Dissertationen zum Thema „Forêts mélangées“
Geben Sie eine Quelle nach APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard und anderen Zitierweisen an
Machen Sie sich mit Top-45 Dissertationen für die Forschung zum Thema "Forêts mélangées" bekannt.
Neben jedem Werk im Literaturverzeichnis ist die Option "Zur Bibliographie hinzufügen" verfügbar. Nutzen Sie sie, wird Ihre bibliographische Angabe des gewählten Werkes nach der nötigen Zitierweise (APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver usw.) automatisch gestaltet.
Sie können auch den vollen Text der wissenschaftlichen Publikation im PDF-Format herunterladen und eine Online-Annotation der Arbeit lesen, wenn die relevanten Parameter in den Metadaten verfügbar sind.
Sehen Sie die Dissertationen für verschiedene Spezialgebieten durch und erstellen Sie Ihre Bibliographie auf korrekte Weise.
Bernard, Marianne. „Changements climatiques et herbivorie : influence sur la régénération et le potentiel d'avenir des forêts mélangées“. Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTG052/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThere is growing concern about the future of temperate mountainous forests, because of climate change and of the difficulties in regenerating forests caused by large ungulates pressure. Herbivore ungulate populations have strongly increased since the middle of the XXth century in the northern hemisphere. By their selective browsing due to their dietary preferences, they exert a strong pressure on regeneration, which intensity on each tree species varies with their palatability. The response of regeneration to climate change in terms of growth and survival is still poorly known, but some results suggest it could be affected differentially given the different autecologies of the species. In such a global changes context, mixed forests are considered a valuable option of adaptation. How would the regeneration phase respond to those two pressures, and what could be the future of a mixed stand in such a context? This study focuses on the effects of browsing by large ungulates and climate change on mixed silver fir, Norway spruce and beech stand regeneration. We show that the lower amount of light reaching the ground in mixed stands does not affect beech regeneration germinating. We demonstrate a quasi-substitution of silver fir by Norway spruce saplings when submitted to high browsing pressure. At the finer scale of foliar traits, we find different responses among the three species to varying climate and browsing pressure, silver fir being the only species expressing an answer to browsing (increase in shoot mechanical resistance and in foliar C:N). Our results also demonstrate a decrease in browsing with increasing winter temperature, and a stronger effect of browsing than of spring temperature on saplings growth for silver fir, beech and sycamore maple. Finally, our simulations of the dynamics of a mixed silver fir-Norway spruce-beech stand suggest a shift in tolerance to drought thresholds due to browsing, and confirm the possible eradication of silver fir in scenarios combining browsing and climate change. This work highlights the influence of large ungulates interacting with climate conditions on forest regeneration dynamics, and the importance to consider this pressure in research protocols aiming at studying the behaviour of regeneration in changing climate contexts
Toïgo, Maude. „Productivité des forêts mélangées : effet de la diversité en essences dans un contexte climatique et édaphique variable“. Thesis, Orléans, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ORLE2018.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGlobal environmental changes may lead to a modification of abiotic factors and biological diversity. The production function in forest ecosystems has the particularity to be both subjected to, and a regulator of, these environmental changes. Understanding how forest productivity is driven by species diversity and environmental factors is therefore a critical issue. This PhD thesis studies how tree species mixture affects their productivity along edaphic and climatic gradients. Based on an approach using both an original dataset and the national forest inventory dataset, I focused on five major species of European forests in pure and two-species forests: Quercus petraea, Pinus sylvestris, Fagus sylvatica, Abies alba and Picea abies. In lowlands, abiotic factors had little impacts on the outcome of tree species mixture on productivity. In addition, the effect of tree species mixture was determined by the shade tolerance of companion species. In highlands, the positive effects of tree species mixture were strongest when the abiotic factors were the most limiting for growth. These results highlight the importance of considering abiotic factors and the functional characteristics of species as drivers of the effect of biological diversity on ecosystem functions
Martin-Blangy, Soline. „Interactions des espèces d’arbres en peuplements mélangés : effets sur la réponse à la sécheresse des arbres et rôle des mécanismes de partage des ressources en eau et en lumière“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LORR0214.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBiodiversity, through tree species interactions, can support many ecosystem functions and services in forest ecosystems. However, in the current context of climate change, the influence of these interactions on the response of forest ecosystems to extreme climatic events, such as drought, is still under debate. Moreover, evidence for the underlying above-ground and below-ground interaction mechanisms that can explain these relationships between diversity and forest ecosystem functioning is still rare.The first objective of my thesis work was to determine the effect of tree species interactions in mixed stands on tree water relations and drought response. My second objective was to identify below-ground or above-ground mechanisms related to resource partitioning that could explain mixture effects on functioning, such as depth of water uptake by roots or canopy space filling by tree crowns.This work was carried out, within the framework of the ANR DiPTICC project, in two distinct experimental systems: an observational network in mature natural forests in the south-east of France (GMAP) and a young experimental plantation near Bordeaux (ORPHEE). I worked on three types of two-species mixtures: beech (Fagus sylvatica) - fir (Abies alba) and beech - downy oak (Quercus pubescens) along the GMAP network and birch (Betula pendula) - maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) at ORPHEE. My work is based on an empirical approach, with ecophysiological and light interception measurements, under contrasting conditions of soil water availability. Functions such as transpiration or water use efficiency (estimated by measuring carbon isotopic composition) were studied.My work shows that in young and old stands, the water relations and drought response of the species studied are little impacted by species interactions. Differences among species in water extraction depths, when present, did not necessarily result in higher water availability for species in mixed stands under drought conditions. Contrary to hypotheses often made in the literature, this suggests that belowground mechanisms would seldom drive the effects of species interactions. In contrast, I observed that the mechanisms of crown complementarity generated changes in stand structure and light interception and appeared to have a strong impact on the functioning of mixed stands.My work confirms that, for the same combination of tree species, the species-mixing effects on tree functioning are highly dependent on local environmental conditions. It is therefore essential for forest managers to take these local conditions into account when making choices about the species composition of future forests. Overall, we found no negative mixture effects on water relations, suggesting that managing forests in favor of mixed stands remains an interesting option for managers to maintain many other forest ecosystem functions and services under climate change
Perot, Thomas. „Quel est le niveau de détail pertinent pour modéliser la croissance d'une forêt mélangée ? Comparaison d'une famille de modèles et application aux peuplements mélangés chêne sessile - pin sylvestre“. Paris, AgroParisTech, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/43/25/73/PDF/ManuscritTheseTPerotVF.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAppropriate tools and models are needed for the management of mixed forests. The aim of this thesis is to show how the construction and the comparison of models with different levels of detail can help us to choose the most appropriate level to model the growth of a mixed stand. We developed a family of models at different levels of detail from data collected in mixed stands of sessile oak (Quercus petraea L. ) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L. ) : a tree distance independent model (MAID), a tree distance dependent model (MADD), three stand models and an intermediate model bridging the MAID and the MADD. We ensured consistency between models using several approaches in order to make relevant comparisons. These models have given us some knowledge on the growth and dynamics of these forests, in particular on the spatial and temporal interactions between oaks and pines. Thus, we showed a compensatory growth phenomenon between the two species using the MAID. The MADD made it possible to show that, in these stands, the intraspecific competition was stronger than interspecific competition. A stand model developed from the MADD helped us to study the influence of mixing rate on production. To assess the quality of models predictions, we used an independent data set obtained by splitting our data. For example, we have shown that the MAID was more efficient than the MADD to predict individual increments. The models were also compared on examples of applications with short or medium term simulations. The proposed approach is of interest for both understanding the studied phenomenon and developing predictive tools. The different results of this work, allowed us to assess the relevance of a type of model for different contexts of use. This very general approach could be applied to the modeling of other processes such as mortality or regeneration
Pérot, Thomas. „Quel est le niveau de détail pertinent pour modéliser la croissance d'une forêt mélangée ? Comparaison d'une famille de modèles et application aux peuplements mélangés chêne sessile - pin sylvestre“. Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00432573.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAlvarez, Eric. „Influence d'un siècle de récolte forestière sur la forêt mélangée tempérée de la Mauricie“. Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26252/26252.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTo ensure sustainable development in a temperate mixedwood boreal forest in central Quebec (Canada), forest managers would like to measure the historical impact of harvesting on forest cover evolution at the landscape level. The main objective of this study was to document, at the landscape level, the historical effects of harvesting on forest cover evolution and wood volume. The study was mainly based on archival records, particularly AbitibiBowater inc 's archives. The objective of the first chapter of this study was to characterize the pre-industrial forest. The main natural disturbances were big fires in 1870 and 1923 and three spruce budworm epidemics in the 20th century. Whatever the scale considered in this study, the pre-industrial forest cover was mainly composed of mature or old-growth (> 100 years) and dominated by mixedwood forest stands with intolerant hardwoods. The main forest species were white birch, black spruce and jack pine, three species associated to forest succession after fire in the boreal forest. Chapter 2 had as objectives to make an historical reconstruction of forest cover evolution in 14 landscapes and to qualify the possible effects of harvesting. For the latter, we used three analytical methods in a triangulation approach. The main alteration of forest harveting on forest cover was qualified as additive to the natural dynamic, particularly considering the increase of intolerant hardwoods. The objective of chapter 3 was to make an historical reconstruction of wood harvesting in a past forest concession (Vermillon). We monitored indicators of forest sustainability in order to discuss the impacts of forest concession revocation in 1986. In the context of our study we noted an increase of wood harvesting after the revocation. Although we were unable to conclude that the new policy was a threat to wood production sustainability, on a sustainable yield basis, our security margin has surely diminished since the introduction of the policy of 1986. “To keep in mind the actions we have done and their results” should be a leitmotiv in our forest management. At least, we should record the data collected during regular operations.
Collet, Romain. „Critères de malaxabilité des mélanges granulaires humides“. Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010INPT0004/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMixing is an important operation in the elaboration of concrete. It creates a homogeneous distribution of solids and liquid. This work was carried out with model materials (glass beads), reference materials present in the concrete composition (calcite, cement, sand) and different liquids (water, isopropanol, glycerol). This study allowed us to optimize the mixing operation, and to clarify the difference between good and bad mixing. Moreover, the study offered informations allowing to reduce the energy consumption and the mixing time. We showed that the granular medium behaviour during the mixing (shear resistance, wetting kinetic, compacity), is affected a lot by the granular medium properties and by the mixer parameters, particularly during the “dry granular medium / wet granular medium” transitional period. A systematic study allowed us to classify these parameters among the individual powders properties (size, shape), the collective properties (packing), the wetting liquid properties (viscosity, superficial tension, liquid with an adjuvant), the liquid/solid interface properties (contact angle), and the process parameters (liquid addition method). Two complementary analysis levels were used to study the influence of these different parameters. The dynamic regime (using of a laboratory planetary mixer) allowed us to characterise the granular medium behaviour during the mixing, using the intensity consumption measure. The quasi-static regime (Schulze annular shear cell) was used in order to achieve a simplified approach to the mixing and to the local stresses (shear plan with a known surface and low velocity). This system allowed us to distinguish the frictional and cohesive interactions that take place during the mixing. In addition, the porosity of the granular medium was measured during the mixing. This porosity changes with the added liquid amount, and is partially responsible of the shear resistance modifications
Grosset, Catherine. „Identification et dosage chromatographiques de mélanges d'antioxydants : application à des formes pharmaceutiques“. Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987GRE18011.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBrugerolle, Sophie. „Caractérisation de l'habitat du lièvre d'Amérique à différentes échelles spatiales : une étude en forêt mélangée“. Thesis, Université Laval, 2004. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2004/21513/21513.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePiazza, Chifflet Adriana. „Modèles mathématiques pour la gestion optimale des ressources renouvelables : une application à la gestion soutenable d'une forêt mélangée“. Montpellier 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON20095.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBarbier, Matthieu. „De l'impermanence des formes dans les fluides granulaires : croissance et relaxation dans les mélanges“. Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA112309.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis work focuses on the dynamics of the fluid state of granular matter, and its response to a localized perturbation in two limiting cases : relaxation toward a homogeneous state or growth of a blast wave. This response is shaped by two distinctive features of granular media: their macroscopic constituent particles are both inelastic, entailing intrinsically non-equilibrium dynamics, and polydisperse or heterogeneous in their material properties. First, we isolate the effects of polydispersity in the return of a gas to its homogeneous asymptotic state, and evidence the existence of an optimal mixture for which the relaxation time is minimal. We then restrict the perturbation to accelerating a single species with an external field in order to study the induced non-equilibrium stationary state in the tracer limit, where other species are undisturbed by this process. Finally, we model the self-similar shock wave generated in such a dissipative bath by an intense yet localized release of energy, and contrast it with blast waves in molecular gases
Graille, Benjamin. „Modélisation de mélanges gazeux réactifs ionisés dissipatifs“. Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00007444.
Der volle Inhalt der Quelletransport à partir d'un modèle de type Boltzmann par un développement de Enskog. Nous étudions alors les propriétés de symétrie apportées par l'entropie de ces équations couplées avec celles de Maxwell pour obtenir un théorème d'existence locale en temps d'une solution bornée et régulière pour le problème de Cauchy. Nous étudions ensuite un modèle de plasma ambipolaire en considérant la masse de l'électron comme un paramètre. Nous démontrons que la solution globale dépend continument de la masse de l'électron lorsque celle-ci s'annule. Nous calculons enfin des flammes ionisées planes et étirées d'un mélange hydrogène-air et obtenons des structures de flammes typiques avec un faible impact de l'ionisation.
Bournival, Philippe. „Éclaircie précommerciale dans les peuplements mélangés à feuillus intolérants (MFI) : effet sur l'accroissement quinquennal et sur le coefficient de distribution“. Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26179/26179.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis study was realized in the bioclimatic domain dominated by balsam fir and white birch. Three different treatments of precommercial thinning (PCT), distributed in five blocks, were compared with a control. A conventional treatment was made according to the standards current in Quebec in 2001 and two alternative treatments were elaborated according to the regional objectives. In every block, there are four control plots, four plots treated according to the 2001 MRNF standards of precommercial thinning and four plots treated according to a modification in the standards of 2001. In blocks 1 and 2 the alternate treatment consists in the preservation of residual stems, at a distance of less than 2 m, in a quarter circle. In blocks 3, 4 and 5 the alternate treatment consisted in spacing out to 5 metres the intolerant broad-leaved trees. The effects of treatments and competition on the growth in height and in diameter were modelized for the period of five years following a precommercial thinning. At high density, the intra and interspecific competition affect largely all the aspects of the growth of the coniferous stems, but in low density it affects only the growth in diameter and the thickness of branches. The effects of the PCT on the stem stocking, the average diameter and of the stand basal area were also modelized. The precommercial thinning negatively affects the stocking of broadleaved and coniferous species, but it affects especially the broadleaved trees. The treatment of precommercial thinning improve the increment of the 1 500 largest coniferous stems per hectare, but does not facilitate the increase of stand basal area. The broadleaved or coniferous competitors, shorter than the crop trees, located in a quarter circle within a distance of 2 meters, do not influence the growth of the coniferous stems but they influence negatively the development of branches. This suggests that a precommercial thinning in which some competitors smaller than the studied tree are left as residual stems, could constitute a good alternative method to both tree growth and quality.
Rolim, Pedro. „Solubilité des constituants d'un mélange de poudres et qualité des granulés obtenus“. Montpellier 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON13508.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLiani, Bachir. „Calcul du coefficient d'émission nette dans les plasmas thermiques formés de mélanges de gaz et de vapeurs métalliques“. Toulouse 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992TOU30006.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBlanchard, Gilles. „Méthodes de mélange et d'agrégation d'estimateurs en reconnaissance de formes : Application aux arbres de décision“. Paris 13, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA132001.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleOspina, Arango Juan David. „Predictive models for side effects following radiotherapy for prostate cancer“. Thesis, Rennes 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014REN1S046/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleExternal beam radiotherapy (EBRT) is one of the cornerstones of prostate cancer treatment. The objectives of radiotherapy are, firstly, to deliver a high dose of radiation to the tumor (prostate and seminal vesicles) in order to achieve a maximal local control and, secondly, to spare the neighboring organs (mainly the rectum and the bladder) to avoid normal tissue complications. Normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) models are then needed to assess the feasibility of the treatment and inform the patient about the risk of side effects, to derive dose-Volume constraints and to compare different treatments. In the context of EBRT, the objectives of this thesis were to find predictors of bladder and rectal complications following treatment; to develop new NTCP models that allow for the integration of both dosimetric and patient parameters; to compare the predictive capabilities of these new models to the classic NTCP models and to develop new methodologies to identify dose patterns correlated to normal complications following EBRT for prostate cancer treatment. A large cohort of patient treated by conformal EBRT for prostate caner under several prospective French clinical trials was used for the study. In a first step, the incidence of the main genitourinary and gastrointestinal symptoms have been described. With another classical approach, namely logistic regression, some predictors of genitourinary and gastrointestinal complications were identified. The logistic regression models were then graphically represented to obtain nomograms, a graphical tool that enables clinicians to rapidly assess the complication risks associated with a treatment and to inform patients. This information can be used by patients and clinicians to select a treatment among several options (e.g. EBRT or radical prostatectomy). In a second step, we proposed the use of random forest, a machine-Learning technique, to predict the risk of complications following EBRT for prostate cancer. The superiority of the random forest NTCP, assessed by the area under the curve (AUC) of the receiving operative characteristic (ROC) curve, was established. In a third step, the 3D dose distribution was studied. A 2D population value decomposition (PVD) technique was extended to a tensorial framework to be applied on 3D volume image analysis. Using this tensorial PVD, a population analysis was carried out to find a pattern of dose possibly correlated to a normal tissue complication following EBRT. Also in the context of 3D image population analysis, a spatio-Temporal nonparametric mixed-Effects model was developed. This model was applied to find an anatomical region where the dose could be correlated to a normal tissue complication following EBRT
Oria, Marcos. „Spectroscopie de réflexion et mélange d'ondes en volume sur la vapeur de césium avec des diodes lasers“. Paris 13, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA132022.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePinto, Paulina. „Ecologie et croissance de Abies alba Mill. en peuplements purs et mélangés dans le Massif Vosgien (Nord-est de la France)“. Phd thesis, ENGREF (AgroParisTech), 2006. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00003643.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGrossiord, Charlotte. „Impact of tree species diversity on water and carbon relations in European forests“. Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0155/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBiodiversity is known to support and boost a wide range of forest ecosystem functions and services like productivity and resistance against insect pests and diseases. However, whether tree species diversity also promotes water and carbon acquisition and use in forest ecosystems is still unclear. Furthermore, in the current context of global warming, information on how tree species diversity can influence the response of forest ecosystems to extreme climatic events such as drought are urgently needed. In this framework, the objective of my PhD thesis was to determine how tree species diversity influences important functions of the water and carbon cycle including transpiration, carbon isotope composition and water extraction depth at the tree- and ecosystem-Scale under contrasting soil water conditions. My work was conducted within the FunDivEUROPE project in a network of permanent forest stands and tree plantations across a North-South gradient in Europecovering a wide range of climatic conditions. I found considerable variability among species or forest types in the response of transpiration and carbon isotope composition at the tree- and ecosystem-Scale across Europe. Species diversity did not affect the water and carbon relations of tree species and forest ecosystems under non-Limiting soil water conditions. However, a strong effect of species diversity was observed under drought conditions in some forest types. Based on these data, I discuss the potential mechanisms of species interactions that may explain the observed patterns. I also point out that the influence of species diversity is highly context-Dependent, and changes with local environmental and climatic conditions. In terms of forest management applications, I suggest that, at least in some regions, controlling for tree species diversity along with stand density and total basal area could be recommended to help forests adapt to drier conditions
Brazey, Denis. „Reconnaissance de formes et suivi de mouvements en 4D temps-réel : Restauration de cartes de profondeur“. Thesis, Rouen, INSA, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ISAM0019.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn this dissertation, we are interested in several issues related to 3D data processing. The first one concerns people detection and tracking in depth map sequences. We propose an improvement of an existing method based on a segmentation stage followed by a tracking module. The second issue is head detection and modelling in 3D point clouds. In order to do this, we adopt a probabilistic approach based on a new spherical mixture model. The last considered application deals with the restoration of deteriorated depth maps. To solve this problem, we propose to use a surface approximation method based on interpolation Dm-splines with scale transforms to approximate and restore the image. Presented results illustrate the efficiency of the developed algorithms
Toussile, Wilson. „Sélection de variable : structure génétique d'une population et transmission de Plasmodium à travers le moustique“. Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00553674.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleZapater, Marion. „Diversité fonctionnelle de la réponse à la sécheresse édaphique d'espèces feuillues en peuplement mélangé : Approches écophysiologique et isotopique“. Thesis, Nancy 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NAN10133/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn regard to the various functions of forests and considering the general idea that mixed stands would be more resistant and resilient to disturbances, those stands are more and more promoted than pure stands. In such a context, characterize co-occurring species behaviour and define the possible interaction between them appeared to be necessary. The main objective of this work was to characterize the functional diversity in water uptake and regulation in a young broad leaved mixed forest, particularly under drought conditions. The study was focused on (i) drought response of the species from sap flow and predawn leaf water potential measurements, (ii) water absorption through two-dimensional root distribution and labeling experiments (using deuterium and 18O) and (iii) vulnerability to cavitation of the different species and its protection through stomatal regulation. Radial growth, phenology and water use efficiency were also taken into account in this analysis. A principal component analysis highlights a spatial and temporal partitioning of water resource and underlines contrasted tree water use strategies among co-occurring species. At stand level, this functional diversity results in complementarity soil water use and facilitation mechanism (hydraulic lift) that benefits to mixed in comparison to pure forest stands
Allène, Cédric. „Paradigmes de segmentation de graphe : comparaisons et applications en traitement d'images“. Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00532601.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGiner, Pierre. „Simulation numérique des jets et sillages instationnaires dans la conception de formes aérodynamiques“. Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ESAE0015.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe aerodynamic integration of Ultra-High Bypass Ratio turbofans raises the need for an accurate prediction of the unsteady properties of the jet development using Computational Fluid Dynamics, since the design stages. The ability of numerical methods in predicting these phenomena are assessed in this thesis, using different modelling approaches. A dual-stream jet configuration is investigated, using an associated wind-tunnel test campaign. Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes simulations, using several turbulence models, are shown to correctly reproduce the mean flow especially concerning the shear layers. Shock cells and turbulence levels predictions within the primary and secondary jet flows are however perfectible compared to the test results. Turbulence-accounting approaches based upon experimental data and using different configurations partially overcome this issue. An unsteady methodis then applied in order to resolve turbulent phenomena instead of modelling them. The hybrid Detached-Eddy Simulation of the flow demonstrates an at least equivalent accuracy concerning the mean flow and provides additional information on the fluctuating fields and shear layers unsteady properties, in fair agreement with the experimental results. Prospects discuss benefits and consequences of this approach taking into account its cost and the industrial context of this application,as well as its potential use for a more complex, installed jet configuration
Darwich, Ali. „Approche pixel de la soustraction d'arrière-plan en vidéo, basée sur un mélange de gaussiennes imprécises“. Thesis, Littoral, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018DUNK0479/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMoving objects detection is a very important step for many applications such as human behavior analysis surveillance, model-based action recognition, road traffic monitoring, etc. Background subtraction is a popular approach, but difficult given that it must overcome many obstacles, such as dynamic background changes, brightness variations, occlusions, and so on. In the presented works, we focused on this problem of objects/background segmentation, using a type-2 fuzzy modeling to manage the inaccuracy of the model and the data. The proposed method models the state of each pixel using an imprecise and scalable Gaussian mixture model, which is exploited by several fuzzy classifiers to ultimately estimate the pixel class at each image. More precisely, this decision takes into account the history of its evolution, but also its spatial neighborhood and its possible displacements in the preceding images. Then we compared the proposed method with other close methods, including methods based on a gaussian mixture model, fuzzy based methods, or ACP type methods. This comparison allowed us to assess its good performances, and to propose some perspectives to this work
Derrode, Stéphane. „Contributions en segmentation statistique d'images et reconnaissance de formes 2D“. Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Paul Cézanne - Aix-Marseille III, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00325082.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleReal, Elsa. „Caractérisation de la pollution intercontinentale au-dessus de l'Atlantique Nord“. Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066653.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGOREAUD, François. „Apports de l'analyse de la structure spatiale en forêt tempérée à l'étude et la modélisation des peuplements complexes“. Phd thesis, ENGREF (AgroParisTech), 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00005747.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDans ce mémoire je présente quelques exemples de questions écologiques pour lesquelles la prise en compte de la structure spatiale apporte des éléments de réponse. J'ai utilisé le formalisme des processus ponctuels, et plus particulièrement la fonction de Ripley K(r), pour analyser des peuplements réels et simuler des peuplements virtuels. Ces outils ont été utiles pour décrire les peuplements, pour concevoir, utiliser et évaluer des modèles. J'ai par exemple proposé un modèle spatialisé de la mortalité lors des tempêtes dans la réserve de la Tillaie, et j'ai évalué différents modèles d'éclaircie sur le dispositif de Lamotte-Beuvron. Sur le dispositif du Beau Poirier, l'utilisation conjointe de modèles dendrométriques et de modèles d'écologie théorique m'a permis d'étudier la survie du chêne dans le mélange chêne et hêtre, et a apporté des éléments de réponse à la question plus générale de la survie en mélange d'une espèce moins compétitive. A moyen terme, l'analyse de la structure spatiale pourrait jouer un rôle important dans l'évolution des modèles dendrométriques, et en particulier dans la réflexion sur les données et les dispositifs, dans la prise en compte du compartiment sol, et dans le couplage avec des modèles d'écologie théorique pour faciliter le passage de l'échelle de l'arbre à l'échelle du peuplement.
Gaudio, Noémie. „Interactions pour la lumière entre les arbres adultes, les jeunes arbres et la végétation du sous-bois au sein d'un écosystème forestier : application à la régénération du pin sylvestre en peuplement mélangé chêne sessile - pin sylvestre“. Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00587487.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMiglioretti, Françoise. „Ecologie et dendrométrie des peuplements purs et mélanges de chêne vert (Quercus ilex L. ) et chêne pubescent (Quercus pubescens WILLD. ) en Provence : bases méthodologiques, modèles de croissance et reproduction (application à la forêt de la Gardiole de Rians, Var)“. Aix-Marseille 3, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987AIX30028.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBaumard, Samuel. „Aspects modulaires et elliptiques des relations entre multizêtas“. Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01017022.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFruleux, Alexandre. „Développement racinaire du hêtre (Fagus sylvatica) en interaction avec d’autres espèces forestières et en fonction de la disponibilité en eau : conséquences sur la croissance et le fonctionnement hydrique et carboné“. Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0047/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe link between species diversity and ecosystem productivity is a central issue in ecology. Numerous studies have shown a positive relationship between forest diversity and productivity, as well as a greater resistance to various stresses such as droughts. On the other hand, few studies demonstrated the mechanisms behind the benefits observed in multi-species forests compared to monospecific ones. In particular, the role of belowground interactions among species in explaining the origin of positive effects of species diversity on ecosystem functioning is unknown. The aim of my PhD work was to study the influence of tree species interactions on the root development of beech (Fagus sylvatica) under different levels of water conditions. We showed that at the seedling stage, underground competition between beech, oak and pine was strong and that mixing these species could influence the growth of the beech. Water availability had a strong impact on the growth of beech seedlings, but the presence of seedlings of other species competing with beech did not particularly improve its response to drought. At the adult stage, in a forest plantation, we showed that maple trees competing with beech did not strongly modify the mean depth of soil water extraction of beech trees or the vertical distribution of beech roots. We conclude that (i) there was no separation of the underground ecological niches of these two species, both spatially and functionally (with respect to water acquisition), and (ii) that the mechanisms of belowground interaction between these two species do not seem to explain the origin of the higher productivity in the mixture than in the monoculture zone. Finally, the richest fungal communities were found in the mixed species zone: we hypothesize that greater fungal community richness in the mixture may improve water and nutrient acquisition and then contribute to higher productivity in the mixed species zone. My work suggests that underground interactions between beech and other forest species are probably not the main mechanism explaining beneficial effects of mixtures on productivity
Heristchi, Vincent. „Neige électronique - L'effet vidéo“. Thesis, Paris 3, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA030105.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleVideo is currently used on television and as an amateur format, and has been for a few decades. But its mixing with feature movies shot on traditional 16 or 35 millimetres is more occasional, even if it can offer new aesthetical possibilities. By keeping the particular texture of video, in a mix and a confrontation of formats, an effect can occur. The creation of that “video effect” is the subject of this study. What can create a video image [defined and readable as video] when a fiction or a documentary’s reference of format is on celluloid? To that purpose, some films directed by Robert Kramer, William Klein, Michael Haneke, Fritz Lang, Jean-Luc Godard, Atom Egoyan, David Cronenberg, David Lynch, Abbas Kiarostami, Abel Ferrara, Wim Wenders, Chris Marker or Jean- Daniel Pollet will be investigated. These images determine a particular video effect [television, CCTV or amateur-intimate], and its constituting elements can be altered. Video can also lose all its narrative justification and influence the audience’s emotions only through its texture, in order to eventually « make the image » [in reference to Samuel Beckett’s short story]. Finally, by creating instability in the nature of its constitution, the video effect can contain the openness of a poetic whisper
Bhattacharjee, Saptarshi. „Study and modeling of fluctuating fluid forces exerted on fuel rods in pressurized water reactors“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4315.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFlow-induced vibrations in the pressurized water reactor core can cause fretting wear in the fuel rods. Due to friction, wear occurs at the contact locations between the spacer grid and the fuel rod. This may compromise the first safety barrier of the nuclear reactor by damaging the fuel rod cladding. In order to ensure the integrity of the cladding, it is necessary to know the random fluctuating forces acting on the rods. However, the spectra for these fluid forces are not well known. The goal of this thesis is to use simple geometrical elements to check the reproducibility of realistic PWR spacer grids. As a first step, LES were performed on annular pipe for different mesh refinements using the CFD code TrioCFD. A mesh sensitivity study was performed to propose a good mesh for reproducing standard literature results. This information on mesh resolution was used when carrying out simulations using various geometric obstacles inside the pipe-mixing vanes, circular spacer grid and a combination of square spacer grid with mixing vanes. Structured mesh was generated for the annular pipe case and circular grid case. An innovative hybrid mesh was used for the two remaining cases of the mixing vanes and the square grid; keeping unstructured mesh around the obstacles and structured mesh in the rest of the domain. Both hydraulic and wall pressure characteristics were analyzed for each case. The results for the square grid case were found to be an approximate combination of the mixing vane case and circular grid case. Simulation results were compared with experiments performed at CEA Cadarache. Some preliminary comparisons were also made with classical empirical models
Charbonnier, Yohan. „Relations entre diversité des habitats forestiers et communautés de chiroptères à différentes échelles spatiales en Europe : implications pour leur conservation et le maintien de leur fonction de prédation“. Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0277/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleInsectivorous bats are increasingly recognized as potential regulators of pest insect populations.They also represent the group of European mammals with the most unfavorable conservation status. Forests are key habitats for many bat species but are currently under threat from climate change and fragmentation. It is therefore urgent to better understand the relationships between the bats, their prey and their habitats in forests. Our main objective was to quantify the effects, at multiple spatial scales, of the main attributes of forest habitats on the activity, species richness, functional diversity and composition of European bat communities. They were studied using manipulative experiments in Aquitaine plantation forests and automatic recordings in the network of exploratory plots set up in six European countries by the FunDivEurope project. From the plot to the continent scale, increasing tree diversity, amount of broad leaved trees and dead wood, had positive effects on bat communities through an increase in prey and roost resources. However these effects were not stationary, being stronger at higher latitudes, probably due to lower habitat carrying capacity in relation to harsher climatic conditions. In addition we experimentally demonstrated that the numerical and functional responses of bats to prey density could result in effective regulation of pine processionary moth populations. Forest management strategies aim at enhancing key habitat structures, are eventually proposed in order to improve the conservation of bats and to increase the service of pest regulation they can provide
Nieddu, Laura. „Une nouvelle génération d'écrivains sardes. Entre langue italienne et "limba" : les formes et les raisons d'une caractérisation régionale“. Thesis, Paris 10, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA100050.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis aims to study the literary phenomenon called «Sardinia nouvelle vague» and more particularly the forms and reasons of linguistic mixture between Sardinian and Italian, which characterize the works of Sardinian writers published between 1995 and 2010. Through a diachronic and synchronic study of Sardinian literature we want to show that we are not talking about something new. In fact, the "Sardinian literary renaissance" is the exploit of some authors who take advantage of a climate of strong national vitality, of regional languages, but, above all, a new freedom of expression, inaugurated by the works of Sergio Atzeni in the mid 90s. Despite significant differences in the forms and effects of mixture of language used in novels examined, this feature of the contemporary Sardinian literary scene marks a special attention by the authors to the language spoken on the island in different eras portrayed, whether it's Sardinian, regional Sardinian or Italian. Moreover, the choice of the mix of Sardinian and Italian emphasizes the value attributed to the forms of expression typical of Sardinia as part of a representation of the peculiarities and internal issues, related to the relationship between progress and tradition
Fermín, Lisandro. „Agrégation de processus stochastiques, désagrégation et longue mémoire“. Paris 11, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA112120.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis is devoted to three closely related problems. The first one is the aggregation of doubly stochastic processes. The second one is about obtaining a long memory processes through the aggregation of short memory processes. The third one is the inverse problem of aggregation, which we shall call disaggregation. We star by studying the aggregation of doubly stochastic linear processes with interactive innovations and we develop a novel SLLN for random quadratic forms of U-statistic which implies the a. S. Convergence of the covariance function of the partial aggregation process. Then, we extend the aggregation convergence results for some doubly stochastic nonlinear processes considering common innovations and weakly dependent innovations. In this last setting we introduce a new weak dependence notion for doubly stochastic processes and we exhibit several models satisfying this notion. In a second part we study the aggregation and the disaggregation of autoregressive processes. Mixture of spectral densities with random poles is the main tool. This tool is useful to build long memory processes by aggregation. Finally, we study the disaggregation on the class of short memory processes whose spectral densities are infinitely differentiable. We prove that a large set of long memory processes are obtained by an aggregation procedure involving these processes
Požar, Martina. „On the nature of structural fluctuations in complex liquids“. Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS269.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe analysis of different types of structuring, present in simple and complex liquids and their mixtures, was done using the method of molecular dynamics. Complex mixtures have at least one associative component, such as water, alcohols (mono-ols and diols) and amines. The supra-molecular structuring in these mixtures is detected, described, quantified and connected with the atom-atom interactions is the molecules. These systems have interesting fluctuation behaviors, as shown through Kirkwood-Buff integrals. Their correlation functions behave in a complex way, depending on the component, concentration and temperature. The pre-peak at small k values in the site-site structure factor is defined as a signature of molecular domains in these mixtures. A special focus is placed on long-range structuring, which is a novelty considering the majority of the work in the field of the physics of liquids. This thesis contributes to a better understanding of micro-heterogeneous structures in molecular liquids, and gives new links to structural heterogeneities in soft and bio-matter
Queyreau, Sylvain. „Etude des mécanismes d'écrouissage sous irradiation de la ferrite par simulations de dynamique de dislocations“. Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066228.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePoulard, Hervé. „Statistiques et réseaux de neurones pour un système de diagnostic : application au diagnostic de pannes automobiles“. Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 1996. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00459051.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleEl, Ismaili Mohammed. „Out-of-equilibrium Binary Colloidal Mixtures : Experimental magnetic system and simulations of active Lennard-Jones mixtures“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LORR0172.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLiving systems generally operate in non-equilibrium states by continuously consuming energy, thus exhibiting rich collective dynamics and properties. Physical investigations often rely on analogies with model systems in soft matter, such as colloids. In this thesis, we develop two colloidal model systems that operate in non-equilibrium states and exhibit interesting phenomena similar to those of certain biological systems, such as self-assembly, viscoelasticity, phase transitions, and segregation. In the first part of this thesis, we study experimentally and theoretically the dynamics of two-dimensional clusters of paramagnetic colloids under a time-varying magnetic field. Due to the continuous energy input by the rotating field, these self-assembled clusters are at a dissipative non-equilibrium state. We experimentally characterize the dynamics of cluster rotation and we develop a theoretical model to explain the observations by the emergence of collective viscoelastic properties. The model successfully captures the observed dependence on particle, cluster, and field characteristics, and it provides an estimate of cluster viscoelasticity. We extend our study to the case of binary clusters of colloids of two different sizes and magnetic susceptibilities. The composition dependence of the rotation dynamics is successfully captured by a generalization of our theoretical model. We also investigate the evolution of the internal distribution of the two particle types, reminiscent of segregation in a drop of two immiscible liquids, and the effect of such structure on the rotation dynamics. Next, we study cluster disassembly in response to a change in the external field. The experimentally observed disassembly dynamics are successfully described by a model, which moreover provides an estimate of the particle-substrate friction coefficient. In the second part of the thesis, we investigate a two-dimensional binary mixture of active and passive Lennard-Jones colloids, characterized by different degrees of scalar activity, modeled by an effective temperature difference. We perform molecular dynamics simulations of this system using two different thermostats. We consider two equilibrium reference systems: a homogeneous system and a gas-liquid interfacial system. We drive these systems out-of-equilibrium by increasing the effective temperature difference and we systematically investigate the effect on their behaviors and properties. For the homogeneous system, our results indicate that the presence of differential activity shifts the mixture from solid towards the liquid state and renders it more deformable than a homogeneous state at the average temperature. The binary mixture remains homogeneous for moderate activity difference between the two species, and segregation arises for a sufficiently large activity difference. For the interfacial system, we investigate the effect of activity on a pre-existing gas-liquid interface between two separated species. We find that a high activity difference induces the formation of new solid-liquid interfaces, whereas a low difference destabilizes pre-existing liquid-gas interfaces. Moreover, the combination of a pre-existent interface with differential activity leads to partial crystallization and thus to triple phase coexistence (solid, liquid, and gas), which is observed over a wide range of differential activities. Our findings from these idealized systems could guide our understanding and point to certain physical mechanisms at play in biological systems, where similar dynamical behaviors are observed
Al, chanti Dawood. „Analyse Automatique des Macro et Micro Expressions Faciales : Détection et Reconnaissance par Machine Learning“. Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAT058.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFacial expression analysis is an important problem in many biometric tasks, such as face recognition, face animation, affective computing and human computer interface. In this thesis, we aim at analyzing facial expressions of a face using images and video sequences. We divided the problem into three leading parts.First, we study Macro Facial Expressions for Emotion Recognition and we propose three different levels of feature representations. Low-level feature through a Bag of Visual Word model, mid-level feature through Sparse Representation and hierarchical features through a Deep Learning based method. The objective of doing this is to find the most effective and efficient representation that contains distinctive information of expressions and that overcomes various challenges coming from: 1) intrinsic factors such as appearance and expressiveness variability and 2) extrinsic factors such as illumination, pose, scale and imaging parameters, e.g., resolution, focus, imaging, noise. Then, we incorporate the time dimension to extract spatio-temporal features with the objective to describe subtle feature deformations to discriminate ambiguous classes.Second, we direct our research toward transfer learning, where we aim at Adapting Facial Expression Category Models to New Domains and Tasks. Thus we study domain adaptation and zero shot learning for developing a method that solves the two tasks jointly. Our method is suitable for unlabelled target datasets coming from different data distributions than the source domain and for unlabelled target datasets with different label distributions but sharing the same context as the source domain. Therefore, to permit knowledge transfer between domains and tasks, we use Euclidean learning and Convolutional Neural Networks to design a mapping function that map the visual information coming from facial expressions into a semantic space coming from a Natural Language model that encodes the visual attribute description or use the label information. The consistency between the two subspaces is maximized by aligning them using the visual feature distribution.Third, we study Micro Facial Expression Detection. We propose an algorithm to spot micro-expression segments including the onset and offset frames and to spatially pinpoint in each image space the regions involved in the micro-facial muscle movements. The problem is formulated into Anomaly Detection due to the fact that micro-expressions occur infrequently and thus leading to few data generation compared to natural facial behaviours. In this manner, first, we propose a deep Recurrent Convolutional Auto-Encoder to capture spatial and motion feature changes of natural facial behaviours. Then, a statistical based model for estimating the probability density function of normal facial behaviours while associating a discriminating score to spot micro-expressions is learned based on a Gaussian Mixture Model. Finally, an adaptive thresholding technique for identifying micro expressions from natural facial behaviour is proposed.Our algorithms are tested over deliberate and spontaneous facial expression benchmarks
Verdet, Florian. „Exploring variabilities through factor analysis in automatic acoustic language recognition“. Phd thesis, Université d'Avignon, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00954255.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleOuellette, Nadine. „Approximation de la distribution de la distance entre deux courbes empiriques“. Thèse, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/14590.
Der volle Inhalt der Quelle