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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Formal sector banks“
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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Formal sector banks"
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Sultana, Nurun Nahar, und Md Nabir Hossain. „Trends and Challenges of Formal Agricultural Credit in Bangladesh: Enhancing Productivity and Promoting Inclusive Growth“. Journal of Economic Studies and Financial Research 4, Nr. 2 (14.08.2023): 10–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.46610/jesfr.2023.v04i02.002.
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Empirical studies provide evidence that agricultural finance is crucial for agriculture structural development of an economy. Ensuring the productivity of the agricultural sector is crucially important for the timely availability of agricultural credit. The purpose of this study is to look at what is going on with agricultural credit, especially in the formal sector of banking. Throughout the years, there has been a significant increase in credit disbursed through the official sector, which includes commercial banks and other financial institutions. This is a significant development, as in the past the informal sector was dominant. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), private commercial banks in the area, and foreign banks have all played a role in the provision of agricultural credit to farmers throughout the country. However, despite the increasing flow of credit from formal sector institutions, some challenges need to be addressed. Accessibility remains a concern, particularly for small and marginalized farmers who struggle to access formal credit channels. For formal agricultural credit to have a positive impact, it is necessary to ensure its widespread availability, to provide financial products that are tailored to the needs of farmers, and to implement policies that reduce inefficiency and leakages in the distribution of credit. By addressing these challenges, formal agricultural credit can play a pivotal role in enhancing agricultural productivity, empowering farmers, and driving sustainable economic growth in Bangladesh.
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Mugobo, Virimai, und Misheck Mutize. „The effects of shadow banking on the traditional banking system in Zimbabwe“. Journal of Governance and Regulation 4, Nr. 4 (2015): 605–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/jgr_v4_i4_c5_p5.
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The growth of shadow banks changed the face of banking in Zimbabwe. Their inconsistent product nature and complexity of form has been a cause for concern to regulatory authorities. The interrelationship between their financial intermediary role and that of formal banks has made them good substitutes to formal banking. This study conducts a statistical analysis of the country’s monetary aggregates and the total formal bank loan-to-deposits balances. The findings of this analysis show that the shadow banking system has always been a critical element of the formal banking sector which resulted from market needs and it completes the banking system. The shadow banking system does not pose direct threat to the formal banking system but it was a result of failure to attract savers who found shadow banks as a good alternative.
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Misztal, Piotr, und Marcin Łupiński. „ARE POLISH BANKS STABLE? A SYSTEMIC RISK ANALYSIS“. Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing, Nr. 27(76) (30.06.2022): 68–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/pefim.2022.27.76.6.
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The financial crisis that began in 2007 pointed out deficiencies in policy-makers’ responses to systemic risk. It turned out that not only individual bank insolvencies but also spillovers from negative externalities among entities can cause serious threats to the financial sector. During the last 10 years, many international and national initiatives were taken to strengthen the soundness of the financial system, introducing a macroprudential perspective to financial supervision. However, the recent COVID19 pandemic resulted in a serious negative shock for many economies and their financial sectors. In this paper, using the network model we try to analyse how these recent unexpected developments affected the Polish banking sector with systemic risk. To analyse Polish bank stability we developed a formal stress-testing framework based on the network model that allowed systemic risk identification, modelling and measurement. We tried to integrate analysis of time and the cross-sectional nature of systemic risk.
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MUKHERJEE, SASWATEE. „A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF INTEREST RATES: FORMAL SECTOR BANKS, LOCAL MONEYLENDERS AND MICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONS“. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 18, Nr. 01 (März 2013): 1350007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1084946713500076.
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This study examines the interest rate differences paid to a bank, a Micro Finance Institution (MFI) and a local moneylender. In a multi-period lending contract, a borrower discounting the future income stream at a constant rate is willing to pay the highest interest rate to the local moneylender, comparatively lower rate to a MFI and the lowest to a formal sector bank. In other words, if the interest rate charged by each of the three lenders is the same, the repayment rate will be highest for a moneylender followed by a MFI and the lowest for a formal sector bank.
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YANG, Mu, und Jielu YAO. „China's Shadow Banking in Spotlight“. East Asian Policy 05, Nr. 04 (Oktober 2013): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793930513000378.
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Shadow banking in China encompasses informal financing activities including both underground lending and the banks' off-balance-sheet credit. The lack of formal credit access prompted the development of China's underground lending. Banks' off-balance-sheet credit refers to various contingent liabilities of commercial banks. Though the Chinese government has taken measures to lower risks posed by shadow banking, it needs to move towards more market-determined interest rates and lower entry barriers to the banking sector.
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Pandey, Dhruba Lal. „Training-performance relationship: A Study of Nepalese Banking Sector“. Saptagandaki Journal 8 (20.10.2017): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/sj.v8i0.18460.
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Training is one of the dominant techniques of management development program in modern organizations. Substantial number of studies on human resource management literature focuses the relationship between training and employee performance with its broader implication on organizational growth and profitability particularly the training effect in gaining sustained competitive advantages. This study aims to test the hypothesized relationship of training and organizational performance in Nepalese banking sector. A survey design approach was applied. Ten commercial banks were selected randomly and 230 respondents from various banks participated in the survey. Likert scale questions were used for getting responses. Multiple regression analysis, ANOVA, and simple descriptive statistics were used for data analysis. All training techniques taken individually and in group (formal, informal) were regressed on turnover growth. The study result confirmed that the both incidence and intensity of training has strong effect on organizational performances particularly the turnover growth. Interestingly the study found that the firms investing predominantly in formal training better performed than those relying on informal training. However, the firm size, organization structure and technology have moderating effect on training-performance relationship stressing for requisites of further research to confirm the cross sectional validity of findings rather than to its early generalizations.The Saptagandaki Journal Vol.8 2017: 31-41
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Fernández-Olit, Beatriz, Gloria González-Sanz, Óscar Sierra-Martín und Elena Ortega-Diaz. „Financial Inclusion as Enabler for Innovation in Banking“. Foresight and STI Governance 16, Nr. 3 (20.09.2022): 95–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/2500-2597.2022.3.95.105.
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Using evidence from Spain, this study assesses the readiness of the banking sector of the EU to introduce technological and social innovations to implement the European policy of financial inclusivity. Despite the evident benefits for banks in terms of enhancing legitimacy and improving consumer knowledge and loyalty, mostly banks at present merely comply with the formal aspects of financial inclusion regulation, but are not going further in terms of technical or social innovation, using compliance to avoid the "stick" of regulation. In contrast, a review of the banks’ own corporate social responsibility strategies shows a higher level of commitment and innovation in terms of financial inclusion. Based on the analysis of institutional factors that determine the involvement of banks in the inclusivity policy, recommendations are proposed for adjusting development strategies in order to combine the efforts of the public and private sectors in the provision of public services.
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Ecubay, Feven, und Aitaa Kilimvi. „Implications of Informal Money Transfer Systems on Kenya’s Financial Sector“. American Journal of Finance 8, Nr. 2 (01.07.2023): 13–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.47672/ajf.1520.
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Purpose: In Kenya, the informal money transfer system is widely used by its citizens, allowing them to make quick and easy payments across long distances. This system has bridged the gap between those with limited access to formal banking services, allowing them to make transactions without relying on a formal banking institution. While there are numerous benefits to using this type of system, it can also present potential risks to the economy and financial sector in general. This paper examines the implications of the informal money transfer system in Kenya, focusing primarily on its effects on financial sector development, financial inclusion, and risk management practices.
Methodology: A qualitative research approach was adopted for this study to understand the complexities and nuances involved in this type of financial transaction. Secondary data was obtained from surveys conducted by government agencies such as the Central Bank of Kenya (CBK). Other sources included reports on informal money transfers such as web-based searches on informal money transfer services, and databases used by banks and other government departments related to finances. Legal and regulatory frameworks that influence the use and activities of informal money transfer systems in Kenya were also be included.
Findings: The findings showed that informal money transfer systems provided much-needed access to finance for many individuals excluded from formal banking services, leading to increased economic development opportunities. The findings further uncovered that the drivers of informal money transfers include low-income levels, traditional banks limited geographic reach, limited capital, and a lack of trust in formal banking institutions. As such, informal money transfers aided the velocity of efficient and cheaper cross-borders and cross-regions remittances. It was however demonstrated that although informal money transfers bring benefits to their users, it also carries considerable risks.
Recommendations: It is recommended that the current regulatory framework governing informal money transfers needs to be updated to protect consumers from fraud and theft while still allowing them to access the necessary financial resources for their economic endeavours.
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Zaccheaus, JACOB, NWALA, Nneka Maurie und SUBERU Abubakar Adagu. „Effect of Formal Financial Sector on Financial Deepening in Nigeria“. International Journal of Economics, Business and Management Research 07, Nr. 07 (2023): 70–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.51505/ijebmr.2023.7706.
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This study examined the effect of the formal financial sector on financial deepening in Nigeria for the period 2012Q1 to 2022Q3. The specific objectives of the study were to investigate the effect of deposit money bank development on financial deepening in Nigeria; to assess the effect of the insurance industry development on financial deepening in Nigeria; to determine the effect of stock market development on financial deepening in Nigeria. The study adopted an ex-post facto research design from the quarterly time series data generated from the Central Bank of Nigeria statistical bulletin on deposit money bank development, insurance industry development, stock market development, and financial deepening. The data were analysed using the Johansen co-integration test and Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares estimation. The findings showed that both deposit money bank development and insurance industry development have significant effects on financial deepening in Nigeria, but stock market development has an insignificant effect on financial deepening in Nigeria. It was recommended that Nigerian deposit money banks should employ strategies that will develop the industry, especially investing in technology and Artificial Intelligence (AI), such that most of its banking products and activities will be carried out seamlessly in the comfort of the customers. Furthermore, National Insurance Commission should create a regulatory framework that encourages the establishment of new insurance companies, promote transparency and accountability in the industry, and ensure that insurers have adequate capitalization. Finally, the Nigerian Exchange Group need to do more in getting companies listed.
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Herliana, Sri, Acip Sutardi, Qorri Aina, Qonita Himmatul Aliya und Nur Lawiyah. „The Constraints of Agricultural Credit and Government Policy Strategy“. MATEC Web of Conferences 215 (2018): 02008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201821502008.
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Low access to credit in the agricultural sector is also caused by problems of agricultural sector actors (especially farmers) and financial institutions. Farmers are still having difficulty in accessing credit (accessibility and unbankable) and the limited financial institutions that channel credit to the agricultural sector. Therefore, the government must issue a policy in growing the agricultural sector, especially in anticipation of access credit constraints by farmers. The agricultural sector as a high-risk business, therefore formal institutions are less interested in financing the agricultural sector on the grounds of high transaction costs, asymmetric information, low profits, lack of collateral, education of farmers is relatively low. In addition, most banks do not want to finance agriculture due to fluctuating production and uncontrolled price risk. While the constraints of the farmers in obtaining formal credit is a complex procedure, there should be collateral as well as high payment delay fees, long distances and less information about capital.
Dissertationen zum Thema "Formal sector banks"
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Sarker, Rahul Amin. „Rural finance in agricultural sector of Bangladesh: present status and future development strategy for formal sector banks“. Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/233.
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Sarker, Md Ruhul Amin. Rural financing and agricultural credit in Bangladesh: Future development strategies for formal sector banks. Dhaka: University Press, 2006.
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Chipeta, C. Links between the informal and formal/semi-formal financial sectors in Malawi. Nairobi: African Economic Research Consortium, 1992.
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Aredo, Dejene. The informal and semi-formal financial sectors in Ethiopia: A study of the iqqub, iddir, and savings and credit co-operatives. Nairobi: African Economic Research Consortium, 1993.
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Empson, Laura. Introduction and Overview. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198744788.003.0001.
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Professional organizations—such as accounting, consulting, and law firms, investment banks, hospitals, and universities—embody some of the most complex and challenging interpersonal and leadership issues that organizations present. Leaders of professional organizations must contend with ambiguous authority structures, complex interpersonal relations, and idiosyncratic professional colleagues: in other words, with the power, the politics, and the prima donnas. This chapter introduces the core themes of the book. It identifies the book’s intended audience, the kinds of practitioners and academics it will appeal to and why. It provides data on the scale and significance of the professional services sector and defines in detail what is meant by the concepts ‘professional organization’ and ‘professional services firm’. It outlines the empirical foundations, which include formal research interviews with more than 500 professionals in sixteen countries, and concludes by presenting a detailed overview of all the chapters in the book.
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Berger, Allen N., Philip Molyneux und John O. S. Wilson, Hrsg. The Oxford Handbook of Banking. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198824633.001.0001.
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The Oxford Handbook of Banking, 3rd Edition provides an overview and analysis of developments and research in banking written by leading researchers in the field. This Handbook will appeal to graduate students of economics, banking and finance, academics, practitioners, regulators and policy makers. Consequently, the book strikes a balance between abstract theory, empirical analysis, and practitioner and policy-related material. The Handbook is split into five parts. Part I, The Theory of Banking, examines the role of banks in the wider financial system, why banks exist, how they function, the risks to which they are exposed and how these are managed, and their legal, organizational, and governance structures. Part II deals with Bank Activities and Performance. A variety of issues are assessed, including efficiency, technological change, globalization, and the ability to deliver small business, consumer, and mortgage lending services. Aspects relating to securitization, shadow banking, and payment systems are also covered. Part III entitled Regulatory and Policy Perspectives discusses the various roles of central banks, regulatory and supervisory authorities, and other government agencies which impact directly on the banking industry. Part IV of the Handbook entitled Macroeconomic Perspectives in Banking discusses interactions among banks, firms, and the macro-economy. This part of the Handbook covers the determinants of bank failures and crises, and the impact on financial stability, institutional development, and economic growth. The final Part V examines Banking Systems around the World. This section examines banking systems in the US, Japan, China, Africa, Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union, Latin America, Australia and New Zealand.
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Power, Maddy. Hunger, Whiteness and Religion in Neoliberal Britain. Policy Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447358541.001.0001.
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The traditional food aid/food poverty narrative in the United Kingdom tells us that food banks are compassionate spaces, responding to growing need. Missing is a more nuanced consideration of why food aid might exist and acknowledgment of the deeper, entrenched causes of food poverty. This book shines a light on these neglected dimensions of the debate. It argues that food aid is not only a consequence of neoliberal policies but an industry riddled with neoliberal governmentality, surveilling and governing people. It shows how food aid upholds Christian ideals, white privilege, and maintains inequalities of class, race, religion and gender. But it also reveals a sector that is immensely varied, embodying individualism and mutual aid. Drawing upon lived experiences, it documents how people in poverty stigmatise female and racialised Others for their poverty, while struggling themselves to maintain economic success amid insecure employment and punitive social security. And yet, the experience of food insecurity, like that of food aid, is shaped not only by neoliberal norms but by gendered, racial and religious identities, which foster shared experiences and solidarities, giving rise to alternative modes of food redistribution outside of formal food aid. The book argues that it is only by harnessing these alternative, progressive ways of being that food aid and the communities in which they are situated can become part of a movement for economic and racial justice.
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Heinze, Eric. Toward a Legal Concept of Hatred. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190465544.003.0006.
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Antidiscrimination law focuses on material conduct. A legal concept of hatred, by contrast, focuses on attitudes, as manifest notably through hate speech bans. Democracies by definition assign higher-law status to expression within public discourse. Such expression can, in principle, be legally curtailed only through a showing that it would likely cause some legally cognizable harm. Defenders of bans, struggling with standard empirical claims, have overtly or tacitly applied “anti-Cartesian” phenomenological and sociolinguistic theories to challenge dominant norms that largely limit such harm to demonstrable material causation. Such notions of harm cannot, however, be reconciled with higher-law norms barring viewpoint-selective penalties on expression. Still, a democracy retains alternative means of combating hateful attitudes, including formal and public educational policy, and codes of professional practice in the public and private sectors.
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Gurung, Shobha Hamal, und Bandana Purkayastha. Gendered Labor. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037573.003.0005.
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This chapter examines how contemporary globalization has created gendered labor by drawing on the experiences of Nepali immigrant women within pan-ethnic informal labor markets in Boston and New York City. After a brief overview of the existing theoretical framework, the chapter presents data on Nepali women's experiences in the informal economy. It shows how the economic opportunities available to these women are shaped by within-ethnic-group social location—Nepali Americans' social location in relation to wealthier Indian Americans (and their religious and linguistic similarity to this group). It also considers how some Nepali women, especially those who worked in the formal sector in Nepal, have begun to “bank” their social capital in their home countries. The Nepali women's experiences highlight the segmentation of the informal labor market for care work and suggest that, while they send remittances back to their home countries, some of this money is sent to nonfamily members.
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Popadyuk, Tatyana, Saidkhror Gulyamov und Sharafutdin Khashimkhodzhaev, Hrsg. IX INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC-PRACTICAL CONFERENCE “MANAGERIAL SCIENCES IN THE MODERN WORLD”. EurAsian Scientific Editions, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56948/zajh8343.
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On 9 November 2021, 9th International Scientific-Practical Conference “Managerial Sciences in the Modern World” was opened. This year, the event took place in the online format because of the strained epidemiological situation. A total of about 450 specialists took part in the conference. “Managerial Sciences” has already become a kind of brand, with more than half a dozen different round table discussions, sections”, said Arkady Trachuk, Dean of the Faculty “Higher School of Management” at the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, who moderated the plenary session. He said that the 2021 conference participants included representatives from Latvia, Republic of Fiji, Kuwait, India, Uzbekistan, and Russia. Russia was represented by seven regions: Moscow and Moscow Region, Bryansk-, Tver-, Saratov-, Arkhangelsk regions, Republic of Tatarstan and Krasnodar Territory. Delegates from 25 universities, including 6 foreign higher educational establishments, took part in the sections’ work. The central event of the first day of the conference was a plenary session during which presentations were delivered by representatives of Germany, Slovenia, Uzbekistan and Russia. The plenary session was opened by Arkady Trachuk. His presentation focused on the goals of introducing digital technologies in the Russian industry. The speaker presented the results of the research implemented by a team of scholars from the Department of Management and Innovation at the Faculty “Higher School of Management”. Alexander Brem, Head of Technological Entrepreneurship and Digitalisation at Stifterverband Consulting Company funded by Daimler Foundation (Germany), talked about artificial intelligence as an innovation management technology. The expert is convinced that artificial intelligence will become the core technology to drive the technological development in the 21st century. Jörg Geisler, head of Finance and Risk Management at S-Kreditpartner GmbH, expert on consumer lending at savings banks (Germany), dwelled on an important subject – “Risk management at times of digital innovation” by the example of the banking industry. Samo Bobek, Dean of the Faculty of Economics and Business (FEB) at the University of Maribor, Professor of e-business and information management (Slovenia), delivered a presentation on “Digital transformation impact on business models”. His presentation dealt with digital transformation of business models. Azizjon Bobojonov, Head of International Project Office, Associate Professor of the Department “Digital Economy and Information Technologies” at Tashkent State University of Economics (Republic of Uzbekistan), talked in his presentation “Reinventing the services in the digital age” about new discoveries in the service industry in the epoch of digital transformation. The plenary session was followed by thematic sessions in the following areas: • Change management and leadership • Business strategies and sustainable development • International management and business • Theoretical issues of management • Theory and practice of project management • Corporate governance and corporate social responsibility • Operations and business process management • Strategic financial management • Public sector management and efficiency problems • Major cities and urban agglomerations management • Real sector investment management • Crisis and business continuity management • Systems analysis in management • Knowledge and talent management • Sports digitalisation management • Digital marketing and marketing communications • Shaping innovation strategy in the conditions of the fourth industrial revolution.
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Bussing, Marie A. Money for Minors. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400687167.
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Money. Debt. Interest rates. Bankruptcy. Billionaires. Students may understand that money makes the world go 'round, but most are a little shaky when it comes to explaining how and why. Using an A-Z format and containing over 400 entries, this reference book provides an essential foundation of business and economic knowledge for middle-school, high-school, and community college students. Short features scattered throughout the text add interest and fun, while helping students understand how economics affects their daily lives. Best, the entries are written in a style ideal for students just beginning to learn how economies work and function Teenagers spend over $100 billion annually in the U.S. and influence everything from clothing styles to music and movies to food and cell phones. Money for Minors will help them understand how their daily decisions have a huge impact on the economy. Special features will enable budding moguls to understand how they can become entrepreneurs and create economic value in various ways, evaluate offers from banks and credit card companies, read the business section of the newspaper, understand the importance of various government statistics, and more. And the book will not just prepare students for the higher-level economics courses they will take in high school and college—it will be a terrific guide for anyone doing research on everything from the Great Depression to credit card debt to real estate to inflation. Over 400 clearly written definitions will help students understand the essential concepts of economics and finance. In addition: -Short sidebars scattered throughout the text help students understand how economics affects their daily lives. Topics include reading stock quotes, icon economists like Alan Greenspan, monetary trivia, cool econ and monetary Websites, and the basics of entrepreneurship. -Six mini-lessons provide real-life applications of how the economy functions. Topics include The Federal Reserve System, Gross Domestic Product, Government Spending and Taxation, National Debt, Money, and The Business Cycle. Used as a stand-alone reference or in conjunction with an economics textbook, the definitions in the book will help students learn the language of economics—and help them understand the ways in which individuals, businesses, and government work together to form our $13 trillion economy.
Buchteile zum Thema "Formal sector banks"
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Hotori, Eiji, Mikael Wendschlag und Thibaud Giddey. „Germany: Financial Crises and Formalization of Banking Supervision“. In Formalization of Banking Supervision, 77–86. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6783-1_5.
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AbstractIn Germany, the banking supervision formalized as a consequence of the severe banking crises of the early 1930s, just as in many other countries on the European continent. The formalization process was initiated with the decisions to temporarily take over some of the large commercial banks that faced default in the banking crisis in 1931. Due to the extended loans and direct ownership stakes, the government established a board to look after its interests. The “temporary” measures were made permanent by the Nazi-government as one of several institutional and organizational means to have banks accommodate the economic policies of the regime. All three elements of banking supervision formalization (regulation, a supervisor, and supervision) were in place by the mid-1930s. However, given the very high level of control over the banks at the time, it is misleading to date the emergence of formal banking supervision to this time. During the occupation years, the banking supervision (in West-Germany) was organized at the state-level, similar to the US system. We date the full formalization after the Second World War when the German central government's control over the banking sector ended.
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Hotori, Eiji, Mikael Wendschlag und Thibaud Giddey. „Japan: Formalization of Banking Supervision Including a Reversal“. In Formalization of Banking Supervision, 43–64. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6783-1_3.
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AbstractThis chapter deals with the case of Japan, which experienced a reversal of the formalization of banking supervision. Additionally, this chapter outlines the on-site examination process and the main objectives of bank examinations. During the initial adoption of formal banking supervision, its main role was the “education” of bankers rather than proper prudential oversight. Formal banking supervision was suspended between 1893 and 1914 but was reintroduced in response to requests from both bankers and the government. This reversal reflected the development of the Japanese economy in the 1900s and 1910s, and thus the main driver of the formalization of banking supervision in Japan was not a financial crisis. The gradual development of the banking sector and better-educated bankers in the early twentieth century provided the background for the transformation of the supervisor’s role. The formalization process was completed with the enactment of the Banking Act of 1927 and the creation of the Bank Inspection Section within the Ministry of Finance in 1927.
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Hotori, Eiji, Mikael Wendschlag und Thibaud Giddey. „Sweden: Early Adopter of Formal Banking Supervision with Incremental Steps“. In Formalization of Banking Supervision, 65–75. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6783-1_4.
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AbstractThe banking supervision in Sweden was formalized incrementally over the last half of the nineteenth century when the banking sector grew and modernized. Swedish banking regulation developed out of the charter requirement, and the supervision out of the administration of the growing number of charter applications. With the creation of the Bank Bureau within the Ministry of Finance and the development of the Bank Inspector profession in the 1860s and 1870s, banking supervisory activities such as on- and off-site examinations became more frequent and standardized. The creation of the independent agency, the Bank Inspection Board, in 1906, and the transfer of supervisory executive powers from the Ministry of Finance to the new supervisory agency, were the final step of the formalization process. During the same period, banking regulation was harmonized and furthered a process of centralizations to the authorities in Stockholm.
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Panagariya, Arvind. „Investing Productively: The Banking Sector“. In New India, 145–78. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197531556.003.0009.
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Banks collect savings by households via deposits and channel them to the most productive investors in the form of credit. What happens to bank credit has a determining impact on growth, especially in the formal economy. A key feature of Indian banks has been repeated episodes of accumulation of non-performing assets followed by their recapitalization by the government using public money. These episodes have been concentrated in public sector banks (PSBs), which continue to account for two-thirds of banking assets. This chapter offers a detailed analysis of these episodes and argues that it is time for the government to give serious thought to privatization of PSBs. PSBs are subject to regulation by both the government and the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), but RBI has limited powers over them. On average, private banks outdo PSBs along nearly all dimensions in terms of efficiency.
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Hansohm, D. „Agricultural credit“. In The Agriculture of The Sudan, 117–23. Oxford University PressOxford, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198592105.003.0007.
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Abstract In the Sudan the formal financial system consists of the Bank of Sudan (the central bank), 21 commercial banks (national, foreign, and joint venture), with 214 branches (1987 data), three savings institutions (the Sudanese Savings Bank (SSB), the Post Office Savings Bank, and the Premium Saving Bonds Project), three specialized banks (the Agricultural Bank of Sudan (ABS), the Industrial Bank of Sudan (IBS), and the Estates Bank of Sudan), and some developmental institutions, for example, the Sudan Rural Development Company Ltd. (SRDC). Most of these agencies are engaged in financing the agricultural sector, either directly or indirectly.
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Tawah, Regina Nsang. „Financing Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in Cameroon“. In The Oxford Handbook of the Economy of Cameroon, 547–62. Oxford University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192848529.013.35.
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Abstract This chapter presents an overview of the small and medium enterprises sector as well as the banking sector in Cameroon. Data from various sources show that the banking sector is highly concentrated and the majority of the interests are foreign. The banking sector serves about 15 percent of the population. The chapter further uses firm-level data from the 2016 World Bank Enterprise Survey on the characteristics of SMEs in Cameroon for some estimations to determine the effect of the characteristics of the firm on SMEs’ access to working capital in banks. The results show that the size of the firm, its legal status, and some foreign activities could improve access to bank finance for SMEs. A second regression to determine firm characteristics that affect access to investments revealed that firm size and legal status were the only statistically significant variables. Given that access to funding is significantly related to the size of the firm, medium to large firms have a clear advantage relative to smaller firms in obtaining the bank financing for both working capital and investment. SMEs in Cameroon will benefit from more opportunities to build relationships with the banks. The banks could carry out intentional outreach to SMEs for less formal activities and the government promotion apparatus could leverage their resources by adding connecting SMEs to the private sector banks since their presence is limited to a few cities.
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Ornston, Darius. „From Banking on Fish to Fishy Banks“. In Good Governance Gone Bad, 101–40. Cornell University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501726101.003.0005.
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Chapter four illustrates how Icelandic policymakers used formal and informal networks to liberalize their economy even more rapidly and radically than neoliberal icons such as Ronald Reagan or Margaret Thatcher. Institutional reform spurred movement into new industries, such as financial services, partly because of the policy innovations described above and partly because of the speed with which new ideas diffused within dense, interpersonal networks in the private sector. At the same time, public and private sector actors were slow to recognize the ensuing financial bubble, and Iceland suffered the largest banking economic crisis in human history, eclipsing not only financial powerhouses such as the UK and US, but also the Swedish and Finnish banking crises of the early 1990s.
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Michie, Ranald C. „Regulation and Regulators, 1970–92“. In Banks, Exchanges, and Regulators, 108–29. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199553730.003.0006.
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Before 1970 regulators had relied on the principle of divide and rule as a way of keeping financial systems in order. What this meant in practice was that even in market-based economies authority was exercised behind national boundaries, aided by controls on international financial flows, and by insisting upon a degree of internal compartmentalization not only between banks and markets but also within the banking sector. By the 1970s it was becoming apparent that a growing proportion of financial activity was taking place away from those centres, markets, and institutions over which regulators could exercise some control. The result led governments to abandon formal controls and regulators to search for ways of supervising financial markets. Increasingly the solution was seen to lie with the megabanks as they had the capacity to monitor and police their own behaviour, and were closely supervised by central banks.
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Ferrand, David, und Ignacio Mas. „Do Central Banks Have a Role in Financial Inclusion?“ In 50 Years of Central Banking in Kenya, 119–37. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198851820.003.0008.
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The chapter focuses on the role of central banks in fostering financial inclusion and specifically on the potential impact of financial inclusion on financial stability and economic growth. It examines the expansion of financial inclusion, from the reliance on informal solutions to the availability of formal services, through the engagement of policy-makers who have impacted on the way the financial sector has developed to be increasingly networked, driven by digitization, and supported by digital mobile networks. It highlights Kenya’s global success in financial inclusion; Kenya is used as a case study in central bank management, financial inclusion, and its contribution to economic development. It concludes by pointing out the risks associated with the absence of countervailing policies by financial institutions which may lead to unexpected losses to the financial system, and ultimately a banking crisis.
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Hossain, Md Mosharref, und Yusnidah Ibrahim. „Working Capital Financing by Banks in Small Enterprises“. In Handbook of Research on Small and Medium Enterprises in Developing Countries, 137–58. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2165-5.ch007.
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Among all the economic players, small enterprises (SEs), by number, dominate the whole world business segment. However, it is a very common problem for SEs, in every economy either developed or developing, to get access into formal financial sector. Working capital can be treated as the life blood for SEs to be operated. But unfortunately, most of the small enterprises face serious problem while obtaining such loan from banks. On the other hand, banks face a lot of problems to finance working capital to SEs. Therefore, this chapter intends to identify the problems faced by SEs in obtaining and by banks while financing working capital. A total of 413 small enterprises were interviewed through a structured questionnaire administrated directly by the researchers and selected purposively from the capital city (Dhaka) of Bangladesh. The major findings indicate that about 72% small enterprises got the access into banks for working capital loan although all of them face a lot of problems while obtaining such loan from banks. To identify the problems and challenges faced by banks while financing working capital to SEs, 34 commercial banks' officials working in SME department were interviewed through questionnaire and selected purposively based on their high involvement into SME sector lending. Bankers encountered different problems and challenges related to working capital financing in SEs. Based on the survey findings, a good number of solutions have been formulated for policy initiatives.
Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Formal sector banks"
1
Peredo Pozos, Jesús Alberto, und Melissa Guadalupe Retamoza Ávila. „La creatividad como forma de identidad y ejercicio de ciudadanía: el caso del postgraffiti“. In International Conference Virtual City and Territory. Roma: Centre de Política de Sòl i Valoracions, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.8012.
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Dentro de los diversos fenómenos socio-urbanos contemporáneos, los que corresponden a la
contracultura son algunos de los que tienen mayor impacto y participación específica en la
esfera pública. Estas formas de cohabitar un territorio supone, en la mayoría de los casos un
rechazo sistemático generalizado, tanto por la irrupción al orden establecido, como por su
condición emergente y sus lenguajes novedosos, codificados y transgresores con que se
manifiestan.
A pesar de que los sectores sociales oficialmente válidos no reconocen de una forma abierta su
autenticidad e importancia para el autoconocimiento social y territorial, la permanencia de estas
formas subversivas de habitar la ciudad, habla de una fuerza que construye tanto identidades
como patrimonio e imaginarios al paso del tiempo.
Ejemplo de lo anterior, podría ser el fenómeno graffiti surgido en los años 70 del pasado siglo,
que luego de haber sido objeto de persecución policiaca, al paso de los años algunas de éstas
obras han llegado a otorgar una suerte de identidad comunitaria o patrimonio urbano
insospechado. Este sería el caso de las intervenciones del denominado “padre del graffiti” Taki
183, a quien en la actualidad le dedican homenajes, retrospectivas, exposiciones y hasta la
protección o conservación de las pocas intervenciones que aún persisten dentro del Area
Metropolitana de Nueva York. Años después se han replicado fenómenos alrededor del mundo
como el caso del artista inglés Banksy, que ha llegado a conmocionar tanto a las autoridades
como a corredores de arte y ciudadanos de todo el mundo.
Estas acciones mas allá de su intención crítica o comunicativa dentro de los espacios de la
ciudad, reditúan en el fortalecimiento a las crecientes industrias de materiales, pero también
influencian la identidad, la atracción turística de una ciudad, el uso de sus espacios públicos,
etc. en las ciudades que los contienen.
Sin embargo, una nueva forma de ejercer la creatividad en la esfera pública a partir de las
prácticas tradicionales del graffiti antes descrito, ha estado dejando sorpresivos rastros, que
invitan a la reflexión ciudadana sobre la forma como se viven las ciudades, poniendo en valor la
importancia que pueden llegar a tener los espacios comunes de un territorio con sus
potenciales alternativas.
La presente colaboración, pretende hacer un análisis de las alternativas creativas que hoy día,
pueblan las principales ciudades del mundo, y la manera como estas pueden llegar a hacer
ciudad y a realizar el ejercicio de la ciudadanía a partir de una acción creativa al alcance de las
masas que se mueven por las ciudades. Así es como el post-graffiti alejado ya del uso de su
herramienta por antonomasia; aerosol, plantea nuevas formas de alejarse de su esencia
vandálica, para aproximarse a nuevas miradas, pero sobre todo revalorizando los espacios y elementos de la cotidianidad, con un discurso que ve desaparecer la delgada línea que lo
separa de poder llegar a ser la próxima página de la historia del arte. Graffiti, afterwards known as postgraffiti, being considered within the various sociocontemporary
urban phenomenons, are among those with the greatest impact and participation
in the public sphere. Although, it´s authenticity is not officially recognized by the social sector,
these subversive ways of being in the city, speak of a force that builds identities both as equity
and imaginary over time. Postgraffiti, beyond its critical or communicative intent within the
spaces of a city, pay off the strengthening of the growing material industries, but also influence
the identity, tourist attraction of the city and the use of public spaces, adding to it a citizenship
exercise.
Postgraffiti creativity has been leaving surprisive trails that invite the public to reflect on how
cities are living, giving value to the common areas and its importance that can have as a
territory with potential alternatives. The postgraffti images, expand the communicative potential
of the visual language; seen as an expression placed in the contemporary city landscapes or
public spaces, take along a sociocultural dimension and community expression.
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Mejía Vallejo, Clara Elena, und Juan Deltell Pastor. „Búsquedas para el establecimiento de una relación armónica con el paisaje. Dos exploraciones paralelas“. In LC2015 - Le Corbusier, 50 years later. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/lc2015.2015.586.
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Resumen: Los proyectos para la Sainte-Baume y para Cap Martin retoman el hilo de varias de las investigaciones realizadas previamente por Le Corbusier en torno a la vivienda de densidad media construidas a partir de muros de carga, como son las Maisons Loucheur (1929), las Maisons Murodins (1940), las Maisons pour Maîtres et Contremaîtres de la S.P.A (1940) y las Unités Transitoires (1944). No obstante, es posible afirmar que en ellos se opera una búsqueda nueva que tiene que ver con la asociación de estos módulos residenciales en pro de formar un conjunto coherente y unitario, analizando las implicaciones que ello tiene con respecto al paisaje. A la par que Le Corbusier reflexiona sobre la métrica y optimiza la distribución de estos espacios residenciales, continúa trabajando de manera intensa con la sección para intentar encontrar la manera adecuada de llegar al suelo y de relacionarse tanto con el entorno natural sobre el que el edificio se apoya, como con el paisaje lejano con el que se pretende dialogar. A esta búsqueda se suma otra que ahonda en la necesidad de una definición material acorde. A partir de estas premisas se orquesta un diálogo a varias bandas que recoge reflexiones sobre forma y proporción, sobre materialidad y sintaxis constructiva, así como sobre el entendimiento de una relación deseada entre el hombre y la naturaleza.Abstract: The projects for the Sainte-Baume and Cap Martin take up the thread of several previous investigations by Le Corbusier about the medium density housing built from load-bearing walls, as they are the Maisons Loucheur (1929), the Maisons Murodins (1940), the Maisons pour Maîtres et Contremaîtres of the SPA (1940) and the Unites Transitoires (1944). However, one can say that in them lies a new search that has to do with the association of these residential units in favour of forming a coherent and unified whole, analysing the implications that those create with the landscape. At the same time that Le Corbusier makes a reflexion on metrics and optimize the distribution of these premises, he continues to work intensively with section in order to try to find the appropriate way to reach the ground and to relate both to the natural environment on which the building rests, as well as with the distant landscape. In parallel to this work appears a search that delves into the need for a consistent material definition according to it. From these premises he establishes a dialogue that gathers several bands reflections on form and proportion, about materiality and constructive syntax, as well as the understanding of a desired relationship between man and nature.Palabras clave: Le Corbusier; paisaje; búsqueda; Cap Martin; Roq et Rob; Sainte-Baume.Keywords: Le Corbusier; landscape; search; Cap Martin; Roq et Rob; Sainte-Baume.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.586
3
Waldheim, L., und E. Carpentieri. „Update on the Progress of the Brazilian Wood BIG-GT Demonstration Project“. In ASME 1998 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/98-gt-472.
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Biomass integrated gasification-gas turbine (BIG-GT) technology offers the opportunity for efficient and environmentally sound power generation from biomass fuels. Since biomass is ‘carbon-neutral’ it can be used in power generation equipment without contributing to the ‘greenhouse effect’ if it is grown sustainably. The Brazilian BIG-GT initiative is one of a number of initiatives world-wide aimed at demonstrating, and thereby establishing, biomass as an energy resource for power production. The goal of the Brazilian BIG-GT project is to confirm the commercial viability of producing electricity from wood through the use of biomass-fuelled integrated gasification combined-cycle (BIG-GT) technology. To fulfil this goal a 32 MWe eucalyptus-fuelled demonstration power plant will be built in Brazil on the basis of a design made by TPS Termiska Processer AB (TPS). The first two phases of the project, which included experimental and engineering studies and the basic engineering of the plant, were completed in 1997. The next phase of the project, the construction and commissioning of the plant, is the recipient of a U.S. $35 million grant from the Global Environmental Facility (GEF) of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), in addition to financing from the World Bank (WB). The plant will be built in Bahia, north-eastern Brazil. The customer of the plant is a consortium, SER - Sistemas de Energia Renovável, comprising of CHESF (Companhia Hidro Elétrica do São Francisco), a federally-owned electricity generation and distribution company, Eletrobras (Centrais Elétricas Brasileiras), a holding company comprising of the main Brazilian companies from the electric generation and distribution sector, and Shell Brasil. Start-up of the plant is scheduled for the year 2000. The plant will be based on a TPS designed atmospheric-pressure gasification/gas cleaning process. The product gas will be fired in a modified GE LM 2500 gas turbine. The gasification and gas cleaning process is based on the use of a circulating fluidised bed gasifier, secondary stage catalytic tar cracker and conventional cold filter and wet scrubbing technology. The feedstock to the plant will be mainly eucalyptus wood from a dedicated plantation which is harvested on a three-year cycle. This paper describes the background of the project leading up to the technology selection, the technology that will be employed in the plant and the outline of the economics of this ‘first-of-a-kind’ plant. The progress made in establishing the organisation and the formal framework (e.g. securing the electricity and fuel contracts) are also reported. Future projections of likely technological improvements and cost reductions, and their effect on the overall economics of an ‘Nth’ plant, are presented.
4
Roca Cisa, Miquel, Joan Triadó Aymerich, Jordi Arderiu und David Perelló. „Projecte centre de coneixement urbà: EUP de Mataró - Ajuntament de Mataró: eines d’ajuda a la presa de decisions dins de l’àmbit de la gestió municipal“. In International Conference Virtual City and Territory. Barcelona: Centre de Política de Sòl i Valoracions, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.7582.
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La utilització de grans quantitats de dades dins de l’àmbit de gestió municipal, planteja uns problemes importants d’extracció d’informació i , anant més enllà, d’extracció de coneixement.
En aquest article es presentaran eines d’ajuda a la presa de decisions, que permeten visualitzar anàlisis complexes que relacionen tipus de dades diversos, tals com l’estructura física de la ciutat (carrers, illes, parcel·les, portals), la població que hi viu, els centres proveïdors de serveis i les característiques de les activitats econòmiques que s’hi desenvolupen. També permeten fer hipòtesis i simulacions dels diferents escenaris.
Aquestes eines s’han aplicat a la ciutat de Mataró, mitjançant el Servei d’Estudis i Planificació de l’Ajuntament, i hi estan involucrades dades que tenen origen en diferents departaments municipals, com ara el Padró d’Habitants, el Cadastre i el Mapa de la Ciutat entre altres.
L’Ajuntament de Mataró a través del Servei d’Estudis, per una part i l’Escola Universitària Politècnica com soci tecnològic han creat el Centre de Coneixement Urbà per dur a terme aquestes activitats.
El projecte es basa, fonamentalment, en la superioritat de la informació gràfica sobre de l’alfanumèrica. Un aspecte essencial és la ubicació de les dades en el territori, a partir de la seva georeferenciació tal com fa un SIG, però en el nostre cas el SIG és simplement una interfície i el que realment es valorat i potenciat és la interacció entres les diferents tipologies de dades, per acabar generant uns indicadorstambé gràfics i georefenciats (entitats o mapes temàtics) que presenten la síntesi resultant aportant una informació qualitativament diferent a la informació inicial.
Aplicacions:
1) Centres proveïdors de serveis i proximitat.
La idea és associar l’àrea d’influència d’un determinat centre proveïdor de servei (amb aquest nom es pot representar un centre d’ensenyament, un ambulatori, un centre cívic etc.) amb la seva capacitat de donar aquest servei (nombre de places) i amb la població ‘target’ del citat servei que hi ha a l’entorn físic del centre.
D’aquesta manera es pot generar un indicador de l’àrea d’influència sobre el seu territori més proper. Això permet al polític o al gestor, d’una mirada, percebre sobre el mapa de la ciutat o el territori, si hi ha ‘buits’ significatius en la cobertura i també veure ‘que passaria si’ s’augmenta la capacitat d’un centre, o es canvia d’emplaçament, o se’n tanquen u obren de nous.
2) Activitat econòmica i relació amb la població
Permet tenir una visió de l’activitat econòmica de la ciutat agrupada per sectors (epígrafs normalitzats) podent escollir activitats relacionades de diferents maneres, com per exemple: tot el comerç al detall, tot el comerç a l’engròs, la restauració, la banca, el tèxtil etc. Es presenten totes les entitats que corresponen a cada consulta en forma de números de policia o parcel·les. Es visualitza també en forma gràfica la superfície declarada per aquesta activitat. Igualment també es pot relacionar amb la població, predefinint unes zones d’influència de cada centre d’activitat i mostrant un temàtic de la població que en queda fora permetent per tant aplicacions de geomarketing. The use of massive data within the field of local-government management causes some important problems to extract information and knowledge from data.
In this article, tools are presented to help in decision-making. These tools allow to show complex analysis which connect diferent types of data, such as physical structures and elements in town (streets, blocks, plots of land and doorways), with the inhabitants who live there, service supplier centers and economic activity characteristics. Hypothesis and simulations of diferent scenes are also enabled.
The Servei d’estudis i planificació - Study and Planning Service – of Mataró Town Council has put into practice these tools in its own town. The data used have their origin in diferent departments, such as Inhabitants Register, Property Register, and the City’s Map Department.
Mataró Town Council, through Servei d’estudis i planificació, and the Escola Universitària Politècnica de Mataró (Mataró School of Engineering), as technology partner, have created the Centre de Coneixement Urbà – Urban Knowledge Center – to carry out these activities.
The project is mainly based on the idea that graphically-presented information is more useful than alphanumerically-presented information. An essencial aim is the location of data in the territory from its georeference, as a Geographical Information System (GIS) does. In our case, however, the GIS is used just as an interface. What is actually valuable and strengthened is the integration of the diferent types of data to create graphic and georeferenced indicators (entities and thematic maps), which summarizes and improves the quality of the information.
Application:
1) Service suppliers and proximity centers
The main idea is to associate an area of influence to a particular Service Supplier Center (a school, a health center, a community center, etc.) with its number of vacancies and with the inhabitants targeted by and around this service. So, an indicator of the area of influence around the center can be generated. This indicator is a great tool to politicians or managers because it allows them to understand, over the city map, if there are empty areas not covered by the analysed service. Therefore “what if “ questions can be used to change the number of vacancies of the center, its situation or even removing or creating new ones.
2) Economic activity and relationship with population
It allows to have a view of the town’s economic activity grouped into sectors. The user can choose diferent activities related in some diferent ways, for instance: retail, wholesale trading, restaurants, banks, textile, etc. All the entities corresponding to each query are shown on the map as plots of lands or doorways. And you can also graphically see the area legally declared by the owner of the activity. Moreover, these entities can be related to the inhabitants by previously defining a zone of influence of each activity center and by showing a thematic map of inhabitants left out from the area of influence, thus allowing geomarketing applications
Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Formal sector banks"
1
Niesten, Hannelore. Are Digital and Traditional Financial Services Taxed the Same? A Comprehensive Assessment of Tax Policies in Nine African Countries. Institute of Development Studies, April 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2023.015.
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Several African countries have introduced taxes on digital financial services (DFS) during the past decade. Given the size and rapid growth of the telecom and DFS sector, DFS taxation is considered an opportunity to broaden the government’s revenue base. These recent developments need to be considered alongside the framework for taxation of traditional financial services (TFS) delivered by banks and other formal financial institutions – such as credit unions, insurance companies and microfinance institutions. The working paper analyses key legislative, tax and regulatory policy instruments, comparing the tax framework in nine countries in Africa: Burundi, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Kenya, Rwanda, South Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda and Zimbabwe. Summary of Working Paper 162 by Hannelore Niesten.
2
Soares, Tatiana Fontes, John Eriksson, Marco Velarde und Alejandro Soriano. IDB-9: Corporate Results Framework. Inter-American Development Bank, März 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010518.
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In IDB-9 the Board of Governors of the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB or Bank) mandated implementation of a corporate results framework (CRF), leading to greater emphasis on results throughout the Bank. This background paper responds to the Governors' request that the Office of Evaluation and Oversight (OVE) evaluate the completeness and effectiveness of CRF implementation at the IDB-9 midpoint. The findings of this paper are based on a review of relevant Board and Bank strategic and operational documents as well as interviews with mid- and senior-level staff and Executive Directors. Given the Board¿s emphasis on the experience of other multilateral development banks (MDBs) and donors in implementing corporate results frameworks, eight representatives from five organizations (four MDBs and one bilateral donor) were also interviewed and relevant documents reviewed. OVE finds that the IDB has made significant progress toward managing for development results anchored in a CRF. However, the CRF has not yet become an integral tool to guide the Bank¿s overall strategy and operations, as IDB-9 envisioned. Inconsistencies and gaps in the CRF structure reduce the value of the CRF for purposes of setting corporate goals and future (post-2015) targets, monitoring corporate progress, evaluating corporate performance, reinforcing corporate accountability, and supporting corporate decision-making. Quality control of data and reporting of CRF information are further weaknesses. The Bank is still in a relatively early stage of implementation, given that many of the targets are only formally effective in 2012 with the first round of subscriptions to the capital increase. This paper thus identifies a number of issues that can usefully be addressed going forward. Based on these findings, OVE suggests that the Bank (i) correct inconsistencies and gaps, to the extent possible, before the 2013 Development Effectiveness Overview (DEO) is issued; (ii) strengthen identification and measurement of outputs and intermediate and sector outcomes to provide a stronger link between operations and higher-level results; (iii) study existing examples of good practice, such as that in the Andean Countries Group, for possible wider applicability within the Bank; (iv) prepare a document describing the process of generating, collecting, entering, and vetting data that go into the CRF and submit to the Board for formal approval to ensure transparency and accountability; (v) de-emphasize descriptive project narratives in the DEO and synthesize project information to illustrate issues that emerge from the CRF tables; (vi) at the end of the current CRF period in 2015, assess implementation experience since 2010 and make warranted revisions in the framework before the period beginning in 2016; and (vii) focus the work of the recently established CRF "Community of Practice" of the MDB Working Group on Managing for Development Results on the complex issues facing all MDBs, such as moving to higher results levels and using CRF information for evaluating staff performance.
3
Martin, Lucia, Maria Elena Corrales, Ana Ramirez-Goldin, Juan Manuel Puerta, Diego Vera und Oliver Azuara Herrera. Country Program Evaluation: Paraguay (2009-2013). Inter-American Development Bank, Februar 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010570.
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This document is the evaluation of the IDB's Country Program with Paraguay for the 2009-2013 period. The period evaluated here (hereinafter, the 'review period') was characterized by a political crisis and the intensification of the agricultural export model. This evaluation has been conducted in accordance with OVE's mandate (RE-238 corr.) and the Protocol for Country Program Evaluation (RE-348-2). Its main purposes are to facilitate accountability and identify lessons learned that may help improve the Bank's future program. The evaluation took into account the new country strategy document formats (CSD, GN-2468-6) developed by Management. The most significant practical effects of the new CSD formats were: (i) the de facto separation between the preparation of the CSD and country programming; (ii) the new emphasis on sector notes; and (iii) the update of the strategy's results matrix and the programming documents. To achieve the dual purpose of accountability and learning, the team has put together a portfolio that includes all the operations approved in the period (2009-2013) together with those approved previously, but executed during this period. The specific details of the portfolio and the main sectors are included in the annexes to this document (Portfolio, Energy, Water and Sanitation, Roads, Social Sector, and Agriculture). During the preparation of this document some 150 people were interviewed, including the Bank's main counterparts (the Minister of Finance and his two predecessors), executing units, members of civil society, scholars, representatives of multilateral and bilateral agencies with a presence in Paraguay, the Bank's Representative (ad interim), and two former Representatives of the Bank in Paraguay, IDB staff at the Bank's Country Office and at Headquarters. The mission also visited eight projects to observe the outcomes and challenges of the Bank's program in situ.
4
Buitrago, Paola, Lucia Dammert, Nicolas Garcette, Alayna Tetreault, Tirza Rivera-Cira, Nancy Guerra, William Delgado et al. IDB's Response to Key Challenges in Citizen Security, 1998-2012. Inter-American Development Bank, März 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010575.
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The Inter-American Development Bank (IDB, or the Bank) has been involved in citizen security projects for almost two decades. Since 1999, strategic Bank documents have highlighted the importance of citizen security for the continued development of the region. Over the past 15 years the Bank has approved 17 citizen security loans for $481 million, operating in a clear framework that prohibits the use of Bank financing for activities related to drug and arms trafficking. In light of the Bank's increased focus on citizen security, IDB's Office of Evaluation and Oversight (OVE) has undertaken a two-part evaluation of citizen security at the Bank. The first part of the evaluation, completed in 2013, was an in-depth comparative evaluation of five citizen security projects, intended to give a better understanding of the elements of design and supervision that led to successful implementation. This second part of the evaluation is meant to complement the findings of the indepth project review by looking more broadly at the Bank's engagement in the citizen security sector. It focuses on the Bank's work from 1998 to 2012 and addresses two questions: How has the Bank's engagement in citizen security evolved, as measured through its formal strategy and citizen security portfolio? What particular challenges characterize citizen security, and how has the Bank responded to these challenges?
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Pires, Jose Claudio Linhares, Claudio Frischtak, Simon Lodato, Tulio Cravo, Caio Piza und José Luis Guasch. IDB-9: Assessment of IDB-9's Private Sector Development Framework. Inter-American Development Bank, März 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010532.
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This background paper assesses the actions of the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB, or Bank) related to private sector development (PSD) that were mandated under the Ninth General Capital Increase in Resources (IDB-9). It finds that Management has taken the necessary formal steps to address most of the requirements: preparing a new PSD Strategy; drafting a Non-Sovereign Guarantee (NSG) Business Plan; creating guidelines for specific sectors, beginning with small and medium-sized enterprises; reviewing the NSG guidelines for entities with public participation; gradually expanding NSG prudential limits; supporting the Inter-American Investment Corporation with subordinated lending; adapting the public-private mix to country requirements; adopting measures to improve coordination among PSD and private sector operations windows; and taking steps to enhance NSG development effectiveness. The major area not yet addressed is the integration of NSG operations in Country Strategies and programs. The paper also finds, however, that these steps do not yet provide an appropriate and effective way to achieve the underlying objectives of IDB-9 with regard to the IDB Group's support for development through the private sector. The strategic documents do not lay out an effective and operationally relevant strategy to ensure substantial value added in IDB's support for the private sector. Such a strategy would need to recognize and build on the drivers of productivity gain and economic growth: fostering entry, creating new markets, and supporting competition and innovation. These drivers depend both on public sector initiatives to improve the business environment and on private sector response, and thus an effective strategy has important implications for the sovereign guarantee (SG) and NSG sides of the Bank and for the IDB Group as a whole. One significant challenge relates to coordination between the two sides of the Bank and among the private sector windows of the Bank Group. Despite repeated attempts by Bank Management to strengthen this coordination, it remains a major challenge. Indeed, the analysis finds that operations with coordinated SG and NSG actions and integrated objectives are rare. Limited coordination has resulted in significant lost opportunities¿ and not only in infrastructure, where improved collaboration would bring clear gains (as in operations involving public-private partnerships and concessions). Coordination could enhance the Bank's additionality in financial sector operations as well, with improvements of financial markets regulation concomitant with second-tier support or the set-up of facilities with client financial institutions. OVE also finds that, despite some progress, the accomplishment of the IDB-9 requirements pertaining to development effectiveness is still a work in progress. Going forward, it is critical for the Bank to forge an institution-wide shared vision for the private sector, while leveraging the potential for collaboration of the public and private sides of the Bank. The paper suggests some structural options and incentive-related steps in that direction.
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Catão, Luis, María Fernanda Rosales und Carmen Pagés. Financial Dependence, Formal Credit and Informal Jobs: New Evidence from Brazilian Household Data. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010726.
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This paper examines a much overlooked link between credit markets and formalization: since access to bank credit typically requires compliance with tax and employment legislation, firms are more likely to incur such formalization costs once bank credit is more widely available at lower cost. The relevance of this credit channel is gauged using the Rajan-Zingales measure of financial dependence and a difference-in-differences approach applied to household survey data from Brazil. It is found that formalization rates increase with financial deepening, especially in sectors where firms are typically more dependent on external finance. Also found is that, decomposing shifts in formalization rates into those within each firm size category and those between firm sizes, financial deepening significantly explains the former but not so much the latter. Some key policy implications are derived.
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Morón, Eduardo, Edgar Salgado und Cristhian Seminario. Financial Dependence, Formal Credit and Firm Informality: Evidence from Peruvian Household Data. Inter-American Development Bank, Mai 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011384.
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This paper examines the link between financial deepening and formalization in Peru. Using data from the National Household Survey, Bloomberg and the Central Bank of Peru Central Bank, the Catão, Pagés, and Rosales (2009) model is implemented at activity level (2-digits ISIC), and the Rajan and Zingales (1998) approach of sectors' dependence on external funds is followed. The sample is divided into three firm size categories, and two formality measures are assessed. Using the accounting books specification, robust results are obtained, supporting a significant and positive effect of credit growth on formalization only for the self-employment firms category. Alternatively, using the pension enrollment specification, the channel is found positively significant only for firms with more than 10 workers; there is a smaller effect for firms with 2-10 workers. There is also a significant between effect, explaining the transition from small firms to larger firms due to greater credit availability.
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Marto, Ricardo, Paola Buitrago, Agustina Schijman, Peter Freeman, Ali Khadr, Monika Huppi und Andrea Florimon. Country Program Evaluation: Jamaica 2009-2014. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010600.
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This document presents an evaluation by the Office of Evaluation and Oversight (OVE) of the Country Program of the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB, or the Bank) with Jamaica over the period 2009-2014. It is OVE's third independent assessment of the Bank's program in Jamaica. Past evaluations covered the periods 1990-2002 (RE-310, October 2005) and 2003-2008 (RE-365, June 2010).According to the Bank's Protocol for Country Program Evaluations (CPEs) (RE-348-3), the main function of a CPE is "to provide information on Bank performance at the country level that is credible and useful, and that enables the incorporation of lessons and recommendations that can be used to improve the development effectiveness of the Bank's overall strategy and program of country assistance." Like other CPEs, this evaluation examines Bank support to the country, with the dual purpose of strengthening accountability and facilitating learning. The assessment in the CPE covers a portfolio that includes all the operations approved between 2009 and July 2014, together with those approved previously but implemented during this period. The details of the portfolio are provided in the annexes to this document. In preparing this document, OVE interviewed some 130 people, including the Bank's main counterparts among the Jamaican authorities, project execution units, members of civil society and the private sector, representatives of multilateral agencies with presence in Jamaica, the Bank's General Manager for the Caribbean Region Department, the Bank's current and former Representatives in Jamaica, and IDB staff at the Bank's Country Office and at Headquarters. The mission also visited the sites of IDB-supported projects to assess implementation progress and challenges.
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Ramirez-Goldin, Ana, Agustina Schijman, Claudia Figueroa, Maria Fernanda Rodrigo, Leslie F. Stone, Raphael Seiwald und Patricia Vargas. Country Program Evaluation: Dominican Republic 2013-2016. Inter-American Development Bank, Juni 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010680.
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This will be the fourth independent evaluation by OVE of the IDB's country program with the Dominican Republic, and the first to cover the work of the entire IDB Group in the country. This Country Program Evaluation (CPE) covers the IDB Group's program over the period 2013-2016, which was guided by the Bank's country strategy with the Dominican Republic 2013-2016. This CPE therefore aims to analyze the IDB Group's relationship with the country, taking an independent viewpoint, assessing in particular the program's relevance and effectiveness, including both financial and nonfinancial products offered by the IDB Group during the period under analysis. This evaluation is intended as an input to the new country strategy document the IDB Group is preparing. The evaluation draws upon a diverse range of sources of information. These include interviews with key respondents: current and former government civil servants, project executing agencies, IDB Group sector specialists, international cooperation partners, members of academia and civil society familiar with the country's development challenges and individuals from the various sectors in which the Bank works. The Bank's programming, supervision (PMR, PSR) and evaluation (PCR and XPSR) documents were also analyzed. OVE backed up its documentary review with an analysis of internal and external databases.
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Schclarek, Alfredo, und Mauricio Caggia. Household Saving and Labor Informality: The Case of Chile. Inter-American Development Bank, Mai 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011698.
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This paper compares the saving behavior of formal and informal workers and additionally provides a socioeconomic and financial characterization of informal workers in Chile. The paper uses the Financial Household Survey conducted by the Central Bank of Chile in 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010, which covers between 1,740 and 2,533 urban households, performing both OLS and probit regressions. The cross-section regression results indicate that, in general, informal households save less than formal households. Further, descriptive data indicate that informal workers have less access to financial services and possess less financial assets and liabilities. In terms of policy implications, combating informality may not only improve the well-being of workers, but may also have positive consequences on the aggregate saving rate. In addition, for Chile, it is evident that there is ample room to improve access to financial services not only for informal but also for formal workers.