Thematische Bibliographien / Fungal diseases of plants

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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Fungal diseases of plants“

Autor: Grafiati

Veröffentlicht am 4. Juni 2021

Zuletzt aktualisiert am 29. Juli 2024

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Fungal diseases of plants"

Giraud, T., J. Enjalbert, E. Fournier, F. Delmotte und C. Dutech. „Population genetics of fungal diseases of plants“. Parasite 15, Nr. 3 (September 2008): 449–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2008153449.

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Arti und Simerjit Kaur. „An Overview on Fungal Diseases in Angiospermic Plants“. Asian Plant Research Journal 11, Nr. 2 (12.04.2023): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/aprj/2023/v11i2207.

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The main objective of this review study is to examine various fungal diseases on angiospermic plants which lower plant productivity and worsen the financial situation of flowers. Angiospermic flora are the most useful and marketable plants, employed for the majority of purposes, contributing to a better environment and spreading positive energy, but these flowering plants are presently damaged by unfavourable environmental conditions. The occurrence of fungal infection suppresses the beauty, growth, production and commercial values of flowers and also affect the living beings by increasing air pollution due to the infected plants. Fungicides, chemicals and molecular techniques are already in used to enhances the yield of crops and growth of plants, but still more research needs to be conducted to find the way for increasing the yield and preventing the plants more.

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Abdullayeva, Shahla. „INCIDENTAL BACTERIAL IN HOUSE PLANTS AND FUNGAL DISEASES“. SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH 3, Nr. 1 (26.02.2023): 16–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2789-6919/17/16-18.

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Wang, Haiguang. „Epidemiology and Control of Fungal Diseases in Crop Plants“. Agronomy 13, Nr. 9 (05.09.2023): 2327. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092327.

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Crop fungal diseases are a major threat to crop health and food security worldwide. The epidemiology is the basis for effective and sustainable control of crop fungal diseases. Safe, effective, sustainable, and eco-friendly disease control measures have important economic, ecological, and social significances. This Special Issue, “Epidemiology and Control of Fungal Diseases of Crop Plants”, collected one communication and nine original research articles focusing on the identification and detection of the causal agents of alfalfa Fusarium root rot, strawberry black spot, and barley leaf stripe; the semantic segmentation of wheat stripe rust images; the image-based identification of wheat stripe rust and wheat leaf rust; the image-based identification of the severity of wheat Fusarium head blight; the development process of vanilla Fusarium wilt; the regional migration of wheat leaf rust pathogen; the early prediction of potato early blight; the screening of alternative fungicides for the control of alfalfa Fusarium root rot; and the biocontrol potential of endophytic fungi to control of cumin root rot, presenting the progress of research on the epidemiology and control of crop fungal diseases. The studies contained in this Special Issue facilitated the development of epidemiology of the related crop fungal diseases and provided some basis for control of the diseases, which is conducive to the sustainable management of these diseases.

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Sokoto, Rabi'atu M., Sanusi Muhammad, Habsatu S. Shehu und Abubakar S. Muhammad. „Isolation and identification of fungal diseases infecting carrot plants in Sokoto State of Nigeria“. Caliphate Journal of Science and Technology 5, Nr. 3 (12.01.2024): 307–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/cajost.v5i3.9.

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Carrot plants are often afflicted with myriad of diseases that tend to lessen their eventual yield. With the increasing pressure to provide food for the world sever growing population there is need to curtail the adverse effect of these diseases. This study was aimed at investigating the epidemiological prevalence of some fungal diseases effecting carrot vegetables in selected areas in Sokoto state. To realize these, diseased carrots picked from the study areas were investigated to identify the pathogens affecting them. The carrot samples (leaves and roots) were collected from Moreh, Badageni and Ruggar Liman farm areas for fungal isolation and identification. The result revealed ten fungal species from six genera of Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium, Mucor, Alternaria and Acremonium. Out of the fungal species isolated, Fusarium oxysporum was found to have the highest frequency of occurrence with 31.87% and Acremonium strictum had the least with (1.10%). All the farms had one pathogen or the other and are present in both the leaves and roots. Badageni farm had the highest occurrence of the isolates mostly on the leaves followed closely by Moreh farm. The findings revealed that carrots in Sokoto were susceptible to fungal attacks, and Fusarium species appeared to be the most active of all pathogens associated with the fungal diseases as such, carrots should be well washed and if possible cooked well before eating.

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Cornelissen, BJC, und L. S. Melchers. „Strategies for Control of Fungal Diseases with Transgenic Plants“. Plant Physiology 101, Nr. 3 (01.03.1993): 709–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.101.3.709.

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Pujari, Jagadeesh D., Rajesh Yakkundimath und Abdulmunaf S. Byadgi. „Image Processing Based Detection of Fungal Diseases in Plants“. Procedia Computer Science 46 (2015): 1802–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2015.02.137.

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Olson, Åke, und Jan Stenlid. „Pathogenic fungal species hybrids infecting plants“. Microbes and Infection 4, Nr. 13 (November 2002): 1353–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1286-4579(02)00005-9.

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AVAN, Meltem. „Important Fungal Diseases in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants and Their Control“. Turkish Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research 2, Nr. 1 (30.06.2021): 239–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.46592/turkager.2021.v02i01.019.

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Aromatic plants constitute the main raw materials of the perfumery, food and cosmetics industry and in recent years with the increasing demand for therapeutic herbal medicines, interest in medicinal and aromatic plants has increased. Raw materials from medicinal and aromatic plants have recently begun to be used and spread in the food sector, especially in industrial sectors such as paint and perfumery. For this reason, growing healthy plant material is very important in terms of the protection of these crops. However, fungal diseases such as root rot, wilt, leaf spots, blight and anthracnose, which are problems during the cultivation of both medicinal and aromatic plants, negatively affect both the quantity and quality of these plants. For this reason, an integrated management practices including cultural measures, herbal products, biological control and, if necessary, chemical control methods with especially these fungal diseases are very important. In this review, 27 medicinal and aromatic plants, 37 fungal diseases, their chemical and biological control were included, and 161 references were used.

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Mekapogu, Manjulatha, Jae-A. Jung, Oh-Keun Kwon, Myung-Suk Ahn, Hyun-Young Song und Seonghoe Jang. „Recent Progress in Enhancing Fungal Disease Resistance in Ornamental Plants“. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, Nr. 15 (26.07.2021): 7956. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22157956.

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Fungal diseases pose a major threat to ornamental plants, with an increasing percentage of pathogen-driven host losses. In ornamental plants, management of the majority of fungal diseases primarily depends upon chemical control methods that are often non-specific. Host basal resistance, which is deficient in many ornamental plants, plays a key role in combating diseases. Despite their economic importance, conventional and molecular breeding approaches in ornamental plants to facilitate disease resistance are lagging, and this is predominantly due to their complex genomes, limited availability of gene pools, and degree of heterozygosity. Although genetic engineering in ornamental plants offers feasible methods to overcome the intrinsic barriers of classical breeding, achievements have mainly been reported only in regard to the modification of floral attributes in ornamentals. The unavailability of transformation protocols and candidate gene resources for several ornamental crops presents an obstacle for tackling the functional studies on disease resistance. Recently, multiomics technologies, in combination with genome editing tools, have provided shortcuts to examine the molecular and genetic regulatory mechanisms underlying fungal disease resistance, ultimately leading to the subsequent advances in the development of novel cultivars with desired fungal disease-resistant traits, in ornamental crops. Although fungal diseases constitute the majority of ornamental plant diseases, a comprehensive overview of this highly important fungal disease resistance seems to be insufficient in the field of ornamental horticulture. Hence, in this review, we highlight the representative mechanisms of the fungal infection-related resistance to pathogens in plants, with a focus on ornamental crops. Recent progress in molecular breeding, genetic engineering strategies, and RNAi technologies, such as HIGS and SIGS for the enhancement of fungal disease resistance in various important ornamental crops, is also described.

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Dissertationen zum Thema "Fungal diseases of plants"

Qongqo, Axola. „Introduction pathways of phytopathogenic fungi and their potential role in limiting plant invasions: the case of Banksia spp. (Proteaceae) in the Cape Floristic Region“. Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2859.

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Thesis (Master of Conservation Science)--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018.
Introduction pathways of fungal pathogens in South Africa are far less quantified in the literature than those for plants, animals and human infectious diseases. Phytopathogens continue to be introduced to South Africa via several pathways at an unprecedented rate. A number of these species pose a significant threat to South African ecosystems and biodiversity. Despite this, fungal pathogens could also be beneficial when they are used as bio-control agents to control alien invasive plant species. Nevertheless, recent studies revealed pathogens are most likely to be studied after they have caused a detrimental impact on the environment. Invasive fungal pathogens, such as Phytophthora cinnamomi (Oomycota) do not only pose a threat to native species of the family Proteaceae but could also potentially be bio-control agents for emerging alien plant invaders. In this thesis, firstly, I review current knowledge of phytopathogenic fungi introduction pathways in South Africa; secondly, I aim to understand the importance of fungi in limiting plant invasions using Banksia as a case study in the Cape Floristic Region. In chapter two I investigate introduction pathways and dispersal vectors that facilitate the spread of fungal pathogens. I compiled comprehensive list of fungal pathogens in South Africa, and evaluated the dispersal vectors and introduction pathways for each species. I found fifty five casual species, three naturalised species, six invasive species and thirty six pathogens for which invasion status was not classified due to insufficient data. Agriculture is responsible for the introduction of most fungal pathogens in South Africa. Wind was identified to be the prominent dispersal vector facilitating the spread of pathogens. I conclude that knowing introduction pathways of pathogens and their dispersal vectors will assist in developing quarantine protocols that could improve bio-security. Lastly, I provide recommendations for the national invasive microbe species list. In chapter three the study investigates the variability in mortality rate of Banksia species in the Cape Floristic. Species abundance was calculated across known Banksia populations in the Cape Floristic Region to determine survival and mortality rates. Soil and leave samples were taken from Banksia plants to evaluate potential microbial pests that were present. Also, acetone leaf extracts of twelve Banksia species were screened for antimicrobial activity against P. cinnamomi (Oomycota). Lastly, a post-border risk assessment was conducted for 14 Banksia species− present in South Africa − using the Australian Weed Risk Assessment protocol, to evaluate potentially invasive species. The results indicated that survival and mortality rate varied across species; I found the two invasive species, B. integrifolia and B. ericifolia to have the highest survival rate. Phytophthora cinnamomi was the most prominent isolated fungal pathogen sampled from Banksia species roots. The detection of antifungal activities in the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) bioassay provided evidence that some Banksia species (B. ericifolia, B. integrifolia, B. hookeriana and B. formosa) have antimicrobial chemical constituents that could possibly inhibit infection and colonisation by P. cinnamomi. The weed risk assessments conducted on Banksia species showed five species pose a high risk of invasion while seven species required further evaluation. I conclude that P. cinnamomi could potentially regulate invasive Banksia species such as B. speciosa with minimal antimicrobial activity against the pathogen. I recommend an in-situ and ex-situ inoculation trials of Banksia species against P. cinnamomi to be conducted to evaluate pathogenicity, under different watering regimes since the pathogens proliferation is favoured by soils that are high in moisture. I present the main conclusions from this thesis in chapter four and provide recommendations for management and invasive species legislation.

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Mohd, Salim @. Halim Jamilah. „Tree resistance and responsiveness to mechanical damage and fungal pathogens in dipterocarp forest of Sabah, Malaysia“. Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2009. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=130838.

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A survey of dipterocarp forest in four sites revealed that the incidence of stem canker was relatively low but high localized incidences were recorded. No consistent association was obtained between the presence of mechanical damage and cankers. Cankers occurred more frequently on dipterocarps and less frequently on euphorbs. Field studies and experimental manipulations were used to compare sapling resistance and responsiveness to wounding and stem breakage in relatively nutrient-rich, alluvial forest and relatively nutrient-poor, sandstone ridge forest. Species found on sandstone ridges showed greater resistance to damage (e.g., greater stem flexibility, narrower crowns) than those on alluvial soils. Species common on alluvial soils tended to be more responsive to damage (e.g., faster wound closure rates, more likely to re-sprout). Results from manipulation experiments conducted on pot-grown seedlings were consistent with results from the field studies, where conditions of greater nutrient availability, saplings closed wounds at faster rates, had less flexible stems, more narrow crowns, and lower levels of foliar total phenolics. Species showed differential rezones to resource availability which, in part, may relate to contrasting strategies for investment in passive defence (i.e., resins and phenolics) over investment in growth. Through their narrower crowns, greater whole stem flexibility, and lesser stem taper, tree species characteristic of sandstone ridges had greater resistance to mechanical damage from debris falling from above than congeneric species characteristic of alluvial soils. Tree species characteristic of alluvial soils were more responsive to damage than congeners on sandstone ridges, by producing earlier and longer sprouts following stem snapping and more rapid rates of wound closure following wounding.

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Knowles, Cindy-Lee. „Synergistic effects of mixtures of the kresoxim-methyl fungicide and medicinal plants extracts in vitro and in vivo against Botrytis Cinerea“. Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&amp.

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The fungus Botrytis cinerea is an opportunistic pathogen on a wide variety of crops, causing disease known as grey mould through infections via wounds or dead plant parts. Synthetic fungicides for controlling this disease are fast becoming ineffective due to the development of resistance. This, coupled with consumers world wide becomng increasingly conscious of potential environment and health problems associated with the build up of toxic chemicals, (particularly in food products), have resulted in pressure to reduce the use of chemical pesticide volumes as well as its residues. An emerging alternative to random synthesis is the study and exploitation of naturally occurring products with fungicidal properties. There have been reports on the uses of synthetic fungicides for the control of plant pathogenic fungi. When utilized in two-way mixtures, such fungicides may maintain or enhance the level of control of a pathogen at reduced rates for both components utilized in combinations, or alone at normal rates. For this study it was hypothesize that the addition of plant extracts may enhance the antifungal efficacy of the synthetic strobilurin fungicide, kresoxim-methyl against Botrytis cinerea.

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Cox, James Alexander. „Modelling long-distance airborne dispersal of fungal spores and its role in continental scale plant disease epidemics“. Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708472.

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Pakela, Yolisa Patronella. „Interaction between Colletotrichum dematium and cowpea“. Thesis, Pretoria: [s.n.], 2003. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-09022005-102127/.

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Arthur, Fareed Kow Nanse. „Defense responses to fungal challenge in alfalfa (medicago sativa L.) plants and tissue cultures“. Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.385239.

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Wennström, Anders. „Systemic fungal diseases in natural plant populations“. Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, 1993. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-96888.

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The purpose of this thesis was to study interactions between systemic fungal diseases and perennial plants. Using the systemic rust Puccinia minussensis on the host plant Lactuca sibirica, and the rust Puccinia pulsatillae on the host plant Pulsatilla pratensis, this thesis focused on: (i) the effects of systemic diseases on their hosts (ii) host and pathogen responses to abiotic factors, (iii) the importance of life history strategies for understanding host-pathogen interactions, and (iv) the evolutionary consequences of living in close associations. Results of greenhouse experiments showed that Lactuca sibirica had a high plasticity in growth, since it produced significantly more shoots in favourable than in unfavourable growth conditions. Both the disease levels and the number of healthy shoots (i.e. escape) were significantly higher under favourable conditions. Disease spread within the rhizome was found to be incomplete, and the risk of aecidial- infection decreased with distance from the parent. Furthermore, one isolate of the fungus had highest success and reduced the host plant biomass and shoot production more on the clone it was collected on compared to four other clones . In the field, disease levels were found to fluctuate more at localities subjected to disturbance, the host and pathogen abundances were found to be in phase and the pathogen showed no delayed response to increasing host densities. The rust Puccinia pulsatillae on Pulsatilla pratensis showed no fluctuations between years, low infection rates, and disease levels were higher in ungrazed compared to grazed sites. There was no escape from the disease in this system. A comparison of characteristics of different systemic fungi and hosts with different growth patterns indicated that the life history strategies of both host plants and pathogens need to be studied if the long-term consequences of host-pathogen interactions are to be predicted.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 1993, härtill 5 uppsatser.

digitalisering@umu

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McGovern, Kristen B. „Evaluation of Potential Organic Controls of Mummy Berry Disease Affecting Lowbush Blueberry in Maine“. Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2007. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/McGovernKB2007.pdf.

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Truter, Mariette. „Etiology and alternative control of potato rhizoctoniasis in South Africa“. Pretoria : [s.n.], 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-04122005-112047.

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Waters, Ormonde Dominick Creagh. „Metabolism and infection in the Stagonospora nodorum-wheat pathosystem /“. Murdoch University Digital Theses Program, 2008. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20090409.123159.

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Bücher zum Thema "Fungal diseases of plants"

International, C. A. B., Hrsg. Fungal plant pathogens. Cambridge, MA: CABI, 2012.

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Smith, J. D. Fungal diseases of amenity turf grasses. 3. Aufl. London: E. & F.N. Spon, 1989.

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S, Sokolova Ella, Kulikova Elena G und United States. Forest Service. Northeastern Research Station, Hrsg. Common fungal diseases of Russian forests. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station, 2001.

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Baldwin, Neil A. Turfgrass diseases. Bingley: Sports Turf Research Institute, 1987.

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S, Sreenivasaprasad, Johnson R und Manibhushan Rao K. 1937-, Hrsg. Major fungal diseases of rice: Recent advances. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 2001.

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Manoharachary, C., und Aakash Goyal. Future challenges in crop protection against fungal pathogens. New York, NY: Springer, 2014.

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Singh, H. P. Molecular approaches for plant fungal disease management. New Delhi: Westville Pub. House, 2012.

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Arun, Arya, und Perelló Analía Edith, Hrsg. Management of fungal plant pathogens. Cambridge, MA: CAB International, 2010.

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1931-, Jackson N., und Woolhouse A. R, Hrsg. Fungal disease of amenity turf grasses. 3. Aufl. London: Spon, 1989.

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International Symposium on Viruses with Fungal Vectors (1987 St. Andrews University). Viruses with fungal vectors. Wellesbourne, Warwick: Association of Applied Biologists, 1988.

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Buchteile zum Thema "Fungal diseases of plants"

Kashyap, Priyakshi, Indrani Sharma, Sampurna Kashyap und Niraj Agarwala. „Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF)-Mediated Control of Foliar Fungal Diseases“. In Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Higher Plants, 193–223. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-8220-2_9.

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AbstractPlants witness a variety of disease incidences throughout their life, ultimately resulting in reduced plant growth and productivity. Climate change or human interventions have aggravated the incidences of various plant diseases, among which foliar fungal diseases are serious threats. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are a mutualistic group of organisms that play a significant role in enhancing plant growth and resilience under varied environmental circumstances. Moreover, it is well established that AMF confers tolerance against several foliar fungal diseases. This chapter highlights how fungal foliar diseases affect plant health and the various roles of AMF in providing resistance to different crop plants. In addition, AMF-mediated alterations in the root system architecture (RSA), modulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and reinforcement of the physical barrier that prevents pathogen invasion and establishment have been discussed in detail. Furthermore, the intricate cross talk between AMF and phytohormones or plant metabolites has also been explored. Overall, harnessing the potential of AMF in imparting tolerance against foliar fungal diseases might reduce the reliance on chemical fungicides, thereby introducing an environment-friendly approach for plant protection.

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Burchett, Stephen, und Sarah Burchett. „Fungal Diseases“. In Plant Pathology, 97–121. New York : Garland Science, Taylor & Francis Group, 2017. |: Garland Science, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315144924-8.

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Narayanasamy, P. „Diagnosis of Fungal Diseases of Plants“. In Microbial Plant Pathogens-Detection and Disease Diagnosis:, 273–84. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9735-4_5.

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Cabanillas-Bojórquez, Luis A., Cristina A. Elizalde-Romero, Erick P. Gutiérrez-Grijalva und J. Basilio Heredia. „Plants’ Fungal Diseases and Phenolics Response“. In Plant Phenolics in Biotic Stress Management, 325–37. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3334-1_13.

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Patil, Hemant J., und Manoj K. Solanki. „Molecular Prospecting: Advancement in Diagnosis and Control of Rhizoctonia solani Diseases in Plants“. In Fungal Biology, 165–85. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27312-9_6.

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Manoharachary, Chakravarthula, und Indra Kala Kunwar. „Host–Pathogen Interaction, Plant Diseases, Disease Management Strategies, and Future Challenges“. In Fungal Biology, 185–229. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1188-2_7.

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Majumder, D., J. D. Kongbrailatpam, E. G. Suting, B. Kangjam und D. Lyngdoh. „Pseudomonas fluorescens: A Potential Biocontrol Agent for Management of Fungal Diseases of Crop Plants“. In Fungal Biology, 317–42. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1188-2_11.

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Tronsmo, Anne Marte, Arne Tronsmo, Hans Jørgen Lyngs Jørgensen und Lisa Munk. „Fungal-like plant pathogens.“ In Plant pathology and plant diseases, 75–88. Wallingford: CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789243185.0075.

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Van Alfen, N. K. „Molecular Bases for Virulence and Avirulence of Fungal Wilt Pathogens“. In Vascular Wilt Diseases of Plants, 277–89. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73166-2_20.

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Singh, Deepali, und Sachin Teotia. „Fungal Disease Management in Plants“. In Approaches to Plant Stress and their Management, 339–52. New Delhi: Springer India, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1620-9_19.

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Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Fungal diseases of plants"

Senanayake, M. M. V., und N. M. T. De Silva. „Identifying Medicinal Plants and Their Fungal Diseases“. In 2022 6th SLAAI International Conference on Artificial Intelligence (SLAAI-ICAI). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/slaai-icai56923.2022.10002624.

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Filipovics, Maksims. „Hyperspectral imaging for early detection of foliar fungal diseases on small grain cereals: a minireview“. In Research for Rural Development 2023 : annual 29th international scientific conference proceedings. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/rrd.29.2023.001.

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Foliar fungal diseases of small grain cereals are economically among the most important diseases worldwide and in the Baltics. Finding an effective, reliable, and easily accessible method for plant disease diagnosis still presents a challenge. Currently used methods include visual examination of the affected plant, morphological characterization of isolated pathogens and different molecular, and serological methods. All of these methods have important limitations, especially for large-area applications. Hyperspectral imaging is a promising technique to assess fungal diseases of plants, as it is a non-invasive, indirect detection method, where the plant’s responses to the biotic stress are identified as an indicator of the disease. Hyperspectral measurements can reveal a relationship between the spectral reflectance properties of plants and their structural characteristics, pigment concentrations, water level, etc., which are considerably influenced by biotic plant stress. Despite the high accuracy of the information obtained from hyperspectral detectors, the interpretation is still problematic, as it is influenced by various circumstances: noise level, lighting conditions, abiotic stress level, a complex interaction of the genotype and the environment, etc. The application of hyperspectral imaging in everyday farming practice will potentially allow farmers to obtain timely and precise information about the development of diseases and affected areas. This review provides an introduction into issues of hyperspectral imaging and data analysis and explores the published reports of worldwide research on the use of hyperspectral analysis in the detection of foliar fungal diseases of small-grain cereals.

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Michtchenko, A., A. V. Budagovsky und O. N. Budagovskaya. „Optical Diagnostics Fungal and Virus Diseases of Plants“. In 2015 12th International Conference on Electrical Engineering, Computing Science and Automatic Control (CCE). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iceee.2015.7357968.

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Sidarenka, A. V., H. A. Bareika, L. N. Valentovich, D. S. Paturemski, V. N. Kuptsou, M. A. Titok und E. I. Kalamiyets. „Molecular diagnostics of bacterial and fungal plant diseases“. In 2nd International Scientific Conference "Plants and Microbes: the Future of Biotechnology". PLAMIC2020 Organizing committee, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/plamic2020.229.

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Taxon-specific primers were developed and PCR conditions were optimized for diagnostics of bacterial and fungal plant pathogens. Methods for phytopathogens DNA isolation from plant material, soil and water were selected.

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Yin, Chuntao. „Disease-induced changes in the rhizosphere microbiome reduced root disease“. In IS-MPMI Congress. IS-MPMI, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/ismpmi-2023-5r.

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Rhizosphere microbiota, referred to as the second genome of plants, are crucial to plant health. Increasing evidence reveals that plants can change their rhizosphere microbiome and promote microbial activity to reduce plant disease. However, how plant and phytopathogens factor in combination to structure the rhizosphere microbiome and govern microbial selection for adaptation to disease stress remains incompletely understood. In this study, rhizosphere microbiota from successive wheat plantings under the pressure of the soilborne pathogen Rhizoctonia solani AG8 were characterized. Amplicon sequence analyses revealed that bacterial and fungal communities clustered by planting cycles. The addition of AG8 enhanced the separation of the rhizosphere microbiota. The alpha diversity of bacteria and fungi significantly decreased over planting cycles. Compared with rhizosphere bacterial communities, AG8 was a major driver structuring fungal communities. Pathogen-infected monocultures enriched a group of bacterial genera with potential antagonistic activities or abilities for plant growth promotion or nitrogen fixation. Further, eleven bacterial species exhibited antagonistic activities toward Rhizoctonia spp., and four of them displayed broad antagonism against multiple soilborne fungal pathogens. These findings support the potential to improve plant health through manipulating rhizosphere microbiota.

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Belyakova, N. V., E. A. Vorobyova und V. A. Sivolapov. „MOLECULAR-GENETIC ANALYSIS OF PHYTOPATHOGENS IN STANDS OF THE VORONEZH REGION“. In Modern machines, equipment and IT solutions for industrial complex: theory and practice. Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, Voronezh, Russia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/mmeitsic2021_29-33.

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This paper presents the results of DNA diagnostics of phytopathogens in the Voronezh region. DNA diagnostics was carried out step by step: isolation of total DNA from the sample by CTAB method, amplification of marker regions of phytopathogenic organisms using primers ITS1 and ITS4, electrophoretic separation of the obtained amplicons in 2% agarose gel followed by staining with ethidium bromide, determination of the nucleotide sequence of the amplified loci ABI Prism 310. The study identified the following plant diseases: Sphaeropsis sapinea, Rhizoctonia solani, Cladosporium herbarum. Along with this, we identified the Neocatenulostroma pathogen, which had not previously been found in the territories under its jurisdiction. This disease cannot be determined by phenological signs. The degree of infection by pathogens ranged from 15 to 40%. At present, the problem of protecting plants from diseases is especially urgent. It has been established that the greatest damage to forestry activities is caused by fungal and infectious diseases. At the same time, among phytopathogens, about 97% are fungal infections, 2% are bacterial and 1% are viral.

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S, BalaChandralekha, und Thangakumar J. „Deep Learning-Based Detection of Fungal Diseases in Apple Plants Using YOLOv8 Algorithm“. In 2024 International Conference on Advances in Data Engineering and Intelligent Computing Systems (ADICS). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/adics58448.2024.10533474.

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Trigubovich, A. M., F. A. Popov, A. A. Arashkova, I. G. Volchkevich und E. I. Kolomiyets. „Biopreparation "Vegetatin" for protection of cabbage from fungal and bacterial diseases during grows and storage“. In 2nd International Scientific Conference "Plants and Microbes: the Future of Biotechnology". PLAMIC2020 Organizing committee, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/plamic2020.252.

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Effectiveness of usage biopreparation "Vegetatin" which is based on bacteria of the genus Bacillus to protect white cabbage from diseases was studied. Positive effect after treatments of seeds, seedlings and vegetative plants on the productivity and cabbage harvest has been established. Biological effectiveness of "Vegetatin" was at level of 48.9–53.6%, the stored yield –28.1 c/ha of cabbage heads. Processing of cabbage heads before storage reduced the damage of cabbage by mixed rots by an average of 30%.

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Moloo, Raj Kishen, und Keshav Caleechurn. „An App for Fungal Disease Detection on Plants“. In 2022 International Conference for Advancement in Technology (ICONAT). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iconat53423.2022.9725839.

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Bylici, Elena, und Cristina Grajdieru. „Immunologic evaluation of maize collection samples“. In Scientific International Symposium "Plant Protection – Achievements and Perspectives". Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, Republic of Moldova, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53040/ppap2023.41.

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Seven inbred maize lines from the active collection of Laboratory of plant genetic resources were tested for their susceptibility to fungal pathogens using visual evaluation of disease symptoms and molecular diagnostics. The highest infection rate was registered in MAN2492 and was 35%, therefore the respective genotype can be classified as susceptible. MAN2466 lacked symptoms of diseases and for MAN2488 minimum value of the respective parameter was registered (5%) – resistant genotype group. Quantitative analysis showed that the overall value of DNA sequences specific for the fungal genome was the lowest in the grain of MAN2488, MAN2491, MAN2470 genotypes.

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Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Fungal diseases of plants"

Thomashow, Linda, Leonid Chernin, Ilan Chet, David M. Weller und Dmitri Mavrodi. Genetically Engineered Microbial Agents for Biocontrol of Plant Fungal Diseases. United States Department of Agriculture, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7696521.bard.

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The objectives of the project were: a) to construct the site-specific integrative expression cassettes carrying: (i) the chiA gene for a 58-kDa endochitinase, (ii) the pyrrolnitrin biosynthesis operon, and (iii) the acdS gene encoding ACC deaminase; b) to employ these constructs to engineer stable recombinant strains with an expanded repertoire of beneficial activities; c) to evaluate the rhizosphere competence and antifungal activity of the WT and modified strains against pathogenic fungi under laboratory and greenhouse conditions; and d) to monitor the persistence and impact of the introduced strains on culturable and nonculturable rhizosphere microbial populations in the greenhouse and the field. The research generally support our concepts that combining strategically selected genes conferring diverse modes of action against plant pathogens into one organism can improve the efficacy of biological control agents. We hypothesized that biocontrol agents (BCAs) engineered to expand their repertoire of beneficial activities will more effectively control soilborne plant pathogens. In this work, we demonstrated that biocontrol activity of Pseudomonas fluorescens Q8r1-96 and Q2-87, both producing the antibiotic 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (2,4-DAPG) effective against the plant pathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia solani, can be improved significantly by introducing and expressing either the 1.6-kb gene chiA, encoding the 58-kDa endochitinase ChiA from the rhizosphere strain SerratiaplymuthicaIC1270, or the 5.8-kb prnABCDoperon encoding the broad-range antibiotic pyrrolnitrin (Prn) from another rhizosphere strain, P. fluorescens Pf-5. The PₜₐcchiAandPₜₐcprnABCDcassettes were cloned into the integrative pBK-miniTn7-ΩGm plasmid, and inserted into the genomic DNA of the recipient bacteria. Recombinant derivatives of strains Q8r1-96 and Q2-87 expressing the PₜₐcchiA or PₜₐcprnABCD cassettes produced endochitinase ChiA, or Prn, respectively, in addition to 2,4-DAPG, and the recombinants gave significantly better biocontrol of R. solani on beans under greenhouse conditions. The disease reduction index increased in comparison to the parental strains Q8r1-96 and Q2-87 to 17.5 and 39.0% from 3.2 and 12.4%, respectively, in the case of derivatives carrying the PₜₐcchiAcassette and to 63.1 and 70% vs. 2.8 and 12,4%, respectively, in the case of derivatives carrying the PₜₐcprnABCDcassette. The genetically modified strains exhibited persistence and non-target effects comparable to those of the parental strains in greenhouse soil. Three integrative cassettes carrying the acdS gene encoding ACC deaminase cloned under the control of different promoters were constructed and tested for enhancement of plant growth promotion by biocontrol strains of P. fluorescens and S. plymuthica. The integrative cassettes constructed in this work are already being used as a simple and efficient tool to improve biocontrol activity of various PGPR bacteria against fungi containing chitin in the cell walls or highly sensitive to Prn. Some parts of the work (e. g., construction of integrative cassettes) was collaborative while other parts e.g., (enzyme and antibiotic activity analyses) were fully synergistic. The US partners isolated and provided to the Israeli collaborators the original biocontrol strains P. fluorescens strains Q8r1-96 and Q2-87 and their mutants deficient in 2,4-DAPG production, which were used to evaluate the relative importance of introduction of Prn, chitinase or ACC deaminase genes for improvement of the biocontrol activity of the parental strains. The recombinant strains obtained at HUJI were supplied to the US collaborators for further analysis.

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Avni, Adi, und Gitta L. Coaker. Proteomic investigation of a tomato receptor like protein recognizing fungal pathogens. United States Department of Agriculture, Januar 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600030.bard.

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Maximizing food production with minimal negative effects on the environment remains a long-term challenge for sustainable food production. Microbial pathogens cause devastating diseases, minimizing crop losses by controlling plant diseases can contribute significantly to this goal. All plants possess an innate immune system that is activated after recognition of microbial-derived molecules. The fungal protein Eix induces defense responses in tomato and tobacco. Plants recognize Eix through a leucine-rich-repeat receptor- like-protein (LRR-RLP) termed LeEix. Despite the knowledge obtained from studies on tomato, relatively little is known about signaling initiated by RLP-type immune receptors. The focus of this grant proposal is to generate a foundational understanding of how the tomato xylanase receptor LeEix2 signals to confer defense responses. LeEix2 recognition results in pattern triggered immunity (PTI). The grant has two main aims: (1) Isolate the LeEix2 protein complex in an active and resting state; (2) Examine the biological function of the identified proteins in relation to LeEix2 signaling upon perception of the xylanase elicitor Eix. We used two separate approaches to isolate receptor interacting proteins. Transgenic tomato plants expressing LeEix2 fused to the GFP tag were used to identify complex components at a resting and activated state. LeEix2 complexes were purified by mass spectrometry and associated proteins identified by mass spectrometry. We identified novel proteins that interact with LeEix receptor by proteomics analysis. We identified two dynamin related proteins (DRPs), a coiled coil – nucleotide binding site leucine rich repeat (SlNRC4a) protein. In the second approach we used the split ubiquitin yeast two hybrid (Y2H) screen system to identified receptor-like protein kinase At5g24010-like (SlRLK-like) (Solyc01g094920.2.1) as an interactor of LeEIX2. We examined the role of SlNRC4a in plant immunity. Co-immunoprecipitation demonstrates that SlNRC4a is able to associate with different PRRs. Physiological assays with specific elicitors revealed that SlNRC4a generally alters PRR-mediated responses. SlNRC4a overexpression enhances defense responses while silencing SlNRC4 reduces plant immunity. We propose that SlNRC4a acts as a non-canonical positive regulator of immunity mediated by diverse PRRs. Thus, SlNRC4a could link both intracellular and extracellular immune perception. SlDRP2A localizes at the plasma membrane. Overexpression of SlDRP2A increases the sub-population of LeEIX2 inVHAa1 endosomes, and enhances LeEIX2- and FLS2-mediated defense. The effect of SlDRP2A on induction of plant immunity highlights the importance of endomembrane components and endocytosis in signal propagation during plant immune . The interaction of LeEIX2 with SlRLK-like was verified using co- immunoprecipitation and a bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay. The defence responses induced by EIX were markedly reduced when SlRLK-like was over-expressed, and mutation of slrlk-likeusing CRISPR/Cas9 increased EIX- induced ethylene production and SlACSgene expression in tomato. Co-expression of SlRLK-like with different RLPs and RLKs led to their degradation, apparently through an endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation process. We provided new knowledge and expertise relevant to expression of specific be exploited to enhance immunity in crops enabling the development of novel environmentally friendly disease control strategies.

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Rodriguez, Russell J., und Stanley Freeman. Gene Expression Patterns in Plants Colonized with Pathogenic and Non-pathogenic Gene Disruption Mutants of Colletotrichum. United States Department of Agriculture, Februar 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7592112.bard.

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Fungal plant pathogens are responsible for extensive annual crop and revenue losses throughout the world. To better understand why fungi cause diseases, we performed gene-disruption mutagenesis on several pathogenic Colletotrichum species and demonstrated that pathogenic isolates can be converted to symbionts expressing non-pathogenic lifestyles. One group of nonpathogenic mutants confer disease protection against pathogenic species of Col!etotrichum, Fusarium and Phytophthora; drought tolerance; and growth enhancement to host plants. These mutants have been defined as mutualists and disease resistance correlates to a decrease in the time required for hosts to activate defense systems when exposed to virulent fungi. A second group of non-pathogenic mutants did not confer disease resistance and were classified as commensals. In addition, we have demonstrated that wildtype pathogenic Colletotrichum species can express non-pathogenic lifestyles, including mutualism, on plants they colonize asymptomatically. We have been using wildtype and isogenic gene disruption mutants to characterize gene expression patterns in plants colonized with a pathogen, mutualist or commensal. The US group is contrasting genes expressed during colonization by mutuahstic and commensal mutants of C. magna and a pathogenic wildtype C. coccodes on tomato. The Israeli group is characterizing genes expressed during asymptomatic colonization of tomato by wildtype C. acutatum and a non-pathogenic mutant.To accomplish this we have been utilizing suppressive subtraction hybridization, microarray and sequencing strategies. The expected contribution of this research to agriculture in the US and Israel is: 1) understanding how pathogens colonize certain hosts asymptomatic ally will shed light on the ecology of plant pathogens which has been described as a fundamental deficiency in plant pathology; 2) identifying genes involved in symbiotically conferred disease resistance will help explain why and how pathogens cause disease, and may identify new candidate targets for developing genetically modified disease resistant crop plants.

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Buckley, Merry. The Fungal Kingdom: diverse and essential roles in earth's ecosystem. American Society for Microbiology, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aamcol.2nov.2007.

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There's more to fungi than just mushrooms. Fungi are the cause of scores of life-threatening diseases, they are the earth's best degraders of organic matter, and they are proving to be more useful to science and manufacturing every year. They come in many forms, ranging from single-celled yeasts on the order of ~10 ÌM to mushrooms the size of dinner plates to thin, powdery coatings of mold. Despite the diversity that science has revealed about fungi and their myriad roles in health, ecology, and industry, much about these organisms remains a mystery. The American Academy of Microbiology convened a colloquium November 2–4, 2007, in Tucson, Arizona, to discuss fungi, the current state of research in fungal biology (mycology), and the gaps in our understanding of this important group of organisms. Experts in mycology, medicine, plant pathogens, genetics/genomics, ecology, and other areas developed specific recommendations for advancing fungal research.

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Harman, Gary E., und Ilan Chet. Discovery and Use of Genes and Gene Combinations Coding for Proteins Useful in Biological Control. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568787.bard.

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The objectives of the research in this proposal were to (A) identify synergy among proteins that provide enhanced activity over single proteins for control of plant pathogenic fungi, (B) clone and characterize genetic sequences coding for proteins with ability to control pathogenic fungi, (C) produce transgenic organisms with enhanced biocontrol ability using genes and gene combinations and determine their efficiency in protecting plants against plant pathogenic fungi. A related objective was to produce disease-resistant plants. Fungal cell wall degrading enzymes from any source are strongly synergistic with any membrane active compound and, further, different classes of cell wall degrading enzymes are also strongly synergistic. We have cloned and sequenced a number of genes from bacterial and fungal sources including five that are structurally unrelated. We have prepared transgenic fungi that are deficient in production of enzymes and useful in mechanistic studies. Others are hyperproducers of specific enzymes that permit us, for the first time, to produce enzymes from T. harzianum in sufficient quantity to conduct tests of their potential use in commercial agriculture. Finally, genes from these studies have been inserted into several species of crop plants were they produce a high level of resistance to several plant pathogenic fungi.

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Dickman, Martin B., und Oded Yarden. Pathogenicity and Sclerotial Development of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum: Involvement of Oxalic Acid and Chitin Synthesis. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7571357.bard.

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Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary is among the world's most successful and omnivorous fungal plant pathogens. Included in the nearly 400 species of plants reported as hosts to this fungus are canola, alfalfa, soybean, sunflower, dry bean and potato. The general inability to develop resistant germplasm with these economically important crops to this pathogen has focused attention on the need for a more detailed examination of the pathogenic determinants involved in disease development. A mechanistic understanding of the successful strategy(ies) used by S. sclerotiorum in colonizing host plants and their linkage to fungal development may provide targets and/or novel approaches with which to design resistant crop plants. This proposal involved experiments which were successful in generating genetically-engineered plants harboring resistance to S. sclerotiorum, the establishment and improvement of molecular tools for the study of this pathogen and the analysis of the linkage between pathogenicity, sclerotial morphogenesis and two biosynthetic pathways: oxalic acid production and chitin synthesis. The highly collaborative project has improved our understanding of S. sclerotiorum pathogenicity, established reliable molecular techniques to facilitate experimental manipilation and generated transgenic plants which are resistant to this econimically important fungus.

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Harms, Nathan, Judy Shearer, James Cronin und John Gaskin. Geographic and genetic variation in susceptibility of Butomus umbellatus to foliar fungal pathogens. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41662.

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Large-scale patterns of plant invasions may reflect regional heterogeneity in biotic and abiotic factors and genetic variation within and between invading populations. Having information on how effects of biotic resistance vary spatially can be especially important when implementing biological control because introduced agents may have different Impacts through interactions with host-plant genotype, local environment, or other novel enemies. We conducted a series of field surveys and laboratory studies to determine whether there was evidence of biotic resistance, as foliar fungal pathogens, in two introduced genotypes (triploid G1, diploid G4) of the Eurasian wetland weed, Butomus umbellatus L. in the USA. We tested whether genotypes differed in disease attack and whether spatial patterns in disease incidence were related to geographic location or climate for either genotype. After accounting for location (latitude, climate), G1 plants had lower disease incidence than G4 plants in the field (38% vs. 70%) but similar pathogen richness. In contrast, bioassays revealed G1 plants consistently received a higher damage score and had larger leaf lesions regardless of pathogen. These results demonstrate that two widespread B. umbellatus genotypes exhibit different susceptibility to pathogens and effectiveness of pathogen biological controls may depend on local conditions.

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Freeman, Stanley, Russell Rodriguez, Adel Al-Abed, Roni Cohen, David Ezra und Regina Redman. Use of fungal endophytes to increase cucurbit plant performance by conferring abiotic and biotic stress tolerance. United States Department of Agriculture, Januar 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7613893.bard.

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Major threats to agricultural sustainability in the 21st century are drought, increasing temperatures, soil salinity and soilborne pathogens, all of which are being exacerbated by climate change and pesticide abolition and are burning issues related to agriculture in the Middle East. We have found that Class 2 fungal endophytes adapt native plants to environmental stresses (drought, heat and salt) in a habitat-specific manner, and that these endophytes can confer stress tolerance to genetically distant monocot and eudicot hosts. In the past, we generated a uv non-pathogenic endophytic mutant of Colletotrichum magna (path-1) that colonized cucurbits, induced drought tolerance and enhanced growth, and protected 85% - 100% against disease caused by certain pathogenic fungi. We propose: 1) utilizing path-1 and additional endophtyic microorganisms to be isolated from stress-tolerant local, wild cucurbit watermelon, Citrulluscolocynthis, growing in the Dead Sea and Arava desert areas, 2) generate abiotic and biotic tolerant melon crop plants, colonized by the isolated endophytes, to increase crop yields under extreme environmental conditions such as salinity, heat and drought stress, 3) manage soilborne fungal pathogens affecting curubit crop species growing in the desert areas. This is a unique and novel "systems" approach that has the potential to utilize natural plant adaptation for agricultural development. We envisage that endophyte-colonized melons will eventually be used to overcome damages caused by soilborne diseases and also for cultivation of this crop, under stress conditions, utilizing treated waste water, thus dealing with the limited resource of fresh water.

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Dickman, Martin B., und Oded Yarden. Characterization of the chorismate mutase effector (SsCm1) from Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. United States Department of Agriculture, Januar 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600027.bard.

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Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a filamentous fungus (mold) that causes plant disease. It has an extremely wide range of hosts (>400 species) and causes considerable damage (annual multimillion dollar losses) in economically important crops. It has proven difficult to control (culturally or chemically) and host resistance to this fungus has generally been inadequate. It is believed that this fungus occurs in almost every country. Virulence of this aggressive pathogen is bolstered by a wide array of plant cell wall degrading enzymes and various compounds (secondary metabolites) produced by the fungus. It is well established that plant pathogenic fungi secrete proteins and small molecules that interact with host cells and play a critical role in disease development. Such secreted proteins have been collectively designated as “effectors”. Plant resistance against some pathogens can be mediated by recognition of such effectors. Alternatively, effectors can interfere with plant defense. Some such effectors are recognized by the host plant and can culminate in a programmed cell death (PCD) resistant response. During the course of this study, we analyzed an effector in Sclerotiniasclerotiorum. This specific effector, SsCM1 is the protein chorismatemutase, which is an enzyme involved in a pathway which is important in the production of important amino acids, such a Tryptophan. We have characterized the Sclerotiniaeffector, SsCM1, and have shown that inactivation of Sscm1 does not affect fungal vegetative growth, development or production of oxalic acid (one of this fungus’ secondary metabolites associated with disease) production. However, yhis does result in reduced fungal virulence. We show that, unexpectedly, the SsCM1 protein translocates to the host chloroplast, and demonstrated that this process is required for full fungal virulence. We have also determined that the fungal SsCM1 protein can interact with similar proteins produced by the host. In addition, we have shown that the fungal SsCM1 is able to suppress at least some of the effects imposed by reactive oxygen species which are produced as a defense mechanism by the host. Last, but not least, the results of our studies have provided evidence contradicting the current dogma on at least some of the mechanist aspects of how this pathogen infects the host. Contrary to previousons, indicating that this pathogen kills its host by use of metabolites and enzymes that degrade the host tissue (a process called necrotrophy), we now know that at least in the early phases of infection, the fungus interacts with live host tissue (a phenomenon known as biotrophy). Taken together, the results of our studies provide novel insights concerning the mechanistic aspects of Sclerotinia-host interactions. We hope this information will be used to interfere with the disease cycle in a manner that will protect plants from this devastating fungus.

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Dickman, Martin B., und Oded Yarden. Phosphorylative Transduction of Developmental and Pathogenicity-Related Cues in Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum. United States Department of Agriculture, April 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7586472.bard.

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Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary is among the world's most successful and omnivorous fungal plant pathogens. Included in the more than 400 species of plants reported as hosts to this fungus are canola, alfalfa, soybean, sunflower, dry bean, and potato. The general inability to develop resistant germplasm with these economically important crops to this pathogen has focused attention on the need for a more detailed examination of the pathogenic determinants involved in disease development. This proposal involved experiments that examined the involvement of protein phosphorylation during morphogenesis (hyphal elongation and sclerotia formation) and pathogenesis (oxalic acid). Data obtained from our laboratories during the course of this project substantiates the fact that kinases and phosphatases are involved and important for these processes. A mechanistic understanding of the successful strategy(ies) used by S . sclerotiorum in infecting and proliferating in host plants and this linkage to fungal development will provide targets and/or novel approaches with which to design resistant crop plants including interference with fungal pathogenic development. The original objectives of this grant included: I. Clone the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) catalytic subunit gene from S.sclerotiorum and determine its role in fungal pathogenicity, OA production (OA) and/or morphogenesis (sclerotia formation). II. Clone and characterize the catalytic and regulatory subunits of the protein phosphatase PP2A holoenzyme complex and determine their role in fungal pathogenicity and/or morphogenesis as well as linkage with PKA-regulation of OA production and sclerotia formation. III. Clone and characterize the adenylate cyclase-encoding gene from S . sclerotiorum and detennine its relationship to the PKA/PP2A-regulated pathway. IV. Analyze the expression patterns of the above-mentioned genes and their products during pathogenesis and determine their linkage with infection and fungal growth.

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