18.05 ± 1.05 years old) were evaluated during four different competitions in one season; the variables of body weight, water levels, and lean and fat mass were measured by bioimpedance (BIA), (Tanita BC545N) during one season. Using the linear mixed model test, we found significant differences in bodyweight variable during the competitions 3–4. The water level variable showed significant differences in all competitions, except for 2–4. Body mass index was significantly different in all competitions, being higher in the later competitions, except between competitions 1–2 and 2–3. Judokas participate in weight loss methods for their weigh-in days. Furthermore, the age at which the athletes reduced their water levels are worrisome. These results could be used to create healthy programs, especially in elite judokas, in order to carry out strategies before, during, and after competitions with weight loss and controlled water levels increasing future performance and health.

Hydrological data are mandatory for the elaboration of studies related to water management. Statistical analysis is a crucial step for the grasping of the distribution of data range. The presented study consists on applying statistical descriptive analysis on three climate variable; precipitation, temperature and relative humidity. Two gages stations were used; Bab Marzouka and Idriss First in Innaouène watershed. The obtained results underlines that the temporal variation exposes an overall rising trend in the temperature and a decreasing trend in the rainfall and relative humidity over the fours studied decades, it also uncovers the intra-seasonal fluctuation, humid and rainy in the winter and sec and dry in the summer, the autumn and the spring are considered as transition season where the temperature is moderated. The spatial variation is marked by a slight decreasing in precipitation and increasing of temperature moving from the middle part of the watershed to the downstream, which could be explained by the topographic variation and its impact on the climate. High altitude are generally marked by high precipitation and lower temperature comparing to lowlands areas.

Guru dituntut mampu merancang dan mendesain pembelajaran daring yang ringan dan efektif, dengan memanfaatkan perangkat atau media daring yang tepat dan sesuai dengan materi yang diajarkan. Walaupun dengan pembelajaran daring akan memberikan kesempatan lebih luas dalam mengeksplorasi materi yang akan diajarkan, namun guru harus mampu memilih dan membatasi sejauh mana cakupan materinya dan aplikasi yang cocok pada materi dan metode belajar yang digunakan. Desain penelitian dalam penelitian ini adalah PTS dengan berkolaborasi dengan guru yang ditetapkan 2 siklus. Dalam PTS ada 4 tahapan yaitu perencanaan, pelaksanaan, pengamatan dan refleksi. Data primer dengan menggunakan tes ulangan dan observasi dengan di checklist, dan data sekunder dengan wawancara. Peneliti menggunakan keharusan nilai sasaran atau KKM (Kriteria Ketuntasan Minimal) menentukan kriteria sukses untuk menganalisis data. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian pada bab IV dapat disimpulkan sebagai berikut Penerapan aplikasi discord pada SMP Negeri Satu Atap 2 Bungatan Tahun Pelajaran 2020/2021 sangat efektif. Discord merupakan salah satu aplikasi media sosial yang digunakan para gamers untuk berinteraksi, namun jika diarahkan untuk digunakan dalam pembelajaran ternyata dapat cukup bermanfaat. Melalui penelitian ini dapat diangkat kesimpulan bahwa discord dapat digunakan sebagai sarana pembelajaran secara optimal dengan syarat yaitu jaringan internet dari pendidik dan peserta didik stabil dan mencukupi. Aplikasi discord ini sangat cocok digunakan untuk presentasi layar seperti yang dapat dilakukan oleh beberapa aplikasi video conferences lainnya seperti google meet dan zoom cloud meeting.

Purpose: This research provides a brief review which explores theories and concepts in International Business (IB) and management, covering global market dynamics, factors influencing foreign direct investment, the role of national culture in socially responsible policies, decision-making processes, evolving trends in CSR, ethical leadership's relationship with CSR in diverse business groups, and advancements in online communication, simulation games, and enterprise systems. Valuable insights for practitioners and scholars are provided, illuminating the complexities of the dynamic field of business and management. Design/Methodology/Approach: This research paper employs diverse methodological approaches, including literature review, qualitative analysis, and theoretical modeling, to investigate various aspects of IB and management. Through a qualitative synthesis approach, key themes and findings related to the research topic are identified. Findings: This research highlights the significance of digital platforms in delivering global consumer value. Cultural differences influence Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflows, shaped by host country norms. European SMEs' profitability, responsible conduct, and B2B relationship tendencies are affected by national culture dimensions. Theoretical Implication: This analysis reveals the impact of digital platforms, cultural differences, and national culture on global markets and international business. It emphasizes ethical leadership, institutional diversity, strategic direction, and human rights. Managerial Implication: Managerial implications for international business strategies include leveraging digital platforms for value creation, assessing cultural agility competencies in talent identification, considering socio-cultural context in framing victimization experiences, incorporating factors like corruption, contract enforcement, IP protection, and cultural compatibility in FDI decisions. Industrial Implication: Significant implications found for the industry in utilizing big data, including ethical and legal considerations. Cultural adaptation crucial for FDI strategies and CSR initiatives. Ethical leadership as a competitive advantage for CSR. Originality and Value: This literature review highlights the significance of cultural adaptation in global markets, exploring the impact of national culture on corporate behavior. It introduces a novel model for ethical leadership and CSR in Digital Platforms and Ecosystems (DPEs). It serves as a valuable resource for researchers, policymakers, and practitioners in the field of International Business, identifying research gaps for future studies.

The article suggests the use of a training tool of a business game in the educational process aimed at the formation of a complete system of professional entrepreneurial competencies. The article aims to expand the possibilities of learning in limited classroom conditions by creating an educational situation as close as possible to the realities of modern business relations practice. To achieve this goal the author set the task of using the tools of a business game in relation to the development of competition skills and competitive relations. As the main scenario of the business game, the author creates a model of the competition situation with the participation of the buyer and several bidders competing for victory in the simulation of competitive procurement. The proposed business game is based on typical real competitive situations in the space of a set of B2B operations, which confirms the relevance of the chosen training method. The article contains a description of the basic scenario and detailed rules of the game. Each of the groups participating in the game is offered its own set of documents of initial information, on the basis of which the participants should build their tactics of negotiations and generating proposals of the competition commission. The article substantiates that in order to win the competition, participants need to take into account both professional and personal relationships of the persons involved in decision-making. The author draws attention to the importance of studying the educational situation as a complete system of relations between real companies with each other. The article shows that the important practical significance of the business game consists in the final session of the analysis of the actions of the participants of the game – the “debriefing” stage. Based on the analysis of the business games sessions conducted, the author identifies the most significant results of students’ participation in the game, their positive impressions and personal unexpected discoveries. The use of the proposed method will be useful for educational organizations as an effective exercise in the framework of courses studying the practice of competition between professional and higher education systems.

Purpose: This research provides a brief review which explores theories and concepts in International Business (IB) and management, covering global market dynamics, factors influencing foreign direct investment, the role of national culture in socially responsible policies, decision-making processes, evolving trends in CSR, ethical leadership's relationship with CSR in diverse business groups, and advancements in online communication, simulation games, and enterprise systems. Valuable insights for practitioners and scholars are provided, illuminating the complexities of the dynamic field of business and management. Design/Methodology/Approach: This research paper employs diverse methodological approaches, including literature review, qualitative analysis, and theoretical modeling, to investigate various aspects of IB and management. Through a qualitative synthesis approach, key themes and findings related to the research topic are identified. Findings: This research highlights the significance of digital platforms in delivering global consumer value. Cultural differences influence Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflows, shaped by host country norms. European SMEs' profitability, responsible conduct, and B2B relationship tendencies are affected by national culture dimensions. Theoretical Implication: This analysis reveals the impact of digital platforms, cultural differences, and national culture on global markets and international business. It emphasizes ethical leadership, institutional diversity, strategic direction, and human rights. Managerial Implication: Managerial implications for international business strategies include leveraging digital platforms for value creation, assessing cultural agility competencies in talent identification, considering socio-cultural context in framing victimization experiences, incorporating factors like corruption, contract enforcement, IP protection, and cultural compatibility in FDI decisions. Industrial Implication: Significant implications found for the industry in utilizing big data, including ethical and legal considerations. Cultural adaptation crucial for FDI strategies and CSR initiatives. Ethical leadership as a competitive advantage for CSR. Originality and Value: This literature review highlights the significance of cultural adaptation in global markets, exploring the impact of national culture on corporate behavior. It introduces a novel model for ethical leadership and CSR in Digital Platforms and Ecosystems (DPEs). It serves as a valuable resource for researchers, policymakers, and practitioners in the field of International Business, identifying research gaps for future studies.

Abstract DNA/RNA motif mining is the foundation of gene function research. The DNA/RNA motif mining plays an extremely important role in identifying the DNA- or RNA-protein binding site, which helps to understand the mechanism of gene regulation and management. For the past few decades, researchers have been working on designing new efficient and accurate algorithms for mining motif. These algorithms can be roughly divided into two categories: the enumeration approach and the probabilistic method. In recent years, machine learning methods had made great progress, especially the algorithm represented by deep learning had achieved good performance. Existing deep learning methods in motif mining can be roughly divided into three types of models: convolutional neural network (CNN) based models, recurrent neural network (RNN) based models, and hybrid CNN–RNN based models. We introduce the application of deep learning in the field of motif mining in terms of data preprocessing, features of existing deep learning architectures and comparing the differences between the basic deep learning models. Through the analysis and comparison of existing deep learning methods, we found that the more complex models tend to perform better than simple ones when data are sufficient, and the current methods are relatively simple compared with other fields such as computer vision, language processing (NLP), computer games, etc. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a summary in motif mining by deep learning, which can help researchers understand this field.

Dijital oyunlar geniş kitlelere erişimi sağlamasıyla eğlence sektöründe ticari amaçlarla kullanıldığı gibi ideolojik mesajların paylaşılması amacıyla da kullanılabilmektedir. Özellikle senaryo modu içeren tek kişilik savaş oyunları, oyun üreticilerinin ve üretimin gerçekleştiği ülkelerdeki ideolojilerin propagandasını yapmak maksadıyla kullanılmaktadır. Söz konusu oyunların sadece basit boş zaman eğlenceleri olmadıklarını, aynı zamanda birer propaganda aracı olduklarının kabul edildiği bu çalışmada, söz konusu kabulün doğruluğunu ortaya koyma amacı güdülmüştür. Bunun için açık şekilde propaganda yapıldığı iddiası ile eleştirilen Call of Duty Modern Warfare oyunu Espen Aartseth’in dijital oyunların bütüncül analizi yöntemi ile incelenmiştir. İnceleme sonucunda oyunda, serinin önceki oyunlarında da olduğu gibi Doğu-Batı, Rusya-ABD karşıtlıkları kurulduğu, Orta Doğu halkının ve Müslümanların ötekileştirici bir şekilde sunulduğu; serinin diğer oyunlarından farklı olarak Ortadoğulu ve kadın kahramanlara önemli roller atfedildiği görülmüştür.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore and test certain assumptions concerning the role of the media in its coverage of the Olympic Games, US men's and women's basketball in particular, and its perceived impact on brand image of the athletes' performance from a fan's motivational and financial perspective.Design/methodology/approachUses and gratifications theory and sport fan motivation scales were used to identify potential impacts of media coverage and branding on athletic performance. Based on a study of 143 working professionals that identified themselves as Olympic sport fans in the Pittsburgh, PA metropolitan area, several hypotheses were tested.FindingsThe most to least important factor-based constructs found from a PCA (Principal Components Analysis)/factor analysis included competitiveness, fan commitment, media connections, media impacts, demographics and financial impacts. When using the construct athletic performance at the Olympic level as the dependent variable, results suggested that competitiveness, media connections and fan commitment were significant for males only, while only media connections for significant for females. Males were found to be more player-centric than females, willing to be more focused on the competitive nature of the Olympic Games and to dedicate more money for such activities.Originality/valueFocusing on Olympic Games and associated athletes' competitive nature opens a unique perspective from fan's gender perspective.

The purpose of this study was to investigate body composition and resting metabolic rate among team and individual games players at An-Najah National University. The sample of the study consisted of (32) players, and Tanita TBF-410 Bioelectrical impedance analyzer (BIA) was used to determine variables. The result revealed a good level of body composition and resting metabolic rate among team and individual games players at An-Najah National University. Furthermore, the results indicated a significant difference in body mass index and percent of body fat between team and individual games players in favor of team players. Also, the results indicated that there were no significant differences in the other variable between team and individual games players. هدفت الدراسة التعرف الى مستوى قياسات تركيب الجسم والتمثيل الغذائي خلال الراحة لدى لاعبي فرق الألعاب الجماعية والفردية في جامعة النجاح الوطنية، كذلك التعرف الى الفروق في قياسات تركيب الجسم والتمثيل الغذائي خلال الراحة بين لاعبي فرق الألعاب الفردية والجماعية، ولتحقيق ذلك أجريت الدراسة على عينة قوامها (32) لاعبا، (16) لاعبا من فرق الألعاب الجماعية و(16) لاعبا من فرق الألعاب الفردية. وتم قياس متغيرات الدراسة باستخدام جهاز تانتا (Tanita- TBF- 410) في مختبر القياس الرياضي في كلية التربية الرياضية بجامعة النجاح الوطنية، وأظهرت نتائج الدراسة وجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية بين لاعبي الألعاب الجماعية والفردية في متغيري (مؤشر كتلة الجسم ونسبة الشحوم ولصالح فرق الألعاب الجماعية في حين لا يوجد فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية في المتغيرات الاخرى (التمثيل الغذائي خلال الراحة ،وكتلة الشحوم، والكتلة الخالية من الشحوم وكتلة الماء).

<p class="Bab"><strong><em>This research aims to improve understanding of service and figure role Indonesian independence concept at 5th grade student of elementary school in Surakarta by application of Teams Games Tournament (TGT) model helped by rotar media.This research was classroom action resarch which was held i two cycles, there were four stage in each cycle, which planning, implementation, observation, and reflection. The subjects were a teacher and 34 students. The data sources are form the teacher and student. The technics of collecting data are test, interview, observation, and documentary. Data analysis were interactive analysis.</em> <em>According to the research conclusion, Teams Games Tournament model helped by rotar media could improve understanding of service and figure role of independence concept at 5th grade student of elementary school in Surakarta academic year 2017/2018. That improvement could be Pre-action, the percentage of class attainment is only 5,88% then at second cycle, the percentage of class attainment increases to 88,24%</em></strong></p>

Blake’s stanzas from the preface to Milton a Poem, better known as the hymn “Jerusalem,” are by far the most popular of his poems to have been set to music. While researching versions for a book on “Jerusalem,” I discovered references to some 406 audio recordings and scores (a total that I suspect may still be expanded upon). These date from 1908—when Henry Walford Davies published the first in England’s Pleasant Land, a set of three-part songs—to the reinterpretation of Hubert Parry’s hymn by Tokio Myers and Jazmin Sawyers for the 2018 Commonwealth Games. Donald Fitch’s catalogue was published in 1990 and thus misses the vast majority of recordings that appeared following the introduction of the CD in the late 1980s; he also omits more or less completely popular music versions, which had already begun to appear in the postwar period.

Resumo O artigo trata da interface entre gênero, classes sociais e (bio)tecnologias destinadas ao aprimoramento da estética corporal. Dialogando com os estudos de gênero, investiga como essas (bio)tecnologias atuam na produção de corpos e feminilidades contemporâneos em diferentes grupos sociais, baseando-se em pesquisas etnográficas realizadas em circuitos onde essas intervenções são realizadas. Analisa-se os usos, sentidos e moralidades atribuídos a elas, mostrando como fabricam convenções ao mesmo tempo estéticas, morais e corporais de feminilidade, num processo também atravessado por distinções e pertencimentos de classe.

We consider a tic-tac-toe game played on the $d$-dimensional integer lattice. The game that we investigate is a Maker–Breaker version of tic-tac-toe. In a Maker–Breaker game, the first player, Maker, only tries to occupy a winning line and the second player, Breaker, only tries to stop Maker from occupying a winning line. We consider the bounded number of directions game, in which we designate a finite set of direction-vectors ${\cal S} \subset {\Bbb Z}^d$ which determines the set of winning lines. We show, by using the Erdős–Selfridge theorem and a modification of a theorem by Beck about games played on almost-disjoint hypergraphs, that for the special case when the coordinates of each direction-vector are bounded, i.e., when ${\cal S} \subset \{ \vec{v} : \|\vec{v}\|_\infty \leq k \}$, Breaker can win this game if the length of each winning line is on the order of $d^2\lg(dk)$ and $d^2\lg(k)$, respectively. In addition, we show that Maker can build winning lines of length up to $(1+o(1))d\lg k $ if ${\cal S}$ is the set of all direction-vectors with coordinates bounded by $k$. We also apply these methods to the $n$-consecutive lattice points game on the $N^d$ board with (essentially) ${\cal S} = {\Bbb Z}^d$, and we show that the phase transition from a win for Maker to a win for Breaker occurs at $n= (d+o(1))\lg N$.

The Internet is often used in almost all fields of life. The age of use of the Internet, which allows people to get many jobs done quickly and easily, is decreasing as well. Because of this, it was considered important to determine primary school students’ perceptions of the internet and their usage experiences. The study used phenomenology design which is one of the qualitative research patterns. Typical case sampling method was used to determine the study group. 10 4th graders formed the sample. The pictures drawn by the students, their explanations of the pictures, and the focus group interview form were used to collect data. Document analysis and thematic analysis were used in the data analysis. The results showed that technological devices, social media, and smartphone applications shaped the Internet perceptions of primary school students. The foci of primary school students' internet usage were doing research, doing homework, and entertainment. It was found that the students encountered inappropriate pictures, betting ads, games, and videos containing violence while using the Internet. Primary school students received information from their schools and families regarding the proper use of the Internet, and families are taking a number of measures regarding its use.

Experiential learning through digital technologies has been a buzzword in the higher educational system in recent times, which is advancing with the pace of technology. One such experiential learning tool, simulation games are widely used in a variety of industries as well as in the higher education sector, as a learning and assessment tool. The simulation-based learning helps students to acquire skills like decision-making and critical thinking which are very important for B-school students for stepping into the professional world. This case study is about one such India-based organization, Learnbiz Simulations, which provides services of designing and conducting business simulation games. The case focuses on exciting value propositions, journey and a variety of challenges faced by Learnbiz simulations in the area of client outreach and market expansion to B-school students, MDPs, corporates for in-company training and recruitments. The case links with the theories of digital marketing strategies for enhancing customer outreach to B2B organizations as well as technology adoption and business growth potential. The case studies about how the company can deploy the phenomenon of marketing of simulation products by Learnbiz simulations to facilitate experiential learning in higher education in light of regulatory emphasis on outcome-based pedagogy. The case further explores the phenomenon of customer outreach and the use of digital media for creating brand awareness among tech-savvy young generation. In light of ongoing discussions over the New Education Policy in the Indian Education System and the outcome-based education as advocated by the Washington Accord-based National Board of Accreditation, there is an immense opportunity for deploying business simulations as a part of an active learning process in the B-school education.

The main purpose of this research is to examine the studies on "digital game" in the literature by bibliometric method. Depending on the technological developments experienced, the importance of the concept of digitalization, which we encounter in all areas of our lives, is increasing. As a reflection of this situation, the definition of the concept of game has changed to include digital technologies. When the literature is examined, it has been determined that there is an increase in digital game-based studies. In this study, researches related to digital games were examined in terms of content bibliometrically. As a result of the examination, the general trends in the relevant field, the authors who studied and the classification of the studies according to the years were shown with scientific and visual maps. Web of Science (WoS) was used to obtain the data. A total of 920 publications were reached by scanning the term "Digital game" and passing through a series of screening processes. Content analysis and bibliometric analysis were used in the analysis of the data. In the research, the distribution of the studies in WoS by years, the most productive authors on the relevant subject, the universities and countries that have the most publications on the relevant subject were reached. In addition, visual maps were created with the results of co-author, co-citation, common word and citation analysis. The results of the research were discussed in line with the information in the literature.

RESUMO Neste artigo, focalizamos um grupo de crianças de 3 e 4 anos, em uma escola municipal de educação infantil, protagonizando processos de apropriação de práticas de numeramento não intencionalmente provocados pela ação didática escolar. Valendo-nos de aportes da sociologia da infância recente, procuramos compreender a integração dessas práticas socioculturais (de produção e uso de conhecimentos que aprendemos a associar à matemática hegemônica) à cultura lúdica daquele grupo, ao identificarmos suas marcas nos jogos interlocutivos que ali se estabelecem. Para isso, selecionamos eventos nos quais as crianças, brincando com brinquedos de construção, criam jogos de comparação de comprimentos e se engajam neles. Analisamos suas atuações como ações pragmáticas, de caráter lúdico e interativo, e, como tal, produtoras de um sistema de significações que, incorporando referências das práticas sociais de diferentes grupos, compõe e influencia a cultura lúdica daquele grupo.

Background. Adequate nutrition is inseparable from athletes’ optimal physical development and achieved sports performance. Preparing for the Olympic Games athletes’ nutrition must meet certain requirements. Only under appropriate nutrition conditions athletes are enabled to maximize their adaptation to physical loads. Hypothesis: nutrition of Lithuanian high performance athletes in combat sports is adequate. Research aim was to assess nutrition profile and physical development of Lithuanian high performance athletes in combat sports. Methods. During the competition preparation period of 2012, the actual diets of Lithuanian elite boxers (n = 14), and the Greco-Roman wrestlers (n = 29) were tested and evaluated. Body composition parameters and physical development of combat athletes were assessed using BIA tetra - polar electrode method. Athletes’ actual diets were established using the actual dietary survey method. Results. Muscle and fat mass indexes of boxers and Greco-Roman wrestlers, 7.5 ± 3.8 and 5.4 ± 2.0 respectively, show that effective complex preparation measures ensure optimal body condition status of athletes. Nevertheless, the diets of combat sport athletes do not meet the requirements: irrational use of proteins, not enough carbohydrates and polyunsaturated fatty acids, including omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins D, B 1 , PP, minerals, manganese, zinc, calcium and copper, too much intake of fat, saturated fatty acids and cholesterol. Conclusion. The existing diets of Lithuanian elite combat sports athletes cannot ensure their maximal adaptation to physical loads and must be optimized, individualized and adjusted, adding dietary supplements with extra carbohydrates, essential fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, and in exceptional cases, nutritional supplements with essential amino acids.Keywords: high sports performance, combat sports, boxing, Greco-Roman wrestling, athlete nutrition, nutrition profle.

This research is conducted to determine the level of comprehension on the material of bi ball game in the online Physical Education learning for the fifth grade students of Kanisius Kalasan Elementary School. This research was a descriptive quantitative study. This study used a population as all samples were used as a population, the research population was for about 46 fifth grade students of SD Kanisius Kalasan. The data collection technique sed a written test in the form of multiple choice question items. The data analysis used the descriptive quantitative analysis with the results of the assessment of all fifth grade students were carried out with the same tool which would be summarized into 5 levels: very high, high, medium, low, and very low levels.Based on the results of the research, it can be concluded that the level of comprehension on the Big Ball Game material in the online Physical Education learning for the fifth grade students of SD Kanisius Kalasan is as follows: 35 respondents (76.1%) are in the Very High level, 2 respondents (4.34%) are in the High level, 4 respondents (8.7%) are in the Medium level, 2 respondents (4.34%) are in the Low level, and 3 respondents (6.52%) are in the Very Low level. The level of comprehension on the Big Ball Game Material in the online Physical Education learning for the fifth grade students of SD Kanisius Kalasan is very high.

What we wear signals our membership within groups, be theyorganised by gender, class, ethnicity or religion. Simultaneously our clothing signifies hierarchies and power relations that sustain dominant power structures. How we dress is an expression of our identity. For Veblen, how we dress expresses wealth and social stratification. In imitating the fashion of the wealthy, claims Simmel, we seek social equality. For Barthes, clothing is embedded with systems of meaning. For Hebdige, clothing has modalities of meaning depending on the wearer, as do clothes for gender (Davis) and for the body (Entwistle). For Maynard, “dress is a significant material practice we use to signal our cultural boundaries, social separations, continuities and, for the present purposes, political dissidences” (103). Clothing has played a central role in historical and contemporary forms of political dissent. During the French Revolution dress signified political allegiance. The “mandated costumes, the gold-braided coat, white silk stockings, lace stock, plumed hat and sword of the nobility and the sober black suit and stockings” were rejected as part of the revolutionary struggle (Fairchilds 423). After the storming of the Bastille the government of Paris introduced the wearing of the tricolour cockade, a round emblem made of red, blue and white ribbons, which was a potent icon of the revolution, and a central motif in building France’s “revolutionary community”. But in the aftermath of the revolution divided loyalties sparked power struggles in the new Republic (Heuer 29). In 1793 for example anyone not wearing the cockade was arrested. Specific laws were introduced for women not wearing the cockade or for wearing it in a profane manner, resulting in six years in jail. This triggered a major struggle over women’s abilities to exercise their political rights (Heuer 31).Clothing was also central to women’s political struggles in America. In the mid-nineteenth century, women began wearing the “reform dress”—pants with shortened, lightweight skirts in place of burdensome and restrictive dresses (Mas 35). The wearing of pants, or bloomers, challenged gender norms and demonstrated women’s agency. Women’s clothes of the period were an "identity kit" (Ladd Nelson 22), which reinforced “society's distinctions between men and women by symbolizing their natures, roles, and responsibilities” (Ladd Nelson 22, Roberts 555). Men were positioned in society as “serious, active, strong and aggressive”. They wore dark clothing that “allowed movement, emphasized broad chests and shoulders and presented sharp, definite lines” (Ladd Nelson 22). Conversely, women, regarded as “frivolous, inactive, delicate and submissive, dressed in decorative, light pastel coloured clothing which inhibited movement, accentuated tiny waists and sloping shoulders and presented an indefinite silhouette” (Ladd Nelson 22, Roberts 555). Women who challenged these dress codes by wearing pants were “unnatural, and a perversion of the “true” woman” (Ladd Nelson 22). For Crane, the adoption of men’s clothing by women challenged dominant values and norms, changing how women were seen in public and how they saw themselves. The wearing of pants came to “symbolize the movement for women's rights” (Ladd Nelson 24) and as with women in France, Victorian society was forced to consider “women's rights, including their right to choose their own style of dress” (Ladd Nelson 23). As Yangzom (623) puts it, clothing allows groups to negotiate boundaries. How the “embodiment of dress itself alters political space and civic discourse is imperative to understanding how resistance is performed in creating social change” (Yangzom 623). Fig. 1: 1850s fashion bloomersIn a different turn is presented in Mahatma Gandhi’s Khadi movement. Khadi is a term used for fabrics made on a spinning wheel (or charkha) or hand-spun and handwoven, usually from cotton fibre. Khadi is considered the “fabric of Indian independence” (Jain). Gandhi recognised the potential of the fabric to a self-reliant, independent India. Gandhi made the struggle for independence synonymous with khadi. He promoted the materials “simplicity as a social equalizer and made it the nation’s fabric” (Sinha). As Jain notes, clothing and in this case fabric, is a “potent sign of resistance and change”. The material also reflects consciousness and agency. Khadi was Gandhi’s “own sartorial choices of transformation from that of an Englishman to that of one representing India” (Jain). For Jain the “key to Khadi becoming a successful tool for the freedom struggle” was that it was a “material embodiment of an ideal” that “represented freedom from colonialism on the one hand and a feeling of self-reliance and economic self-sufficiency on the other”. Fig. 2: Gandhi on charkha The reappropriating of Khadi as a fabric of political dissent echoes the wearing of blue denim by the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) at the 1963 National Mall Washington march where 250,000 people gather to hear Martin Luther King speak. The SNCC formed in 1960 and from then until the 1963 March on Washington they developed a “style aesthetic that celebrated the clothing of African American sharecroppers” (Ford 626). A critical aspect civil rights activism by African America women who were members of the SNCC was the “performance of respectability”. With the moral character of African American women under attack (as a way of delegitimising their political activities), the female activists “emphasized the outward display of their respectability in order to withstand attacks against their characters”. Their modest, neat “as if you were going to church” (Chappell 96) clothing choices helped them perform respectability and this “played an important performative role in the black freedom struggle” (Ford 626). By 1963 however African American female civil rights activists “abandoned their respectable clothes and processed hairstyles in order to adopt jeans, denim skirts, bib-and-brace overalls”. The adoption of bib-and-brace overalls reflected the sharecropper's blue denim overalls of America’s slave past.For Komar the blue denim overalls “dramatize[d] how little had been accomplished since Reconstruction” and the overalls were practical to fix from attack dog tears and high-pressure police hoses. The blue denim overalls, according to Komar, were also considered to be ‘Negro clothes’ purchased by “slave owners bought denim for their enslaved workers, partly because the material was sturdy, and partly because it helped contrast them against the linen suits and lace parasols of plantation families”. The clothing choice was both practical and symbolic. While the ‘sharecropper’ narrative is problematic as ‘traditional’ clothing (something not evident in the case of Ghandi’s Khandi Movement, there is an emotion associated with the clothing. As Barthes (6-7) has shown, what makes ‘traditional clothing,’ traditional is that it is part of a normative system where not only does clothing have its historical place, but it is governed by its rules and regimentation. Therefore, there is a dialectical exchange between the normative system and the act of dressing where as a link between the two, clothing becomes the conveyer of its meanings (7). Barthes calls this system, langue and the act of dressing parole (8). As Ford does, a reading of African American women wearing what she calls a “SNCC Skin” “the uniform [acts] consciously to transgress a black middle-class worldview that marginalised certain types of women and particular displays of blackness and black culture”. Hence, the SNCC women’s clothing represented an “ideological metamorphosis articulated through the embrace and projection of real and imagined southern, working-class, and African American cultures. Central to this was the wearing of the blue denim overalls. The clothing did more than protect, cover or adorn the body it was a conscious “cultural and political tool” deployed to maintain a movement and build solidarity with the aim of “inversing the hegemonic norms” via “collective representations of sartorial embodiment” (Yangzom 622).Fig. 3: Mississippi SNCC March Coordinator Joyce Ladner during the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom political rally in Washington, DC, on 28 Aug. 1963Clothing in each of these historical examples performs an ideological function that can bridge, that is bring diverse members of society together for a cause, or community cohesion or clothing can act as a fence to keep identities separate (Barnard). This use of clothing is evident in two indigenous examples. For Maynard (110) the clothes worn at the 1988 Aboriginal ‘Long March of Freedom, Justice and Hope’ held in Australia signalled a “visible strength denoted by coherence in dress” (Maynard 112). Most noted was the wearing of colours – black, red and yellow, first thought to be adopted during protest marches organised by the Black Protest Committee during the 1982 Commonwealth Games in Brisbane (Watson 40). Maynard (110) describes the colour and clothing as follows:the daytime protest march was dominated by the colours of the Aboriginal people—red, yellow and black on flags, huge banners and clothing. There were logo-inscribed T-shirts, red, yellow and black hatband around black Akubra’s, as well as red headbands. Some T-shirts were yellow, with images of the Australian continent in red, others had inscriptions like 'White Australia has a Black History' and 'Our Land Our Life'. Still others were inscribed 'Mourn 88'. Participants were also in customary dress with body paint. Older Indigenous people wore head bands inscribed with the words 'Our Land', and tribal elders from the Northern Territory, in loin cloths, carried spears and clapping sticks, their bodies marked with feathers, white clay and red ochres. Without question, at this most significant event for Aboriginal peoples, their dress was a highly visible and cohesive aspect.Similar is the Tibetan Freedom Movement, a nonviolent grassroots movement in Tibet and among Tibet diaspora that emerged in 2008 to protest colonisation of Tibet. It is also known as the ‘White Wednesday Movement’. Every Wednesday, Tibetans wear traditional clothes. They pledge: “I am Tibetan, from today I will wear only Tibetan traditional dress, chuba, every Wednesday”. A chuba is a colourful warm ankle-length robe that is bound around the waist by a long sash. For the Tibetan Freedom Movement clothing “symbolically functions as a nonverbal mechanism of communication” to “materialise consciousness of the movement” and functions to shape its political aims (Yangzom 622). Yet, in both cases – Aboriginal and Tibet protests – the dress may “not speak to single cultural audience”. This is because the clothing is “decoded by those of different political persuasions, and [is] certainly further reinterpreted or reframed by the media” (Maynard 103). Nevertheless, there is “cultural work in creating a coherent narrative” (Yangzom 623). The narratives and discourse embedded in the wearing of a red, blue and white cockade, dark reform dress pants, cotton coloured Khadi fabric or blue denim overalls is likely a key feature of significant periods of political upheaval and dissent with the clothing “indispensable” even if the meaning of the clothing is “implied rather than something to be explicated” (Yangzom 623). On 21 January 2017, 250,000 women marched in Washington and more than two million protesters around the world wearing pink knitted pussy hats in response to the remarks made by President Donald Trump who bragged of grabbing women ‘by the pussy’. The knitted pink hats became the “embodiment of solidarity” (Wrenn 1). For Wrenn (2), protests such as this one in 2017 complete with “protest visuals” which build solidarity while “masking or excluding difference in the process” indicates “a tactical sophistication in the social movement space with its strategic negotiation of politics of difference. In formulating a flexible solidarity, the movement has been able to accommodate a variety of races, classes, genders, sexualities, abilities, and cultural backgrounds” (Wrenn 4). In doing so they presented a “collective bodily presence made publicly visible” to protest racist, sexist, homophobic, Islamophobic, and xenophobic white masculine power (Gokariksel & Smith 631). The 2017 Washington Pussy Hat March was more than an “embodiment tactic” it was an “image event” with its “swarms of women donning adroit posters and pink pussy hats filling the public sphere and impacting visual culture”. It both constructs social issues and forms public opinion hence it is an “argumentative practice” (Wrenn 6). Drawing on wider cultural contexts, as other acts of dissent note here do, in this protest with its social media coverage, the “master frame” of the sea of pink hats and bodies posited to audiences the enormity of the anger felt in the community over attacks on the female body – real or verbal. This reflects Goffman’s theory of framing to describe the ways in which “protestors actively seek to shape meanings such that they spark the public’s support and encourage political openings” (Wrenn 6). The hats served as “visual tropes” (Goodnow 166) to raise social consciousness and demonstrate opposition. Protest “signage” – as the pussy hats can be considered – are a visual representation and validation of shared “invisible thoughts and emotions” (Buck-Coleman 66) affirming Georg Simmel’s ideas about conflict; “it helps individuals define their differences, establish to which group(s) they belong, and determine the degrees to which groups are different from each other” (Buck-Coleman 66). The pink pussy hat helped define and determine membership and solidarity. Further embedding this was the hand-made nature of the hat. The pattern for the hat was available free online at https://www.pussyhatproject.com/knit/. The idea began as one of practicality, as it did for the reform dress movement. This is from the Pussy Hat Project website:Krista was planning to attend the Women’s March in Washington DC that January of 2017 and needed a cap to keep her head warm in the chill winter air. Jayna, due to her injury, would not be able to attend any of the marches, but wanted to find a way to have her voice heard in absentia and somehow physically “be” there. Together, a marcher and a non-marcher, they conceived the idea of creating a sea of pink hats at Women’s Marches everywhere that would make both a bold and powerful visual statement of solidarity, and also allow people who could not participate themselves – whether for medical, financial, or scheduling reasons — a visible way to demonstrate their support for women’s rights. (Pussy Hat Project)In the tradition of “craftivism” – the use of traditional handcrafts such as knitting, assisted by technology (in this case a website with the pattern and how to knit instructions), as a means of community building, skill-sharing and action directed towards “political and social causes” (Buszek & Robertson 197) –, the hand-knitted pink pussy hats avoided the need to purchase clothing to show solidarity resisting the corporatisation of protest clothing as cautioned by Naomi Klein (428). More so by wearing something that could be re-used sustained solidarity. The pink pussy hats provided a counter to the “incoherent montage of mass-produced clothing” often seen at other protests (Maynard 107). Everyday clothing however does have a place in political dissent. In late 2018, French working class and middle-class protestors donned yellow jackets to protest against the government of French President Emmanuel Macron. It began with a Facebook appeal launched by two fed-up truck drivers calling for a “national blockade” of France’s road network in protest against rising fuel prices was followed two weeks later with a post urging motorist to display their hi-vis yellow vests behind their windscreens in solidarity. Four million viewed the post (Henley). Weekly protests continued into 2019. The yellow his-vis vests are compulsorily carried in all motor cars in France. They are “cheap, readily available, easily identifiable and above all representing an obligation imposed by the state”. The yellow high-vis vest has “proved an inspired choice of symbol and has plainly played a big part in the movement’s rapid spread” (Henley). More so, the wearers of the yellow vests in France, with the movement spreading globally, are winning in “the war of cultural representation. Working-class and lower middle-class people are visible again” (Henley). Subcultural clothing has always played a role as heroic resistance (Evans), but the coloured dissent dressing associated with the red, blue and white ribboned cockades, the dark bloomers of early American feminists, the cotton coloured natural fabrics of Ghandi’s embodiment of resistance and independence, the blue denim sharecropper overalls worn by African American women in their struggles for civil rights, the black, red and orange of Aboriginal protestors in Australia and the White Wednesday performances of resistance undertaken by Tibetans against Chinese colonisation, the Washington Pink Pussy Hat marches for gender respect and equality and the donning of every yellow hi-vis vests by French protestors all posit the important role of fabric and colour in protest meaning making and solidarity building. It is in our rage we consciously wear the colours and fabrics of dissent dress. ReferencesBarnard, Malcolm. Fashion as Communication. New York: Routledge, 1996. 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