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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Fruit set“
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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Fruit set"
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Wubs, A. Maaike, Yuntao Ma, Lia Hemerik und Ep Heuvelink. „Fruit Set and Yield Patterns in Six Capsicum Cultivars“. HortScience 44, Nr. 5 (August 2009): 1296–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.44.5.1296.
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Fruit set and yield patterns were studied in detail in six pepper cultivars. Fruit set differed largely between the cultivars: cultivars with small fruits (fruit fresh weight 20 to 40 g) showed higher fruit set (≈50%) than cultivars with large fruits (fruit fresh weight 120 to 200 g; 11% to 19%). The former showed continuous fruit set (four to five fruits/plant/week), whereas the latter showed fluctuations in fruit set. Fluctuations in weekly fruit set, expressed as the ratio between standard deviation of weekly fruit set and the mean of weekly fruit set (cv), were much lower for the cultivars with small fruits (0.44 to 0.49) than for the cultivars with large fruits (1.1 to 1.6). Fluctuations in weekly fruit yield varied between 0.51 and 0.77 for cultivars with small fruits and between 1.04 and 1.45 for cultivars with large fruits. Fluctuations in fruit yield were significantly positively correlated (Pearson R = 0.87) with fluctuations in fruit set. The correlation between fruit set and fruit yield patterns was highest with a lag time of 8 weeks for the cultivars with small fruits and 9 to 10 weeks for the cultivars with large fruits. This corresponds with the expected lag time based on the average fruit growth duration. The cultivars produced the same amount of biomass, implying that source strength was more or less similar. Hence, differences in fruit set and fruit yield patterns between the cultivars were not the result of differences in source strength and must therefore be related to differences in sink strength.
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Dennis, Frank G. „Physiology of Fruit Set and Abscission“. HortScience 33, Nr. 3 (Juni 1998): 553a—553. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.553a.
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Thinning, whether mechanical or chemical, prevents the development of some fruits, allowing the remainder to become larger and more marketable. Chemicals used for thinning either prevent fruit set or increase the proportion of fruits that fall in the “June drop”; some, however, are effective even after this drop. The mechanisms involved in blossom thinning are straightforward. Either pollination is prevented, or some of the flowers are injured, causing their abscission. The mechanisms involved in fruit thinning are more complex; physiologists continue to debate the effects of thinning agents on phloem transport, endogenous hormone content/production, seed development, and other physiological processes. The effects of ethephon in thinning have led to the suggestion that the response to applied hormones is mediated by their effects in stimulating ethylene biosynthesis. Hypotheses as the mechanisms of action of thinning agents will be reviewed, emphasizing those most often invoked today.
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Bosch, J., F. Garcia Del Pino, J. Ramoneda und J. Retana. „FRUITING PHENOLOGY AND FRUIT SET OF CAROB, CERATONIA SILIQUA L. (CESALPINACEAE)“. Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 44, Nr. 4 (12.04.1996): 359–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07929978.1996.10676657.
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The fruiting phenology of two female and two hermaphroditic carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) cultivars was studied in NE Spain. After flower pollination (September–November), fruit growth followed a sigmoidal curve, with an initial period of slow growth (December–March), a period of linear growth (April–June), and a final period of slow growth and maturation (June–Au–gust). Shedding of flowers and young fruits was high in October–December, and slowed down in January–February. Then, fruit drop again increased until May, and from June to August fruit shedding was almost nil. Fruit initiation was 12.6–35.0%, and fruit shedding was high (79.2–90.2% of the fruits initiated dropped before maturity). In the two female cultivars, larger inflorescences had higher rates of fruit initiation, fruit set, and seed set per flower than smaller inflorescences.
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Proctor, Heather C. „Effect of pollen age on fruit set, fruit weight, and seed set in three orchid species“. Canadian Journal of Botany 76, Nr. 3 (01.03.1998): 420–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b98-010.
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The length of time that pollen remains viable after being removed from the anther may be subject to species-specific selection pressures, e.g., when the average transit time between anther and stigma is long, long-lived pollen may be favoured. Flowering plants that provide no reward to pollinators are predicted to have relatively long-lived pollen, because pollinators are less likely to immediately revisit flowers of a nonrewarding species. I studied the effect of pollen age on fertilization success in three species of orchids that provide little or no reward. Pollen was aged 0, 1, 2, 4, or 8 days outside of the anther and then placed on the stigmas of conspecific flowers. I collected and weighed all resultant fruits and used a subsampling technique to determine the number of embryonated seeds per fruit and the percentage of all seeds that had embryos. There was no evidence that pollen age affected fruit set, fruit weight, embryonated-seed number, or percentage of embryonated seeds in two species (Calopogon tuberosus (Linn.) Britton and Pogonia ophioglossoides (Linn.) Ker.). In the third, Cypripedium reginae Walt., 8-day-old pollen produced significantly lighter fruits with fewer embryonated seeds; however, the percentage of embryonated seeds was not affected. Although the pollen of these nonrewarding orchids appears to have an impressive life-span, it is difficult to make comparisons with other species because most previous studies have relied on laboratory tests of viability that appear to have little relation to performance of pollen in the field.Key words: pollen longevity, Orchidaceae, reproductive success.
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McGuire, Christopher M. „Field Performance and Phenotypic Variation of Passiflora incarnata L. in New York State“. HortScience 33, Nr. 2 (April 1998): 240–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.2.240.
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Passiflora incarnata L., a perennial vine native to southeastern North America, bears fruit containing an edible juice. I observed the growth, flowering, fruit yield, and fruit traits of P. incarnata plants grown in the field for one season in Ithaca, N.Y. Plants flowered throughout the summer and were pollinated by carpenter bees, but fruit set was low without additional hand-pollination. Fruits set before mid-August matured in 52 to 113 days, but fruits set after mid-August usually failed to mature. Following hand-pollination of some flowers, plants matured 0 to 14 fruits, and yield of edible juice was 5 to 10 mL per fruit. Vegetative growth, plant architecture, number of flowers produced, number of fruits matured, days from flower opening to fruit maturity, fruit size, the proportion of fruits filled with juice and seeds, and the size of juice-containing arils all varied greatly among plants. Part of this variation was probably genetic.
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Lee, Sang Gyu, Dong Kum Park, Kyung Sup Park, Yun Chan Heo, Yoon Ah Jang, Kwan Dal Ko und Chiwon W. Lee. „(197) Effect of the Number of Fruit per Plant on Production of Dried Seed and Fruit Yield in Pumpkin“. HortScience 40, Nr. 4 (Juli 2005): 1053D—1053. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1053d.
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The fruits of pumpkin are good material for soup and a very popular side dish in Korea. The purpose of this study was to investigate how number of fruit set per plant (2, 3, or 4 fruit) affected production of dried seed and fruit yield. `Golden Delicious' (GD) and hull-less (HL) pumpkins were planted 60 cm apart in 200-cm rows. Production of dried seed per hectare (11,000 plants) were 1985, 2193, and 2074 kg, respectively, at 2-, 3-, and 4-fruit set per plant for GD. The fruit yield per hectare (11,000 plants) was 58,360 kg for 2-fruit set treatment, 74,680 kg for 3-fruit set, and 73,240 kg for 4-fruit set per plant for GD. The production of dried seed per hectare (11,000 plants) was 535, 603, and 545 kg, respectively, for 2-, 3-, and 4-fruit set per plant for HL. The fruit yield per hectare (11,000 plants) was 28,200 kg for 2-fruit set treatment, 44,660 kg for 3-fruit set, and 39,200 kg for 4-fruit set per plant for HL. The highest production of dried seed and fruit yield were for 3-fruit set per plant for GD and HL. Differences in production for dried seed and fruit yield, as influenced by number of fruit set per plant, were also characterized.
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Shrestha, G. K., M. M. Thompson und T. L. Righetti. „Foliar-applied Boron Increases Fruit Set in ‘Barcelona’ Hazelnut“. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 112, Nr. 3 (Mai 1987): 412–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.112.3.412.
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Abstract Boron (B) sprays applied to ‘Barcelona’ hazelnut orchards induced fruit set increases over controls, averaging 23% in 1984 and 17% in 1985. Leaves from B-sprayed trees had higher B contents than controls throughout the season. Amounts of B in young fruits increased two-fold with B sprays, but, unlike leaf values, differences between treated and control fruits disappeared by mid-summer. In the orchards studied, the B content of developing fruits from unsprayed trees was similar even though leaf B content varied widely. Because fruit set increases were obtained in both seasons with B sprays on trees whose leaf values currently are considered excessive, as well as those considered optimal or deficient, guidelines for B recommendation need revision. Boron content in May fruit from unsprayed trees might be universally low for optimum nut development, indicating that annual B sprays may be required. Foliar sprays in April damaged young leaves and shoot tips; thus, delaying sprays until the 2nd week of May is recommended.
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Arnao, M. B., und J. Hernández-Ruiz. „Melatonin in flowering, fruit set and fruit ripening“. Plant Reproduction 33, Nr. 2 (06.04.2020): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00497-020-00388-8.
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Nikolic, Dragan, Vera Rakonjac und Milica Fotiric-Aksic. „The effect of pollenizer on the fruit set of plum cultivar Cacanska Najbolja“. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Belgrade 57, Nr. 1 (2012): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jas1201009n.
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In this paper, during a 4-year period (2003-2006) effects of six pollenizers (President, Italian Prune, Stanley, Cacanska Rodna, Agen 707, and California Blue) on the degree of fruit set in the plum cultivar Cacanska Najbolja were examined. Besides the controlled pollination of this cultivar, open pollination was investigated. Functional pollen ability in pollenizer-cultivars was established by in vitro pollen germination. Degree of fruit set was determined comparing the number of fruit set (10 days after pollination, 21 days after pollination and number of harvested fruits) against the number of pollinated flowers. The results indicated that all pollenizer cultivars, studied in this paper, possessed satisfactory in vitro pollen germination (30.1-67.4%). The number of fruit set determined 10 days after pollination was very high and did not differ among pollenizers. Highly significant differences were found between the pollenizers in the number of fruit set 21 days after pollination and significant ones in relation to the number of harvested fruits. Compared to open pollination, higher number of fruit set 21 days after pollination and higher number of harvested fruits were obtained when cultivars Stanley (17.0%; 7.6%) and Italian Prune (14.6%; 6.9%) were used as pollenizers, therefore those cultivars are recommendable as good pollenizers for the cultivar Cacanska Najbolja.
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Jalikop, S. H., und Ravindra Kumar. „Pseudo-xenic Effect of Allied Annona spp. Pollen in Hand Pollination of cv. ‘Arka Sahan’ [(A. cherimola × A. squamosa) × A. squamosa]“. HortScience 42, Nr. 7 (Dezember 2007): 1534–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.42.7.1534.
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Annonaceous fruits are characterized by a serious problem of fruit set, and hand pollination is commonly practiced for improving the set. Because we observed that allied Annona spp. are freely crossable and often produce attractive Fo fruits, the possibility of using their pollen in hand pollination was investigated. A total of 1080 flowers of cv. Arka Sahan in 2003 and 3420 in 2004 were pollinated with A. atemoya Hort., A. cherimola Mill., A. reticulata L., A. squamosa L., and self-pollen. Pollen source had significant effects in both or either year on all 14 fruit traits studied except days to ripening. A. squamosa pollen gave the highest fruit set (greater than 91%) and the heaviest fruits (greater than 600 g). Good to moderate fruit set was recorded with A. reticulata and self-pollen (31% to 86%); and with A. atemoya and A. cherimola pollen, the set was poor (4% to 13%), whereas natural set was as low as 2%. ‘Arka Sahan’ fruits resulting from A. squamosa pollen showed quicker fruit maturity (128 days) and least weight loss on ripening (13%). Evaluation of fruit pulp quality revealed that pollen source and year had significant effects on the total soluble solids and acidity but not their ratio. Mean number of seeds per 100 g fruit was found to vary (6 to 11) with pollen source used. A. squamosa and A. reticulata pollen had higher seed count with good to moderate fruit size and symmetrical shape, but those from the rest of the pollen sources neither possessed good size nor shape. Results clearly showed that ‘Arka Sahan’ could be successfully hand pollinated with A. squamosa pollen. The differential ability of pollen sources to fertilize number of ovules and set seeds per fruit rather than the pollen genotype had a significant effect on many fruit traits like size, symmetry, skin thickness, and total soluble solids, which we describe as ”pseudo-xenia.” Useful pseudo-xenic effect is worth exploiting in fruit culture.
Dissertationen zum Thema "Fruit set"
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Satti, S. M. F., und N. F. Oebker. „Fruit Set Studies in Tomato Under High Temperatures“. College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214141.
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Sharifani, M. Mehdi. „Pollination, fruit set and identification studies in pear“. Title page, contents and abstract only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AHH/09ahhs531.pdf.
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Bibliography: leaves 190-211. Research was carried out to evaluate pollination efficiency, gene flow by pollen and fruit set in Packham Triumph cultivar pear trees located in a mixed planting of pear cultivars in a commercial orchard in the Coromandel Valley region of South Australia.
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Dreyer, Carlien. „Fruit set and fruit size studies on ‘Forelle’ and ‘Abate Fetel’ pear (Pyrus communis L.)“. Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/79870.
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Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Maintaining constant high yields in „Abate Fetel‟ and „Forelle‟ orchards in South Africa is challenging. Improving productivity in these orchards could be achieved by increasing fruit set and fruit size. Fruit size is an important marketing and quality parameter and has a significant effect on the economic value of fruit. Various protocols to improve fruit set are used by South African producers but these are not well researched. We therefore evaluated different combinations of plant growth regulators including gibberellic acid (GA3), gibberellins 4+7 (GA4+7), GA4+7 combined with 6-benzyladenine (6-BA), aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) and prohexadione-calcium (P-Ca) in combination with trunk girdling during flowering on „Forelle‟ and „Abate Fetel‟ to determine the best fruit set strategy. All applied growth regulators improved fruit set relative to an untreated control over two consecutive seasons, but GA3 and P-Ca reduced return bloom and AVG resulted in smaller fruit size relative to the other treatments. The application of synthetic cytokinins are believed to enhance fruit size by stimulating and extending the cell division period in fruit when applied at the correct stage of fruit growth. In addition, combination of P-Ca with GA4+7 was used successfully on Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) and „Bing‟ sweet cherry to improve fruit size. This combination of GA4+7 and P-Ca was evaluated and combined with 6-BA treatments on European pear (Pyrus communis L.) cultivars, Forelle and Abate Fetel, to see if a similar effect on fruit size could be achieved under South African growing conditions. On both „Forelle‟ and „Abate Fetel‟ the combination of GA4+7 and P-Ca increased fruit size, but was more pronounced in „Abate Fetel‟. Growth regulators N-phenyl-N‟ -1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-ylurea (TDZ), N (2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N‟ -phenylurea (CPPU), 6-BA and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) successfully increased fruit size in pear cultivars Coscia and Spadona in Israel. These growth regulators were applied to „Forelle‟ and „Abate Fetel‟ to determine if a similar effect could be achieved. None of the synthetic cytokinins applied had a significant effect on increasing fruit size in these two cultivars over two consecutive seasons although 6-BA increased return bloom and 2,4-D application resulted in increased fruit set. The stage when the cell division period in „Forelle‟ and „Abate Fetel‟ ends was also determined as 34 and 45 days after full bloom respectively, which can be used in the future to better plan the timing of fruit size enhancement treatments. Based on results from various fruit set and fruit size improvement trials, it can be recommended to use GA4+7 or AVG to increase fruit set on „Forelle‟ and „Abate Fetel‟, depending on the fruit set history of the orchard. Results from fruit size improvement trials were variable, and emphasises the fact that a balance between yield and fruit size must be determined for an orchard to achieve good fruit size and maximum return.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die handhawing van konstante, hoë opbrengste in „Abate Fetel‟ en „Forelle‟ boorde in Suid-Afrika is 'n uitdaging. Produktiwiteit in hierdie boorde kan verhoog word deur vrugset en vruggrootte te verbeter. Vruggrootte is 'n belangrike bemarkings- en kwaliteitsparameter en het 'n betekenisvolle effek op die ekonomiese waarde van vrugte. 'n Verskeidenheid protokolle om vrugset te verbeter word deur Suid-Afrikaanse produsente gevolg, maar hierdie protokolle is nog nie goed nagevors nie. Verskillende kombinasies van plantgroeireguleerders insluitend gibberelliensuur (GA3), gibberellien 4+7 (GA4+7), GA4+7 in kombinasie met 6-bensieladenien (6-BA), aminoetoksievinielglisien (AVG) en prohexadioon-kalsium (P-Ca) in kombinasie met stamringelering is aan „Forelle‟ en „Abate Fetel‟ bome gedurende blomtyd toegedien om die beste vrugsetstrategie te bepaal. Alle plantgroeireguleerdes wat toegedien is het vrugset verbeter relatief tot 'n onbehandelde kontrole oor twee opeenvolgende seisoene, maar GA3 en P-Ca het die aantal blomme in die daaropvolgende seisoen verlaag en AVG het kleiner vruggrootte gelewer relatief tot alle ander behandelings. Dit is wel bekend dat die toediening van sintetiese sitokiniene vruggrootte verbeter deur die stimulering en bevordering van seldeling in vrugte wanneer dit in die regte groeifase toegedien word. Die kombinasie van P-Ca en GA4+7 was suksesvol om vruggrootte te verbeter toe dit aan Japanese pere (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) en „Bing‟ kersies toegedien is. Hierdie kombinasie van GA4+7 en P-Ca is geëvalueer en gekombineer met 6-BA-behandelings op die Europese peer (Pyrus communis L.) kultivars, Forelle en Abate Fetel, om te bepaal of dieselfde effek op vruggrootte bereik kan word onder Suid-Afrikaanse groei kondisies. Op beide „Forelle‟ en „Abate Fetel‟ het die kombinasies van GA4+7 en P-Ca vruggrootte verbeter, maar dit was meer opmerklik in die geval van „Abate Fetel‟. Die groeireguleerders N-feniel-N‟ -1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-ylurea (TDZ), N (2-chloro-4-piridiel)-N‟ -fenielurea (CPPU), 6-BA en 2,4- dichloorfenoksieasynsuur (2,4-D) het vruggrootte verbeter in „Coscia‟ en „Spadona‟ pere in Israel. Hierdie plantgroeireguleerders is toegedien aan „Forelle‟ en „Abate Fetel‟ om vas te stel of dieselfde effek verkry kon word. Nie enige van die sintetiese sitokiniene wat toegedien is het 'n betekenisvolle effek op die verbetering van vruggrootte in hierdie twee kultivars oor twee opeenvolgende seisoene getoon nie, alhoewel 6-BA die verbetering van blom in die daaropvolgende seisoen tot gevolg gehad en 2,4-D vrugset verbeter het. Die stadium waar seldeling in „Forelle‟ en „Abate Fetel‟ eindig is vasgestel as 34 en 45 dae na volblom, onderskeidelik, wat in die toekoms gebruik kan word om die beplanning en tydsberekening van vruggrootte behandelings te verbeter. Na verskeie vrugset en vruggroote verbeterings proewe, kan aanbeveel word dat GA4+7 of AVG gebruik kan word om vrugset in „Forelle‟ en „Abate Fetel‟ te verbeter, afhangende van die vrugset geskiedenis van die boord. Resultate van vruggrootte verbeterings proewe het gevarieër en beklemtoon net weer die feit dat 'n balans tussen opbrengs en vruggrootte bepaal moet word om optimale vruggrootte te handhaaf en so hoë winste te verseker.
SAAPPA
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Prasad, Pagadala Venkatat Vara. „The effect of heat stress on fruit-set and fruit yield of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)“. Thesis, University of Reading, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.287379.
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Groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) grown in the semi-arid tropics are commonly exposed to air and soil temperatures> 35°C. This research in controlled environments has shown that continuous exposure of plants to hot air (day/night, 38°/22°C) and/or hot soil (38°/30°C) temperatures during the reproductive .phase (from flower bud appearance until reproductive maturity) significantly reduces total dry matter production, the partitioning of dry matter to pods and seed yields. The effects of hot air and hot soil temperature were additive and without interaction. Hot air temperature had no effect on flower production but significantlyreduced the proportion of flowers setting pegs (fruit-set) and hence the number of fruits. In contrast, hot soils significantly reduced flower production, the proportion of pegs forming pods and 100 seed weight. There was no evidence that plants dependent on symbiotic N2 fixation were more susceptible to heat stress than those dependent on inorganic N. Sensitivity to short (6 d) episodes of hot air temperature (38°/22°C) was acute during the period between 6 d before until 15 d after first flowering (OAF). The magnitude of that sensitivity depended on the number of floral buds exposed to heat stress before anthesis. In the Spanish cv. ICGV 86015, daytime air temperatures ~34°C imposed for only 6 d beginning at 9 DAF, significantly reduced flower number, pollen production and viability, fruit-set and seed yield. Fruit-set was most sensitive to heat stress during the first 6 h of the daylight period (AM). Warmer nights (28° cl 22°C) had no effect on flower numbers, but significantly reduced both pollen production and viability, and hence fruit-set. There were negative quantitative relations between flower number and day temperatures between 28° and 48°C. In contrast, reductions in fruit-set were quantitatively related to AM temperature >37.3°C. Pollen production and viability were also linearly reduced when day temperature was >34°C. These data will help plant breeders to screen germplasm and identify heat-tolerant cultivars, and should also improve simulation models of groundnut crops in the semi-arid tropics.
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Luz, Alberto Ramos. „Fitorreguladores em pereiras europeias: fruit set, produtividade e qualidade de frutos“. Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, 2012. http://tede.udesc.br/handle/handle/1140.
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Previous issue date: 2012-02-16The pear is the third most temperature fruit consumed in Brazil, representing the largest percentage of total frsh fruit imports by country (50.7% of the amount). Brazilian production is not significant, with low fruit set as one of the main problems of low productivity of pear trees in southern Brazil. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the main growth regulators (Promalin®, Viviful®, Retain®, and TDZ) for the cultivation of the pear growing in different locations in southern brazil and its effect on fruit ser and yield of pear Packam s Triumph and William s . The experiments were conducted in the regions of São Joaquim, SC, Rio Rufino, SC and São Francisco de Paula, RS, during the growing seasons 2009/2010 and 2010/2011, with cultivars Packam s Triumph and William s. We evaluate the fruit set, number of fruits per plant, yield per plant, estimated yield, fruit diameter, deformation, flesh firmness, number of viable and unviable seeds, soluble solids, pH and titratable acidity. The results indicate that cv. Packam s Triumph is more responsive to the action of growth regulators than cv. William s. Since, Promalin® (1 ml L-1) applied at the full bloom + Retain® (2 g L-1) applied 15 days after the full bloom increases the productivity of pear Packham s Trimph, and pear William s, the increase only happened in the counties of São Joaquim and São Francisco de Paula. The use growth regulators did not increase the productivity of the pear tree William s in the experimental area of São Joaquim. The application of Viviful® increased the productivity of pear William s in the experimental area of San Francisco de Paula. The use growth regulators Retain®, Viviful®, TDZ and Promaline® + Retain® increase the fruit set of pear Packham s Triumph, emphasizing the application of Promaline® (1 ml L-1) applied at full bloom + Retain® (2 f L-1) applied 15 days after full bloom, which increased fruit set and productivity
A pera é a terceira fruta de clima temperado mais consumida no Brasil, representando a maior porcentagem no total dos frutos in natura importados pelo país (50,7% da quantidade). A produção brasileira é pouco expressiva, apresentando baixo pegamento de frutos como um dos principais problemas da baixa produtividade das pereiras no sul do Brasil. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo, avaliar os principais fitorreguladores (Promalin®, Viviful®, Retain® e Thidiazuron) para a cultura da pereira em diferentes locais de cultivo no sul do Brasil e o seu efeito na fruit set e produtividade das pereiras Packham‟s Triumph e William‟s . Os experimentos foram conduzidos nas regiões de São Joaquim, SC, Rio Rufino, SC e São Francisco de Paula, RS durante as safras 2009/2010 e 2010/2011, com as cultivares Packham‟s Triumph e William‟s. Foram avaliados a fruit set, nº de frutos por planta, produtividade por planta, produtividade estimada, diâmetro de frutos, deformação, firmeza de polpa, nº de sementes viáveis e inviáveis, sólidos solúveis, pH e acidez titulável. Os resultados obtidos indicam que a cv. Packham‟s Triumph responde mais à ação dos fitorreguladores do que a cv. William‟s. Sendo que, Promalin® (1 ml L-1) aplicado no estádio de plena floração + Retain® (2 g L-1) aplicado 15 dias após a plena floração aumentam a produtividade da pereira Packham‟s Triumph, e na pereira William‟s, o aumento só aconteceu nos municípios de São Joaquim e São Francisco de Paula. O uso de fitorreguladores não aumentou a produtividade da pereira William‟s na área experimental de São Joaquim. A aplicação de Viviful® aumentou a produtividade das pereiras William‟s na área experimental de São Francisco de Paula. O uso dos fitorreguladores Retain®, Viviful®, TDZ e Promalin® + Retain® aumentam a fruit set da pereira Packham‟s Triumph, destacando-se a aplicação de Promalin® (1 ml L-1) aplicado no estádio de plena floração + Retain® (2 g L-1) aplicados 15 dias após a plena floração, o qual aumentou a fruit set e a produtividade
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Champagne, Linda. „Floral development and fruit set of tomato as influenced by mini-tunnels“. Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=59949.
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Field experiments were established during the 1988 and 1989 growing seasons, to determine the effect of mini-tunnel management systems on floral development and fruit set of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Two types of floral abnormalities reported to be caused by temperatures above 30$ sp circ$C were observed, namely: style exsertion and splitting of the antheridial cone. Clear vented and white non-vented mini-tunnels reduced the incidence of both these abnormalities compared to the controls in 1988. As a consequence these two types of mini-tunnels also had the greatest percentage fruit set and total marketable yield of the first three clusters. In 1989, none of the mini-tunnels tested significantly increased percentage fruit set or marketable yield. The cultivar Springset produced ripe fruits an average of 4 days before Hope#1 and 7 days before Celebrity in both 1988 and 1989.
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D'Asaro, Antonio. „NUTRITIONAL AND HORMONAL FACTORS AFFECTING FRUIT SET IN AVOCADO (Persea americana Mill.)“. Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/79875.
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Under favourable conditions, the avocado sets more fruits than the tree is able to bring to maturity, so that the plant adjusts, during the early stages of development, its ability to nourish them by modifying their number, that is, causing the fruit drop of those who can not maintain their growth rate. Accordingly, carbohydrate availability could be a key factor in the physiological abscission of these fruits. Since this species presents dichogamy, the abscission of fruits has also been attributed to the absence of pollination, but at the same time it has been related to failures in seed development, embryo abortion, seed coat collapse, and with the effect of an environmental stress, especially by cold or heat.
In order to demonstrate if in avocado the competition between flowers is responsible for fruit set and initial development of the fruit, it has been determined the influence of the flowering intensity in the time course of carbohydrate and hormonal content, in the rate of fruits abscission and its evolution, and finally, on percentage of fruits set.
For this purpose experiments have been designed in order to: 1) reduce flowering, and with it the competition between flowers, 2) reduce vegetative growth, and 3) promote fruit set.
The experiments were carried out in commercial orchards of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) cv. Hass (group A flowering), located in Torrent and Llaurí (Valencia), Spain, and in Caronia Marina (Messina), Italy. Adult trees (5-8 years), planted at a distance of 5 x 6 m. In all of them there were cv. Fuerte (flowering group B) to ensure pollination.
The results showed that gibberellic acid applied during the floral bud inductive period delayed sprouting, reduced the number of flowers per panicle, increased apical shoot length, and delayed fruitlet abscission.
Gibberellic acid applied at anthesis enhanced fruit set and delayed fruitlet abscission. It correlated with an immediate and temporary increase of GA1, IAA and tZ content. But the GA1 immeditely derived in its catabolite GA8. Since IAA synthesis precedes fruit set and tZ increasing content, the possibility that fertilization triggers the tZ synthesis mediated by auxin cannot be discarded.
Gibberellic acid applied at the beginning of fruit set also, temporarily, increased the endogenous concentration of GA1 and GA8, As well as the number of fruits that initiated the development and delayed their abscission.
Paclobutrazol applied at anthesis reduced the growth of the terminal shoot y anticipated flowers abscission, but did not affect initial fruit set.
In no case it was possible to increase the total number of fruits per panicle, so that the competition between developing organs is not the cause of the lack of fruit set in this species.En condiciones favorables, el aguacate cuaja más frutos de los que el árbol es capaz de llevar a la madurez, de modo que la planta ajusta, durante las primeras fases del desarrollo, su capacidad de nutrirlos modificando su número, esto es, provocando la caída de los que no pueden mantener su tasa de crecimiento. De acuerdo con ello, la disponibilidad de carbohidratos podría ser un factor clave en la abscisión fisiológica de estos frutos. Dado que esta especie presenta dicogamia, la abscisión de frutos también se ha atribuido a la ausencia de polinización, pero al mismo tiempo se ha relacionado con fallos en el desarrollo de la semilla, el aborto del embrión, el colapso de la cubierta seminal, y con el efecto de un estrés ambiental, especialmente por frío o calor. Con el fin de demostrar si en el aguacate la competencia entre flores es responsable del cuajado y desarrollo inicial del fruto, se ha determinado la influencia que la intensidad de floración tiene en la evolución del contenido en carbohidratos y hormonas, en la tasa de abscisión de frutos y su evolución, y, finalmente, sobre porcentaje de frutos cuajados. Para ello se han diseñado experimentos para 1) reducir la floración, y con ello la competencia entre flores, 2) reducir el desarrollo vegetativo, y 3) promover el cuajado de frutos. Los experimentos se llevaron a cabo en huertos comerciales de aguacate cv. Hass (grupo A de floración), localizados en Torrent y Llaurí (Valencia), España, y en Caronia Marina, Messina, Italia. Se utilizaron árboles adultos (5-8 años de edad), plantados a una distancia de 5 x 6 m. En todos ellos había árboles del cv. Fuerte (grupo B de floración) para asegurar la polinización. Los resultados demuestran que la aplicación de ácido giberélico durante la inducción floral retrasó la brotación, redujo el número de flores por panícula, aumentó la longitud del brote desarrollado a partir de la yema terminal de la panícula, y retrasó la abscisión fisiológica de frutos. Su aplicación en antesis promovió el cuajado de frutos y retrasó su abscisión. Ello se corresponde con un aumento inmediato y temporal de la síntesis endógena de GA1, IAA y tZ. Pero la GA1 derivó inmediatamente en su catabolito GA8. Puesto que la síntesis de IAA precedió al cuajado y al contenido creciente de tZ, la posibilidad de que la fecundación desencadene la síntesis de tZ mediada por la auxina no puede ser descartada. La aplicación de ácido giberélico al inicio del cuajado también aumentó, temporalmente, la concentración endógena de GA1 y GA8, así como el número de frutos que iniciaron el desarrollo, y retrasó su abscisión. La aplicación de paclobutrazol en antesis redujo el crecimiento del brote terminal y anticipó la abscisión de las flores, pero no afectó el cuajado inicial. En ningún caso se consiguió aumentar el número total de frutos por panícula, de modo que la competencia entre órganos en desarrollo no es la causa de la falta de cuajado en esta especie.
En condicions favorables, l'alvocat qualla més fruits dels que l'arbre és capaç de portar a la maduresa, de manera que la planta s'ajusta, durant les primeres fases del desenvolupament, la capacitat de nodrir-modificant el nombre, és a dir, provocant la caiguda dels que no poden mantenir la seva taxa de creixement. D'acord amb això, la disponibilitat de carbohidrats podria ser un factor clau en la abscisió fisiològica d'aquests fruits. Atès que aquesta espècie presenta dicogàmia, la abscisió de fruits també s'ha atribuït a l'absència de pol·linització, però al mateix temps s'ha relacionat amb errors en el desenvolupament de la llavor, l'avortament de l'embrió, el col·lapse de la coberta seminal, i amb l'efecte d'un estrès ambiental, especialment per fred o calor. Per tal de demostrar si en l'alvocat la competència entre flors és responsable del quallat i desenvolupament inicial del fruit, s'ha determinat la influència que la intensitat de floració té en l'evolució del contingut en carbohidrats i hormones, en la taxa d'abscisió de fruits i la seva evolució, i, finalment, sobre percentatge de fruits quallats. Per això s'han dissenyat experiments per a 1) reduir la floració, i amb això la competència entre flors, 2) reduir el desenvolupament vegetatiu, i 3) promoure el quallat de fruits. Els experiments es van dur a terme en horts comercials d'alvocat cv. Hass (grup A de floració), localitzats a Torrent i Llaurí (València), Espanya, i en Caronia Marina, Messina, Itàlia. Es van utilitzar arbres adults (5-8 anys d'edat), plantats a una distància de 5 x 6 m. En tots ells hi havia arbres del cv. Fort (grup B de floració) per assegurar la pol·linització. Els resultats demostren que l'aplicació d'àcid giberèlic durant la inducció floral retardar la brotada, va reduir el nombre de flors per panícula, va augmentar la longitud del brot desenvolupat a partir del rovell terminal de la panícula, i va retardar la abscissió fisiològica de fruits. La seva aplicació en antesi va promoure el quallat de fruits i va retardar la seva abscisió. Això es correspon amb un augment immediat i temporal de la síntesi endògena de GA1, IAA i tZ. Però la GA1 va derivar immediatament en el seu catabolit GA8. Ja que la síntesi de IAA va precedir al quallat i al contingut creixent de tZ, la possibilitat que la fecundació desencadeni la síntesi de tZ intervinguda per l'auxina no pot ser descartada. L'aplicació d'àcid giberèlic a l'inici del quallat també va augmentar, temporalment, la concentració endògena de GA1 i GA8, així com el nombre de fruits que van iniciar el desenvolupament, i va retardar la seva abscisió. L'aplicació de paclobutrazol en antesi va reduir el creixement del brot terminal i va anticipar la abscisió de les flors, però no va afectar el quallat inicial. En cap cas es va aconseguir augmentar el nombre total de fruits per panícula, de manera que la competència entre òrgans en desenvolupament no és la causa de la manca de quallat en aquesta espècie.
D'asaro, A. (2017). NUTRITIONAL AND HORMONAL FACTORS AFFECTING FRUIT SET IN AVOCADO (Persea americana Mill.) [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/79875
TESIS
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Kilby, Michael W., und Robert Call. „Foliar Applications of Boron to Pecan Trees Does Not Affect Fruit Set“. College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/220575.
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Boron was applied as a foliar spray to pecan trees in a pecan orchard located in Cochise County. Single or repeated application prior to pollination did not affect nutlet set. Leaf analysis indicated that the boron levels in all trees were in the sufficient range for optimum growth and production.
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Howpage, Daya, of Western Sydney Hawkesbury University, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture und Centre for Horticulture and Plant Sciences. „Pollination biology of kiwifruit : influence of honey bees, Apis mellifera L, pollen parents and pistil structure“. THESIS_FEMA_HPS_Howpage_D.xml, 1999. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/338.
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The importance of European honey bees in improving fruit set, yield and fruit weight of kiwifruit on the central east coast of Australia was investigated. Field investigations were carried out using different bee saturations and different types of male pollen parents. These investigations confirmed the importance of honey bees in kiwifruit fruit set, yield and fruit weight. However, the results suggested that increasing bee activity alone may not increase pollination of kiwifruit by honey bees. Many factors need to be understood before introducing bees into the orchard. Bees were more effective during the early part of the flowering period, and bee activity varied according to the sex of the vine, planting design and the time of day. The type of male pollen parents also influenced fruit size and quality. Flowers pollinated by different pollen parents were assessed for pollen tube growth and histochemical changes. The resulting fruit were also examined for weight and seed numbers. Honey bees play the major role in the size and yield of kiwifruit, but the design of male vines, their age and type of male pollen may also contribute. The kiwifruit pistil also possesses important features that can be considered as adaptations to insect pollination.Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
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Dheim, M. A. „Effects of paclobutrazol on flower initiation and fruit set in Pyrus communis L“. Thesis, University of Reading, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.378481.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBücher zum Thema "Fruit set"
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1920-, Monselise Shaul P., Hrsg. CRC handbook of fruit set and development. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, 1986.
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A, Johansen C., und Washington State University, Hrsg. Pollination & fruit set: Proceedings of the shortcourse, March 1985. Yakima, Wash: Goodfruit Grower, 1985.
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Randall, Charlotte. Dead sea fruit. [London]: Secker & Warburg, 1995.
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Mitra, Sisir, Hrsg. Guava: botany, production and uses. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789247022.0000.
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Abstract This publication presents the current state of knowledge concerning the origin, history, culture and trade of guava throughout the world. The fruit composition and processing, as well as fruit set, development and maturation are described. The propagation, biotechnology, nutrition, irrigation, orchard management, flowering, physiological disorders, photosynthesis, productivity, pests (including nematodes), diseases, postharvest physiology and storage of guava are also discussed. The book is mainly targeted at guava researchers, teachers and academics, students, advisors and industry support personnel.
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Maxwell, Kenneth E. A sexual odyssey: From forbidden fruit to cybersex. New York: Jeremy P. Tarcher/Putnam, 1997.
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Maxwell, Kenneth E. A sexual odyssey: From forbidden fruit to cybersex. New York: Plenum Press, 1996.
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Stolle, Walter, und Johannes J. Arens. Liebe, Lust & Frust. Darmstadt: Hessisches Landesmuseum Darmstadt, 2008.
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Stein, Rick. Rick Stein's fruits of the sea. San Francisco, CA: Bay Books & Tapes, 1998.
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Rick Stein's fruits of the sea. London: BBC, 1997.
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Dickson, Ruby Jones. O taste and see: The fruit of the spirit. Nashville, Tenn: Townsend Press, 1998.
Den vollen Inhalt der Quelle findenBuchteile zum Thema "Fruit set"
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du Preez, Rosemary J. „Fruit set, development and maturation.“ In Guava: botany, production and uses, 203–13. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789247022.0010.
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Abstract This chapter describes the guava fruit as well as the fruit set, growth, drop, harvesting, yield and quality (total soluble solids, total acids and ascorbic acid). Understanding the phenological cycle of guava and the effect of management practices on yield and fruit quality allows management practices to be modified to develop strategies which should lead to productivity gains for different pruning or chemical application times. As the effects of various treatments and times of application on yield and fruit quality for different cultivars and climatic zones are known, it is possible to decide on the optimum time to apply treatments knowing what the quality of the fruit will be, the time that the fruit will be harvested, expected yield and the critical times to apply management practices.
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Kawasaki, Yasushi. „Fruit Set and Temperature Stress“. In Abiotic Stress Biology in Horticultural Plants, 87–99. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55251-2_7.
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Hasnain, Aiza, Amna Sajid, Muhammad Shafiq, Syeda Shehar Bano Rizvi, Mukhtar Ahmed und Muhammad Rizwan Tariq. „Flowering, Fruit Set, and Pollination of Plum“. In Handbook of Plum Fruit, 83–100. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003205449-5.
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de Resende, Eder Dutra, Julián Cuevas González und João Paulo Fabi. „Fruit set, development, maturity and ripening.“ In The papaya: botany, production and uses, 161–79. Wallingford: CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789241907.0161.
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Wang, Hui-Cong, Biao Lai und Xu-Ming Huang. „Litchi Fruit Set, Development, and Maturation“. In The Lychee Biotechnology, 1–30. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3644-6_1.
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Yaow, Clyve Yu Leon, Ian Ee En Sim, Feldman Kuan Ming Lee, Doreen Wei Ying Yong und Wee Shong Chin. „Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles Using Dried Fruit Peel Extract“. In IRC-SET 2018, 9–23. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9828-6_2.
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DeJong, T. M. „Understanding the fruit sink.“ In Concepts for understanding fruit trees, 67–91. Wallingford: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781800620865.0009.
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Abstract This chapter deals with understanding the fruit sink by studying the floral development and structures; pollination, fertilization, fruit set and types; limitations of fruit growth; thinning effects on fruit growth, size and yield; spring temperature effects on fruit size; nut development and growth; and the condition of alternate bearing.
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Dennis, Frank G. „Flowering, Fruit Set and Development under Warm Conditions“. In Temperate Fruit Crops in Warm Climates, 101–22. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3215-4_5.
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Drew, Richard A. I., und Meredith C. Romig. „Materials and methods.“ In The fruit fly fauna (Diptera: Tephritideae: Dacinae) of Papua New Guinea, Indonesian Papua, Associated Islands and Bougainville, 5. Wallingford: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249514.0003.
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Abstract Large numbers of dacine specimens were collected throughout Papua New Guinea by trapping and host fruit sampling. Steinertype fruit fly traps, baited with cue lure, methyl eugenol or vanillylacetone (zingerone), were set in many localities over a wide range of ecosystems. In most cases, the traps were serviced on 2-week cycles for at least 1 year. Samples of rainforest and cultivated fruits were collected in some provinces. All specimens collected were preserved in a dry state and sent to R.A.I. Drew at Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia, for microscopic identification and curation. Data and photographs of Bactrocera longicornis were received from the Museum Nationale d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. The subgeneric classification used herein follows Drew and Hancock (2016) and Hancock and Drew (2006, 2015, 2016, 2017a,b,c,d,e, 2018a,b,c, 2019).
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Shinozaki, Yoshihito, und Kentaro Ezura. „Tomato Fruit Set and Its Modification Using Molecular Breeding Techniques“. In Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry, 93–112. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48535-4_7.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleKonferenzberichte zum Thema "Fruit set"
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STARKUS, Aurelijus, Dalia GELVONAUSKIENĖ, Birutė FRERCKS, Vidmantas BENDOKAS, Audrius SASNAUSKAS und Vidmantas STANYS. „RELATION BETWEEN APPLE-TREE YIELD SELF-REGULATION AND METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS DURING FRUIT SET“. In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.066.
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Apple has a tendency to bear huge amount of flowers or inflorescences. Plants have ability to eliminate excess number of fruitlets. Frequently fruit trees eliminate insufficient number of fruitlets to grow good quality fruits. Most processes related to yield self-regulation varies significantly between different apples varieties. Also meteorological conditions influenced flower buds differentiation and fruit growth during blooming and other development stages. The investigations were carried out in 2015 – 2016 at the Institute of Horticulture. The main aim was to evaluate yield self-regulation peculiarity in various apple varieties in different meteorological conditions. In our experiment we made fruit self – thinning evaluation of 15 different varieties. Meteorological conditions were varying. In 2015 there was lack of rainfall, while 2016 year was rainy. After each fruit-drop period the number of developed and undeveloped seeds were counted of self-sheded and normally growing fruits. Amount of developed seeds as auxins source is one of the most important factor for yield self-regulation. Varieties of apple which are blooming abundantly and eliminate high amount of fruitlets, grows fruits until maturity with stabile amount of developed seeds and produces permanent harvest annually, independently from meteorological conditions during vegetation. Such apple varieties need higher amount of developed seeds to inhibit abscission. Apple varieties tended to bloom abundantly and eliminate small amount of fruitlets depending on meteorological conditions. Demand of auxins to carry fruits depends on meteorological conditions therefore these apple-trees develop different amount of seeds, when weather conditions changes. We may presume, that different apple varieties need different amount of phytohormones or their ratio to hold fruitlets on the apple. Therefore apple trees with smaller amount of seeds in fruits grow more fruits to its normal size.
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Sato, Hibiki, Masaki Ishii, Hidekatsu Ito und Kohji Dohsaka. „Determining Fruit Set Density and Spatial Arrangement of Fruit Trees for Fruit Picking Operations“. In 2022 Joint 12th International Conference on Soft Computing and Intelligent Systems and 23rd International Symposium on Advanced Intelligent Systems (SCIS&ISIS). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/scisisis55246.2022.10002107.
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Marcelis, A. „Stochastic Simulation of Fruit Set in Sweet Pepper“. In 2006 International Symposium on Plant Growth Modeling, Simulation, Visualization and Applications (PMA). IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pma.2006.14.
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Forbes, Samantha J. „Increased pollinator habitat enhances fruit set in Australian cacao“. In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.113949.
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Krivda, S. I., N. V. Nevkrytaya, S. S. Babanina, N. S. Krivchik, G. D. Kravchenko und E. E. Soboleva. „Analysis of the collection of Coriandrum sativum L. by a set of characteristics“. In CURRENT STATE, PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRARIAN SCIENCE. Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea”, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33952/2542-0720-20205-9-10-66.
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In 2017-2019, the Coriandrum sativum L. collection supported by the FSBSI “Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea” was analyzed by a set of characteristics. It includes 164 samples from 30 regions of the world. Collection samples were obtained from the Federal Research Center “N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources” (VIR). Twenty-six samples, promising for further breeding studies, were selected. These samples stand out from the crowd due to the content of essential oil in fruits (0.90 to 3.62%) and fruit yield (12.0 to 73.9 g per plot). The same indicators in the varieties bred in the FSBSI “Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea” are 2.99-3.26% and 9.7-33.0 g, respectively.
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Green, Hilary, und Selina Wang. „Avocado oil chemical composition varies with harvest time, growing region, and fruit quality, demonstrating important considerations for standard development“. In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/xako6609.
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Avocado oil currently does not have standards in place to regulate its purity or quality. To set appropriate standards, factors that impact the chemical composition of avocado oil need to be better understood. To help address this, fruits from different regions were harvested throughout the year and processed using lab-scale equipment into oil. The oils’ purity (fatty acid profile, sterols, and triacylglycerols) and quality (free fatty acidity, peroxide value, and specific extinction in UV) were determined in addition to minor components such as tocopherols. It was discovered that growing region and harvest time had a greater impact on fatty acid and sterols profiles than using whole fruit verses only flesh to process the oil. The same standards are set for all avocado oils regardless of the country of origin, this finding indicates it will be important to ensure standards can accommodate oils from different regions. In addition, using poor quality fruit to make oil caused a significant increase in the free fatty acidity compared to using good quality fruit at the time of processing. This work determined a baseline for avocado oil quality parameters by extracting oil from ripe, good quality fruit, which can in turn can inform reasonable limits for avocado oil quality standards.
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Jiangsheng Gui und Yibin Ying. „Fruit Shape Detection Based on Multi-scale Level Set Framework“. In 2006 Portland, Oregon, July 9-12, 2006. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.20888.
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Yang, LiLi, YiMing Wang, MengZhen Kang, Gaetan Louran, QiaoXue Dong und Philippe de Reffye. „Relationship Between Tomato Fruit Set and Trophic Competition - A Modelling Approach“. In 2009 Third International Symposium on Plant Growth Modeling, Simulation, Visualization and Applications (PMA). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pma.2009.75.
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Gui, Jiangsheng, Yibin Ying und Xiuquin Rao. „A new algorithm for fruit shape classification based on level set“. In Optics East 2006, herausgegeben von David P. Casasent, Ernest L. Hall und Juha Röning. SPIE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.685894.
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Crawford, Broderick, Ricardo Soto, Claudio Torres-Rojas, Cristian Pena, Marco Riquelme-Leiva, Franklin Johnson und Fernando Paredes. „Using binary fruit fly algorithm for solving the set covering problem“. In 2015 10th Iberian Conference on Information Systems and Technologies (CISTI). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cisti.2015.7170352.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBerichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Fruit set"
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Shoseyov, Oded, Steven A. Weinbaum, Raphael Goren und Abhaya M. Dandekar. Biological Thinning of Fruit Set by RNAase in Deciduous Fruit Trees. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568110.bard.
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Fruit thinning is a common and necessary practice for commercial fruit production in many deciduous tree fruit species. Fruit thinning in apple may be accomplished with a variety of chemical thinning agents, but the use of these chemicals is a subject of environmental concern. It has been shown recently that RNase enzyme, secreted from the stigma and the style, inhibits pollen germination and pollen tube elongation. In this study we have been able to show that Aspergillus niger B-1 RNase can effectively inhibit peach and apple pollen germination, and tube elongation in-vitro, as well as thin fruit in peach and apple, and reduce the number of seeds in citrus. The objectives of the research were to detrmine the conditions for effective thinning of (USA and Israel), develop fermentation process for cost effective production of RNase from A. niger. (Israel), and clone apple S-RNase cDNA (USA). All the objectives of the research were addressed. We have determined the optimal fermentation conditions for cost effective production of the A. niger at a 20,000 liters scale. TheA. niger B1 RNase was isolated to homogeneity and its kinetic and biochemical properties including its N-terminal sequence were fully characterized. The field test results both in Israel and California have shown variability in effectiveness and more work is needed to define the RNase concentration necessary to completely inhibit pollen development. Plant transformation vectors expressing anti-sense apple S-RNase genes were constructed (USA) with an attempt to produce self compatible transgenic apple trees. Bovine S-Protein cDNA was cloned and successfully expressed in E. coli (Israel). Plant transformation vector expressing the S-Protein gene was constructed (USA) with an attempt to produce transgenic plants expressing S-protein in the style. Exogenous application of S-peptide to these plants will result in active RNase and consequently prevention of fertilization.
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Grumet, Rebecca, Rafael Perl-Treves und Jack Staub. Ethylene Mediated Regulation of Cucumis Reproduction - from Sex Expression to Fruit Set. United States Department of Agriculture, Februar 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7696533.bard.
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Reproductive development is a critical determinant of agricultural yield. For species with unisexual flowers, floral secualdifferentation adds additional complexity, that can influenec productivity. The hormone ethylene has long, been known to play a primary role in sex determination in the Cucumis species cucumber (C. sativus) and melon (C. melo). Our objectives were to: (1) Determine critical sites of ethylene production and perception for sex determination; (2) Identify additional ethylene related genes associated with sex expression; and (3) Examine the role of environment ami prior fruit set on sex expression, pistillate flower maturation, and fruit set. We made progress in each of these areas. (1) Transgenic melon produced with the Arabidopsis dominant negative ethylene perception mutant gene, etrl-1, under the control of floral primordia targeted promoters [AP3 (petal and stamen) and CRC (carpel and nectary)], showed that ethylene perception by the stamen primordia, rather than carpel primordia, is critical for carpel development at the time of sex determination. Transgenic melons also were produced with the ethylene production enzyme gene. ACS, encoding l-aminocyclopropane-lcarboylate synthase, fused to the AP3 or CRC promoters. Consistent with the etr1-1 results, CRC::ACS did not increase femaleness; however, AP3::ACS reduced or eliminated male flower production. The effects of AP3:ACS were stronger than those of 35S::ACS plants, demonstratin g the importance of targeted expression, while avoiding disadvantages of constitutive ethylene production. (2) Linkage analysis coupled with SNP discovery was per formed on ethylene and floral development genes in cucumber populations segregating for the three major sex genes. A break-through towards cloning the cucumber M gene occurred when the melon andromonoecious gene (a), an ACS gene, was cloned in 2008. Both cucumber M and melon a suppress stamen development in pistillate flowers. We hypothesized that cucumber M could be orthologous to melon a, and found that mutations in CsACS2 co-segregated perfectly with the M gene. We also sought to identify miRNA molecules associated with sex determination. miRNA159, whose target in Arabidopsis is GAMYB[a transcription factor gene mediating response to10 gibberellin (GA)], was more highly expressed in young female buds than male. Since GA promotes maleness in cucumber, a micro RNA that counteracts GAMYB could promote femaleness. miRNA157, which in other plants targets transcription factors involved in flower development , was expressed in young male buds and mature flower anthers. (3) Gene expression profiling showed that ethylene-, senescence-, stress- and ubiquitin-related genes were up-regulated in senescing and inhibited fruits, while those undergoing successful fruit set up-regulated photosynthesis, respiration and metabolic genes. Melon plants can change sex expression in response to environmental conditions, leading to changes in yield potential. Unique melon lines with varying sex expression were developed and evaluated in the field in Hancock, Wisconsin . Environmental changes during the growing season influenced sex expression in highly inbred melon lines. Collectively these results are of significance for understanding regulation of sex expression. The fact that both cucumber sex loci identified so far (F and M) encode isoforms of the same ethylene synthesis enzyme, underscores the importance of ethylene as the main sex determining hormone in cucumber. The targeting studies give insight into developmental switch points and suggest a means to develop lines with earlier carpel-bearing flower production and fruit set. These results are of significance for understanding regulation of sex expression to facilitate shorter growing seasons and earlier time to market. Field results provide information for development of management strategies for commercial production of melon cultivars with different sex expression characteristics during fruit production.
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Bennett, Alan B., Arthur A. Schaffer, Ilan Levin, Marina Petreikov und Adi Doron-Faigenboim. Manipulating fruit chloroplasts as a strategy to improve fruit quality. United States Department of Agriculture, Januar 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7598148.bard.
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The Original Objectives were modified and two were eliminated to reflect the experimental results: Objective 1 - Identify additional genetic variability in SlGLK2 and IPin wild, traditional and heirloom tomato varieties Objective 2 - Determine carbon balance and horticultural characteristics of isogenic lines expressing functional and non-functional alleles of GLKsand IP Background: The goal of the research was to understand the unique aspects of chloroplasts and photosynthesis in green fruit and the consequences of increasing the chloroplast capacity of green fruit for ripe fruit sugars, yield, flavor and nutrient qualities. By focusing on the regulation of chloroplast formation and development solely in fruit, our integrated knowledge of photosynthetic structures/organs could be broadened and the results of the work could impact the design of manipulations to optimize quality outputs for the agricultural fruit with enhanced sugars, nutrients and flavors. The project was based on the hypothesis that photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic plastid metabolism in green tomato fruit is controlled at a basal level by light for minimal energy requirements but fruit-specific genes regulate further development of robust chloroplasts in this organ. Our BARD project goals were to characterize and quantitate the photosynthesis and chloroplast derived products impacted by expression of a tomato Golden 2- like 2 transcription factor (US activities) in a diverse set of 31 heirloom tomato lines and examine the role of another potential regulator, the product of the Intense Pigment gene (IP activities). Using tomato Golden 2-like 2 and Intense Pigment, which was an undefined locus that leads to enhanced chloroplast development in green fruit, we sought to determine the benefits and costs of extensive chloroplast development in fruit prior to ripening. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the promoter, coding and intronicSlGLK2 sequences of 20 heirloom tomato lines were identified and three SlGLK2 promoter lineages were identified; two lineages also had striped fruit variants. Lines with striped fruit but no shoulders were not identified. Green fruit chlorophyll and ripe fruit soluble sugar levels were measured in 31 heirloom varieties and fruit size correlates with ripe fruit sugars but dark shoulders does not. A combination of fine mapping, recombinant generation, RNAseq expression and SNP calling all indicated that the proposed localization of a single locus IP on chr 10 was incorrect. Rather, the IP line harbored 11 separate introgressions from the S. chmielewskiparent, scattered throughout the genome. These introgressions harbored ~3% of the wild species genome and no recombinant consistently recovered the IP parental phenotype. The 11 introgressions were dissected into small combinations in segregating recombinant populations. Based on these analyses two QTL for Brix content were identified, accounting for the effect of increased Brix in the IP line. Scientific and agricultural implications: SlGLK2 sequence variation in heirloom tomato varieties has been identified and can be used to breed for differences in SlGLK2 expression and possibly in the green striped fruit phenotype. Two QTL for Brix content have been identified in the S. chmielewskiparental line and these can be used for increasing soluble solids contents in breeding programs.
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Ori, Naomi, und Mark Estelle. Specific mediators of auxin activity during tomato leaf and fruit development. United States Department of Agriculture, Januar 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597921.bard.
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The plant hormone auxin is involved in numerous developmental processes, including leaf and fruit development. The tomato (Solanumlycopersicum) gene ENTIRE (E) encodes an auxin-response inhibitor from the Aux/IAA family. While most loss-offunction mutations in Aux/IAA genes are similar to the wild type due to genetic redundancy, entire (e) mutants show specific effects on leaf and fruit development. e mutants have simple leaves, in contrast to the compound leaves of wild type tomatoes. In addition, e plants produce parthenocarpic fruits, in which fruit set occurs independently of fertilization. The aim of this research program was to utilize the e mutation to identify and characterize genes that mediate the specific effect of auxin in leaf and fruit development. The specific objectives of the project were to: 1. Characterize and map modifiers of the e leaf phenotype. 2. Characterize and map suppressors of the e fruit phenotype. 3. Dissect the developmental specificity of the E gene. 4. Examine the effect of fruit-overexpression of identified genes on fruit set and seed production. To identify mediators of auxin in leaf development, we mainly focused on one mutant, crawling elephant (crel, previously called t282), which showed substantial suppression of the e phenotype and other auxin-relatedphenotypes. We have identified the CREL gene as a homolog of the Arabidopsis VRN5 gene, involved in recruiting polycomb silencing complexes to specific targets. We showed that CREL affects auxin sensitivity in tomato. Suppressors of the e fruit phenotype have been further characterized and selected for more profound effects. Expression profiling by RNAseq was used to analyze the effect of e as well as crel on gene expression in leaves and fruits. This analysis has identified putative E and CREL targets. We have initiated studies to assess the role of some of these targets in flower and fruit development. The research has identified potential mediators of auxin response in leaf, flower and fruit development.
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Erner, Yair, Carol J. Lovatt und Charles W. Coggins, Jr. Leafy Influorescences: Key to Improve Fruit Set and Yield of the 'Shamouti' and 'Washington' Navel Orange Varieties. United States Department of Agriculture, Oktober 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1985.7566698.bard.
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Galili, Naftali, Roger P. Rohrbach, Itzhak Shmulevich, Yoram Fuchs und Giora Zauberman. Non-Destructive Quality Sensing of High-Value Agricultural Commodities Through Response Analysis. United States Department of Agriculture, Oktober 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7570549.bard.
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The objectives of this project were to develop nondestructive methods for detection of internal properties and firmness of fruits and vegetables. One method was based on a soft piezoelectric film transducer developed in the Technion, for analysis of fruit response to low-energy excitation. The second method was a dot-matrix piezoelectric transducer of North Carolina State University, developed for contact-pressure analysis of fruit during impact. Two research teams, one in Israel and the other in North Carolina, coordinated their research effort according to the specific objectives of the project, to develop and apply the two complementary methods for quality control of agricultural commodities. In Israel: An improved firmness testing system was developed and tested with tropical fruits. The new system included an instrumented fruit-bed of three flexible piezoelectric sensors and miniature electromagnetic hammers, which served as fruit support and low-energy excitation device, respectively. Resonant frequencies were detected for determination of firmness index. Two new acoustic parameters were developed for evaluation of fruit firmness and maturity: a dumping-ratio and a centeroid of the frequency response. Experiments were performed with avocado and mango fruits. The internal damping ratio, which may indicate fruit ripeness, increased monotonically with time, while resonant frequencies and firmness indices decreased with time. Fruit samples were tested daily by destructive penetration test. A fairy high correlation was found in tropical fruits between the penetration force and the new acoustic parameters; a lower correlation was found between this parameter and the conventional firmness index. Improved table-top firmness testing units, Firmalon, with data-logging system and on-line data analysis capacity have been built. The new device was used for the full-scale experiments in the next two years, ahead of the original program and BARD timetable. Close cooperation was initiated with local industry for development of both off-line and on-line sorting and quality control of more agricultural commodities. Firmalon units were produced and operated in major packaging houses in Israel, Belgium and Washington State, on mango and avocado, apples, pears, tomatoes, melons and some other fruits, to gain field experience with the new method. The accumulated experimental data from all these activities is still analyzed, to improve firmness sorting criteria and shelf-life predicting curves for the different fruits. The test program in commercial CA storage facilities in Washington State included seven apple varieties: Fuji, Braeburn, Gala, Granny Smith, Jonagold, Red Delicious, Golden Delicious, and D'Anjou pear variety. FI master-curves could be developed for the Braeburn, Gala, Granny Smith and Jonagold apples. These fruits showed a steady ripening process during the test period. Yet, more work should be conducted to reduce scattering of the data and to determine the confidence limits of the method. Nearly constant FI in Red Delicious and the fluctuations of FI in the Fuji apples should be re-examined. Three sets of experiment were performed with Flandria tomatoes. Despite the complex structure of the tomatoes, the acoustic method could be used for firmness evaluation and to follow the ripening evolution with time. Close agreement was achieved between the auction expert evaluation and that of the nondestructive acoustic test, where firmness index of 4.0 and more indicated grade-A tomatoes. More work is performed to refine the sorting algorithm and to develop a general ripening scale for automatic grading of tomatoes for the fresh fruit market. Galia melons were tested in Israel, in simulated export conditions. It was concluded that the Firmalon is capable of detecting the ripening of melons nondestructively, and sorted out the defective fruits from the export shipment. The cooperation with local industry resulted in development of automatic on-line prototype of the acoustic sensor, that may be incorporated with the export quality control system for melons. More interesting is the development of the remote firmness sensing method for sealed CA cool-rooms, where most of the full-year fruit yield in stored for off-season consumption. Hundreds of ripening monitor systems have been installed in major fruit storage facilities, and being evaluated now by the consumers. If successful, the new method may cause a major change in long-term fruit storage technology. More uses of the acoustic test method have been considered, for monitoring fruit maturity and harvest time, testing fruit samples or each individual fruit when entering the storage facilities, packaging house and auction, and in the supermarket. This approach may result in a full line of equipment for nondestructive quality control of fruits and vegetables, from the orchard or the greenhouse, through the entire sorting, grading and storage process, up to the consumer table. The developed technology offers a tool to determine the maturity of the fruits nondestructively by monitoring their acoustic response to mechanical impulse on the tree. A special device was built and preliminary tested in mango fruit. More development is needed to develop a portable, hand operated sensing method for this purpose. In North Carolina: Analysis method based on an Auto-Regressive (AR) model was developed for detecting the first resonance of fruit from their response to mechanical impulse. The algorithm included a routine that detects the first resonant frequency from as many sensors as possible. Experiments on Red Delicious apples were performed and their firmness was determined. The AR method allowed the detection of the first resonance. The method could be fast enough to be utilized in a real time sorting machine. Yet, further study is needed to look for improvement of the search algorithm of the methods. An impact contact-pressure measurement system and Neural Network (NN) identification method were developed to investigate the relationships between surface pressure distributions on selected fruits and their respective internal textural qualities. A piezoelectric dot-matrix pressure transducer was developed for the purpose of acquiring time-sampled pressure profiles during impact. The acquired data was transferred into a personal computer and accurate visualization of animated data were presented. Preliminary test with 10 apples has been performed. Measurement were made by the contact-pressure transducer in two different positions. Complementary measurements were made on the same apples by using the Firmalon and Magness Taylor (MT) testers. Three-layer neural network was designed. 2/3 of the contact-pressure data were used as training input data and corresponding MT data as training target data. The remaining data were used as NN checking data. Six samples randomly chosen from the ten measured samples and their corresponding Firmalon values were used as the NN training and target data, respectively. The remaining four samples' data were input to the NN. The NN results consistent with the Firmness Tester values. So, if more training data would be obtained, the output should be more accurate. In addition, the Firmness Tester values do not consistent with MT firmness tester values. The NN method developed in this study appears to be a useful tool to emulate the MT Firmness test results without destroying the apple samples. To get more accurate estimation of MT firmness a much larger training data set is required. When the larger sensitive area of the pressure sensor being developed in this project becomes available, the entire contact 'shape' will provide additional information and the neural network results would be more accurate. It has been shown that the impact information can be utilized in the determination of internal quality factors of fruit. Until now,
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Sherman, Amir, Rebecca Grumet, Ron Ophir, Nurit Katzir und Yiqun Weng. Whole genome approach for genetic analysis in cucumber: Fruit size as a test case. United States Department of Agriculture, Dezember 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7594399.bard.
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The Cucurbitaceae family includes a broad array of economically and nutritionally important crop species that are consumed as vegetables, staple starches and desserts. Fruit of these species, and types within species, exhibit extensive diversity as evidenced by variation in size, shape, color, flavor, and others. Fruit size and shape are critical quality determinants that delineate uses and market classes and are key traits under selection in breeding programs. However, the underlying genetic bases for variation in fruit size remain to be determined. A few species the Cucurbitaceae family were sequenced during the time of this project (cucumber was already sequenced when the project started watermelon and melon sequence became available during the project) but functional genomic tools are still missing. This research program had three major goals: 1. Develop whole genome cucumber and melon SNP arrays. 2. Develop and characterize cucumber populations segregating for fruit size. 3. Combine genomic tools, segregating populations, and phenotypic characterization to identify loci associated with fruit size. As suggested by the reviewers the work concentrated mostly in cucumber and not both in cucumber and melon. In order to develop a SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) array for cucumber, available and newly generated sequence from two cucumber cultivars with extreme differences in shape and size, pickling GY14 and Chinese long 9930, were analyzed for variation (SNPs). A large set of high quality SNPs was discovered between the two parents of the RILs population (GY14 and 9930) and used to design a custom SNP array with 35000 SNPs using Agilent technology. The array was validated using 9930, Gy14 and F1 progeny of the two parents. Several mapping populations were developed for linkage mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for fruit size These includes 145 F3 families and 150 recombinant inbred line (RILs F7 or F8 (Gy14 X 9930) and third population contained 450 F2 plants from a cross between Gy14 and a wild plant from India. The main population that was used in this study is the RILs population of Gy14 X 9930. Phenotypic and morphological analyses of 9930, Gy14, and their segregating F2 and RIL progeny indicated that several, likely independent, factors influence cucumber fruit size and shape, including factors that act both pre-anthesis and post-pollination. These include: amount, rate, duration, and plane of cell division pre- and post-anthesis and orientation of cell expansion. Analysis of F2 and RIL progeny indicated that factors influencing fruit length were largely determined pre-anthesis, while fruit diameter was more strongly influenced by environment and growth factors post-anthesis. These results suggest involvement of multiple genetically segregating factors expected to map independently onto the cucumber genome. Using the SNP array and the phenotypic data two major QTLs for fruit size of cucumber were mapped in very high accuracy (around 300 Kb) with large set of markers that should facilitate identification and cloning of major genes that contribute to fruit size in cucumber. In addition, a highly accurate haplotype map of all RILS was created to allow fine mapping of other traits segregating in this population. A detailed cucumber genetic map with 6000 markers was also established (currently the most detailed genetic map of cucumber). The integration of genetics physiology and genomic approaches in this project yielded new major infrastructure tools that can be used for understanding fruit size and many other traits of importance in cucumber. The SNP array and genetic population with an ultra-fine map can be used for future breeding efforts, high resolution mapping and cloning of traits of interest that segregate in this population. The genetic map that was developed can be used for other breeding efforts in other populations. The study of fruit development that was done during this project will be important in dissecting function of genes that that contribute to the fruit size QTLs. The SNP array can be used as tool for mapping different traits in cucumber. The development of the tools and knowledge will thus promote genetic improvement of cucumber and related cucurbits.
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Friedmann, Michael, Charles J. Arntzen und Hugh S. Mason. Expression of ETEC Enterotoxin in Tomato Fruit and Development of a Prototype Transgenic Tomato for Dissemination as an Oral Vaccine in Developing Countries. United States Department of Agriculture, März 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7585203.bard.
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The broad objective of the project was to develop a feasible approach to combat diarrheal disease caused by ETEC through the development of a low-cost oral immunogen in tomato fruit, expressed in the context of a prototype tomato that would answer the shortcomings of plant oral vaccines, especially in terms of produce handling and control of gene escape. Specifically, the goals for Boyce Thompson Institute (BTI) on this project were to develop transgenic tomato lines that express the enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) subunits A and/or B for use in oral edible vaccines, and to optimize expression and assembly of these antigens in tomato fruits.LT-B is a useful vaccine antigen against ETEC disease, since antibodies against LT-B can prevent binding and delivery of the holotoxinLT. Mutant forms of the toxic LT-A subunit that have reduced toxicity can be co-expressed and assembled with LT-Bpentamers to form mutant LT (mLT) complexes that could be used as mucosaladjuvants for other oral vaccines. Work on the project is continuing at Arizona State University, after Dr. Mason moved there in August 2002. A number of approaches were taken to ensure the expression of both subunits and bring about their assembly inside the transgenic fruits. Initially, expression was driven by the fruit-specific E-8 promoter for LT-B and the constitutive CaMV 35S promoter for LT-A(K63). While LT-B accumulated up to 7 µg per gram ripe fruit, assembled LT-K63 was only 1 µg per gram. Since promoter activities for the two genes likely differed in cell type and developmental stage specificity, the ratios of A and B subunits was not optimal for efficient assembly in all cells. In order to maximize the chance of assembly of mLT in fruit, we focused on constructs in which both genes are driven by the same promoter. These included co-expression plasmids using the 35S promoter for both, while switching to attenuated mLTs (LT-R72 and LT-G192) that have shown greater potential for oral adjuvanticity than the initial LT-K63, and thus are better candidates for a plant-derived adjuvant. Other, more novel approaches were then attempted, including several new vectors using the tomato fruit-specific E8 promoter driving expression of both LT-B and mutant LT-A, as well as a dicistronic construct for co-expression of both LT-B and mutant LT-A genes from a single promoter, and a geminivirusreplicon construct. We describe in the Appendix the results obtained in transgenic tomato lines transformed with these constructs. Overall, each contributed to enhanced expression levels, but the assembly itself of the holotoxin to high levels was not observed in the fruit tissues. The Israeli lab’s specific objective was to develop transgenic tomato lines expressing the LTholotoxin antigen bearing attributes to prevent gene escape (male sterility and orange fruit color) and to improve the dissemination of the oral vaccine (long shelf-life tomato cherry fruit or tomato processing background). Breeding lines bearing a number of attributes to prevent gene escape were developed by combining material and backcrossing either to a tomato cherry background, or two different processing backgrounds. Concomitantly, (these lines can be utilized for the creation of any future oral vaccine or other therapeutic-expressing tomato, either by crosses or transformation), the lines were crossed to the holotoxin-expressing tomatoes received from the United States, and this transgenic material was also incorporated into the backcrossing programs. To date, we have finalized the preparation of the cherry tomato material, both non-transgenic (bearing all the desired attributes), and transgenic, expressing the holotoxin. The level of expression of LT-B in the cherry fruits was comparable to the original transgenic tomatoes. Since it was not higher, this would necessitate the consumption of more fruits to reach a desired dose. A final backcross has been made for both the non-transgenic and the transgenic material in the processing lines. Auxin sprays resulted in high percentages of fruit set, but the processing genotypes gave many puffed fruits.
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Adelberg, Jeff, Halina Skorupska, Bill Rhodes, Yigal Cohen und Rafael Perl-Treves. Interploid Hybridization of Cucumis melo and C. metuliferus. United States Department of Agriculture, Dezember 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1999.7580673.bard.
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The long-term motivation for this research is to transfer useful traits from a broad based gene pool of wild species into the narrow base of a cultivated crop in Cucumis. Our primary focus was to use polyploid prior to fertilization as a tool to overcome fertility barriers in the cross between C. melo and C. metuliferus. In conducting this research, we explored all combinations of tetraploid and diploid parents, in reciprocal combinations. Pollinations were made in both the field and greenhouse, using emasculated flowers, moneocious females, and open pollination by insect vectors, with morphological selection criteria. After observations of thousands of ovaries, we still have no definitive proof that this hybridization yielded viable embryos. The most promising results came from using tetraploid C. metuliferus, as the maternal parent in the interspecific hybridization, that set fruit were seeds contained small embryos that did not germinate. To obtain fruit set, it was important to rear plants in a cooler sunny greenhouse, as would be found in late winter/early spring. A second interspecific hybrid between wild and cultivated Cucumis, C. hystrix x C. sativus, yielded fertile progeny for the first time, while concomitantly working toward our primary goal. Two distinct treatments were necessary; 1) special plant husbandry was necessary to have the wild species produce fruit in cultivation, and 2) embryo rescue followed by chromosome doubling in vitro was required for fertility restoration. Backcrosses to crop species and resistance to nematodes are compelling areas for further work.
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Perl-Treves, Rafael, Rebecca Grumet, Nurit Katzir und Jack E. Staub. Ethylene Mediated Regulation of Sex Expression in Cucumis. United States Department of Agriculture, Januar 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7586536.bard.
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Monoecious species such as melon and cucumber develop separate male and female (or bisexual) flowers on the same plant individual. They display complex genetic and hormonal regulation of sex patterns along the plant. Ethylene is known to play an important role in promoting femaleness and inhibiting male development, but many questions regarding critical sites of ethylene production versus perception, the relationship between ethylene and the sex determining loci, and the possible differences between melon and cucumber in this respect are still open. The general goal of the project was to elucidate the role of ethylene in determining flower sex in Cucumis species, melon and cucumber. The specific Objectives were: 1. Clone and characterize expression patterns of cucumber genes involved in ethylene biosynthesis and perception. 2. Genetic mapping of cloned genes and markers with respect to sex loci in melon and cucumber. 3. Produce and analyze transgenic melons altered in ethylene production or perception. In the course of the project, some modifications/adjustments were made: under Objective 2 (genetic mapping) a set of new mapping populations had to be developed, to allow better detection of polymorphism. Under Objective 3, cucumber transformation systems became available to us and we included this second model species in our plan. The main findings of our study support the pivotal role of ethylene in cucumber and melon sex determination and later stages of reproductive development. Modifying ethylene production resulted in profound alteration of sex patterns in melon: femaleness increased, and also flower maturation and fruit set were enhanced, resulting in earlier, more concentrated fruit yield in the field. Such effect was previously unknown and could have agronomic value. Our results also demonstrate the great importance of ethylene sensitivity in sex expression. Ethylene perception genes are expressed in sex-related patterns, e.g., gynoecious lines express higher levels of receptor-transcripts, and copper treatments that activate the receptor can increase femaleness. Transgenic cucumbers with increased expression of an ethylene receptor showed enhanced femaleness. Melons that expressed a defective receptor produced fewer hermaphrodite flowers and were insensitive to exogenous ethylene. When the expression of defective receptor was restricted to specific floral whorls, we saw that pistils were not inhibited by the blocked perception at the fourth whorl. Such unexpected findings suggest an indirect effect of ethylene on the affected whorl; it also points at interesting differences between melon and cucumber regarding the mode of action of ethylene. Such effects will require further study. Finally, our project also generated and tested a set of novel genetic tools for finer identification of sex determining genes in the two species and for efficient breeding for these characters. Populations that will allow easier linkage analysis of candidate genes with each sex locus were developed. Moreover, effects of modifier genes on the major femaleness trait were resolved. QTL analysis of femaleness and related developmental traits was conducted, and a comprehensive set of Near Isogenic Lines that differ in specific QTLs were prepared and made available for the private and public research. Marker assisted selection (MAS) of femaleness and fruit yield components was directly compared with phenotypic selection in field trials, and the relative efficiency of MAS was demonstrated. Such level of genetic resolution and such advanced tools were not used before to study these traits, that act as primary yield components to determine economic yields of cucurbits. In addition, this project resulted in the establishment of workable transformation procedures in our laboratories and these can be further utilized to study the function of sex-related genes in detail.