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1
Fliszkiewicz, Monika, und Karol Giejdasz. „Effect of Pollination by the Osmia Bicornis (syn. O. rufa) Bee on Fruit Set, Seed Set and Yield in Three Apple Cultivars“. Journal of Apicultural Science 67, Nr. 2 (01.12.2023): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jas-2023-0011.
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Abstract Our study tested the pollination effectiveness of the megachilid bee Osmia bicornis L. (syn. Osmia rufa) on three apple cultivars (cv.): Lobo, Piros and Champion. The following pollination treatments were compared for each cultivar: insect pollination - caged trees with Osmia bicornis (syn. Osmia rufa) bees; open pollination - uncaged trees; self-pollination - caged trees without bees. Pollination success was measured based on the percentage of fruit set, the fruit yield per tree (measured as number of fruits and total fruit weight) and the number of seeds per fruit. Generally, there was a higher percentage of initial fruit-set and fruits at harvest on open-pollinated trees than on caged trees without bees, with an intermediate value recorded for caged trees pollinated by O. bicornis (syn. O. rufa). However, the fruit set on trees pollinated by O. bicornis (syn. O. rufa) was high and ranged from 49 to 69%, depending on the cultivar. The cv. Lobo trees pollinated by O. bicornis (syn. O. rufa) and open-pollinated trees produced higher fruit yields than without bees. Furthermore, the number of seeds per fruit was higher. Fruit yield and the number of seeds per fruit were higher for trees pollinated by O. bicornis (syn. O. rufa) than for caged trees without insects but lower than for open pollination trees of cv. Piros and cv. Lobo.
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Vanghele, Nicoleta Alexandra, Ancuța Alexandra Petre, Andreea Matache und Dumitru Bogdan Mihalache. „VALORIZATION IN THE AGRO-FOOD INDUSTRY OF WASTE FROM TREES FRUIT TREES“. Fruit Growing Research 38 (22.12.2022): 138–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.33045/fgr.v38.2022.20.
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In the context of the circular economy, the recovery of wood waste from fruit trees as well as fruit residues contribute greatly to sustainable development. The main bioactive products from fruits and fruit trees have multiple properties including antioxidant, antimicrobial, antifungal, biostimulant, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective anticarcinogenic. From an economic and ecological point of view, the implementation of the concept of biological recovery of waste and its incorporation into a sustainable and renewable cycle is possible, but this requires integrated technology and systematic management. This work highlights various applications, methods and effective solutions for the recovery of waste from fruit trees in the agro-food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.
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Šubíková, V., E. Kollerová und Ľ. Slováková. „Occurrence of nepoviruses in small fruits and fruit trees in Slovakia“. Plant Protection Science 38, SI 2 - 6th Conf EFPP 2002 (31.12.2017): 367–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/10493-pps.
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A survey of nepoviruses in small fruits and fruit trees in thirteen localities of Slovakia was undertaken during the last three years. The samples of spontaneously infected small fruits and fruit trees with symptoms such as leaf yellowing, mottling, chlorotic spotting, vein clearing, chlorosis, dwarfing, and in some cases even plant dying, were analysed. Virus identification in collected samples from affected crops was performed by ELISA using polyclonal antibodies. The following quarantine nepoviruses were detected: Tobacco ringspot nepovirus, Tomato ringspot nepovirus, Tomato black ring nepovirus, Raspberry ringspot nepovirus, Cherry leafroll nepovirus and Arabis mosaic nepovirus. Screening of virus vector nematodes in the rhizosphere of infected plants was also undertaken. Three Longidorus (L. elongatus, L. picenus and L. leptocephalus) and four Xiphinema phytonematode species (X. vuittenezi, X. diversicaudatum, X. taylori and X. pachtaicum) were recorded in localities tested.
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Stančić, Ivica, Jelica Živić, Saša Petrović und Desimir Knežević. „THE EFECTS OF A CULTIVATION METHOD ON TOMATO YIELD SOLANUM LYCOPERSICUM L.“ International Conference on Technics, Technologies and Education, ICTTE 2019 (2019): 434–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/ictte.2019.07.008.
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Investigated the effect of different forms of training system the yield of tomatoes in greenhouses. The study involved the genetic forms of tomatoes with one, two and three trees. The influence of training system on the number of fruits per plant, fruit weight, fruit yield per plant and fruit yield per m2. The highest average yield per plant was achieved by growing tomatoes in the three trees, planting a tree in the form given by the average large fruit, and the highest number of fruits per plant was obtained with the training system with three trees, and the lowest in the training system on a tree. When growing on a tree reaches maturity at the earliest, and larger fruits, and the growing maturation of the two trees is a little later, the fruits are slightly smaller, but higher total yield of tomatoes. Growth on three trees achieved the highest yield, but the fruit is considerably smaller, which reduces their market value.
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BORDEANU, Bianca, Ioan OROIAN, Antonia ODAGIU, Ioan BRASOVEAN und Cristian IEDERAN. „Main Pathogens Affecting the State of Health of Fruit Tree Nurseries in Transylvania Region“. Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Agriculture 70, Nr. 2 (25.11.2013): 352–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-agr:9755.
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Transylvania Region, due to its climatic conditions represents a propitious region for fruit trees nurseries that produce fruit planting material. Prospects for fruit tree nurseries are huge considering the very large areas of sloping lands, often with bound soils for perennial crops, as trees and shrubs. Currently in Transylvania Region, fruit tree nurseries occupy a percentage of 15.78 % reported to the percentage of tree nurseries in Romania.   The main pathogens identified in Transylvania region at apple and pear nurseries: for Apple nurseries: Apple scab (Venturia Inaequalis), Apple Brown Rot (Monilinia fructigena), Apple powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha) and for pear nurseries: Pear scab (Venturia pirina),  Pear leaf spot (Mycosphaerella sentina), Pear blossom blast (Pseudomonas syringae). This paper aims toi dentify the main pathogens in fruit nurseries in Transylvania, in the context of climate change, and to develop a conceptual model of prevention and control of pathogens attack.
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Keller, George. „Trees without Fruit“. Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning 17, Nr. 1 (Februar 1985): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00091383.1985.9940513.
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7
Chen, Hong, Greg McCollum, Elizabeth Baldwin und Jinhe Bai. „Impacts of Huanglongbing Symptom Severity on Fruit Detachment Force and Mechanical Properties of Sweet Oranges (Citrus sinensis)“. HortScience 51, Nr. 4 (April 2016): 356–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.51.4.356.
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This study evaluated the effects of huanglongbing (HLB) symptom severity on fruit detachment force (FDF) and fruit mechanical properties in sweet oranges (Citrus sinensis) as indicators of potential HLB-influenced preharvest fruit drop and postharvest damage and breakdown. FDF for fruit from HLB-asymptomatic trees (AS) was substantially greater than for fruits from HLB-symptomatic trees or branches. Fruit hardness, resilience, springiness, and cohesiveness values, measured by texture profile analysis (TPA), represent various aspects of fruit firmness and recovery capacity once compressed, and were lower in HLB-symptomatic fruits in comparison with AS fruits. On the other hand, puncture force, toughness, and deformation values, measured by a puncture test and representing peel toughness, were higher in HLB-symptomatic fruits than in the AS fruits. The results indicate that fruits from severely HLB-symptomatic sweet orange trees are more likely to have problems with preharvest fruit drop, and postharvest pressure damage and breakdown, but may have less puncture damage in harvesting, transportation, packing, and juice processing.
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TODESCHINI, Felipe, José Julio de TOLEDO, Luis Miguel ROSALINO und Renato Richard HILÁRIO. „Niche differentiation mechanisms among canopy frugivores and zoochoric trees in the northeastern extreme of the Amazon“. Acta Amazonica 50, Nr. 3 (September 2020): 263–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4392202000732.
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ABSTRACT Frugivores and zoocoric trees represent an important proportion of tropical rainforest biodiversity. As niche differences favor species coexistence, we aimed to evaluate morphological and temporal niche segregation mechanisms among zoochoric trees and canopy frugivores in a tropical rainforest in the northeastern extreme of the Brazilian Amazon. We tested the effects of fruit morphology, tree size, frugivore body size and time of day on fruit consumption. We recorded the frugivore species that fed on 72 trees (44 species, 22 genera) and whether these frugivores swallowed the seeds. We monitored trees only once from 07:00 to 17:00 h between January and September 2017. We observed fruit consumption in 20 of the 72 trees. Seventy-three frugivore individuals from 22 species visited the trees. Heavier fruits were consumed by larger frugivores, while seed size was inversely correlated with frugivore size. Narrower fruits and fruits with smaller seeds had greater probability of having their seeds ingested, and larger frugivores were more prone to ingest seeds. Trees bearing fruits with smaller seeds were visited by a greater number of frugivores. Taxonomic groups differed in the time of arrival at fruiting trees. None of the evaluated variables (fruit weight and size, and seed size) affected the richness of frugivores that visited the trees. We concluded that, in the studied forest, fruit morphology (weight, size and seed size) is a niche segregation mechanism among zoochoric trees, while body size and time of day are niche segregation mechanisms among frugivores.
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M.M.S., Saleh, A. S. E. Abd-Allah, Aml R. M. Yousef und E. A. M. Mostafa. „The beneficial effects of overhead shading net on fruit cracking control, productivity and quality of pomegranate fruits“. International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management & Applied Science XII, Nr. VI (2023): 01–06. http://dx.doi.org/10.51583/ijltemas.2023.12601.
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A field experiment was carried out during 2020 and 2021 seasons to examine the effects of different overhead shading net colors (white and blue) on fruit cracking percentage, productivity, leaf chlorophyll and leaf mineral content, also fruit quality of M 116 pomegranate trees grown under sandy soil conditions compared with the farm treatment (coving fruits with Kraft paper) and the untreated trees (control). The obtained results showed that shading pomegranate trees with blue or white net significantly increased number of fruits per tree, the total yield (kg), fruit weight (g) and reduced fruit cracking percentage when compared with the control and farm treatments. Blue and white colors surpassed the other treatments including the untreated trees in the most parameters under investigation. Finally, it could be recommended that shading pomegranate trees with blue followed by the white one are beneficial for maintaining good fruit quality with high yield. Additionally these treatments reduced the fruit cracking percentage compared with the other ones.
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Ward, Daniel, und Richard Marini. „Ethephon Alters the Physiology of Young Apple Fruits“. HortScience 33, Nr. 3 (Juni 1998): 497b—497. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.497b.
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Methods are needed to quickly assess the efficacy of chemical thinning treatments, so, if needed, additional treatments can be applied. When fruit diameter averaged 19 mm, `Smoothee' trees were sprayed with Ethrel at the rate of 3.7 ml formulation/L to induce abscission of most fruits on the tree. The diameter of 10 fruit/tree were measured daily and fruits were sampled 2, 4, and 6 days after treatment (DAT) to evaluate fruit development. Fruit on nontreated trees increased in diameter at the rate of about 0.7 to 0.9 mm/day. Fruit growth on treated trees was normal for 1 day, slowed to 0.5 mm for 2 days, and grew <0.1 mm/day thereafter. Fruit water potential was less negative for treated trees 2 DAT. Fresh and dry mass of treated fruit ceased increasing after 4 DAT. Percent dry mass of control fruit declined on each sampling date, but did not decline for treated fruit after 4 DAT. Cellulase was active in the abscission zone 4 DAT for treated fruit, but not control fruit. Compared to control fruit 6 DAT, treated fruit had elevated respiration and less starch accumulation. Fruits began to abscise 6 DAT. Following Ethrel application. The first indication that a fruit is destined to abscise are reduced fruit growth and changes in water potential 2 DAT.
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Ragusa-Netto, J. „Crop damage of Eriotheca gracilipes (Bombacaceae) by the Blue-Fronted Amazon (Amazona aestiva, Psittacidae), in the Brazilian Cerrado“. Brazilian Journal of Biology 74, Nr. 4 (November 2014): 837–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.04713.
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Seed predation has major effects on the reproductive success of individuals, spatial patterns of populations, genetic variability, interspecific interactions and ultimately in the diversity of tree communities. At a Brazilian savanna, I evaluated the proportional crop loss of Eriotheca gracilipes due the Blue-Fronted Amazon (Amazona aestiva) during a fruiting period. Also, I analyzed the relationship between proportional crop loss to Amazons and both fruit crop size and the distance from the nearest damaged conspecific. Trees produced from 1 to 109 fruits, so that Amazons foraged more often on trees bearing larger fruit crop size, while seldom visited less productive trees. Moreover, the relationship between fruit crop sizes and the number of depredated fruits was significant. However, when only damaged trees were assessed, I found a negative and significant relation between fruit crop size and proportional crop loss to Blue-Fronted Amazons. Taking into account this as a measure more directly related to the probability of seed survival, a negative density dependent effect emerged. Also, Amazons similarly damaged the fruit crops of either close or distant neighboring damaged trees. Hence, in spite of Blue-Fronted Amazons searched for E. gracilipes bearing large fruit crops, they were swamped due to the presence of more fruits than they could eat. Moderate seed predation by Blue-Fronted Amazons either at trees with large fruit crops or in areas where fruiting trees were aggregated implies in an enhanced probability of E. gracilipes seed survival and consequent regeneration success.
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Al-Dulaimy, Ahmed F. Z., Ayad H. Alalaf, R. E. Y. Al-Hayali und D. K. A. Al-Taey. „Flowers and Fruits Abortion in Fruit Trees ... Causes and Solutions: A review“. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1158, Nr. 4 (01.04.2023): 042010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1158/4/042010.
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Abstract The history of planting fruit trees dates back to the presence of mankind on Earth. The people’s interest in cultivating it has increased with the progress of their civilization, as the fruit has become important in human food and his environment. The fruit-growing areas of both types, evergreen and deciduous, spread from north to south of Iraq. Palm cultivation is concentrated in the southern provinces, while palm, citrus, olive, pomegranate and others are concentrated in the central provinces. In the northern regions, the cultivation of apples, grapes, olives, stone kernels and Nut fruits is widespread. The production of fruit trees in many countries of the world plays a major “economic” role in their renaissance because the production of these trees has a direct relationship to increasing national income. The production of these trees requires the employment of qualified technical labor, the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, modern irrigation systems, tree breeding and pruning, As well as the production of seedlings in nurseries. It has been observed that fruit trees are directly related to the food industries, such as preserving fruits by freezing or drying, and the manufacture of jams and juice, and what these industries need of high technologies. Moreover, the fruits of fruit trees, whether through fresh consumption or processing, have a high nutritional value due to the sugars, oils, fats, protein, mineral salts, vitamins and others. The abortion of flowers and newly set fruits in fruit trees varies according to different species, varieties, environmental conditions and horticultural service operations. Abortion may be desirable when the number of flowers and fruits set on the tree is many, and this is called (natural thinning). While the abortion is harmful if the number of flowers and fruits is few on the tree, which results in a lack of yield later.
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Paprštein, F., J. Sedlák und V. Holubec. „On-farm orchards of fruit trees“. Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 46, Special Issue (31.03.2010): S65—S69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2669-cjgpb.
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Four on-farm plantations (KRNAP Vrchlabí, the Orchard of Reconciliation in Neratov, Podyjí National Park, and Šumava National Park) were successfully established in a traditional form, with large orchard trees on seedling rootstocks. Certain accessions (cultivars) for on-farm conservation in the given locality were selected, according to the incidence and presentation of genotypes in these particular areas. This information was obtained by localization of fruit trees <I>in situ </I>and the determination of certain cultivars. Nursery stock production for onfarm plantations is described. Because of the longevity of the plantation, seedling rootstocks were used for the production of planting materials for the on-farm plantations. Techniques of on-farm plantation establishment and orchard management are stated within the paper. Four established on-farm plantations have ensured the long-term preservation of landraces in their original areas.
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Wociór, Stanisław. „Influence of hand thinning of flowers and fruits on yielding and fruit quality of apples cultivar Szampion“. Acta Agrobotanica 61, Nr. 2 (2012): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2008.042.
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The thinning of flowers and fruit sets did not change the strength of tree growth in a signifi cant way. Szampion cv. trees on rootstock A 2 grew better than on M.7. The trees of Szampion RENO cv. grew significantly worst. The thinning of flowers and fruit sets decreased the yield from a tree and the total yield from 1 ha of the studied biological material. Flower thinning slightly increased the mean commercial yield as compared to the control trees. Thinning of 50% of flowers at the stage of the pink bud and sets after the June fall decreased the number of fruits on the trees of Szampion cv. grafted on M.7. It was only in 2004 that the flower thinning treatment significantly increased the fruit weight. Flower thinning increased the percentage of fruits with a diameter of over 7 cm in the case of Szampion cv. trees grafted on M.7. This treatment considerably (in 2006 significantly) improved fruit colouring. A positive reaction to flower thinning was also observed in Szampion RENO trees. In the case of Szampion cv., which shows a tendency to excessive fruit setting and small fruits, it is better to apply flower thinning eliminating the excess of sets in the period of cell division in growing fruits than do it later, after the June fall. The inflorescence removal treatment requires much more time than thinning of fruit sets.
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YESHITELA, T., P. J. ROBBERTSE und J. FIVAS. „EFFECTS OF FRUIT THINNING ON ‘SENSATION’ MANGO (MANGIFERA INDICA) TREES WITH RESPECT TO FRUIT QUANTITY, QUALITY AND TREE PHENOLOGY“. Experimental Agriculture 40, Nr. 4 (Oktober 2004): 433–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479704002091.
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Different fruit thinning methods were tested on ‘Sensation’ mango trees over two seasons in a trial conducted in Northern Province, South Africa. The objective of the study was to select the best thinning intensity and method based on different parameters. Thinning was carried out in October prior to the occurrence of excessive natural fruit drop. When fruits were thinned to one and two fruits per panicle, fruit number, weight and yield per tree at harvest were all increased. When 50% of the panicles were thinned there was an increase in the fruit retention potential of the trees as well as in the size and quality of the fruit produced. Large fruits were, however, prone to certain physiological problems. Chemical thinning with Corasil.E produced very small fruits with an increased percentage of ‘mules’ (fruit without seed). Trees subjected to severe thinning intensities showed earlier recovery of starch reserves and better vegetative growth than the control.
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De Mello Farias, Roseli, Caroline Farias Barreto, Carlos Roberto Martins, Renan Ricardo Zandoná, Andressa Vighi Schiavon und Paulo Celso De Mello Farias. „Chemical thinning of peach trees“. Comunicata Scientiae 13 (12.06.2022): e3686. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/cs.v13.3686.
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Peach tree thinning is essential to harvest quality fruits and to keep balanced production for several years. Manual thinning of peach trees demands much work force and increases production costs. Chemical thinning may be an alternative solution, but efficiency depends on doses and species. This study aimed at evaluating the effect of metamitron – applied at different concentrations – on chemical thinning of peach trees in the south of Brazil. The experiment was carried out in a commercial peach tree orchard where ‘Sensação’ cultivars, in Morro Redondo, Rio Grande do Sul (RS) state, Brazil. The following metamitron concentrations were applied at concentrations of 100 mg L-1, 200 mg L-1, 300 mg L-1, 400 mg L-1, manual thinning was carried out 40 days after full bloom (DAFB) and to the treatment where the plants have no thinning. Fruit abscission, effective fructification, total number of plants per plant, production per plant, mean mass and fruit diameter were evaluated. Concentrations of 300 and 400 mg L-1 metamitron 40 DAFB provides promoted high fruit abscission, besides decreasing the number of fruits and production. Therefore, concentrations of 100 and 200 mg L-1 of metamitron 40 DAFB provides results in an efficient thinning practice similar to manual thinning for production, mass and fruit diameter.
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Taylor, Bradley H. „EFFECT OF GA3 ON THE TIME OF MATURITY, FIRMNESS, COLOR AND SIZE OF PEACH FRUIT.“ HortScience 25, Nr. 9 (September 1990): 1167c—1167. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1167c.
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G A3 sprays (50, 65, 100 mg/L) were applied to six single tree replications of mature `Redhaven' and `Cresthaven' trees on 23 June 1989 to measure their effect on fruit maturity and the relationship among its indices. There was little effect of GA3 on fruit diameter except on the final harvest when the treated trees had 6% larger fruits. Seventy-two percent of the total yield of `Redhaven' control trees was mature at the first picking while only 30% of total yield from treated trees was ready on the same date. GA3 had a similar effect on fruit maturation on `Cresthaven'. Fruit on treated `Redhaven' trees were on average 1.3 kg firmer than control. Furthermore, GA3 increased the firmness over control on the shaded and sunny side and the suture of the fruit and no interaction between the location of pressure test and GA3 treatments was observed. There was a slight reduction in yellow ground color of G A3 treated fruits. The effect of GA3 on the relationship between individual fruit color and firmness will be examined. The effects of 1990 GA3 sprays on peach maturity and quality will also be presented.
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Reddy, Y. T. N., S. R. Shivu Prasad und K. K. Upreti. „Effect of Paclobutrazol on Fruit Quality Attributes in Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Cv. Totapuri“. Journal of Horticultural Sciences 8, Nr. 2 (31.12.2013): 236–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.24154/jhs.v8i2.309.
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Paclobutrazol application restricts vegetative growth while improving flowering and fruiting in mango. In the present study, effect of soil drenching with Paclobutrazol @ 3.0ml m-1 canopy diameter, applied during the 3rd week of August, on fruit quality attributes was investigated in cv. Totapuri. Parameters like fruit weight, total soluble solids (TSS), % acidity, and content of ascorbic acid, carotenoids, lycopene and individual sugars was estimated. Paclobutrazol application increased average fruit weight, TSS and content of ascorbic acid and total carotenoids, and reduced the acidity in fruits compared to fruits in untreated trees. Lycopene content was only marginally influenced by paclobutrazol. In fruits of paclobutrazol treated trees, increase of 23.4% in total sugars, 29.6% in reducing sugars, 77.4% in glucose and 27.8% in sucrose content was recorded over fruits from the untreated trees. Results indicated that, paclobutrazol application improved quality in mango fruit.
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Tetteh, Rashied, Lawrence Misa Aboagye, Eric Ansah Osafo, Robert Darko, Augustine Dassah und Jennifer Obirih-Opareh. „Effect of tree age on fruit characteristics, seed emergence and seedling growth in Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.)“. Journal of Horticultural Sciences 17, Nr. 1 (11.10.2022): 245–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24154/jhs.v17i1.991.
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Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) is an important exotic fruit from Asia, which is gaining popularity due to its nutritional benefits. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of tree age on fruit characteristics, seed emergence and seedling growth of rambutan. The study was conducted at the CSIR-Plant Genetic Resources Research Institute, Bunso, Ghana. Fruits of rambutan were harvested from 8, 10, 25 and 40 years old trees at different locations of the field genebank. For each tree age, three trees were used as replicates. Fruits harvested from trees of different ages were assessed for total fruit weight, pulp weight, pericarp weight, seed weight, percentage seed emergence, seedling plant height and number of leaves at monthly intervals. Fruits harvested from 8, 10, 25 and 40 years old trees did not show significant difference in fruit characteristics and seed emergence. Significant (p<0.05) differences were observed in plant height and number of leaves at 5 and 6 months after emergence, respectively.
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Garriz, P. I., G. M. Colavita, H. L. Alvarez und A. J. Alvarez. „Effect of Upright Shoot Removal on Fruit Size and Maturity of Four-year-old `Braeburn' Apple Trees“. HortScience 33, Nr. 3 (Juni 1998): 496e—497. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.496e.
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The effect of upright shoot removal on the progress of maturity and fruit size around the normal picking time were evaluated for apple fruits cv. `Braeburn' at the Experimental Farm of the Comahue National Univ., Rio Negro, Argentina, during the 1996–97 growing season. The experiment was conducted on 4-year-old trees, spaced 4.0 × 2.3 m and trained to palmette leader. Average fruit load was 80 fruits per tree. Five trees per treatment were randomly selected; they were: 1) select cuts: water sprouts were eliminated entirely at 78 days after full bloom (DAFB) and additional removal of newly formed shoots arising from the scaffolds was performed at 120 DAFB; 2) control: trees received no cuts. From 158 to 184 DAFB, a sample of four fruits was taken from each tree at weekly intervals. Fruit size and internal quality were measured. Loss of leaf surface by shoot removal significantly decreased fruit mass by 4.74%, for all data combined (P < 0.05). There was no treament effect on maturity, although the rate of firmness decline was lower for fruit from treated trees. At 172 DAFB, pressure, starch index (iodine test) and soluble solids concentration values for control fruits were 80.55 N, 3.72 and 12.35%, respectively. In the treated trees, fruit mass was 201.03 g at final harvest. It was concluded that reduction in photoassimilates following severe upright shoot removal may be a key factor in the negative effect of this practice on final fruit size. These results suggest some goals of pruning and training for optimizing apple yield.
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Pavel, E. W., und T. M. DeJong. „Source- and Sink-limited Growth Periods of Developing Peach Fruits Indicated by Relative Growth Rate Analysis“. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 118, Nr. 6 (November 1993): 820–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.118.6.820.
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Peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] fruit thinning was used to reduce the competition for assimilates among peach fruits and to identify periods of source- and sink-limited growth during development. Individual fruit size, based on diameter or calculated dry matter accumulation, increased in trees with lower crop loads compared to fruits of unthinned trees in three peach cultivars. Relative growth rate analysis indicated that peach fruit growth was apparently limited by the assimilate supply (source-limited) or by its genetic growth potential (sink-limited) during specific growth periods. In stage I and at the beginning of stage III of the double-sigmoid growth curve, periods of source-limited growth occurred in the later-maturing cultivars Flamecrest and Cal Red. Peach fruit growth was apparently sink-limited during stage II of the growth curve when fruit relative growth rates were similar for the thinning treatments. Fruit growth in `Spring Lady', an early maturing cultivar, appeared to be primarily source-limited during the season. Although total fruit dry matter production was reduced by thinning, individual fruit dry weight on thinned trees was higher than that on trees with a heavy crop load. This typical thinning response was apparently caused by the differences in the amount of time that fruits grew under sink-vs. source-limited conditions with different crop loads. Final crop yield depended on fruit count per tree and on the available assimilate supply, and was affected by the individual fruit growth potential.
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Toy, Robin J., und Sandra J. Toy. „Oviposition preferences and egg survival in Nanophyes shoreae (Coleoptera, Apionidae), a weevil fruit-predator in South-east Asian rain forest“. Journal of Tropical Ecology 8, Nr. 2 (Mai 1992): 195–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400006349.
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ABSTRACTNanophyes shoreae (Coleoptera, Apionidae) is a pre-dispersal fruit-predator of dipterocarp trees in South east Asian rain forest These trees frequently abort a large part of their fruitcrop soon after anthesis, coincident with N shoreae oviposition Fruit parameters, related to the incidence of weevil attack, were investigated by examination of fruit collected from host trees and through observations made in the canopy Fruit size and the incidence of prior oviposition determined whether beetles initiated attacks However, many fruits were attacked without oviposition occurring and this is discussed with respect to chemical stimuli
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Kushad, Mosbah M. „Performance of `Gala' Apple Grown on Seven Rootstocks in Illinois“. HortScience 30, Nr. 4 (Juli 1995): 793A—793. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.793a.
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Yield performance and postharvest quality of `Gala' apple on Mac.39, P.1, Mark M.26E, M.9E, B.9, and M.27E were evaluated. Trees on B.9 and Mark had the highest yield efficiency, while trees on P.1 and M.9E had the lowest yield efficiency. Trees on P.1 were most vigorous, while trees on B.9 and M.27E were least vigorous. Trees and fruit buds survived a –32C during Jan. 1994. Fruit firmness, soluble solids, starch, and ethylene production rate were similar in fruits from all seven rootstocks at harvest. However, after 3 months in storage, fruits from trees on M.27E, P.1, and Mark rootstocks were less firm than fruits from trees on the other four rootstocks. Glucose, fructose, sucrose, and sorbitol levels at harvest and after storage were similar in fruits from all rootstocks.
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Kretz, Eleonore, Irmgard Jordan, Annet Itaru, Maria Gracia Glas, Sahrah Fischer, Thomas Pircher, Thomas Hilger und Lydiah Maruti Waswa. „Determinants of Children’s Fruit Intake in Teso South Sub-County, Kenya—A Multi-Phase Mixed Methods Study among Households with Children 0–8 Years of Age“. Nutrients 13, Nr. 7 (14.07.2021): 2417. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13072417.
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Fruits are micronutrient-rich sources which are often underrepresented in children’s diets. More insights into the determinants of children’s fruit consumption are needed to improve nutrition education in Teso South Sub-County, Kenya. A multiphase mixed method study was applied among 48 farm households with children 0–8 years of age. A market survey together with focus group discussions were used to design a formative research approach including qualitative and quantitative data collection methods. The unavailability of fruits and the inability to plant fruit trees in the homesteads were the main challenges to improve fruit consumption behaviour, although a number of different fruit species were available on the market or in households. Perceived shortage of fruits, financial constraints to purchase fruits and taste were important barriers. Fruits as snacks given between meals was perceived as helpful to satisfy children. The mean number of fruit trees in the homesteads was positively associated with fruit consumption. Field trials are needed to test how best fruit trees within home gardens and on farms can be included, acknowledging limited space and constraints of households with young children. This should be combined with nutrition education programs addressing perceptions about the social and nutrient value of fruits for children.
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Yadava, U. L. „Performance of Three Guava Cultivars in Middle Georgia“. HortScience 32, Nr. 3 (Juni 1997): 474A—474. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.474a.
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Two-year-old trees of `Red Flesh' (RDF) and `Lucknow-49' (L49) guavas from India and `Beaumont' (BMT) guava from Hawaii were established in the field during Spring 1995, inside an open wooden structure equipped with electric heaters and fans. Trees were cold-protected from November to the middle of April by covering the wooden structure with 6-mil clear polyethylene and using heaters and fans. Trees of RDF grew compact, while those of L49 and BMT were open, upright, and grew taller. Other than blossom-end rot on few fruits, no incidents of insect-pest and diseases were observed on trees or fruits. All cultivars bloomed from March to June 1996. Fruit set was heavier on BMT and L49 than on RDF trees. Fruit harvest extended from Sept. 1996 to Jan. 1997. Cultivar significantly influenced harvest and fruit weight. Peak harvest date was earlier for BMT, followed by RDF and then L49. Mean fresh weight (g/fruit) was 535.7, 284.2, and 150.7 for RDF, L49, and BMT, respectively. Fully developed RDF fruits were round, sometimes flat vertically, with blush on green skin when ripe, and had a small core in red flesh. Fruits of BMT were round to elliptical, yellow when ripe, and had numerous seeds in red flesh. Fruits of L49 varied from round to elliptical to pyriform with yellow to light green skin color and cream flesh with fewer seeds in a large core. The fruit flavor was strong and astringent for both BMT and L49, whereas RDF had a mild fruit flavor.
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Aljuburi, Hameed J., Hasan Al-Masry und Saeed A. Al-Muhanna. „479 Fruit Characteristics and Productivity of Date Palm Trees (Phoenix dactylifera L.) as Affected by Some Growth Regulators“. HortScience 35, Nr. 3 (Juni 2000): 476E—477. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.476e.
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Date palm trees are among the most plentiful fruit trees in the Arabian Gulf States. Bioregulators have been used for the improvement of quality and productivity of date plam tree fruits. Application of gibberellic acid (GA3), naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), and ethephon, separately or in a mixture, has significant effects on fruit set, fruit dry matter percentage, fruit soluble percentage, fruit ripening, and yield of date palm trees. A study was conducted to assess relative effectiveness of GA3, NAA, ethephon, and a mixture of growth regulators on some fruit characteristics, and productivity of `Barhee' date plam trees. Five uniform female `Barhee' date palm trees were pollinated on 5–15 Mar. 1994, 1995, and 1996 by placing eight fresh male strands on female spadix centers (flower cluster). Ten flower clusters were used on each tree, and every two flower clusters were subjected to one of the following treatments: control (water), 150 mg·L–1 GA3, 100 mg·L–1 NAA, 1000 mg·L–1 ethephon, and a mixture of growth regulators. The fruit set (%), dry matter (%), total soluble solids (°Brix), fruit ripening (%), and fruit weight (kg per bunch and per tree) were measured. The data showed that the application of GA3 or ethephon on flower clusters of `Barhee' date palm trees had no constant effect on fruit characteristics and productivity of trees. NAA or a mixture of growth regulators reduced fruit dry matter percentage, fruit ripening percentage, and increased fruit weight per bunch and per tree. Spraying `Barhee' date palm flower clusters with NAA or a mixture of growth regulators 20 days after pollination decreased dry matter percentage, fruit ripening, and increased fruit flesh percentage and tree yield.
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Ádám, Csihon, Gonda István, Orosz-Tóth Mihály, Kincses Sándorné und Holb Imre. „Cseresznyefák terméshozását és gyümölcsminőségét befolyásoló műtrágya kísérletek eredményei“. Agrokémia és Talajtan 69, Nr. 1-2 (28.11.2020): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/0088.2020.00071.
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Plant nutrition significantly influences yield and fruit quality in fruit orchards. In this three-year study (2016–2018), different fertilizer treatments were compared in an intensive sweet cherry orchard. Trees of cultivar ‘Carmen’ were grafted on Prunus mahaleb ‘Cema’ rootstock, and were trained to free spindle. For NP, NPK and NPKMg treatments, yield ranged between 11.8 and 16.6 kg/tree in the three years, while the yield was 9.1 kg/tree on the control trees. Crop load (fruit amount calculated to the trunk thickness) was 151–166 g cm-2 for fertilized trees, while it was 120 g cm-2 on the untreated trees. Fruit sizes of fertilized trees reached 30 mm in 2018, while the fruit sizes of control trees were smaller with 2.5 mm. Water-soluble dry matter content (%) of the fertilized trees was lower in 2016 and 2017, but higher in 2018 compared to the control plots. In 2017 and 2018, fertilizer treatments resulted in an increase of the content of phosphorus (16–70%), potassium (4–22%) and magnesium (12–43%) in the fruits compared to control plots.
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Marini, Richard P. „Heading Fruiting Shoots before Bloom Is Equally Effective as Blossom Removal in Peach Crop Load Management“. HortScience 37, Nr. 4 (Juli 2002): 642–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.37.4.642.
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Three experiments were performed to determine if pruning treatments could reduce the need for peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] fruit thinning without reducing average fruit weight. To determine if dormant shoot heading affected fruit size simply by reducing the number of flowers per tree, all 1-year-old shoots on `Cresthaven' trees were headed by 50% or blossoms were removed from the terminal half of each shoot. At 45 days after full bloom, all trees were hand-thinned to obtain predetermined crop densities. Average fruit weight was highest on trees with blossom removal, but crop value and net profit were highest for nontreated trees. To determine the influence of treatment severity on fruit weight, all shoots on `Cresthaven' trees were blossom-thinned or headed to remove blossoms on varying proportions of each shoot. Fruit set and the number of fruit removed during postbloom thinning decreased as the percentage of a shoot that was headed or blossom-thinned increased. Average fruit weight at harvest and crop value were higher for trees with blossom removal than for trees with headed shoots. Fruit weight and crop value were not affected by the percentage of the shoot treated. In the final experiment, all shoots on `Cresthaven' trees were headed by 50% or were not headed. Heading of shoots reduced fruit set, number of fruits removed at thinning, and thinning time per tree, but yield, crop density, and average fruit weight were not affected by heading. Profit was increased by shoot heading one of the 3 years. Results from this study indicate that heading peach shoots by 50% while dormant pruning can reduce thinning costs without reducing fruit size, but a similar level of labor-intensive blossom removal may reduce postbloom thinning costs and improve fruit size.
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Mariguele, Keny Henrique, und Paulo Sérgio Lima e. Silva. „Relationship between fruit traits of custard apple trees (Annona squamosa L.)“. Revista Ceres 57, Nr. 4 (August 2010): 476–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-737x2010000400006.
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The objective of this study was to estimate simple and partial coefficients of correlation, as well as to divide their effects into direct and indirect using path analysis for custard apple tree traits. Twenty half-sibling progenies were evaluated in a randomized block design with five replicates, and plots consisting of four plants. Six traits were evaluated in the first cropping season (mean number of seeds per fruit and mean weight of the pericarp, pulp, pedicel, seeds per fruit, and the whole fruit), while five traits were evaluated in the first three cropping seasons (mean fruit length and width, total number of fruits ha-1, mean fruit weight (in both types of analyses), and fruit yield in kg ha-1). The results of this work led to the conclusion that doing selection based on simple correlation estimates may not be convenient, since not always a cause and effect relationship can be verified between two traits. Positive correlations were obtained between number of seeds and seed weight, and between number of fruits and yield. The greatest direct effects were those obtained for pulp weight on fruit weight and for mean number and weight of fruits on fruit yield. The most important indirect effects were obtained for number of seeds and pericarp weight, obtained via pulp weight, on fruit weight, and for fruit length and width, obtained via mean fruit weight, on fruit yield.
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Mratinic, Evica, und Milica Fotiric-Aksic. „Indigenous fruit species as a significant resource for sustainable development“. Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, suppl. (2014): 181–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf14s1181m.
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Sustainable agriculture means increasing yields and profits without degrading the natural resources which are the most important for agricultural production. The aim is to meet the people?s needs for food and improve the quality of life while preserving the environment. Among hundreds of forest species, particular attention is drawn to the wild relatives of cultivated fruit trees, so called indigenous fruit trees, whose regular collection, production and use can affect all aspects of agricultural economy. The natural habitats of the Republic of Serbia include 15 families and 26 genera with 100 species of wild fruit trees. The primary use of the indigenous fruits is for human consumption (either fresh or processed). A number of wild relatives of cultivated fruit trees could be used in the future as rootstocks for fruit production, or for large-scale production, either organic or conventional. In addition, indigenous fruit species are carriers of genes for resistance to economically important diseases and pests, and they can be used in breeding of fruit trees and grapevines. Wild species of fruit trees are used as planting materials for afforestation and erosion prevention, some for timber production, as well as some decorative forms in landscape architecture, while some species are important bee pastures.
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أبو رحيل, عبد الحسن مدفون, und عبد الكاظم علي الحلو. „Effect of light requirements and relative humidity on cultivation and production of fruit trees“. Kufa Journal of Arts 1, Nr. 30 (23.01.2017): 39–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.36317/kaj/2016/v1.i30.6077.
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The study aims to show the relationship between the requirements of light and moisture in the cultivation and growth of fruit trees. It has been shown through the study that light has an important role in increasing photosynthesis processes, which leads to an increase in the size of trees and large fruits. The amount of light intensity determines the percentage of sugar and acidity in fruits, through its effect on the components involved in the process of photosynthesis, in addition to that moisture affects the vegetative and fruitful growth of fruit trees, especially citrus and palm trees. As its decrease causes the fruits to fall before their maturity for all types of fruits.
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Tao, R., und T. Akagi. „Dioecy in fruit trees“. Acta Horticulturae, Nr. 1342 (Juni 2022): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2022.1342.18.
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Cobianchi, Domenico, und Carlo Fideghelli. „Calcium in fruit trees“. Giornale botanico italiano 127, Nr. 3 (Januar 1993): 484–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11263509309431031.
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Del Brio, Dolores, Valentin Tassile, Sergio Jorge Bramardi, Darío Eduardo Fernández und Pablo Daniel Reeb. „Apple (Malus domestica) and pear (Pyrus communis) yield prediction after tree image analysis“. Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias UNCuyo 55, Nr. 2 (18.12.2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.48162/rev.39.104.
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Yield forecasting depends on accurate tree fruit counts and mean size estimation. This information is generally obtained manually, requiring many hours of work. Artificial vision emerges as an interesting alternative to obtaining more information in less time. This study aimed to test and train YOLO pre-trained models based on neural networks for the detection and count of pears and apples on trees after image analysis; while also estimating fruit size. Images of trees were taken during the day and at night in apple and pear trees while fruits were manually counted. Trained models were evaluated according to recall, precision and F1score. The correlation between detected and counted fruits was calculated while fruit size estimation was made after drawing straight lines on each fruit and using reference elements. The precision, recall and F1score achieved by the models were up to 0.86, 0.83 and 0.84, respectively. Correlation coefficients between fruit sizes measured manually and by images were 0.73 for apples and 0.80 for pears. The proposed methodologies showed promising results, allowing forecasters to make less time consuming and accurate estimates compared to manual measurements. Highlights: The number of fruits in apple and pear trees, could be estimated from images with promising results. The possibility of estimating the fruit numbers from images could reduce the time spent on this task, and above all, the costs. This allow growers to increase the number of trees sampled to make yield forecasts.
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Blanco-Fuentes, Ruben Darío, Leider José Castro-Torres, Miguel Mariano Espitia-Camacho, Hermes Araméndiz-Tatis und Carlos Cardona-Ayala. „Path analysis between fruit biometric traits of Caesalpinia ebano H. Karst“. Revista de Ciencias Agrícolas 39, Nr. 2 (01.06.2022): 186–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.22267/rcia.223902.187.
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Caesalpinia ebano is a tropical tree from Colombia; its conservation status is in the endangered category since the remaining populations are suffering genetic erosion. The objective of this study was to estimate the phenotypic (rF) and genetic (rG) correlations among biometric fruit and seeds traits, and the path analysis for the fruit weight. Ten trees (treatments) were evaluated under the random effects model, with 10 fruits/tree as replications. There was significant variability between trees for seven quantitative traits. The fruit weight showed genetic correlations with six traits (0.56* > rG < 1.00**). The number and weight of the seeds per fruit showed high genetic correlations with five traits (rG ≥ 0.85**). The weight of the seeds per fruit exerted direct and indirect effects of greater importance in determining the fruit weight. It is possible to improve the production and physiological quality of the seed by directly selecting trees with fruits of greater seed weight.
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Levey, Douglas J. „Habitat-dependent fruiting behaviour of an understorey tree,Miconia centrodesma, and tropical treefall gaps as keystone habitats for frugivores in Costa Rica“. Journal of Tropical Ecology 6, Nr. 4 (November 1990): 409–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646740000479x.
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ABSTRACTFruit production by an understorey tree,Miconia centrodesma, was monitored in treefall gaps and under intact canopy in a Costa Rican lowland rain forest. Trees in gaps displayed much less seasonality in fruit production than trees of intact forest sites. For example, ripe fruits were common on gap trees for a six month period (January-June) when few or no trees under intact canopy were in fruit. The frequent and aseasonal fruiting of gap trees demonstrates that they are not constrained by phenological cueing mechanisms; the influence of such cues is overridden by habitat. Trees in gaps also produced larger crops, had more extended fruiting episodes, and fruited more frequently than shaded conspecifics. This level of intraspecific variation in fruiting behaviour suggests that treefall gaps play an important role in determining the reproductive success ofM. centrodesma. A substantial proportion of an individual's lifetime seed output may be produced during the brief period it occupies a gap. In addition, the large and continuous supply of fruits produced in gaps byM. centrodesmaand other understorey plants, may mean that gaps function as ‘keystone habitats’ by providing resident frugivores with fruit during periods of general fruit scarcity.
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Drén, Gábor, Mária Dani, József Racskó und Sándor Thurzó. „The effect Benefit PZ biostimulant on the fruit size and yield production of apricot varieties (Prunus Armeniaca)“. Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, Nr. 22 (23.05.2006): 16–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/22/3180.
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Fruit size is determined by the genetic makings of varieties the pomology and enviromental factors. The climate and the previous year’s harvested yield have a great effect on yield volume. It is not easy to harmonize the qualitative and quantitave parameters of the fruit. High yield usually causes smaller fruits.The aim of our trials was to evalaute the effect of Benefit PZ biostimulant on fruit size. We examined two apricot varieties (Bergeron, Magyarkajszi C235) for the efficacy of the product. The three applications were made with 400 l/ha water with 2500 ppm. The optimal interval of application with Benefit PZ is during in the early phases of development. The size of the final fruits depends on the number of cells making up the fruits. The later application could not increase fruit size growth, there are no significant differences between the Benefit PZ sprayed and the control plots. The totally harvested fruit weight was 13.5% more on the trees of cv. Bergeron, it was caused by the higher fruit set. On the sprayed trees were 12.2% more fruit. Therefore were no differences between the average fruit weight. Fruit weights of the treated trees were 44.37 g on cv. Bergeron, 44.15 g on cv. Magyarkajszi C235 and on the no treated trees were 43.83 g as well as 45.33 g.
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Jaroensutasinee, Krisanadej, Mullica Jaroensutasinee, Piyatida Boonsanong und Elena Sparrow. „Mangosteen Yield and Fruit Quality under Regulated Irrigation with Sensors and IoT“. Journal of Human, Earth, and Future 5, Nr. 2 (01.06.2024): 205–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/hef-2024-05-02-05.
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Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) generates over 88 billion USD in export revenue to Thailand annually but is restrained due to fruit defects. This study aimed to determine whether smart irrigation with sensors, IoT, and real-time data collection for regulating stable soil water content affects mangosteen fruit quantity and quality. Climate, soil, and mangosteen parameters were compared between irrigated and non-irrigated productions. Flowering and fruit yield data were collected from twenty randomly selected mangosteen trees per irrigation treatment. The results showed that air and soil temperatures were lower, but relative humidity and soil moisture on mangosteen production were greater in irrigated trees than in non-irrigated trees. Irrigated and non-irrigated mangosteen trees showed no significant difference in trunk diameter or crown size. Irrigation boosted mangosteen yields with increased flowers, fruits, and weight but thinner peels, fewer pulp segments, and a higher vulnerability to fruit imperfections. The mean fruit circumference did not differ significantly between non-irrigated and irrigated mangosteen production systems. Mangosteen fruits in irrigated production had fewer fruit defects than those in non-irrigated production. Regulated irrigated mangosteen production with stable soil moisture using soil moisture sensors and IoT produced high-quantity and quality mangosteens with fewer fruit defects. Doi: 10.28991/HEF-2024-05-02-05 Full Text: PDF
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Mahdavi, Shahla, Esmaeil Fallahi und Gennaro Fazio. „The Influence of Rootstock on Fruit Ethylene, Respiration, Index of Absorbance Difference, Fruit Quality, and Production of ‘Aztec Fuji’ Apple under a Full-crop Condition“. HortScience 57, Nr. 1 (Januar 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci16253-21.
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Selection of dwarfing rootstocks that facilitate optimum production of high-quality fruit is crucial in modern high-density apple orchards. In addition to tree growth and yield, rootstocks can influence fruit maturity of scion cultivars in apples. In this study, the impact of 17 rootstocks on fruit maturity, yield, and quality attributes of ‘Aztec Fuji’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) at harvest were evaluated in a season when all trees were in a “full-crop” condition. Keeping sealed fruit at room temperature, a typical climacteric pattern was observed in ethylene evolution, respiration, and oxygen consumption, peaking after 5–7 days in fruit from trees on all rootstocks. During the ripening period, ethylene evolution and respiration rates in fruit from trees on Supp.3, G.3001, and G.202 were often in the high-range category, whereas those on CG.4004, CG.4214, G.41N, and B.9 were in the midrange category and those on M.9Pajam2, M.26EMLA, and G.11 were in the low-range category. Evolved ethylene and respiration in fruit from trees on M9.T337 steadily and slowly increased from 7 days after harvest (7DAH) to 13 days after which harvest (13DAH) ethylene sharply increased, signaling occurrence of climacteric peak, while respiration declined after the peak of 13DAH. In fruit from trees on most rootstocks, the rates of oxygen consumption had inverse relationships with the rates of respiration, so that fruit from trees on M9.T337 had higher and those on G.41N and Supp.3 had lower rates of oxygen consumption. Trees on G.41N, CG.4004, and M.26EMLA had higher and those on CG.4003 had lower yield per tree than trees on other rootstocks. Trees on B.9 and M.9T337 were most yield efficient among trees on all rootstocks. Trees on CG.4004 had larger fruits than those on other rootstocks. Considering all fruit maturity, quality, and yield attributes, CG.4004 seems to be a good choice of rootstock for ‘Aztec Fuji’ under the conditions of this study.
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Vosnjak, Matej, Davor Mrzlic, Metka Hudina und Valentina Usenik. „The Effect of Water Supply on Sweet Cherry Phytochemicals in Bud, Leaf and Fruit“. Plants 10, Nr. 6 (02.06.2021): 1131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10061131.
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The influence of a water supply on the content of phytochemicals (sugars, organic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids, flavonols, flavanols and anthocyanins) in the bud, leaf and fruit of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) was studied in two growing seasons. In addition, the shoot length, yield efficiency and fruit weight were determined. The trees of the cultivar ‘Regina’ on Weiroot 72 or Gisela 5 rootstocks were either irrigated or non-irrigated. Irrigated trees received, in addition to rainfall, an amount of water equal to 100% of evapotranspiration, while non-irrigated trees received only rainwater (40% less). An analysis of phytochemicals was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Irrigated trees had a higher content of total sugars in leaf and bud, higher content of total organic acids in the fruit, and lower content of total hydroxycinnamic acids, total flavonols and flavanols in the leaf and fruit. Irrigated trees also had higher shoot length, fruit weight and lower yield efficiency. The content of phytochemicals in bud and leaf was not affected by rootstock, but the fruit phytochemical composition, shoot length and yield efficiency were. The content of phytochemicals in the bud and leaf was influenced by the presence or absence of fruits. Our results show that irrigation, rootstock and the presence of fruits had an influence on the composition of phytochemicals in sweet cherry.
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Schupp, J. R., S. I. Koller und W. D. Hosmer. „Testing a Power Duster for Pollination of `McIntosh' Apples“. HortScience 32, Nr. 3 (Juni 1997): 473D—473. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.473d.
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This study was undertaken to test the efficacy of a power duster for supplemental pollination of `McIntosh' apple trees, where lack of nearby pollinizing cultivars was thought to be a limiting factor to productivity. The pollen duster was ineffective in increasing fruit set, fruit size, or seed number in fruits on limbs that were covered with spun-bonded rowcover material prior to bloom. Applying supplemental pollen to open-pollinated `McIntosh' trees had no effect on fruit set, yield, fruit size, or seed number, regardless of pollen dose, timing, or number of applications. Dispersal of supplemental pollen with a power duster appears to be an inefficient method of pollinating apple trees.
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Paunovic, Svetlana, und Rade Miletic. „The relationship between the end of the vegetation period and fruit properties in the walnut population in Eastern Serbia“. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Belgrade 68, Nr. 1 (2023): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jas2301097p.
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The main objective of the study was to examine the walnut population from the region of Eastern Serbia for determining the relationship between the end of the vegetation period and fruit properties (fruit weight, kernel percentage, oil and crude protein contents). The walnut trees showed highly significant differences in the tested parameters. The walnut population was dominated by trees with a medium end of the vegetation period, moderate resistance to low temperatures (39.5%) and very small fruits (23.5%). The fruits of these trees had ? high kernel percentage (15.8%) and moderate oil and crude protein contents (25.8% and 38.3%, respectively). Contrary, the walnut population comprised the fewest trees of late ending of the vegetation period, with extremely large fruits (0.1%), exceptional kernel percentage (0.2%) and pronouncedly high oil and crude protein contents (0.07% and 0.5%, respectively). The studied walnut trees show great variability in the date of the end of vegetation and fruit properties, which indicates a high potential of the population in the selection of new genotypes, and the necessity for their conservation for further breeding, propagation and commercial cultivation.
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Shrestha, G. K., M. M. Thompson und T. L. Righetti. „Foliar-applied Boron Increases Fruit Set in ‘Barcelona’ Hazelnut“. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 112, Nr. 3 (Mai 1987): 412–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.112.3.412.
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Abstract Boron (B) sprays applied to ‘Barcelona’ hazelnut orchards induced fruit set increases over controls, averaging 23% in 1984 and 17% in 1985. Leaves from B-sprayed trees had higher B contents than controls throughout the season. Amounts of B in young fruits increased two-fold with B sprays, but, unlike leaf values, differences between treated and control fruits disappeared by mid-summer. In the orchards studied, the B content of developing fruits from unsprayed trees was similar even though leaf B content varied widely. Because fruit set increases were obtained in both seasons with B sprays on trees whose leaf values currently are considered excessive, as well as those considered optimal or deficient, guidelines for B recommendation need revision. Boron content in May fruit from unsprayed trees might be universally low for optimum nut development, indicating that annual B sprays may be required. Foliar sprays in April damaged young leaves and shoot tips; thus, delaying sprays until the 2nd week of May is recommended.
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Dunham, Kevin M. „Fruit production by Acacia albida trees in Zambezi riverine woodlands“. Journal of Tropical Ecology 6, Nr. 4 (November 1990): 445–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400004843.
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ABSTRACTFruit production by Acacia albida (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) trees in Mana Pools National Park, Zimbabwe, was monitored over eight years. Timing of ripe fruit-fall varied between years, as did fruit production: production of ripe fruits by the same tree varied from 5.4 kg in 1983 to 290.1 kg in 1988. Baboons reduced fruit production by feeding on unripe fruits and the mass eaten each year was negatively correlated with rainfall. Potential fruit production (i.e. production in the absence of baboons) was high when the late wet season was wet or cool and when fruit production in the previous year was low. Late wet season rainfall and temperature probably determined the degree of defoliation by caterpillars: in 1983 and 1987, when the late wet season was hot and dry, the trees were almost completely defoliated. During the late dry season, A. albida fruits were an important component of the diets of waterbuck, eland, elephant, buffalo and kudu; they were seldom eaten by hippopotamus and were ignored by zebra and warthog.
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Núñez-Elisea, R., J. H. Crane und M. L. Caldeira. „473 Effect of Panicle Pruning and Bioregulators on Fruit Size in `Kohala' Longan“. HortScience 35, Nr. 3 (Juni 2000): 475D—475. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.475d.
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Panicles of `Kohala' longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) trees often retain more than 250 fruit, which results in small fruit (<10 g) of reduced market value. During 1997 and 1998, we conducted experiments to increase fruit size in commercial groves. Trees flowered and fruited normally in 1997, but very scarcely and late in 1998. In 1997, treatments consisted of panicle pruning (clipping off half of the panicle) and/or removal of entire panicles (50% per tree) when young fruits were 5 or 10 mm in diameter. Control trees were left intact. The number of fruit per panicle varied greatly within trees. Panicles (pruned or intact) with <125 fruit generally developed fruit >15 g (32–33 mm equatorial diameter). Total soluble solid content of mature fruit generally decreased with increasing fruit size. Removing whole panicles did not increase average fruit size in remaining intact panicles, suggesting that panicles were fed primarily by leaves within the same branch. In 1998, treatments consisted of applications of GA3 and/or CPPU (a synthetic cytokinin) when fruits were 6 to 9 mm in diameter. Panicles were not pruned since they generally had <150 fruit. Control panicles were not sprayed. There was no consistent effect of treatments on average fruit weight, and no treatment significantly increased fruit size in relation to controls. These preliminary results indicate that other factors besides current fruit set, such as previous fruit load of a branch, branch position (exposure to sunlight and/or wind, and proximity to major limbs), and the amount/age of leaves, may influence the fruiting potential of individual branches.
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Mansour, Mohammed, und Fater Mohamad. „Seasonal occurrence of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in southern Syria“. Polish Journal of Entomology 85, Nr. 3 (01.09.2016): 311–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pjen-2016-0017.
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Abstract Population fluctuations of the Mediterranean fruit fly (medfly), Ceratitis capitata, were investigated between 1999 and 2001 at several locations representing fruit production areas in the southern part of Syria (Damascus Ghota, Zabadani, Sargaiah, Rankus, Orneh and Ain Al-Arab). Medfly adults were monitored weekly all year around using Jackson traps baited with trimedlure dispensers. Larvae were also sampled in Damascus Ghota by collecting fruits from ripe or ripening fruit trees and recording the number of larvae emerged from these fruits. In addition, suspected overwintering refuges were sampled at weekly intervals during the three coldest months of the year (December – February) and the number of collected larvae was recorded. The results of trap catches and fruit sampling studies showed a similar pattern of occurrence of medfly populations in the study areas, particularly in Damascus Ghota, during the three years of the study. In Damascus Ghota, flies were caught continuously from early June to late December with some variability between years. Two distinct periods of high fly activity were observed: the first one occurred in August and the second in November with a much higher amplitude. In general, seasonal fluctuations in the pattern of occurrence were influenced by differences in temperature and abundance of preferred host fruits. Traps on fig Ficus carica and oriental persimmon Diospyros kaki trees caught the highest numbers of flies, and fruits collected from these trees showed the highest level of infestation, reaching 100% for fig fruit late in the season. Sampling fruits (in Damascus Ghota) from trees during the three coldest months of the year showed that a small population of medfly larvae was able to survive winter conditions in prickly pear Opuntia vulgaris fruit left on the trees. In the other areas of the study (Zabadani, Sargaiah, Rankus, Orneh and Ain Al-Arab), only a few flies were caught.
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Mira-García, Ana Belén, Wenceslao Conejero, Juan Vera und María Carmen Ruiz-Sánchez. „Effect of Water Stress and Shading on Lime Yield and Quality“. Plants 12, Nr. 3 (21.01.2023): 503. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12030503.
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The aim of this study was to test the combined effect of water stress and cropping system on yield and fruit quality in Bearss lime trees. For this purpose, two irrigation treatments were applied during stage II of fruit growth: control (well irrigated, automatically managed by soil water content sensors) and stress (non-irrigated), both under open-field and shaded conditions. Soil water status was assessed by determining soil water content and plant water status by measuring stem water potential (Ψstem), stomatal conductance (gs), and net photosynthesis (Pn). Yield parameters (kg and the number of fruits per tree and fresh mass per fruit) and fruit quality were assessed on two harvest dates. In addition, on the second harvest date, the content of metabolites and nutrients in the lime juice was analyzed. The results showed that soil water deficit induced 35% lower gs values in open-field than in shaded conditions. The highest kg and the number of fruits per tree were observed in the shaded system, especially on the first harvest date. The lowest yield was observed in stressed trees grown without netting. Slightly higher fresh mass and equatorial diameter were observed in shaded fruits than in open-field fruit. Soil water deficit increased fruit total soluble solids and decreased juice content, especially in open-field trees. Shaded conditions made the lime trees more resilient to soil water deficit, which led to higher yields and better external fruit quality traits. In addition, fruit precocity was significantly higher in the shaded system.
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RADIVOJEVIC, Dragan, Nemanja TESIC, Slavica SPASOJEVIC, Cedo OPARNICA, Dusan SPASIC und Jasminka MILIVOJEVIC. „EFFECT OF FLOWER THINNING ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF ‘`STANLEY`’ PLUM (PRUNUS DOMESTICA L.)“. "Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture Montanology Cadastre Series " 52, Nr. 1 (02.01.2023): 314–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.52846/aamc.v52i1.1350.
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Plum is the most important fruit crop for cultivation in Serbia. However, a small amount of plum fruit is sold as fresh fruit due to its poor quality. In order to improve fruit quality and obtain regular and high yield chemical blossom thinning agents were applied. The experiment was conducted on seven-year-old plum trees of cultivar `Stanley` which were planted on distance 5x5 m. Ammonium thiosulphate and ethephon were applied in the next treatments: 1) ammonium thiosulphate 1.5% (ATS); 2) ethephon 0.015% (E); 3) ammonium thiosulphate 1.5% + ethephon 0.015% (ATS + E); 4) hand thinning (HT); 5) untreated control treatment (UTC). Chemical thinning treatments were performed once during the phase of full bloom, while hand thinning treatment was performed after the fall of unfertilized fruitlets at the end of May. Parameters analyzed were yield, fruit size, fruit weight, pit weight, fruit firmness, fruit shape index, soluble solids content, total acid content and the amount of harvested fruits per time unit. The obtained results have shown that ATS + E, ATS and HT treatments significantly reduced the number of fruits on the trees compared to the control treatment. However, yield per tree was reduced significantly only in the ATS + E treatment. Other treatments compensated for the smaller number of fruits per tree with a significantly larger fruit size. Since the fruit size was larger on treated trees, the amount of harvested fruits per time unit was significant compared to control treatment. There were no significant differences among the applied treatments in terms of fruit firmness, soluble solids and total acid content.
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Meland, Mekjell, und Clive Kaiser. „Ethephon as a Blossom and Fruitlet Thinner Affects Crop Load, Fruit Weight, Fruit Quality, and Return Bloom of ‘Summerred’ Apple (Malus ×domestica) Borkh.“ HortScience 46, Nr. 3 (März 2011): 432–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.46.3.432.
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‘Summerred’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) are highly susceptible to biennial bearing if not properly thinned. This results in erratic yields and also affects fruit quality adversely. Between 2003 and 2005, ‘Summered’/‘M9’ trees were treated with ethephon at concentrations of 250, 375, and 500 mg·L−1 when most king flowers opened (≈20% bloom) or at concentrations of 500, 625, and 750 mg·L−1 when the average fruitlet size was 10 mm in diameter. The experiment was conducted with 2.5-m height slender spindle trees sprayed to the point of runoff with a hand applicator only when temperatures exceeded 15 °C. Within 2 weeks after the second application, fruit set was reduced linearly with increasing concentrations of ethephon to less than one fruitlet per cluster at the highest concentrations used. Most thinning treatments reduced fruit set significantly compared with unthinned trees. Fruit numbers per tree decreased significantly with increasing ethephon concentrations, and the highest concentrations of ethephon applied during bloom or when the average fruitlet size was 10 mm in diameter resulted in overthinning. Yield results confirmed the fruit set response in which yield reductions were significant at the highest concentrations of ethephon (2.1 kg/tree) compared with hand-thinned trees (7.3 kg/tree) in 2005. All thinning treatments resulted in higher percentage of fruits larger than 60 mm diameter compared with unthinned control fruit. Thinning resulted in significantly higher soluble solid contents, and this was especially so for hand-thinned trees. Other fruit quality parameters like yellow–green background color did not show a clear response to thinning. Return bloom was, however, improved on all thinned trees. It is recommended that ethephon be applied at a rate of 375 mg·L−1 when king flowers open or at a rate of 625 mg·L−1 when the average fruitlet size is 10 mm in diameter. This thins ‘Summerred’ apples to a target of approximately five fruits/cm2 per trunk cross-sectional area or 50 to 70 fruits per 100 flower clusters without impacting on fruit quality, yield, or return bloom the next year.
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Шогенов, Юрий, Yuriy Shogenov, Андрей Измайлов, Andrey Izmaylov, Бадри Ахалая und Badri Ahalaya. „NEW UNIVERSAL TECHNICAL MEANS FOR HARVESTING THE FRUITS FRUIT TREES“. Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 12, Nr. 3 (11.01.2018): 72–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5a1d98d9e17844.76775536.
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In Russia actively promoted (especially in specialized farms) industrial technology of cultivation of fruit crops, which provides a high, stable yields while reducing logistical cost and labor. In this regard, the industry fruit production, to create new types of fruit plantations in the framework of various organizational-legal management with the aim of increasing the area of gardens lush and tverdofaznyi fruit plantations [1]. Despite the great diversity of fruit trees by varieties and types, in the system of mechanized process of cultivation of fruit crops, harvesting is an important final stage, which requires the development of new, comfortable, including nemouridae the fruits of electro-mechanical technical means.