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1
Wei, Zhe-Cheng, Qiao Wang, Li-Jing Min, Joanna Bajsa-Hirschel, Charles L. Cantrell, Liang Han, Cheng-Xia Tan et al. „Synthesis and Pesticidal Activity of New Niacinamide Derivatives Containing a Flexible, Chiral Chain“. Molecules 28, Nr. 1 (21.12.2022): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28010047.
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Natural products are a source for pesticide or drug discovery. In order to discover lead compounds with high fungicidal or herbicidal activity, new niacinamide derivatives derived from the natural product niacinamide, containing chiral flexible chains, were designed and synthesized. Their structures were confirmed by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and HRMS analysis. The fungicidal and herbicidal activities of these compounds were tested. The fungicidal activity results demonstrated that the compound (S)-2-(2-chloronicotinamido)propyl-2-methylbenzoate (3i) exhibited good fungicidal activity (92.3% inhibition) against the plant pathogen Botryosphaeria berengriana at 50 μg/mL and with an EC50 of 6.68 ± 0.72 μg/mL, which is the same as the positive control (fluxapyroxad). Compound 3i was not phytotoxic and could therefore be used as a fungicide on crops. Structure-activity relationships (SAR) were studied by molecular docking simulations with the succinate dehydrogenase of the fungal mitochondrial respiratory chain.
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Wicks, TJ, B. Hall und P. Pezzaniti. „Fungicidal control of anthracnose (Microdochium panattonianum) on lettuce“. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 34, Nr. 2 (1994): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9940277.
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In field experiments in 1990 and 1991, 16 fungicides were evaluated for the control of anthracnose (Microdochium panattonianum) on lettuce. Prochloraz, chlorothalonil, and propiconazole were the most effective. No phytotoxic effects were observed in lettuce treated with either 0.23 g prochloraz/L or 1.15 g chlorothalonil/L, and both provided significantly better control than the recommended rates of mancozeb, propineb, and cupric hydroxide, widely used on lettuce in Australia. A mixture of prochloraz and chlorothalonil did not reduce the severity of anthracnose compared with either fungicide applied alone. Propiconazole at rates of 25 and 62.5 mg/L severely stunted plants, and this fungicide is not recommended for use on lettuce. Fungicides applied weekly were more effective than those applied on a 14-day schedule or those applied only after periods of leaf wetness. In most experiments unsprayed plants were severely diseased and weighed less than half of those treated with fungicides.
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Saneeva, Elena А., Ol’ga V. Zorkina und Elena E. Nefed’eva. „RESEARCH OF THE PHYTOTOXIC EFFECT OF TEBUCONAZOLE, РROTHIOCONAZOLE, FLUDIOXONYL AND BASED ON THEM PRODUCTS ON THE GERMINATION POWER AND GROWTH OF SEEDLINGS OF WHEAT AND WHITE MUSTARD“. Siberian Journal of Life Sciences and Agriculture 14, Nr. 5 (30.10.2022): 166–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2658-6649-2022-14-5-166-186.
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The elaboration of new fungicidal protectants is an urgent issue due to the ability of pathogens to develop resistance. This fact contributes to the constant production of new protectants, so it carries an additional environmental impact. The main problem of development of new fungicides is choice of methods for identifying of optimal combinations and concentrations of fungicides. The optimization of the composition of fungicides is aimed to reduce the amount of active substances due to the synergistic effect. The use of fungicidal preparations with a reduced amount of active substances carries a lower environmental impact and gives a greater economic effect.
One of the main problems in the application of fungicides is the phytotoxicity of the fungicides in relation to the protected plants. Phytotoxicity in general is the ability of pesticides or other substances to have a depressing (toxic) effect on plants. This problem is solved through researches of the germination of seedlings during the development of protectants.
Researches of the germination power of seeds of soft winter wheat and white mustard after treatment with tebuconazole, рrothioconazole, and fludioxonyl were considered in the article. The main traits of the influence of the named substances on the germination of wheat grains and white mustard seeds, and morphological features of wheat seedlings, such as the length of their roots and shoots are revealed.
In accordance to the results of the research, combinations of active substances (a.s.) that provide high effectiveness against the causative agents of diseases, and also do not have a phytotoxic effect on the protected culture have been determined.
The aim of the work was the identification of traits of the phytotoxic effect of tebuconazole, рrothioconazole, fludioxonyl in the combination of seed protectants which are used to protect seedlings from plant diseases.
Materials and methods. An assessment of the effect of three active substances of fungicides on wheat of the Grom cultivar and white mustard was given. The analysis was carried out in two replications for 48 possible combinations of tebuconazole, рrothioconazole, and fludioxonyl as well as fot two control variants. The ratio of normal, infected, abnormal and non-germinated seeds was analyzed.
Results. According to the realized studies, tebuconazole has the greatest suppressive effect on germination and growth of shoots. Prothioconazole had no effect on germination, but it had a stimulating effect on the development and growth of wheat’s roots and shoots. With the combined action of prothioconazole and fludioxonyl, the greatest decrease in germination of wheat was observed.
Conclusion. The possible phytotoxic effect, which depends on the dose of the protectant, should be taken into account when choosing a protectant and developing combined products. So the results of research demonstrated that the following combinations had no phytotoxic effect on protected plants: tebuconazole with рrothioconazole 5:10 and 5:15, tebuconazole with fludioxonyl 5:10, рrothioconazole with fludioxonyl 5:10.
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Orbović, Vladimir, Diann Achor und James P. Syvertsen. „Adjuvants Affect Penetration of Copper Through Isolated Cuticles of Citrus Leaves and Fruit“. HortScience 42, Nr. 6 (Oktober 2007): 1405–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.42.6.1405.
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Copper (Cu)-based fungicidal sprays are widely used on many crops although Cu sprays can be phytotoxic under some conditions. The mechanism of phytotoxicity is poorly understood but must involve toxic levels of Cu penetrating plant tissues. We studied the effect of different adjuvants on the deposition pattern of droplets and penetration of Cu (in Kocide fungicide) through isolated cuticles of ‘Marsh’ grapefruit leaves and ‘Valencia’ orange fruit. The addition of the silicone-based L-77 surfactant to the Kocide suspension markedly increased the spread of the droplets on cuticles and increased the penetration of Cu through fruit and abaxial leaf cuticles, both with stomatal pores, but not through astomatous adaxial leaf cuticles, which had much lower permeability. Urea and petroleum spray oil adjuvants had no effect on surface area of droplets or the penetration of Cu through leaf and fruit cuticles. Spray tank mixes of Cu fungicides with organosilicone surfactants should be avoided because these surfactants can enhance the penetration of Cu into citrus leaves and fruit thereby leading to phytotoxicity.
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Wagner, Leandro Sebastian, Christian Javier Sequin, Natalia Foti und María Paula Campos-Soldini. „Insecticidal, fungicidal, phytotoxic activity and chemical composition of Lavandula dentata essential oil“. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology 35 (August 2021): 102092. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2021.102092.
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Bota, Voichita, Renata Maria Sumalan, Diana Obistioiu, Monica Negrea, Ileana Cocan, Iuliana Popescu und Ersilia Alexa. „Study on the Sustainability Potential of Thyme, Oregano, and Coriander Essential Oils Used as Vapours for Antifungal Protection of Wheat and Wheat Products“. Sustainability 14, Nr. 7 (05.04.2022): 4298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14074298.
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This study aims to highlight the antifungal, antimicotoxigenic potential and phytotoxic effect of three essential oils (EOs) of Origanum vulgare (OEO), Thymus vulgaris (TEO), and Coriandrum sativum (CEO) on wheat storage, but also the impact of EOs treatment on the sensory properties of bakery products obtained from the wheat seeds. The chemical composition of EOs was determined using GC-MS analysis; the fungal load was evaluated using the direct plating technique, while mycotoxin analyses were conducted using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A selective antifungal effect has been highlighted in terms of the action of EOs vapours. OEO and TEO are inhibited Alternaria, Fusarium and Drechslera, while Saccharomyces and Cladosporium have proven to be the most tolerant fungi. Drechslera is the most sensitive, the effect of all EOs being a fungicidal one. However, the fungicidal effect proved present in all EOs applied as vapours with values ranging between 0.2–0.4%. Regarding the phytotoxic effect of EOs vapours on the germination of the seeds, TEO and OEO had an inhibitory effect, especially at 0.4%. The effect is cumulative over time. The EOs inhibited deoxynivalenol (DON) occurrence; the maximum percentage of inhibition was obtained after 21 days of vapours exposure, being more effective in the case of 0.2%. EOs vapours treatment does not affect the quality of bread obtained from treated wheat seeds from a sensory point of view.
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Ganchev, Donyo, und Neno Nenov. „The Effectiveness of Tobacco Oil Fungicidal Preparation Towards Powdery Mildew of Wheat (Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici)“. Open Agriculture Journal 10, Nr. 1 (30.04.2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874331501610010001.
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The pesticide formulation prepared as "ready to be used plant protection product" on the basis of tobacco oil was created and tested in two years field trials against powdery mildew of wheat (Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici). The results showed strong fungicidal effect without any phytotoxic activities (chemotherapeutic coefficient = 10) onto treated plants. This indicates the future development of this pesticide formulation as effective, natural friendly and cheap product for plant protection, which can be used both in commercial and organic agriculture.
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Dalinova, Anna, Anatoly Fedorov, Vsevolod Dubovik, Olga Voitsekhovskaja, Elena Tyutereva, Sergey Smirnov, Dmitry Kochura, Leonid Chisty, Igor Senderskiy und Alexander Berestetskiy. „Structure–Activity Relationship of Phytotoxic Natural 10-Membered Lactones and Their Semisynthetic Derivatives“. Journal of Fungi 7, Nr. 10 (03.10.2021): 829. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7100829.
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Ten-membered lactones (nonenolides) demonstrate phytotoxic, antimicrobial, and fungicidal activity promising for the development of natural product-derived pesticides. The fungus Stagonospora cirsii is able to produce phytotoxic stagonolides A (1), J (2), K (3) and herbarumin I (4) with high yield. The aim of this study was to create a set of structurally related nonenolides and to reveal the structural features that affect their biological activity. Stagonolide A (1) and C-7 oxidized stagonolide K (11) showed the highest phytotoxicity in leaf puncture assay and agar seedlings assay. The oxidation of C-7 hydroxyl group (as in 1, acetylstagonolide A (10) and (11) led to the manifestation of toxicity to microalgae, Bacillus subtilis and Sf9 cells regardless of the configuration of C-9 propyl chains (R in 1 and 10, S in 11). C-7 non-oxidized nonenolides displayed none or little non-target activity. Notably, 7S compounds were more phytotoxic than their 7R analogues. Due to the high inhibitory activity against seedling growth and the lack of side toxicity, mono- and bis(acetyl)- derivatives of herbarumin I were shown to be potent for the development of pre-emergent herbicides. The identified structural features can be used for the rational design of new herbicides.
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Dolman, H., A. Tempel, H. Koopman, K. Wellinga und D. Hamminga. „The chemistry and fungicidal and phytotoxic properties of arylsulfonyl-, arylsulfinyl-, and arylthio-alkyl thiocyanates“. Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas 88, Nr. 4 (02.09.2010): 417–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/recl.19690880405.
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Horsburgh, R. L., und S. W. Kilmer. „Apple, Evaluation of Pesticide Effect on U.S. Grade and Fruit Finish, 1990“. Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 17, Nr. 1 (01.01.1992): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/17.1.8.
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Abstract The effect of the insecticides Lorsban 4 E, Guthion 35 W, and Lorsban 50 W was evaluated on the fruit on mature apple trees. Materials at rates and times noted in the table were applied to run off with a Bean hydraulic sprayer operating at 400 psi. There were 4 single tree replicates of each treatment. All treatments and the control received 7 fungicidal sprays of Rubigan 6 oz/A + Benlate 6 oz/A. Twenty fruit per replicate were examined on the trees and evaluated for side and stem end russet. These apples were placed into grade categories according to U.S. Grade standards. No phytotoxic symptoms were observed at the time of the field examination 27 Jul.
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Samperna, Simone, Marco Masi, Maurizio Vurro, Antonio Evidente und Mauro Marra. „Cyclopaldic Acid, the Main Phytotoxic Metabolite of Diplodia cupressi, Induces Programmed Cell Death and Autophagy in Arabidopsis thaliana“. Toxins 14, Nr. 7 (11.07.2022): 474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14070474.
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Cyclopaldic acid is one of the main phytotoxic metabolites produced by fungal pathogens of the genus Seiridium, causal agents, among others, of the canker disease of plants of the Cupressaceae family. Previous studies showed that the metabolite can partially reproduce the symptoms of the infection and that it is toxic to different plant species, thereby proving to be a non-specific phytotoxin. Despite the remarkable biological effects of the compound, which revealed also insecticidal, fungicidal and herbicidal properties, information about its mode of action is still lacking. In this study, we investigated the effects of cyclopaldic acid in Arabidopsis thaliana plants and protoplasts, in order to get information about subcellular targets and mechanism of action. Results of biochemical assays showed that cyclopaldic acid induced leaf chlorosis, ion leakage, membrane-lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide production, inhibited root proton extrusion in vivo and plasma membrane H+-ATPase activity in vitro. qRT-PCR experiments demonstrated that the toxin elicited the transcription of key regulators of the immune response to necrotrophic fungi, of hormone biosynthesis, as well as of genes involved in senescence and programmed cell death. Confocal microscopy analysis of protoplasts allowed to address the question of subcellular targets of the toxin. Cyclopaldic acid targeted the plasma membrane H+-ATPase, inducing depolarization of the transmembrane potential, mitochondria, disrupting the mitochondrial network and eliciting overproduction of reactive oxygen species, and vacuole, determining tonoplast disgregation and induction of vacuole-mediated programmed cell death and autophagy.
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Ghasemi, Ghader, Abolfazl Alirezalu, Youbert Ghosta, Azadeh Jarrahi, Seyed Ali Safavi, Mahdi Abbas-Mohammadi, Francisco J. Barba, Paulo E. S. Munekata, Rubén Domínguez und José M. Lorenzo. „Composition, Antifungal, Phytotoxic, and Insecticidal Activities of Thymus kotschyanus Essential Oil“. Molecules 25, Nr. 5 (04.03.2020): 1152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25051152.
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Essential oils (EOs) are some of the outstanding compounds found in Thymus that can exert antifungal, phytotoxic, and insecticidal activities, which encourage their exploration and potential use for agricultural and food purposes. The essential oils (EO) obtained from Thymus kotschyanus collected in the East Azerbaijan Province (Iran) were characterized using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Thymol was the most important compound (60.48%), although 35 other active compounds were identified in the EO. Significant amounts of carvacrol (3.08%), p-cymene (5.56%), and γ-terpinene (6.67%) were found in the EO. The T. kotschyanus EO was tested against important phytopathogenic fungi (Botrytis cinerea, Aspergillus niger, and Penicillium expansum). The antifungal assay showed that the use of ≥500 ppm of EO resulted in a fungicidal effect against all funguses tested. In a similar way, the use of ≥500 ppm of EO inhibited the germination of all crop weed seeds (Amaranthus retroflexus L. and Panicum miliaceum L.) and their subsequent growth, which demonstrated its herbicidal effect. Finally, the insecticidal capacity of T. kotschyanus EO was also observed against selected insects (Oryzaephilus surinamensis and Sitophilus oryzae). O. surinamensis was more susceptible to the effect of EO (LC50 = 4.78 µL/L air) than S. oryzae (LC50 = 13.20 µL/L air). The obtained results of the present study can provide new safe resources to the development of new products for the food, agriculture, and pharmaceutical industries.
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Neri, Fiorella, Marta Mari, Stefano Brigati und Paolo Bertolini. „Fungicidal Activity of Plant Volatile Compounds for Controlling Monilinia laxa in Stone Fruit“. Plant Disease 91, Nr. 1 (Januar 2007): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-91-0030.
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Nine plant-volatile compounds were tested for their activity against Monilinia laxa, the cause of brown rot in stone fruit. In vitro trials on conidial germination and mycelial growth showed a consistent fungicidal activity of trans-2-hexenal, carvacrol, and citral, whereas trans-cinnamaldehyde, hexanal, (-)-carvone, eugenol, 2-nonanone, and p-anisaldehyde exhibited a progressively lower inhibition. The best inhibitor of conidial germination was trans-2-hexenal (effective dose for 50 and 90% inhibition [ED50 and ED95] = 7.53 and 9.4 μl/liter, respectively; minimal inhibitory concentration [MIC] = 12.3 μl/liter], whereas carvacrol was the best inhibitor of mycelial growth (ED50 and ED95 = 2 and 3.4 μl/liter, respectively; MIC = 6.1 μl/liter). The three most active compounds in in vitro studies also were tested in vivo as postharvest biofumigants. The best control of brown rot was with trans-2-hexenal (efficacy ranging from 46.2 to 80.3%, depending on cultivar), whereas citral and carvacrol resulted in a lower efficacy of 40 and 32.9%, respectively. Fumigation with trans-2-hexenal at concentrations that stopped decay did not cause any visible disorders to plum, whereas it was phytotoxic to apricot, peach, and nectarine and produced off-odors or off-flavors in all species of stone fruit tested.
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Trukhachev, V. I., E. E. Nefedieva, O. V. Zorkina, E. A. Sukhova, A. S. Burmistrova, N. S. Korobeynik und S. D. Malakhova. „Efficacy and phytotoxicity of various thiabendazole and tebuconazole ratios in a fungicidal mordant“. BIO Web of Conferences 82 (2024): 03004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20248203004.
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When developing combined preparations, a possible phytotoxic effect should be considered, depending on the dose of the mordant. Fusarium oxysporum and Pyrenophora graminea strains were cultured in a liquid enrichment culture with the addition of fungicides at a concentration of 1.5; 2.5; 3.3 ppm. Wheat grains of the Avesta variety were treated with thiabendazole and tebuconazole in the following doses: 20 g a.d./ t, 30 g a.d./t, 60 g a.d./t, 80 g a.d./t, 100 g a.d./t of grain. The effectiveness of tebuconazole and thiabendazole on mycelium growth slightly depended on their concentration. A.d. mutually reinforced each other. The synergism of the action of two a.d. is revealed. The analysis of variance showed that the effect of tebuconazole was greater than the thiabendazole effect. For both strains, the optimal ratios of tebuconazole and thiabendazole are 1.5:2.5 ppm. The addition of salicylic acid is effective at ratios of 2.5:0 and 2.5:3.3. The mixture of thiabendazole and tebuconazole reduced the germination energy of the grains mainly due to the appearance of abnormal seedlings. A composition of active substances for seed etching is proposed, including the following ratios of components, pts. wt.: tebuconazole 20-100, thiabendazole 20-150.
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Gupta, S. K., und S. C. Tripathi. „Fungitoxic activity of Solanum torvum against Fusarium sacchari“. Plant Protection Science 47, No. 3 (09.08.2011): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/56/2010-pps.
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The leaf extract of Solanum torvum Sw. (Solanaceae) was evaluated for its fungitoxic activity against Fusarium sacchari (E.J. Butler & Hafiz Khan) W. Gams (1971). The leaf extract was found to inhibit completely the mycelial growth of the test fungus at minimum 0.5 ml/ml dose by the poisoned food technique. The nature of the extract was fungicidal at 0.5 ml/ml dose, since no further revival of growth was observed in inoculated plates even after incubation for 6 days after inoculation. The extract required minimally 5 min to kill the test fungus at its MIC. The extract also inhibited the growth of 12 other pathogenic fungi as well as 2 pathogenic strains of bacteria under test. It was found to be non-phytotoxic in nature and to show antifungal activity under in vivo conditions.
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Bezmutko, S. V., und V. N. Lelyavskaya. „Effectiveness of the Concord fungicide in the treatment of vegetative rice plants“. Siberian Herald of Agricultural Science 50, Nr. 2 (28.05.2020): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.26898/0370-8799-2020-2-4.
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The results of research into rice sown for grain (2017–2018) are presented. The effectiveness of Concord fungicide (active ingredients tebuconazole, 125 g/l; triadimefon, 100 g/l) against rice Pyricularia was studied. The experiment was conducted in the conditions of the greenhouse experiment in the Primorsky Territory. Artificial inoculation of plants was carried out in the phase of 4–5 leaves with a suspension of conidia of the fungus Pyricularia oryzae Broomeet Cavara (concentration of 100 thousand in 1 ml). The test results were compared with the action of the preparation Favorit (active ingredients tebuconazole, 125 g/l; triadimefon, 100 g/l). Concord fungicide was used once on the next day after inoculation at a normal rate of 0.75; 1.0 and 1.25 l/ha. Under the influence of the preparation, the damage to rice plants decreased by 57.5% (0.75 l/ ha); 70.0 (1.0) and 69.5% (1.25 l/ ha) compared to the control. The use of fungicide contributed to an increase in plant growth by 7.6– 13.3 cm, and panicle length by 1.4–2.9 cm, and had a positive effect on the number of grains and the weight of grains in an ear. With the action of Concord, the mass of 1000 grains increased by 1.38 (0.75 l/ha); 2.14 (1.0) and 3.03 g (1.25 l/ha) compared to the control. The positive effect of fungicidal treatments of rice crops led to obtaining an additional grain yield. Concord does not show a phytotoxic effect and does not have a retardant effect on rice plants. The maximum indicators of biological efficiency were obtained with the use of the preparation at a flow rate of 1.0 and 1.25 l/ha. In agro-climatic conditions of the south of the Far East, Concord fungicide proved to be effective for protecting rice vegetating plants from Pyricularia.
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Breiing, Vera, Jennifer Hillmer, Christina Schmidt, Michael Petry, Brigitte Behrends, Ulrike Steiner, Thorsten Kraska und Ralf Pude. „Fungicidal Efficacy of Drying Plant Oils in Green Beans against Bean Rust (Uromyces appendiculatus)“. Plants 10, Nr. 1 (12.01.2021): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10010143.
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As biorationals, plant oils offer numerous advantages such as being natural products, with low ecotoxicological side effects, and high biodegradability. In particular, drying glyceride plant oils, which are rich in unsaturated fatty acids, might be promising candidates for a more sustainable approach in the discussion about plant protection and the environment. Based on this, we tested the protective and curative efficacy of an oil-in-water-emulsion preparation using drying plant oils (linseed oil, tung oil) and a semi-drying plant oil (rapeseed oil) separately and in different mixtures. Plant oils were tested in greenhouse experiments (in vivo) on green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) against bean rust (Uromyces appendiculatus). We observed that a 2% oil concentration showed no or very low phytotoxic effects on green beans. Both tested drying oils showed a protective control ranging from 53–100% for linseed oil and 32–100% for tung oil. Longer time intervals of 6 days before inoculation (6dbi) were less effective than shorter intervals of 2dbi. Curative efficacies were lower with a maximum of 51% for both oils when applied 4 days past inoculation (4dpi) with the fungus. Furthermore, the results showed no systemic effects. These results underline the potential of drying plant oils as biorationals in sustainable plant protection strategies.
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Allan, Peter, und Bridgette Hazelhurst. „PROPAGATION OF CARICA PAPAYA `HONEY GOLD' CUTTINGS“. HortScience 27, Nr. 6 (Juni 1992): 691f—691. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.691f.
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Many small, pen-sized papaya side shoots were formed after injecting a BA/GA, solution into the bases of stems of one-year old plants of the 30-year old clone `Honey Gold', followed by topping the stems a day later. Standing small leafy cuttings in various fungicidal solutions for 10 or 30 minutes resulted in phytotoxic basal burn, whereas a short immersion gave good results. Benlate® and Folicur® were best, especially with the addition of paclobutrazol. There is a distinct seasonal variation in the rooting of cuttings, with those that have been exposed to cold winter conditions giving poorest results. For best results (95% rooting in 4 weeks in perlite with intermittent mist), stock plants are maintained in a protected environment, especially in cool weather. Uniform side shoots, are harvested regularly, leaving stubs to produce new shoots, while maintaining enough leaf canopy.
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De Zotti, Marta, Luca Sella, Angela Bolzonello, Laura Gabbatore, Cristina Peggion, Alessandro Bortolotto, Ibrahim Elmaghraby, Silvio Tundo und Francesco Favaron. „Targeted Amino Acid Substitutions in a Trichoderma Peptaibol Confer Activity against Fungal Plant Pathogens and Protect Host Tissues from Botrytis cinerea Infection“. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, Nr. 20 (12.10.2020): 7521. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21207521.
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Fungal species belonging to the Trichoderma genus are commonly used as biocontrol agents against several crop pathogens. Among their secondary metabolites, peptaibols are helical, antimicrobial peptides, which are structurally stable even under extreme pH and temperature conditions. The promise of peptaibols as agrochemicals is, however, hampered by poor water solubility, which inhibits efficient delivery for practical use in crop protection. Using a versatile synthetic strategy, based on green chemistry procedures, we produced water-soluble analogs of the short-length peptaibol trichogin. Although natural trichogin was inactive against the tested fungal plant pathogens (Botrytis cinerea, Bipolaris sorokiniana, Fusarium graminearum, and Penicillium expansum), three analogs completely inhibited fungal growth at low micromolar concentrations. The most effective peptides significantly reduced disease symptoms by B. cinerea on common bean and grapevine leaves and ripe grape berries without visible phytotoxic effects. An in-depth conformational analysis featuring a 3D-structure–activity relationship study indicated that the relative spatial position of cationic residues is crucial for increasing peptide fungicidal activity.
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Ruiz-Vásquez, Liliana, Lastenia Ruiz Mesia, Henrry Denny Caballero Ceferino, Wilfredo Ruiz Mesia, Maria Fe Andrés, Carmen Elisa Díaz und Azucena Gonzalez-Coloma. „Antifungal and Herbicidal Potential of Piper Essential Oils from the Peruvian Amazonia“. Plants 11, Nr. 14 (07.07.2022): 1793. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11141793.
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The chemical composition of essential oils (EOs) from ten Peruvian Piper species (Piper coruscans, Pc; P. tuberculatum, Pt; P. casapiense, Pcs; P. obliquum, Po; P. dumosum, Pd; P. anonifolium, Pa; P. reticulatum, Pr; P. soledadense, Ps; P. sancti-felicis, Psf and P. mituense, Pm) has been studied, along with their antifungal and phytotoxic activities. These EOs contained β-bisabolene/nerolidol (Pc), β-bisabolene/δ-cadinene/caryophyllene (Pt), caryophyllene oxide (Pcs), bicyclogermacrene/10-epi-Elemol (Po), bicyclogermacrene/germacrene-D/apiol (Pd), caryophyllene/germacrene-D (Pa), germacrene-D (Pr), limonene/apiol (Ps), apiol (Psf), and apiol/bicyclogermacrene (Pm) as major components, and some are described here for the first time (Ps, Pcs, Pm). A composition-based dendrogram of these Piper species showed four major groups (G1: Pc and Pt, G2: Pcs, Po, Pd, Pa, and Pr, G3: Ps, and G4: Psf and Pm). The spore germination effects (Aspergillus niger, Botrytis cinerea, and Alternaria alternate) and phytotoxicity (Lolium perenne and Lactuca sativa) of these EOs were studied. Most of these Piper essential oils showed important activity against phytopathogenic fungi (except G1), especially against B. cinerea. Similarly, most of the essential oils were phytotoxic against L. perenne (except G1), with P. sancti-felicis (G4), P. casapiense (G2), and P. reticulatum (G2) being the most effective. Caryophyllene oxide, β-caryophyllene, β-pinene, limonene, α-humulene, and apiol were evaluated against B. cinerea, with the most effective compounds being β-pinene, apiol, and limonene. This work demonstrates the species-dependent potential of essential oils from Peruvian Piper species as fungicidal and herbicidal agents.
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Kyrychenko, O. V., S. Y. Kots, A. V. Khrapova und S. V. Omelchuk. „Biological activity of soybean seed lectin at the spraying of Glycine max plants against the background of seed treatment with pesticide containing fipronil, thiophanate-methyl, pyraclostrobin as active substances and rhizobial bacterization“. Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems 13, Nr. 2 (05.04.2022): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/022215.
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Preparations for protecting plants, particularly those with fungicidal activity, continue to be relevant in agricultural production. They are used to effectively combat phytopathogens and ensure high yield of cultivated plants. However, they are among the anthropogenic factors which impose a heavy chemical load on ecosystems. Data about the effects of pesticides on physiological parameters of plants are essential for understanding the main regulatory mechanisms as preconditions to the phytotoxic state of compounds, as well as greater substantial understanding of the functional condition and implementation of adaptive potential of plants during and post stress. An important and relevant task – both practically and theoretically in the conditions of action of fungicide on seeds - is studying the possibilities of application of phytolectines as biologically active compounds with broad spectrum of action, including fungicidal effect, for spraying legumes in order to stabilize their development, ensure effective functioning of legume-rhizobial symbioses and cause fuller realization of productive potential against the background of decrease in chemical pressure on agrocenoses. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the biological activity of soybean seed lectin (according to the parameters of productivity and functional activity of soybean-rhizobial symbiosis) at the spraying of Glycine max (L.) Merr. plants against the background of seed treatment of pesticide, Standak Top with fungicidal and insecticidal actions on the day of sowing and inoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum 634b. We used physiological, biochemical, microbiological and statistical methods of studies. We determined that Standak Top, applied on soybeans that were afterwards inoculated with rhizobia, exerted negative tendency on formation of vegetative mass by plants at the beginning of vegetation, though in the following phases of ontogenesis, their development and productivity reached the level of the control. Nitrogenase activity of symbiosis and the condition of photosynthetic pigment complex (content of chlorophyll and carotenoids and their ratio) were at the level or significantly lower than in the control plants. After spraying soybeans with lectin (without use of the fungicide) in the phase of development of two true leaves, there occurred significant increase in functional activity of the symbiotic system (according to total nitrogenase activity of symbiosis, higher by 1.91 and 1.79 times compared with the controls with inoculation and inoculation + fungicide) and the content of photosynthetic pigments (chlorophylls were higher by 1.12–1.45 times, carotenoids by 1.14–1.39 times) and development of strong leaf apparatus (by 1.33–1.42 times). This caused highest level of realization (by 13.9% and 10.1% higher compared with the controls with inoculation and inoculation + fungicide) of productive potential of cultivated plants. After spraying plants with soybean lectin against the background of use of fungicide, notable and reliable increases occurred in the level of absorption of molecular nitrogen (by 1.72 and 1.52 times according to total activity of symbiosis, compared with the controls with inoculation and inoculation + fungicide), content of chlorophyll (1.25–1.64 times) and carotenoids (1.12–1.42 times) in leaves of soybean, and also plants were actively developing during vegetation (1.12–1.40 times), producing yield that exceeded by 12.8% and 9.1% the controls with inoculation and inoculation + fungicide. Therefore, use of soybean seed lectin for spraying plants against the background of seed treatment of pesticide Standak Top on day of sowing can stabilize and even increase the level of realization of symbiotic and productive potential of soybean-rhizobial symbiosis compared both with the control (inoculation with rhizobia) and the variant with treatment of seeds (rhizobia + fungicide). This indicates on the perspectives of further studies of biological activity of phytolectins aiming at decreasing chemical pressure on ecosystems by leveling out or decreasing the negative impact of chemical means of protection on the plants and symbiosis.
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Perera, Wilmer H., Kumudini M. Meepa, Frank R. Fronczek, Daniel D. Cook, David E. Wedge und Stephen O. Duke. „Bioassay-Guided Isolation and Structure Elucidation of Fungicidal and Herbicidal Compounds from Ambrosia salsola (Asteraceae)“. Molecules 24, Nr. 5 (26.02.2019): 835. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24050835.
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The discovery of potent natural and ecofriendly pesticides is one of the focuses of the agrochemical industry, and plant species are a source of many potentially active compounds. We describe the bioassay-guided isolation of antifungal and phytotoxic compounds from the ethyl acetate extract of Ambrosia salsola twigs and leaves. With this methodology, we isolated and identified twelve compounds (four chalcones, six flavonols and two pseudoguaianolide sesquiterpene lactones). Three new chalcones were elucidated as (S)-β-Hydroxy-2′,3,4,6′-tetrahydroxy-5-methoxydihydrochalcone (salsolol A), (S)-β-Hydroxy-2′,4,4′,6'-tetrahydroxy-3-methoxydihydrochalcone (salsolol B), and (R)-α, (R)-β-Dihydroxy-2′,3,4,4′,6′- pentahydroxydihydrochalcone (salsolol C) together with nine known compounds: balanochalcone, six quercetin derivatives, confertin, and neoambrosin. Chemical structures were determined based on comprehensive direct analysis in real time-high resolution mass spectrometry (HR-DART-MS), as well as 1D and 2D NMR experiments: Cosy Double Quantum Filter (DQFCOSY), Heteronuclear Multiple Quantum Coherence (HMQC) and Heteronuclear Multiple Bond Coherence (HMBC), and the absolute configurations of the chalcones were confirmed by CD spectra analysis. Crystal structure of confertin was determined by X-ray diffraction. The phytotoxicity of purified compounds was evaluated, and neoambrosim was active against Agrostis stolonifera at 1 mM, while confertin was active against both, Lactuca sativa and A. stolonifera at 1 mM and 100 µM, respectively. Confertin and salsolol A and B had IC50 values of 261, 275, and 251 µM, respectively, against Lemna pausicotata (duckweed). The antifungal activity was also tested against Colletotrichum fragariae Brooks using a thin layer chromatography bioautography assay. Both confertin and neoambrosin were antifungal at 100 µM, with a higher confertin activity than that of neoambrosin at this concentration.
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Paul, Anna-Lisa, Charles Semer, Thomas Kucharek und Robert J. Ferl. „The fungicidal and phytotoxic properties of benomyl and PPM in supplemented agar media supporting transgenic arabidopsis plants for a Space Shuttle flight experiment“. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 55, Nr. 4 (01.05.2001): 480–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002530000521.
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Sharonova, Natalia, Evgeny Nikitin, Dmitriy Terenzhev, Anna Lyubina, Syumbelya Amerhanova, Kseniya Bushmeleva, Adelya Rakhmaeva, Igor Fitsev und Kirill Sinyashin. „Comparative Assessment of the Phytochemical Composition and Biological Activity of Extracts of Flowering Plants of Centaurea cyanus L., Centaurea jacea L. and Centaurea scabiosa L.“ Plants 10, Nr. 7 (23.06.2021): 1279. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10071279.
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The data on the phytochemical composition and biological activity for flowering plant extracts of the genus Centaurea (Knapweed)—cornflower (Centaurea cyanus L.), brown knapweed (Centaurea jacea L.), and greater knapweed (Centaurea scabiosa L.), which are typical representatives of the flora in the middle belt of the Russian Federation, were obtained. For the first time, biologically active substances such as pyranone, coumaran (2,3-dihydrobenzofuran), and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural were identified in ethanol and methanol extracts of Centaurea scabiosa L. by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Catechol and α-amyrin were the major components of the ethanol extract from Centaurea cyanus L., and flavone was the major component of Centaurea jacea L. flower extract. The greatest antimicrobial activity against phytopathogens was detected in Centaurea scabiosa L. when extracting freshly harvested flower biomass with methyl tert-butyl ether at room temperature: the minimum inhibitory concentrations were 60–120 µg/mL, the minimum fungicidal concentration was 120 µg/mL, and the minimum bactericidal concentration was 250 µg/mL. The low antioxidant activity of the studied plant extracts was established using the maximum values of Centaurea jacea L. Ethanol extract of Centaurea cyanus L. flowers had low antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. The extracts showed no phytotoxicity to garden cress germination but inhibited the growth of juvenile plants, especially roots. The greatest phytotoxic effect was revealed with methyl tert-butyl ether, where the depression of growth indicators was 35% or more.
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Pangallo, Sonia, Maria G. Li Destri Nicosia, Giovanni E. Agosteo, Ahmed Abdelfattah, Flora V. Romeo, Santa O. Cacciola, Paolo Rapisarda und Leonardo Schena. „Evaluation of a Pomegranate Peel Extract as an Alternative Means to Control Olive Anthracnose“. Phytopathology® 107, Nr. 12 (Dezember 2017): 1462–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-04-17-0133-r.
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Olive anthracnose is caused by different species of Colletotrichum spp. and may be regarded as the most damaging disease of olive fruit worldwide, greatly affecting quality and quantity of the productions. A pomegranate peel extract (PGE) proved very effective in controlling the disease. The extract had a strong in vitro fungicidal activity against Colletotrichum acutatum sensu stricto, was very effective in both preventive and curative trials with artificially inoculated fruit, and induced resistance in treated olive tissues. In field trials, PGE was significantly more effective than copper, which is traditionally used to control the disease. The highest level of protection was achieved by applying the extract in the early ascending phase of the disease outbreaks because natural rots were completely inhibited with PGE at 12 g/liter and were reduced by 98.6 and by 93.0% on plants treated with PGE at 6 and 3 g/liter, respectively. Two treatments carried out 30 and 15 days before the expected epidemic outbreak reduced the incidence of the disease by 77.6, 57.0, and 51.8%, depending on the PGE concentration. The analysis of epiphytic populations showed a strong antimicrobial activity of PGE, which sharply reduced both fungal and bacterial populations. Because PGE was obtained from a natural matrix using safe chemicals and did not have any apparent phytotoxic effect on treated olive fruit, it may be regarded as a safe and effective natural antifungal preparation to control olive anthracnose and improve olive productions.
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Tsyhanenko, K. S., A. K. Pavlychenko, O. V. Andrienko und Ya I. Savchuk. „Новий метаболіт Myrothecium cinctum 910 трихотеценової природи та його біологічні властивості“. Mikrobiolohichnyi Zhurnal 86, Nr. 2 (28.04.2024): 10–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/microbiolj86.02.010.
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Fungi of the Myrothecium genus are well-known producers of macrocyclic trichothecenes, characterized by the acute toxic effect on warm-blooded organisms and fungicidal action against a wide range of fungi. At the same time, as established by us earlier, M. cinctum (current name Striaticonidium cinctum) 910 shows a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity: along with antifungal activity against mycelial, yeast-like and phytopathogenic test-cultures it strongly inhibited the growth of gram-positive test-strains and to lesser extend – the growth of gram-negative and phytopathogenic bacteria. This strain also revealed significant phytotoxic potential suppressing the growth of green algae Chlorella strains. The aim of the work was to isolate, to purify and to obtain in crystalline form the biological active metabolites of M. cinctum 910 and to study their physicochemical characteristics and biological activity. Methods. To obtain biologically active metabolites in the purified crystalline form, the extraction followed by separation by column chromatography and recrystallization was used; physicochemical methods and microbiological tests were used for characterization of their properties. Results. Three substances which showed the wide spectrum of biological activity to indicator test-cultures were obtained in crystalline form: preparation МС910 with high antibiotic activity and preparations from fractions 8/2 and 9 with high antifungal and phytotoxic activities. Taking into account the data of spectroscopy in the UV-range of spectrum, of spectrums of antibiotic activity and of qualitative reaction with 4-(4-nitrobenzyl)pyridine, it can be concluded that active fractions 8/2 and 9 contain macrocyclic trichothecenes whereas the metabolite МС910 (which is proved by data of IR-spectroscopy) belongs to simple trichothecenes – substances like to macrocyclic trichothecenes but without macrocyclic fragment in their structure. Conclusions. Antibiotic properties of M. cinctum 910 are due to the complex of biological active metabolites with different biological and physicochemical properties. In view on the biological activity of MC910, it can be argued that it has atypical for trichothecenes, including macrocyclc trichothecenes, antibacterial properties as well as it is non-toxic and does not reveal dermatocidal activity in studied concentrations. Therefore, we assume that MC910 is new, not described earlier metabolite of trichothecene nature, which needs further studies. At the same time, active metabolites from fractions 8/2 and 9 are represented by macrocyclic trichothecenes, which is also indicated by the spectra of their biological activity.
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van Iersel, Marc W., und Bruce Bugbee. „Phytotoxic Effects of Benzimidazole Fungicides on Bedding Plants“. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 121, Nr. 6 (November 1996): 1095–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.121.6.1095.
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Benzimidazoles are effective and widely used fungicides, but they may be phytotoxic. We studied the effects of a single drench application of six benzimidazoles and one acetanilide fungicide on photosynthetic gas exchange, growth, development, and nutrient levels of four species of bedding plants in twenty growth-chamber and four greenhouse studies. Daily carbon gain and carbon-use efficiency were calculated from continuous crop gas-exchange measurements in the growth chambers. The maximum labeled rate of Benlate DF caused a 7- to 10-day decrease in net photosynthesis and daily carbon gain in transplants of all species. It also caused pronounced interveinal chlorosis and a 2- to 3-day delay in flowering. Growth of Benlate DF-treated plants was reduced more at high (90%) than at low (60% to 80%) relative humidity. Benlate DF had severe effects on 2-week-old petunia (Petunia ×hybrida) seedlings in plug flats, reducing photosynthesis 25% to 57%. Cleary's 3336 WP decreased photosynthesis in some trials. Benlate DF reduced photosynthesis within 24 hours, but 3336 WP effects did not become apparent until 1 week after the treatment. This suggests different modes of inhibition. 3336 WP also caused leaf-tip and marginal chlorosis in impatiens (Impatiens wallerana). Mertect 340-F was extremely phytotoxic but is not labeled for drench applications (it was included because of its chemical similarity to other benzimidazoles). The only benzimidazole fungicide that did not reduce photosynthesis was Derosal, but it caused slight interveinal chlorosis in some studies with petunia. Benlate DF and Derosal decreased leaf Ca levels. Subdue (or metalaxyl), an acetanilide fungicide, did not affect photosynthesis or cause any visual symptoms. Our results indicate that some benzimidazole fungicides can cause growth reductions and visual damage in bedding plants.
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Dias, Maria Celeste. „Phytotoxicity: An Overview of the Physiological Responses of Plants Exposed to Fungicides“. Journal of Botany 2012 (05.04.2012): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/135479.
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In the last decades, the use of fungicides in agriculture for fungi diseases control has become crucial. Fungicide research has produced a diverse range of products with novel modes of action. However, the extensive use of these compounds in the agriculture system raises public concern because of the harmful potential of such substances in the environment and human health. Moreover, the phytotoxic effects of some fungicides are already recognized but little is known about the impact of these compounds on the photosynthetic apparatus. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the literature considering different classes of fungicides and their effects on plant physiology, with particular emphasis on photosynthesis.
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Joshi, Rakesh Kumar. „Volatile Composition and Biological Activities of Tagetes (Marigold): An Overview“. International Journal of Pharmacognosy & Chinese Medicine 6, Nr. 1 (2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/ipcm-16000226.
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Tagetes commonly known as wild marigold is a plant belonging to family Asteraceae. Tagetes minuta L., commonly known as African marigold, is reputed as a source of ‘Tagetes oil’ of trade that finds an extensive use in food, flavoring, pharmaceutical, perfumery and cosmetic industry. The plant is valued for its essential oil, which is present almost in every part of the plant with little percentage in the stem and roots. The plant is native to South America and has been introduced to many countries since the time of Spanish conquest. Many species of this genus, such as T. minuta, T. erecta, T. patula, and T. tenuifolia, are cultivated as ornamental plants and studied for their medicinal properties based on the basis of their use in folk medicine. Different parts of the Tagetes species are used as remedies to treat various health problems, including dental, stomach, intestinal, emotional, and nervous disorders and muscular pain, across the world. Furthermore, these plants are studied in the field of agriculture for their fungicidal, bactericidal, and insecticidal activities. The plant occurs in temperate forests and mountain regions of the world. Himachal Pradesh, Uttrakhand and Jammu & Kashmir are the main sources of “Tagetes oil” in India where it occurs at an altitude of 1000 to 2500m AMSL. The major constituents (90-95%) of Tagetes minuta essential oil are Z-ß-ocimene, limonene (hydrocarbons) and acyclic unsaturated monoterpenes ketones, dihydrotagetone, tagetones (E, Z) and ocimenones (E, Z). The plant possess pharmacological, phytotoxic effect, antibacterial and antifungal effect, insecticidal properties, nematicidal properties, antiviral and antimicrobial activity and also find use in perfume and flavour industry. Its oil has a great demand, so the species holds a lot of potential for undertaking its large-scale cultivation.
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Ballinger, DJ, PA Salisbury, JI Dennis, JF Kollmorgen und TD Potter. „Evaluation of fungicides, applied at sowing, for control of blackleg in rapeseed“. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 28, Nr. 4 (1988): 511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9880511.
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The effects of 4 fungicides, applied at sowing, on the severity of blackleg disease of rapeseed were studied in the field. The systemic triazole fungicide flutriafol, coated on superphosphate fertiliser and applied as an in-furrow treatment at 250 g a.i./ha, was the most effective treatment and gave appreciable disease control and markedly increased yields. The fertiliser treatment was much more effective than a fungicide-coated sand granule treatment (also at 250 g a.i./ha). When applied as fertiliser, triadimefon (250 g a.i./ha) and procymidone (2.5 kg a.i./ha) were much less effective than flutriafol (250 g a.i./ha). When applied as granules flutriafol (2 kg a.i./ha) gave the best control of disease, and increased yields over the nil fungicide treatment (4.4 v. 3.41 t/ha, P<0.05). Triadimefon (2 kg a.i./ha) was less effective than flutriafol and diniconazole (2 kg a.i./ha) had no effect on disease. Seed dressings of the 4 fungicides were phytotoxic, and had little effect on blackleg.
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Sanders, Graham, Elsa Sanchez und Kathleen Demchak. „(163) Organic and Biorational Fungicides for Managing Gray Mold on Raspberries“. HortScience 41, Nr. 4 (Juli 2006): 1033A—1033. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.4.1033a.
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The increased demand for organic and sustainably grown produce has resulted in a demand for information on organic and biorational fungicides. The efficacy of these fungicides is often not established, yet they are aggressively advertised. In 2005 the efficacy of six organic and biorational fungicides and two controls were evaluated on field-grown red raspberries (Rubus idaeus `Prelude' and `Nova') for gray mold (Botrytis cinerea) management. Phytotoxicity of the fungicide treatments was evaluated on a weekly basis following each fungicide application. Fruit was harvested by hand, sorted into marketable and unmarketable categories and weighed. Subsamples of fruit were evaluated for postharvest disease development. Data analysis showed `Nova' was more susceptible to phytotoxicity than `Prelude'. The application of Phostrol resulted in the highest phytotoxicity rating when compared to all other fungicide treatments. The water spray control, standard fungicide (Captan/Elevate rotation) control, Endorse, and Lime Sulfur treatments resulted in negligible phytotoxity ratings. Applying Milstop, Milstop + Oxidate, and Oxidate + Vigor Cal Phos resulted in similar intermediate phytotoxicity ratings. Differences in marketable yield were nonexistent for the two cultivars and eight fungicide treatments. The predominant diseases observed in the postharvest evaluations were gray mold, blue mold (Penicillium sp.), and rhizopus soft rot (Rhizopus sp.) and/or mucor mold (Mucor sp.). This evaluation will be repeated in 2006.
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Mmbaga, M. T., und R. J. Sauvé. „Management of powdery mildew in flowering dogwood in the field with biorational and conventional fungicides“. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 84, Nr. 3 (01.07.2004): 837–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p03-104.
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In a 2 yr study, control of powdery mildew on flowering dogwood (Cornus florida L.) by four biorational and four conventional fungicides was assessed on seedlings and on 3 yr liners in the field. Biorational fungicides applied were three household soaps containing 0.2% triclosan (Irgasan® DP 300)—Ajax® liquid hand soap, Equate® liquid dish soap and Palmolive® liquid dish soap-and potassium bicarbonate salt. Conventional fungicides applied were propiconazole, thiophanate methyl, azoxystrobin and copper sulfate pentahydrate. All products controlled powdery mildew compared with water controls. Application of the biorational fungicides on a weekly basis was as effective as propiconazole and thiophanate methyl and more effective than azoxystrobin and copper sulfate pentahydrate. Application of some biorational products at semi-monthly intervals was slightly less effective. Of the biorational fungicides, Palmolive® was the most effective but was phytotoxic, whereas Ajax®, Equate® and potassium bicarbonate were not. When three applications of any biorational fungicide were rotated with one application of propiconazole, the incidence of powdery mildew was less than when a fungicide rotation was not included. Plant growth was enhanced with either biorational or conventional fungicides compared with water controls. Propiconazole treatments resulted in the highest growth rates, whereas biorational products were as effective in promoting growth as thiophanate methyl, azoxystrobin or copper sulfate pentahydrate. The incorporation of biorational fungicides in a powdery mildew disease management program may have economic and environmental benefits because they are less costly than conventional fungicides and presumed safer to the environment and the applicators. Key words: Cornus florida L., Erysiphe (sect. Microsphaera) pulchra, Microsphaera pulchra, Oidium spp, Phyllactinia guttata
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Wale, S. J., und E. A. Hunter. „A comparison of fungicides for the control of mildew on spring barley“. Journal of Agricultural Science 105, Nr. 3 (Dezember 1985): 573–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600059463.
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SUMMARYA series of 24 standardized, replicated field trials comparing 47 fungicidal treatments for the control of spring barley mildew have been analysed. The joint analysis has enabled stronger conclusions to be drawn about the relative efficacy of treatments than examination of individual trials. To increase sensitivity the trials were divided into those with high or low mildew pressure. Under high mildew pressure, the treatments which gave the greatest control of mildew also gave the highest yields. However, within any given treatment the yield response appeared not to be closely related to the degree of mildew control achieved. It is concluded that effective fungicides may have a phytotonic effect as well as a mildew control effect.
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Nowicki, Bogdan. „Root parsley protection against damping off“. Acta Agrobotanica 55, Nr. 1 (2013): 255–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2002.024.
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Seed treatment ofroot parsley was done to protect <i>Petroselinum santivum</i> seedlings against damping off. Fungicides used as seed dressers were applied in 3 doses: 3, 5 and 10 g/kg. Seeds were treated with 7 dressers (Table l) used separately and in mixture with 3 g/kg of Rovral 50 WP (50% iprodione) and 1 g/kg of Apron 35 SD (35% metalaxyl). Two seed samples of Berlińska cultivar were used: first sample was strongly infected by <i>Alternaria petroselini</i> and <i>A.radicina</i> both 27,6% and also by <i>Fusarium</i> spp. 5,4% (Test I), and second sample revealed lower percentage of infection 4,6% and 1,2%, respectively (Test II). The experiments were conducted under laboratory, glasshouse and field conditions. Complete seedlings protection in all experiments was achieved for treatments when fungicide mixture was used in the highest dose (10 g/kg). Decrease of fungicides concentrations were connected with lower effectiveness of disease control. No phytotoxic effects of the tested fungicide mixtures were observed under the glasshouse or field conditions.
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Biggs, Alan R. „Reduction in Transpiration and Return Bloom in Apple by Two Sterol-inhibiting Fungicides“. HortScience 25, Nr. 11 (November 1990): 1403–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.11.1403.
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The proportion of spurs blooming on `McIntosh' apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) was reduced significantly in 1986 and 1988, but not in 1987, following seasonal programs of six bitertanol or flusilazole treatments applied at two and three rates, respectively. The fungicides were not associated with any visible phytotoxic effect nor was shoot length reduced by any fungicide treatment. In two of three experiments conducted in May and June 1986, transpiration was reduced by the low rate of flusilazole and the high rate of bitertanol relative to both the captan and nonsprayed trees. In all three experiments, flusilazole at 1.4 g a.i./100 liter was associated with transiently reduced transpiration rates, lasting a minimum of 48 hours, relative to the nonsprayed control. Fungicides affected the diffusive resistance of apple leaves in all three experiments; however, there were no consistent treatment effects on diffusive resistance among the three experiments.
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Jasper, Mônica, Maristella Dalla Pria und Andressa Andrade e. Silva. „Uso do leite de vaca in natura no controle de oídio na cultura da gérbera“. Summa Phytopathologica 35, Nr. 4 (Dezember 2009): 322–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-54052009000400011.
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Gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii) is one of the most popular ornamental plants in the world, used as cut or vase flower. The experiment aimed to evaluate the effect of milk in natura to control powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) on gerbera. The treatments tested were: two concentrations of cow's milk in natura (8 and 16%), with and without adjuvant (vegetal oil), three fungicides (fenarimol -6 g a.i.100 L-1 H2O, chlorothalonil -150 g a.i.100 L-1 H2O and azoxystrobin + mineral oil - 10 g a.i.100 L-1 H2O) and control treatment. The area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) was calculated for each plot based on disease severity. Milk in natura applied with adjuvant controlled the disease and did not allow the infection and development of pathogen. The addition of adjuvant improves the efficiency of milk in natura, but it requires subsequent washing of plants with H2O + detergent. The fungicide fenarimol promoted the best control and also the best gerbera visual aspect. The fungicide azoxystrobin + mineral oil and the chlorothalonil were phytotoxic to gerbera plants, affecting the aspect of leaves and flowers.
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Cromwell, Morgan L., Lorraine P. Berkett, Heather M. Darby und Takamaru Ashikaga. „Alternative Organic Fungicides for Apple Scab Management and Their Non-target Effects“. HortScience 46, Nr. 9 (September 2011): 1254–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.46.9.1254.
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A major challenge in organic apple production in humid production regions is the available fungicide options for apple scab [Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) Wint.] management. The standard sulfur/lime sulfur fungicide program can be injurious to the applicator, the apple ecosystem, and the apple tree itself. The objectives of this study were to compare the efficacy of three potential alternative fungicides [potassium bicarbonate (PB), neem oil (NO), and Bacillus subtilis (Bs)] with a standard organic sulfur/lime sulfur (SLS) fungicide program and a non-treated control (NTC) for management of apple scab and to evaluate potential non-target impacts on pest and beneficial arthropod populations. The five treatments were applied to ‘Empire’ trees arranged in a completely randomized design with five single-tree replications at the University of Vermont Horticultural Research Center in South Burlington, VT. Fungicides were applied with a handgun to drip using maximum label rates. Applications began on 26 Apr. 2007 and 23 Apr. 2008 and continued on approximately a weekly schedule through the end of June and then every 2 weeks through 23 July 2007 and 17 July 2008, respectively. The standard SLS treatment resulted in the best scab control in both years. The NO treatment reduced foliar and fruit scab compared with the NTC and the other alternatives at the end of the 2008 growing season and had insecticidal activity. However, both the SLS and NO treatments had disadvantages, including phytotoxic burning on the fruit and/or significantly more russeting on the fruit at harvest. In each year of the study, one or more of the alternative treatments, particularly Bs, resulted in higher insect damage than the non-fungicide-treated control. This research showed that PB, Bs, and NO do not offer advantages over the standard SLS fungicide program in organic apple production and in some cases offer distinct disadvantages in terms of non-target impacts. Chemical names used: potassium bicarbonate (Armicarb “O”), Bacillus subtilis (Serenade MAX), neem oil (Trilogy), sulfur (Microthiol Sulfur)/lime sulfur (Miller Lime Sulfur)
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Tang, Xiujun, Shuning Chen, Xiaojing Yan, Zhenying Wang, Huizhu Yuan und Daibin Yang. „Factors Underlying the Prevalence of Pythium Infection of Corn Seeds Following Seed Treatment Application of Tebuconazole“. Plant Disease 106, Nr. 4 (01.04.2022): 1134–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-07-21-1586-re.
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Microbial communities are essential for soil health, but fungicide application may have significant effects on their structure. It is difficult to predict whether nontarget pathogens of applied fungicides in the soil will cause crop damage. Tebuconazole is a triazole fungicide that can be used as a seed treatment and, thereby, introduced to the soil. However, seed-applied tebuconazole has a potential risk of causing poor emergence of corn (Zea mays) seedlings. Using soil with a history of poor corn seedling emergence, we demonstrate through TA cloning and isolation that the poor emergence of corn seedlings from tebuconazole-coated corn seeds was primarily because of infection by surviving soil pathogens, specifically Pythium species that are not targeted by tebuconazole, rather than the phytotoxic effects of tebuconazole. Bioassay tests on tebuconazole-amended media showed that tebuconazole can suppress soil fungi while allowing Pythium to grow. Pythium species primarily contributing to the corn seed rot were more pathogenic at cooler temperatures. Furthermore, the nontarget biocontrol agent of Trichoderma spp. was strongly inhibited by tebuconazole. Taken together, the nontarget effects of tebuconazole are likely not significant under favorable plant growing conditions but are considerable because of low-temperature stress.
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Kope, H. H., und D. Trotter. „Evaluation of mancozeb and propiconazole to control Keithia leaf blight of container-grown western red cedar“. Forestry Chronicle 74, Nr. 4 (01.08.1998): 583–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc74583-4.
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Two fungicides, propiconazole (Topas®) and mancozeb (Dithane®), were evaluated for their efficacy to control the foliar disease, Keithia leaf blight (Didymascella thujina) of western redcedar (Thuja plicata), in three container-seedling nurseries in British Columbia, in 1995. At each nursery, five fungicide and a control treatment were applied. Each treatment was applied to one-year-old container-grown seedlings at two nurseries, and to two-year-old container-grown seedlings at the third nursery. The fungicide propiconazole was applied at four rates (0.05, 0.075, 0.125 and 0.250 kg ai 1000L−1 ha−1) every four weeks, and mancozeb at one rate (2.06 kg ai 1000L−1 ha−1) every two weeks, and a water control applied every two weeks. Applications were made from July 10, 1995 until the end of November, 1995. Efficacy and phytotoxicity evaluation of the fungicides was done by subsampling 160 seedlings from each treatment at each nursery in early December, 1995. The results established that blight severity on the one-year-old seedlings was significantly less (p≤0.05) than the controls, for all four propiconazole treatments and the one mancozeb treatment. Blight severity on the two-year-old seedlings was significantly less (p≤0.05) than the controls, for the treatments with the two higher rates of propiconazole (0.125 and 0.250 kg ai 1000L−1 ha−1), as well as the one mancozeb treatment. In general, seedling growth of both the one- and two-year-old seedlings was no different than, nor better than, the control, suggesting that the fungicides were not phytotoxic. Both fungicides, propiconazole and mancozeb, are effective in controlling Keithia leaf blight, however, mancozeb must be applied every 10 to 14 days through the entire growing season (11 applications), whereas propiconazole requires fewer applications (6) through the growing season, for an equivalent efficacy. Key words: Didymascella thujina (Durand) Maire, Thuja plicata (Donn.), cedar leaf blight, nursery seedlings, reforestation
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Köycü, Nagehan D., John E. Stenger und Harlene M. Hatterman-Valenti. „Cold Climate Winegrape Cultivar Sensitivity to Sulfur in the Northern Great Plains Region of the United States“. HortTechnology 27, Nr. 2 (April 2017): 235–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech03638-16.
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Elemental sulfur is commonly applied for powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator) protection on winegrape (Vitis sp.). The product may be used in a diversified, integrated disease management system to help prevent fungicide resistance to products with other modes of action. Additionally, sulfur may be used as a control option in organic systems. Applications of sulfur have been known to cause phytotoxic injury to susceptible winegrape cultivars, particularly those stemming from fox grape (Vitis labrusca) parentage. To improve recommendations to producers in the northern Great Plains region of the United States, a comparison of injury incidence and severity, as well as effects on yield characteristics was undertaken for 13 regional cultivars exposed to three sulfur rates (0, 2.4, and 4.8 lb/acre a.i.) at a North Dakota State University Research Station near Absaraka, ND. Overall, four cultivars (Bluebell, Baltica, Sabrevois, and King of the North) of the 13 cultivars tested showed phytotoxic symptoms. Injury severity and incidence of these cultivars differed between years and across rates. ‘Bluebell’ showed consistent and severe sulfur injury symptoms. Injury to the other three susceptible cultivars tended to vary by the given environment, with King of the North generally showing the lowest injury response. Injury symptoms were not found to be associated with the overall yield or cluster weight. Results suggest that alternative spray programs that exclude sulfur-based fungicides should be recommended for ‘Bluebell’, ‘Baltica’, ‘Sabrevois’, and ‘King of the North’, whereas sulfur-based fungicides may be applied to ‘Alpenglow’, ‘ES 12-6-18’, ‘Frontenac’, ‘Frontenac Gris’, ‘La Crescent’, ‘Marquette’, ‘Somerset Seedless’, ‘St. Croix’, and ‘Valiant’. Observations on fruit ripening in 2014 suggest that future research is needed to determine if a reduction of fruit quality may occur in some seasons with repeated sulfur applications or with successive annual sulfur applications for susceptible cultivars if used in an organic production system.
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Djami-Tchatchou, Arnaud Thierry, Meenakshi Tetorya, James Godwin, Jennette M. Codjoe, Hui Li und Dilip M. Shah. „Small Cationic Cysteine-Rich Defensin-Derived Antifungal Peptide Controls White Mold in Soybean“. Journal of Fungi 9, Nr. 9 (24.08.2023): 873. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof9090873.
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White mold disease caused by a necrotrophic ascomycete pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum results in serious economic losses of soybean yield in the USA. Lack of effective genetic resistance to this disease in soybean germplasm and increasing pathogen resistance to fungicides makes white mold difficult to manage. Small cysteine-rich antifungal peptides with multi-faceted modes of action possess potential for development as sustainable spray-on bio-fungicides. We have previously reported that GMA4CG_V6 peptide, a 17-amino acid variant of the MtDef4 defensin-derived peptide GMA4CG containing the active γ-core motif, exhibits potent antifungal activity against the gray mold fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea in vitro and in planta. GMA4CG_V6 exhibited antifungal activity against an aggressive field isolate of S. sclerotiorum 555 in vitro with an MIC value of 24 µM. At this concentration, internalization of this peptide into fungal cells occurred prior to discernible membrane permeabilization. GMA4CG_V6 markedly reduced white mold disease symptoms when applied to detached soybean leaves, pods, and stems. Its spray application on soybean plants provided robust control of this disease. GMA4CG_V6 at sub-lethal concentrations reduced sclerotia production. It was also non-phytotoxic to soybean plants. Our results demonstrate that GMA4CG_V6 peptide has potential for development as a bio-fungicide for white mold control in soybean.
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Phad, Nitin, Dattatray Shinde, Sumant Kabade, Shital Pharate, Radhika Jamdade und Sujoy Saha. „Role of new fungicide Pydiflumetofen 7.5% + difenoconazole 12.5% w/v (200 SC) in the management of powdery mildew and anthracnose diseases in grapes.“ JOURNAL OF ECO-FRIENDLY AGRICULTURE 18, Nr. 2 (2023): 348–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.48165/jefa.2023.18.02.23.
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Grape is a fruit crop of commercial significance in the arena of Indian horticulture. Powdery mildew (c.o. - Erysiphe necator) and anthracnose (c.o. - Elsinoe ampelina/ Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) are the most important biotic constraints in grape. The combination fungicide Pydiflumetofen 7.5% + difenoconazole 12.5% w/v (200 SC) was evaluated for two seasons (2016-17 & 2017-18) in the vineyards of ICAR-National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune, Maharashtra against both the diseases. Different concentrations of Pydiflumetofen 7.5% + difenoconazole 12.5% w/v (200 SC) viz. 400, 500 and 600 ml/ha were compared with its component fungicides, Pydiflumetofen 7.5% and difenoconazole 12.5% w/v (200 SC) separately. Experimental results showed that Pydiflumetofen 7.5% + difenoconazole 12.5% w/v (200 SC) @ 600ml/ha manifested lowest pooled PDI of 10.00 in case of leaves and 10.31 in case of bunches respectively with a corresponding yield of 10.99 t/ha. The test fungicide was not phytotoxic to the grapevines up to the dose of 1200ml/ha. Against anthracnose, the pooled data showed that Pydiflumetofen 7.5% + difenoconazole 12.5% w/v (200 SC) @ 600 ml/ha as foliar spray showed lowest PDI of 10.81. Hence the treatment Pydiflumetofen 7.5% + difenoconazole 12.5% w/v (200 SC) @ 600 ml/ha was effective against powdery mildew as well as anthracnose.
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Li, Meixia, Tao Li, Yabing Duan, Ying Yang, Jian Wu, Donglei Zhao, Xuemei Xiao et al. „Evaluation of Phenamacril and Ipconazole for Control of Rice Bakanae Disease Caused by Fusarium fujikuroi“. Plant Disease 102, Nr. 7 (Juli 2018): 1234–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-10-17-1521-re.
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This study evaluated the use of phenamacril and ipconazole, alone and in mixtures, for the control of rice bakanae disease caused by Fusarium fujikuroi. Mixtures were studied with the goal of reducing the selection of fungicide-resistant field isolates of the fungus. When tested alone, both phenamacril and ipconazole exhibited high antifungal activity against F. fujikuroi mycelial growth; the average EC50 value for 19 field isolates was 0.1544 μg/ml for phenamacril and 0.0472 μg/ml for ipconazole. A 2:1 mixture of phenamacril and ipconazole caused a slightly synergistic (greater than additive) inhibition of mycelial growth. Inhibition of F. fujikuroi sporulation was highest for ipconazole alone, intermediate with the 2:1 mixture, and lowest for phenamacril alone. Inhibition by phenamacril and ipconazole alone or by the 2:1 mixture was substantially lower for spore germination than for mycelial growth or sporulation. When the total fungicide concentration was <24 g of a.i./100 kg of treated rice seeds, the fungicides, whether alone or in the 2:1 mixture, were not phytotoxic to seeds or seedlings of two rice cultivars. In a greenhouse experiment, the 2:1 mixture of phenamacril and ipconazole at 6 g of a.i./100 kg of treated seeds provided 100% control of rice bakanae disease on two cultivars. Overall, the results indicate that the use of a 2:1 mixture of phenamacril and ipconazole should control rice bakanae disease while reducing the occurrence of fungicide resistance in F. fujikuroi.
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Goulart, Augusto César Pereira. „Effectiveness of fungicide seed treatment in the control of soybean seedling dampingoff caused by Rhizoctonia solani under greenhouse conditions“. Summa Phytopathologica 48, Nr. 3 (September 2022): 121–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0100-5405/266033.
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ABSTRACT The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of fungicide seed treatment in the control of soybean seedling damping-off caused by Rhizoctonia solani under greenhouse conditions. The experiment was carried out in Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil. Treated and untreated soybean seeds were sown in previously sterilized sand, contained in plastic trays, in equidistant individual wells at 3cm depth. The soybean sowing density was 200 seeds/plastic tray. Inoculation with R. solani was done by homogeneous distribution of the fungal inoculum onto the substrate surface (5.0g/tray). The fungus was grown for 35 days on autoclaved black oat seeds ground to powder with a mill (1mm). Seedling emergence, pre and post-emergence damping-off, injured seedlings and disease index (severity) were evaluated according to McKinney formula. Fungicide seed treatments had a significant effect (P ≤ 0.05) on seedling emergence, pre and post-emergence damping-off, injured seedlings and disease index (severity). The best results were obtained for fludioxonil+metalaxyl-M+thiabendazole and fipronil+pyraclostrobin+thiophanate-methyl, followed by carbendazim+thiram+pencycuron and thiophanate-methyl+fluazinam. The least efficient treatments were carbendazim+thiram, fludioxonil+metalaxyl-M and carboxin+thiram. Pearson correlation analysis indicated that injured seedlings and disease index were positively correlated (R=0.92). This means that the greater the number of injured seedlings, the greater the disease index and the less efficient the fungicide. The fungicides used in the present study did not have any phytotoxic effect on soybean seedlings.
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SERAGUZI, ERIC FABIANO, CARLOS HENRIQUE QUEIROZ REGO, FERNANDA BRITO CARDOSO, ANA CARINA DA SILVA CÂNDIDO und CHARLINE ZARATIN ALVES. „PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF Brachiaria brizantha SEEDS TREATED WITH FUNGICIDE AND INSECTICIDE“. Revista Caatinga 31, Nr. 3 (Juli 2018): 651–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252018v31n313rc.
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ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the effects of chemical treatment of seeds with fungicide and insecticide on the seed physiological quality of Brachiaria brizantha cultivar MG5. Two experiments with four replicates were carried out in a completely randomized design. In the first experiment, the seeds were treated with the fungicide pyraclostrobin + fipronil + thiophanate-methyl and in the second, with the insecticide thiamethoxam, both at doses of 0, 150, 300, 450, and 600 mL of commercial product (CP)/100 kg of seeds. Physiological characterization was done on the basis of the first germination count, germination (%), emergence (%), emergence speed index, and length and dry mass of shoot and root. The treatment of B. brizantha seeds with the fungicide pyraclostrobin + fipronil + thiophanate-methyl benefits the physiological quality of seeds, improving germination and root development, with no phytotoxic effect up to the dose of 600 mL of CP/100 kg of seeds. The insecticide thiamethoxam has a biostimulating effect on B. brizantha cultivar MG5 up to the dose of 270 mL of CP/100 kg of seeds, but is phytotoxic in larger doses.
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Kozlowski, T. T. „The Impact of Environmental Pollution on Shade Trees“. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 12, Nr. 2 (01.02.1986): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.1986.007.
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Protecting shade trees from toxic chemicals will be increasingly important to arborists because phytotoxic air pollutants are heavily concentrated in urban areas and the amounts of some of these pollutants are likely to increase. When incorrectly applied, deicing salts, herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, and antitranspirants may also be variously phytotoxic. Arborists should give high priority to selecting trees for planting that are tolerant to the air pollutants present in a given area and to supporting research on developing pollution-tolerant trees. Injury to shade trees by deicing salts can be reduced by using less salt, planting salt-tolerant trees, leaching of salts with fresh water, and adding gypsum to soils containing salt. To avoid injury to shade trees from herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, and antitranspirants strict adherence is advised to directions on the label of each chemical with respect to appropriate dosage, plant species and cultivar, manner of application, and weather conditions.
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Cimmino, Alessio, Anna Andolfi und Antonio Evidente. „Phytotoxic Terpenes Produced by Phytopathogenic Fungi and Allelopathic Plants“. Natural Product Communications 9, Nr. 3 (März 2014): 1934578X1400900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1400900330.
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This review is about the isolation as well as chemical and biological characterization of simple and complex mono-, sesqui-, di-, sester- and tri-terpenes produced by fungal pathogens of agrarian and forest plants and by some allelopathic plants. In several cases, the structure activity relationships are also discussed, as well as their potential application in agriculture as natural safe herbicides, fungicides and bactericides. Furthermore, the potential application of some fungal terpenes as anticancer compounds with a new mode of action is also discussed.
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Yadav, Amresh Kumar, P. Kumar, A. Kumari und MP Trivedi. „Identification and Prevention of Microbial Contamination in Tissue Culture of Catharanthus roseus - An Important Medicinal Herb“. Plant Tissue Culture and Biotechnology 30, Nr. 2 (11.12.2020): 297–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ptcb.v30i2.50699.
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The explants of two varities rosea and alba of Catharanthus roseus used for in vitro propagation and found to be more than 50% of the cultures became contaminated. The most common bacterial contaminants were Bacillus licheniformis, Micrococcus, Panibacillus and fungal contaminants were Fusarium, Alternaria, Cladosporium and Aspergillus. Combinations of different antibiotics (Penicillin, norfloxacin, tobramycin, gatifloxacin, ofloxacin) and fungicides (Bavastin, captan, fluconazole and trichoderma) were used to control the growth of the contaminants. Gatifloxacin and ofloxacin inhibited 100% growth of bacteria whereas, bavastin and captan appeared to be the most effective fungicides. Combination of gatifloxacin, ofloxacin with bavastin and captan inhibited the growth of contaminants at their minimum phytotoxic concentration (MIC). The observed minimum phytotoxic concentration (MPC) of ofloxacin, gatifloxacin, bavastin and captan was 15, 9, 6 and 5% at their respective MIC. More than 90% of the cultures responded for callus formation in the combination of gatifloxacin (4%) + bavastin (1%). While the combination of gatifloxacin and captan was highly toxic that reduces the growth of the culture.
Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 30(2): 297-305, 2020 (December)
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Bergfield, W. A., D. N. Sasseville, R. J. Kremer und T. Souissi. „Microbial Populations and Potential Phytotoxicity of Rhizobacteria Isolated from Jamaican Anthurium“. HortScience 32, Nr. 3 (Juni 1997): 468C—468. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.468c.
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Pesticides are used extensively in ornamental production. Studies of repeated pesticide applications indicate that microbial changes occur in the rhizosphere of the plant. In addition to controlling the target pest, often a population shift of bacteria may occur. This has been previously shown in research associated with leatherleaf fern [Rumohra adiantiformis (Forst.) Ching] and the fungicide benomyl. Rhizobacteria (root-associated bacteria) of anthurium (Anthurium andraeanum) were investigated with respect to total populations and isolates that are potentially phytotoxic. The anthurium sample roots were taken from commercial Jamaican production sites. The sites had either a benomyl or non-benomyl history. Rhizobacterial populations were estimated by dilution plating and subcultures were taken for a phytotoxicity bioassay. Micrographs of samples were prepared to examine treatment effects on the morphology of roots. Rhizobacteria populations were frequently at 106 colony forming units per gram fresh weight. Consistently, greater than 50% of the isolates from each treatment were potentially phytotoxic. However, in the benomyl history samples, there was a greater diversity of phytotoxic isolates.
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Richardson, J. M., J. C. Stutz und R. A. Backhaus. „Incorporating Fungicides into Fluid Drilling Gel to Control Damping-off of Guayule“. HortScience 20, Nr. 4 (August 1985): 717–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.20.4.717.
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Abstract Etridiazole, etridiazole/thiophanate, fenaminosulf, Captan, and pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) were tested for prevention of damping-off of guayule (Parthenium argentatum Gray) seedlings in greenhouse tests. Fungicides were incorporated into a magnesium silicate fluid drilling gel containing pregerminated seeds. The seeds were sown into vermiculite and inoculated with Pythium debaryanum or Rhizoctonia solani. Phytotoxic levels of the fungicides were determined. PCNB was very effective in controlling damping-off caused by R. solani. Captan and fenaminosulf provided over 50% protection from damping-off caused by P. debaryanum. Etridiazole and etridiazole/thiophanate controlled preemergence damping-off, but did not control postemergence damping-off caused by P. debaryanum. Chemical name used: 3a,4,7,7atetrahydro-2-[(trichloromethyl)thiol]-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione (Captan).