Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „From Zero-To-Content Hero“

Abstract Herbs can be contaminated with microorganisms, which affects their quality while increasing the risk of food poisoning. Thus, there is a need for efficient decontamination techniques. In this study, the microbial load was reduced in peppermint herb (Mentha piperita L.) exposed to ozone at 10 ppm for 60 minutes. The quality of the ozonated herb was assessed by the determination of microbial load and essential oils content. Total microbial content was reduced by 4 log cfu g−1 of the microorganisms whereas the contamination with molds was reduced from 10.07 log cfu g−1 of the microorganisms to zero. Moreover, sensory evaluation of the herb aroma was conducted. These characteristics were not significantly affected by the treatment. Therefore, ozone can be used to improve the peppermint herb quality by reduction of the microbial contamination of peppermint herb while having no adverse effect on the herb aroma.

Abstract. The contribution of cold-season soil respiration to the Arctic–boreal carbon cycle and its potential feedback to the global climate remain poorly quantified, partly due to a poor understanding of changes in the soil thermal regime and liquid water content during the soil-freezing process. Here, we characterized the processes controlling active-layer freezing in Arctic Alaska using an integrated approach combining in situ soil measurements, local-scale (∼50 m) longwave radar retrievals from NASA airborne P-band polarimetric SAR (PolSAR) and a remote-sensing-driven permafrost model. To better capture landscape variability in snow cover and its influence on the soil thermal regime, we downscaled global coarse-resolution (∼0.5∘) MERRA-2 reanalysis snow depth data using finer-scale (500 m) MODIS snow cover extent (SCE) observations. The downscaled 1 km snow depth data were used as key inputs to the permafrost model, capturing finer-scale variability associated with local topography and with favorable accuracy relative to the SNOTEL site measurements in Arctic Alaska (mean RMSE=0.16 m, bias=-0.01 m). In situ tundra soil dielectric constant (ε) profile measurements were used for model parameterization of the soil organic layer and unfrozen-water content curve. The resulting model-simulated mean zero-curtain period was generally consistent with in situ observations spanning a 2∘ latitudinal transect along the Alaska North Slope (R: 0.6±0.2; RMSE: 19±6 days), with an estimated mean zero-curtain period ranging from 61±11 to 73±15 days at 0.25 to 0.45 m depths. Along the same transect, both the observed and model-simulated zero-curtain periods were positively correlated (R>0.55, p<0.01) with a MODIS-derived snow cover fraction (SCF) from September to October. We also examined the airborne P-band radar-retrieved ε profile along this transect in 2014 and 2015, which is sensitive to near-surface soil liquid water content and freeze–thaw status. The ε difference in radar retrievals for the surface (∼<0.1 m) soil between late August and early October was negatively correlated with SCF in September (R=-0.77, p<0.01); areas with lower SCF generally showed larger ε reductions, indicating earlier surface soil freezing. On regional scales, the simulated zero curtain in the upper (<0.4 m) soils showed large variability and was closely associated with variations in early cold-season snow cover. Areas with earlier snow onset generally showed a longer zero-curtain period; however, the soil freeze onset and zero-curtain period in deeper (>0.5 m) soils were more closely linked to maximum thaw depth. Our findings indicate that a deepening active layer associated with climate warming will lead to persistent unfrozen conditions in deeper soils, promoting greater cold-season soil carbon loss.

Thickness is a very important parameter with which to control the microstructures, along with physical properties in transition-metal nitride thin films. In work presented here, CrN films with different thicknesses (from 26 to 130 nm) were grown by chemical solution deposition. The films are pure phase and polycrystalline. Thickness dependence of microstructures and electrical transport behavior were studied. With the increase of films thickness, grain size and nitrogen content are increased, while resistivity, zero-field sensitivity and magnetoresistance are decreased. In the temperature range of 5–350 K, all samples exhibited semiconductor-like properties with dρ/dT < 0. For the range above and below the Néel temperature, the resistivity can be fitted by the thermal activation model and the two-dimensional weak localization (2D-WL) model, respectively. The ultra-low magnetoresistance at a low temperature under high magnetic fields with a large zero-field sensitivity was observed in the CrN thin films. The zero-field sensitivity can be effectively tuned to 10−2 K−1 at 5 K with a magnetoresistance of less than 1% at 2 K under 14 T by reasonably controlling the thickness.

In this paper, we tackle the unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA) for semantic segmentation, which aims to segment the unlabeled real data using labeled synthetic data. The main problem of UDA for semantic segmentation relies on reducing the domain gap between the real image and synthetic image. To solve this problem, we focused on separating information in an image into content and style. Here, only the content has cues for semantic segmentation, and the style makes the domain gap. Thus, precise separation of content and style in an image leads to effect as supervision of real data even when learning with synthetic data. To make the best of this effect, we propose a zero-style loss. Even though we perfectly extract content for semantic segmentation in the real domain, another main challenge, the class imbalance problem, still exists in UDA for semantic segmentation. We address this problem by transferring the contents of tail classes from synthetic to real domain. Experimental results show that the proposed method achieves the state-of-the-art performance in semantic segmentation on the major two UDA settings.

Samples taken from the two textural phases of the surface soil of an irrigated natrixeralf and its clay subsoil were dried at wilting point and in air. Water retention increased linearly with C content, with values extrapolated to zero C content proportional to clay content. Emerson et al. (1994) (Aust. J. Soil Res., 32, 939-51) had already shown that water held by the surface samples at 10 kPa suction increased approximately linearly with C content, independently of clay content. Similar linear relations were deduced for other soils using values of field capacity and wilting point reported in the literature. A constant amount of water is considered to be held by portions of the silt/clay matrix. As the C content of the soil is increased, polysaccharide gels gradually fill additional 1-3 �m wide pores within the portions. It was calculated that, after a long period in grass, gel present increases available water on a weight basis, by 34% and 125% in loamy sand and sandy clay A horizons respectively. Where farmyard manure (FYM) was incorporated, gel only formed from the added C. Nevertheless the large increase in field capacity of a sandy loam produced by rotavation was temporarily preserved by prior addition of FYM. It is suggested that the gel here was mainly on microbial filaments.

Humans, unlike most other species, show intense interest in the activities of conspecifics, even when the activities in question pose no obvious fitness threat or opportunity. Here, we investigate one content domain in which people show substantial interest, the use of drugs for non-medical purposes. Drawing from two subject populations—one undergraduate and one Internet-based—we look at the relationships among (i) abstract political commitments; (ii) attitudes about sexuality; and (iii) views surrounding recreational drugs. Whereas some theories suggest that drug views are best understood as the result of abstract political ideology, we suggest that these views can be better understood in the context of reproductive strategy. We show that, as predicted by a strategic construal, drug attitudes are best predicted by sexual items rather than abstract political commitments and, further, that the relationship between factors such as political ideology and drugs, while positive, are reduced to zero or nearly zero when items assessing sexuality are controlled for. We conclude that considering morality from the standpoint of strategic interests is a potentially useful way to understand why humans care about third party behaviour.

Abstract Decadal changes of abyssal temperature in the Pacific Ocean are analyzed using high-quality, full-depth hydrographic sections, each occupied at least twice between 1984 and 2006. The deep warming found over this time period agrees with previous analyses. The analysis presented here suggests it may have occurred after 1991, at least in the North Pacific. Mean temperature changes for the three zonal and three meridional hydrographic sections analyzed here exhibit abyssal warming often significantly different from zero at 95% confidence limits for this time period. Warming rates are generally larger to the south, and smaller to the north. This pattern is consistent with changes being attenuated with distance from the source of bottom water for the Pacific Ocean, which enters the main deep basins of this ocean southeast of New Zealand. Rough estimates of the change in ocean heat content suggest that the abyssal warming may amount to a significant fraction of upper World Ocean heat gain over the past few decades.

AbstractField data of the Austrian Simmental population were analysed using restricted maximum likelihood (REML) with an animal model where additive direct, additive maternal and cytoplasmic effects were treated as random and the effect of the year of first calving as fixed. Traits analysed were milk yield, fat and protein content, persistency, days open and herd life. All dairy traits were pre-adjusted for best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) herd-year effects, milk yield additionally for season, age at first calving and days open. After applying specific data restrictions, the number of records for the various traits ranged from 3360 to 51889. Identification of cow lineages was based on pedigree information from the official milk recording scheme, with a span of at least four and up to 16 generations. The number of lineages per trait varied and ranged from 484 to 3195, with an average size of 15 members (for herd life 7). Evaluations of the relevant variance components for the dairy and fitness-related traits investigated were separate for the first three lactations.The estimated variance components for cytoplasmic effects were close to zero for all dairy traits with the exception of first lactation milk yield, where a significant value of 2.0% of the total phenotypic variance was found. Significant contributions of cytoplasmic lineages to total variance in all lactations, however, were estimated for persistency (2·6 to 3.8%), days open (1·8 to 2.9%) and for both true and functional herd life (4.6% each). The portions of additive maternal variance and covariance between additive direct and additive maternal effects on total variance were very close to zero for all traits investigated. The maximum differences between BLUP lineage effects were 373 kg for first lactation milk yield, 44 days for days open (first lactation), 1·6 and 2·8 years for true and functional herd life and, on average, 1·0 kg for standard deviation of test day milk yields (persistency) of the first three lactations.Removing the cytoplasmic effect from the model led to increased estimates of the additive direct heritability. Further model aspects such as interaction between additive and cytoplasmic gene effects and possible confounding between cytoplasmic and herd effects are discussed.

The study of repeated tellings of the same experience by the same speaker has been a neglected source of insights into the human mind. The content of the mind (here termed underlying experience) cannot be equated with any particular verbalization of it. Language, mental imagery, and emotions provide different windows on it, but the very fact that repeated tellings differ shows that language is not in any one-to-one relation with it. The comparison of such tellings can, however, allow us to zero in on the nature of underlying experience by showing what is constant and what variable. Such comparisons suggest that experience is stored in terms of relatively large topics and relatively small foci that are activated, one at a time, as a topic is scanned. They suggest, too, that decisions regarding sentence boundaries are made as one is talking, so that sentences appear not to reflect units of memory. Whereas ideas of events and their participants show stability, the orientations to such ideas that are expressed by the inflectional elements of language are free to vary. The relative importance of ideas may be inferred from their constancy across repetitions. Chronology appears to be important when it is a relevant relation between ideas, but when it is not relevant there is room for random ordering. These points will be illustrated with a comparison of two tellings that were produced fifteen months apart. (Narrative Structure, Memory)

Presently, fast proliferation of information enforces novel challenges on content management. Further, computerized audio classification along-with content description is considered as valuable method to manage audio contents. In general, classification involves two steps. First, is the processing of accessible data in economical ways to deliver explanatory features. Second is how accurate features of undetermined tests is evaluated to choose classifier. In this paper, k-neighbor algorithm with machine learning is proposed for feature extraction as well as content classification/description. This algorithm enhances Quality of Service parameters of classifiers. Here, development of training as well as testing data set is developed to increase the classifier accuracy. A test engine set-up bed using simulation tool MATLAB is designed to estimate the implementation performance of the algorithm. A range of features are studied to evaluate effectiveness in terms of accuracy, zero crossing rate (ZCR) and spectral roll frequency. From the experimentation results, it is observed that the proposed algorithm can achieve accuracy of 95.8% for 2 sec window length as compare with k-neighbor algorithm. A total enhancement of 11% is achieved with cross validation error of 29.6. A superior assortment of training fabric to extract few additional useful features can enhance accuracy further.

This chapter proposes a Content-aware and Network-aware Management System (CNMS) over a converged user-environment of social networking and mobile multimedia. The proposed CNMS will focus on applying dynamic personalized multi-layer adaptation for the optimization of the Quality of Experience (QoE) level in a requested media service according to the users’ preferences, favourites provided in their social network profile, and prior experiences rated by users themselves. By user’s preference extraction, a service/content classification will be performed according to an estimation of the user’s favourites, which will be used to provide optimized media delivery across the delivery chain. Therefore, the end-user will always receive her/his favourite service, like Internet Protocol Television (IPTV), Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), interactive application/on-line gaming, web browsing, at requested QoE. The system will ensure optimal allocation of network resources and optimal selection of streaming scheme according to different services/content types and user preferences, and therefore enhance the ratio of price-for-value for the specific subscription and achieve an end-to-end, holistic QoE optimisation. Although QoE is perceived as subjective, it is the only measure that counts for customers of a service. Being able to estimate the user preferences in a controlled manner through the end-user’s social networks profiles, helps operators understand what may be wrong with their services and their respective QoE. The proposed multimodal management system is user-centric and applies advanced machine learning techniques in order to extract user preferences from the social network profile of the user and build up a ranking scale of the services/contents. This ranking scale will be translated to adaptation actions per service type at several instances such as before the provision of the service takes place (i.e. Time Zero), during the delivering of the service (i.e. Time T), across all the network layers and delivery-chain nodes, while ensuring throughout the process that the main focus on the QoS-adaptation of the mobile access network is maintained.

Abstract The Sawah field, a waterflood field, currently produces approximately 130,000 BFPD with an average 96% water-cut. The Fluid In Fluid Out (FIFO) stands at only 0.6, resulting in suboptimal waterflood performance. One cause of the low injection rate in Sawah field is injector plugging due to solid content and/or scale, and characteristics of the reservoir itself. Pressure Transient Analysis (PTA) further validates significant skin and permeability reduction. To improve the injection rate, workover activities are conducted on the targeted well using a combination of the Acidizing and C-EBD (Cyclic Extended Breakdown) methods. This involves a chemical and mechanical effort, where the acid dissolves scale, and the C-EBD creates fractures. Compatibility tests are conducted between acid and water production, as well as acid and water injection. A 15% HCl simple acid is injected with a 3-feet penetration near the wellbore using coiled tubing. Following soaking, the treatment continues by injecting water into the reservoir in 6 cycles, with 350-700 bbls of water for each cycle. During workover activities, improved injectivity was observed through Step Rate Tests (SRT). After acidizing, a rate of 2.5 bpm at 1,600 psi was achieved, followed by 3 bpm at 1,350 psi after the first 3 cycles of C-EBD. Further injectivity improvements occurred during subsequent C-EBD cycles, with the first 3 cycles reaching 2.4 bpm at 1,300 psi, and the next 3 cycles achieving 3.5 bpm at a similar pressure. Post Put on Injection (POI), the injection rate increased from 0-30 to 5,100-8,500 BWIPD, marking the well's highest injection rate in history. This notable success opens opportunity for Sawah Field, facilitating the reactivation of trade-off wells and increased capacity to handle additional fluids from size-up jobs or new wells. The collaborative efforts of the Subsurface, Research, and Workover Teams in the Sawah field were vital in achieving this remarkable result, contributing to longer injection well lifetimes, preventing overflow at surface facilities, and enhancing employee satisfaction. A lesson learned emphasizes the need to verify flow meter readings before and during execution, facilitating the prompt identification of problems or areas for improvement. Additionally, conducting an extra Step Rate Test (SRT) before acidizing serves as an added baseline. This successful approach is currently being implemented in other injectors within the Sawah field facing similar plugging issues, showcasing its ongoing effectiveness in enhancing operational practices.

The paper presents accurate numerical solutions of the full 2D governing equations for steady and unsteady laminar/laminar internal condensing flows. The chosen geometry allows for film condensation on the bottom wall of a tilted (from vertical to horizontal) channel. It is found that it is important to know whether the exit conditions are constrained or unconstrained because incompressible vapor flows occur only for exit conditions that are unconstrained. For the incompressible vapor flow situations, a method for computationally obtaining the stable steady/quasi-steady solutions is given here and the resulting solutions are shown to be in good agreement with some relevant experimental data for horizontal channels. These solutions are shown to be sensitive to the frequency-content and strength of ever-present minuscule transverse vibrations of the condensing surface. The effects of noise-sensitivity, gravity (terrestrial to zero-gravity), and surface tension on the attainability of stable steady/quasi-steady solutions, structure of superposed waves, and heat-transfer rates are discussed. It is shown that significant enhancement in wave-energy and heat-transfer rates are possible by designing the condensing surface noise to be in resonance with the intrinsic waves.

The wave-induced vibration of the ship hull, commonly called springing, may not produce extreme stresses, but it is likely to have a direct effect on fatigue-life estimates due to its high frequency content. This research investigates the second order contribution to the springing bending moment from the sum frequency of incident ocean waves in both head and oblique seas. The computer program developed here extends the ABS SSRS (Ship Spring Response System) program to oblique seas using Troesch’s oblique sea linear diffraction theory [1]. The theoretical calculations for forward speed are modified by an empirical factor to correlate more closely with experimental results. An example calculation on a Bulk Carrier was performed for different heading angles. For one such representative sea state, the overall increase to the total bending moment from the nonlinear, sum-frequency excitation is found to be less than 12%. However, the nonlinear springing (RMS) increases the total RMS springing over the linear springing by more than 5 times in some stations, which has significant implications for fatigue studies. A sea state sweep study (using ITTC spectrum) also shows the springing effects are highly sea state dependent. Overall, springing effects decrease as zero crossing periods increase, which indicates springing is important in sea states with short waves and becomes less significant in sea states with long waves.

Detailed mapping of the sound field produced by a modern turbofan engine, with its multitude of overlapping noise sources, often requires a large number of microphones to properly resolve the directivity patterns of the constituent tonal and broadband components. This is especially true at high frequencies where the acoustic wavelength is short, or when shielding, scattering, and reflection of the sound field may be present due to installation effects. This paper presents a novel method for measuring the harmonic and broadband content of complex noncompact noise sources using continuously moving (referred to here as continuous-scan) microphones in conjunction with a state-of-the-art phase-referencing technique. Because the microphones are moving through the sound field produced by the noise sources, they effectively provide infinite spatial resolution of the sound directivity over the scan path. In this method, harmonic (i.e., shaft-coherent) content at the integer multiples of the instantaneous shaft rotational frequency is first extracted from the time signal using a tachometer signal and the Vold-Kalman filter. The residual broadband signal is then filtered in the time domain in fractional octave bands. The broadband spectra of the signals from the moving microphones are then computed at arbitrary positions along their scan paths using weighted averages (based on Chebyshev polynomial zero-crossings) and the assumption of a complex envelope that varies slowly over a spatial scale whose lower bound is set by the acoustic wavenumber. A benefit of this method is that the decomposition of the total measured sound field into a stochastic superposition of components preserves a meaningful phase definition for each “partial field” associated with a given shaft order. This preservation of phase data enables the forward or backward projection of each of these partial fields using acoustical holography. The benefits of the continuous-scan method are demonstrated using acoustic data acquired for a 22-inch scale-model fan stage run at the NASA Glenn Research Center’s 9-foot by 15-foot wind tunnel. Two key outcomes of the work include (1) significant improvement in the spatial resolution of the measured sound field and (2) reduction in the overall data acquisition time. Additionally, the methods described here lead to new opportunities for noise source diagnostics and visualization.

Abstract The work we describe here was motivated by the sizable operational difficulties and capital expenditure associated with liquid surging or "surge wave instabilities" frequently encountered in gas condensate fields in late-life production. Predicting and managing surge wave instabilities is becoming increasingly important as the number of aging fields is growing. The observed surging for low production rates at the outlet of a 45-km gas condensate pipeline in the Åsgard Field was not captured by our dynamic multiphase flow simulator. The water content in the pipeline, as measured by a radioactive tracer, was also substantially underpredicted. To better understand these shortcomings, Equinor launched an extensive experimental campaign in their explosion proof (EX certified) test facility in Porsgrunn, Norway (PLAB), using "real" fluids designed to provide a better match with field conditions than typical model fluids: a methane-based natural gas, stabilized condensate sampled from the Troll Field (low-density, viscosity, and surface tension), and water with Monoethylene glycol (MEG) (high density and viscosity). The PLAB data provided the basis for the development of new closures for the high-definition stratified flow model. The total pressure drop, condensate, and water content for the Åsgard pipeline were well predicted with the updated multiphase flow simulator. Simulations based on a refined grid and some modifications to the simulator settings revealed rich dynamics with massive surges consisting of water/MEG only, pushing a large reservoir of condensate in front. The water/MEG surges started out relatively small close to the pipeline inlet and grew considerably in length until they reached roughly 4 km as they approached the riser base. The water/MEG surges carried all the water/MEG through the pipeline. There was no water/MEG transport between the surges. The simulation results agreed with the observations at the outlet of the pipeline, where the condensate arrived before the water and the water flow was zero between the surges.

Research objectives were: 1) To study the effect of diet energy density, level of exercise, thermal conditions and reproductive state on cardiovascular function as it relates to oxygen (O2) mobilization. 2) To validate the use of heart rate (HR) to predict energy expenditure (EE) of ruminants, by measuring and calculating the energy balance components at different productive and reproductive states. 3) To validate the use of HR to identify changes in the metabolizable energy (ME) and ME intake (MEI) of grazing ruminants. Background: The development of an effective method for the measurement of EE is essential for understanding the management of both grazing and confined feedlot animals. The use of HR as a method of estimating EE in free-ranging large ruminants has been limited by the availability of suitable field monitoring equipment and by the absence of empirical understanding of the relationship between cardiac function and metabolic rate. Recent developments in microelectronics provide a good opportunity to use small HR devices to monitor free-range animals. The estimation of O2 uptake (VO2) of animals from their HR has to be based upon a consistent relationship between HR and VO2. The question as to whether, or to what extent, feeding level, environmental conditions and reproductive state affect such a relationship is still unanswered. Studies on the basic physiology of O2 mobilization (in USA) and field and feedlot-based investigations (in Israel) covered a , variety of conditions in order to investigate the possibilities of using HR to estimate EE. In USA the physiological studies conducted using animals with implanted flow probes, show that: I) although stroke volume decreases during intense exercise, VO2 per one heart beat per kgBW0.75 (O2 Pulse, O2P) actually increases and measurement of EE by HR and constant O2P may underestimate VO2unless the slope of the regression relating to heart rate and VO2 is also determined, 2) alterations in VO2 associated with the level of feeding and the effects of feeding itself have no effect on O2P, 3) both pregnancy and lactation may increase blood volume, especially lactation; but they have no effect on O2P, 4) ambient temperature in the range of 15 to 25°C in the resting animal has no effect on O2P, and 5) severe heat stress, induced by exercise, elevates body temperature to a sufficient extent that 14% of cardiac output may be required to dissipate the heat generated by exercise rather than for O2 transport. However, this is an unusual situation and its affect on EE estimation in a freely grazing animal, especially when heart rate is monitored over several days, is minor. In Israel three experiments were carried out in the hot summer to define changes in O2P attributable to changes in the time of day or In the heat load. The animals used were lambs and young calves in the growing phase and highly yielding dairy cows. In the growing animals the time of day, or the heat load, affected HR and VO2, but had no effect on O2P. On the other hand, the O2P measured in lactating cows was affected by the heat load; this is similar to the finding in the USA study of sheep. Energy balance trials were conducted to compare MEI recovery by the retained energy (RE) and by EE as measured by HR and O2P. The trial hypothesis was that if HR reliably estimated EE, the MEI proportion to (EE+RE) would not be significantly different from 1.0. Beef cows along a year of their reproductive cycle and growing lambs were used. The MEI recoveries of both trials were not significantly different from 1.0, 1.062+0.026 and 0.957+0.024 respectively. The cows' reproductive state did not affect the O2P, which is similar to the finding in the USA study. Pasture ME content and animal variables such as HR, VO2, O2P and EE of cows on grazing and in confinement were measured throughout three years under twenty-nine combinations of herbage quality and cows' reproductive state. In twelve grazing states, individual faecal output (FO) was measured and MEI was calculated. Regression analyses of the EE and RE dependent on MEI were highly significant (P<0.001). The predicted values of EE at zero intake (78 kcal/kgBW0.75), were similar to those estimated by NRC (1984). The EE at maintenance condition of the grazing cows (EE=MEI, 125 kcal/kgBW0.75) which are in the range of 96.1 to 125.5 as presented by NRC (1996 pp 6-7) for beef cows. Average daily HR and EE were significantly increased by lactation, P<0.001 and P<0.02 respectively. Grazing ME significantly increased HR and EE, P<0.001 and P<0.00l respectively. In contradiction to the finding in confined ewes and cows, the O2P of the grazing cows was significantly affected by the combined treatments (P<0.00l ); this effect was significantly related to the diet ME (P<0.00l ) and consequently to the MEI (P<0.03). Grazing significantly increased O2P compared to confinement. So, when EE of grazing animals during a certain season of the year is estimated using the HR method, the O2P must be re measured whenever grazing ME changes. A high correlation (R2>0.96) of group average EE and of HR dependency on MEI was also found in confined cows, which were fed six different diets and in growing lambs on three diets. In conclusion, the studies conducted in USA and in Israel investigated in depth the physiological mechanisms of cardiovascular and O2 mobilization, and went on to investigate a wide variety of ruminant species, ages, reproductive states, diets ME, time of intake and time of day, and compared these variables under grazing and confinement conditions. From these combined studies we can conclude that EE can be determined from HR measurements during several days, multiplied by O2P measured over a short period of time (10-15 min). The study showed that RE could be determined during the growing phase without slaughtering. In the near future the development microelectronic devices will enable wide use of the HR method to determine EE and energy balance. It will open new scopes of physiological and agricultural research with minimizes strain on animals. The method also has a high potential as a tool for herd management.