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MOHD KHAIRI, NURUL NADZATUL FARAH. „Collecting Forest Resources as Livelihood Strategies in Kampung Tambirat, Sarawak“. Trends in Undergraduate Research 1, Nr. 1 (17.12.2018): h39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/tur.1183.2018.
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A livelihood is a means of making a living, securing necessities of life such as water, shelter medicine and clothing. For communities dependent on forest resources for livelihoods, sustainability of forests are important. In Kampung Tambirat this study aims to find the income generated from forest resources particularly Nypah palm forests, the measures of conservation, challenges and type of assistance required so that the villagers engagement in the activities will flourish in the future and benefit the younger generations. It is found that there are no conservation measures for Nypah forests and seasonal floods further increases the difficulty for the villagers to sustain their livelihood activities.Keywords: Forest resources, livelihood strategies, Nypah forests, Sarawak, sustainability
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Nath, Tapan Kumar, und Makoto Inoue. „Forest Villagers in Northeastern Hill Forests of Bangladesh: Examining Their Livelihoods, Livelihood Strategies and Forest Conservation Linkages“. Small-scale Forestry 13, Nr. 2 (12.09.2013): 201–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11842-013-9249-z.
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Van Gils, E. J. T., V. J. Ingram, D. Midoko Iponga und K. Abernethy. „Changes in Livelihood Practices, Strategies and Dependence on Bushmeat in Two Provinces in Gabon“. International Forestry Review 21, Nr. 1 (01.03.2019): 108–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1505/146554819825863753.
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Traditional, forest resource-dependent livelihoods face multiple challenges. In Gabon, bushmeat provides food and income for rural communities. This study investigates how villagers believe livelihood practices and dependence on bushmeat changed over the last decade and if alternative income and food generating strategies can be sustainable. Our results show that remote villages near Moukalaba Doudou National Park hardly changed practices. Less remote villages near Tchibanga experienced declining hunting revenues and are switching to alternatives. Villages near Libreville almost completely changed strategies, and are no longer dependent on forest resources. Changes in livelihood practices were driven either by resource depletion or urbanization. The ability to change depended on proximity to facilities and infrastructure. Although most respondents were able to change, not all alternative strategies are sustainable. The results highlight the need to evaluate the long-term effectiveness of alternative poverty reduction and nature conservation strategies in a context of urbanization and food security. There is a need to reduce bushmeat demand, making supply more sustainable through effective resource governance and creating a conducive institutional and policy environment.
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Roy, Sajal, Habib Zafarullah und Arunima Kishore Das. „Unwrapping the Memory Box“. Asian Journal of Social Science 48, Nr. 3-4 (24.09.2020): 375–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685314-04803010.
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Abstract The Sundarbans, the largest mangrove forest in the world, has been undergoing significant ecological changes due to climate change-related weather events since the late 1990s. This forest, situated in south-west Bangladesh, provides livelihood services to 3.5 million people. The livelihood provision of the Sundarbans forest has been invented due to climate-induced disasters, such as cyclones, sea-level rise, salinisation, heat waves, and flooding. Considering the impacts of cyclones Aila and Sidr, this autoethnographic study closely examines the long-established perceptions of women and men about the resources of the Sundarbans. While doing so, this study uses feminist political ecology as a theoretical framework. This study examines how these two cyclones transformed lives and gendered livelihoods of the villagers of Shora in the Sundarbans forest.
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Mahmoudi, Beytollah, Eric Zenner, Davood Mafi-Gholami und Fatemeh Eshaghi. „Livelihood Analysis and a New Inferential Model for Development of Forest-Dependent Rural Communities“. Sustainability 15, Nr. 11 (02.06.2023): 9008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15119008.
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The livelihood of many households and communities in the Central Zagros of Iran is strongly dependent on income from forests. While this has led to the widespread over-utilization of forests, poverty levels have remained high and rural development low. The objective of this study was to understand how households utilize forests and to what extent forests contribute to household income and alleviate poverty in order to develop strategies to raise families out of poverty and offer development perspectives to communities that avoid destructive forest utilization. To do so, semi-structured interviews were conducted in five rural communities, community poverty was quantified using several indices (e.g., the Census Ratio Index, Poverty Gap Index), the level of rural development was quantified using socio-economic indicators, and an inferential model was developed that combines household dependence on forests with the level of rural development to provide development perspectives. Local households earned income from nine livelihood strategies that involve forests. Forest-dependent strategies provided the second highest economic share (18.1%) of household income, averaging IRR 27.7 million (USD 657) annually, and moved 12% of households above the poverty line (76% still remained below). Without forest income, most indices of poverty decreased, income inequality increased by 11%, and poverty depth increased 1.54-fold. The low development index of most villages indicates that rural villagers are heavily dependent on forests to meet their livelihood. Our conceptual model indicates that communities should pursue different development strategies that consider whether households depend on forests to meet their livelihood or derive more supplemental income.
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Meena, Muraree Lal. „Relocation and Livelihood Concerns of Sariska Tiger Project, Rajasthan: A Pride or Plight?“ Space and Culture, India 3, Nr. 2 (08.11.2015): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.20896/saci.v3i2.150.
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It is well known that Sariska Tiger Reserve is a home to the India’s national animal - the Bengal Tiger (Panthera tigris tigris). The crux of this research is to examine the role of local peoples in the conservation of Sariska Tiger project, which was declared a wildlife reserve way back in 1955 and then further raised to a status of a Tiger Reserve in 1978, and a National Park in 1982. According to the Government officials, the people around the reserve are not only responsible for degrading the reserve, it has also emerged as a safe haven for the poachers involved in illegal hunting of the tigers. One of the reasons identified to be the cause of tiger extinction is the human habitation in the core and in the peripheral areas surrounding the tiger reserves. Despite efforts being made to protect, the Sariska Tiger Reserve, located in Alwar (Rajasthan) is seriously facing the problem of tiger extinction. It is estimated that there are around 12 thousand people residing inside the tiger reserve, with 11 villages in the Core Zone-1 area and about 170 villages situated along the peripheries of the reserve. Among the prime measures undertaken are diversions of traffic, relocation of the villages located inside the forest. The Tiger Task Force (2005) has recommended relocation of three key villages surrounding the central area of the Sariska Tiger Reserve.
However, this relocation of villages is quite contrary to the life style of the people residing within these villages. Their social and cultural attributes, needs and aspirations have not been given due consideration and the villagers are strongly resenting this move by the government. These displaced villagers have been living in perfect harmony with their environment from time immemorial and it is hard to understand how these villagers can be held responsible for degrading their natural environment, which is their lifeline. The government has failed to take into consideration the role of the neighbouring urban centres that are more responsible for the degradation of the habitat as compared to these simple villagers. In the light of these arguments, this research is an attempt to study and highlight the issues and problems related to the displacement of villages in the core area of the reserve and suggest suitable measures.
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Swain, Ajit Kumar. „A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW ON JOINT FOREST MANAGEMENT (JFM) RESOLUTION, 2011 AND ITS AMENDMENT, 2015 IN ODISHA, INDIA“. Environment & Ecosystem Science 6, Nr. 2 (2022): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/ees.02.2022.52.56.
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This paper reviews rules and regulations implemented by introducing a state policy of Joint Forest Management (JFM) in the forest fringe villages of Odisha, a coastal state of India. It critiques the guidelines and amendments associated with JFM in Odisha that seem not to be examined previously. Several questions are revealed right here relating to the formation of an institution like Vana Surakhya Samiti (VSS) or Eco Development Committee (EDC), the role of villagers, community members, and the Forest Department in building these institutions at the local level, the meetings, resolutions needed, people of the village associated, MOU required between a Divisional Forest Office and these institutions following the resolution of JFM, 2011 and amendments of 2015, and so on. This comparison of the resolution and amendments concludes; that the participation of villagers increases with the initiatives of the JFM in the protection of their own area. JFM has a larger role function in building trust among the forest department officials and villagers of the nearby forest. The necessary modifications in the JFM amendment, of 2015 have made the financial processes transparent, the inter-village and intra-village conflicts are reduced to different projects implemented following this JFM policy. The forest fringe village individuals and their participation in managing the forest resources is a mandatory need. JFM has catered to these needs with different resolutions and amendments. It has not only helped the Government to manage the forest resources in a sustainable way but also enhanced the livelihood of the people making their future better.
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Kumar, Kaushal, S. Abbas und M. Siddiqui. „Issue on Establishment of Forest Products Processing Unit under the concept of Smart Village“. Journal of Non Timber Forest Products 23, Nr. 3 (01.09.2016): 123–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps2000-2016-unk68o.
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In purview of popularization of ‘Smart Cities’ the concept of ‘Smart Village’ is sincerely under consideration for policy makers, and administrators. In the above context, among several aspects of Smart Village, one of the most important aspect of community development through utilization of forest products based industries with have two broad categories like major forest produce (Timber Products) and minor forest produce (Non-Timber Forest Products). Indeed, the entrepreneurs’ based forest products viz. medicinal and aromatic plants, various fibers, bamboos and canes, wild grass, gums and resins, dyes and tannins, essential oils, etc. have been a part of villagers and forest dwellers life which should be included with planning of Smart Village. The inhabitants of village and rural areas in the vicinity of forests may utilize for value addition through sustainable and scientific collection, processing and preparation of useful economic products for livelihood generation through the establishment of industries at village level. In present communication it is debated and highlighted for perusal of policy makers, administrators and foresters for establishment of processing unit at village level as a facilitation center for local farmers and villagers to save their time and valuing the forest products either timber or NTFPs like medicinal , oil, fibers, gums and resins, dyes and tannin etc.
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DAS, MADHUMITA, und BANI CHATTERJEE. „LIVELIHOOD IN BHITARKANIKA WILDLIFE SANCTUARY, INDIA: AN IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF ECOTOURISM PRACTICES“. Singapore Economic Review 65, Nr. 03 (01.06.2017): 653–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590817410065.
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The present study examines the livelihood impact of ecotourism policy in Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary (BKWS), Odisha, India. Results confirm that ecotourism has created several employment opportunities for the locals and the participants earn better compared to the non-participants. However, the locals suffer due to man-animal conflict and the non-participants suffer the most as farming is their major occupation. Crop damage and livestock depredation by wild animals cause a great economic loss to the villagers. The losses often result in aggravating poverty, food insecurity, additional expenses for investing on mitigating measures and consequently diminished state of socio-economic wellbeing. Thus proper measures can go a long way in founding a better relationship between the forest department and the villagers.
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Luswaga, Hussein, und Ernst-August Nuppenau. „Typology of Forest Users in West Usambara Tanzania and Implication to Forest Management“. Forests 12, Nr. 1 (28.12.2020): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12010024.
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The West Usambara landscape is a complex ecosystem in Tanzania known for its rich biodiversity and livelihood support within and beyond its scope. The community dependency on this forest places pressure on its resources, so this forest requires better management strategies. Previous studies on forest conservation ignored details on the heterogeneity of forest users around the forest fringes. Part of the challenge is to understand the characteristics, behavior, and variability of forest users to plan and inform management decisions. This study is an attempt to assess typologies of forest users, their perceptions, and their motivations for understanding better forest management and utilization. The data were collected from 159 randomly sampled households located in four villages bordering the forests, supplemented with focus group discussions and key informant interviews. A factor analysis identified three management and two utilization dimensions, while cluster analysis identified three typologies: high (HFIS), medium (MFIS), and low (LFIS) forest users. The typologies varied in their socioeconomic characteristics, management, and utilization index. The management and utilization index varied from low for HFIS and MFIS to medium for LFIS, indicating a possible difference in resource utilization as well as incentives for management efforts. A multinomial logit indicated further that age, training, and livestock ownership limited upward trends in forest utilization. These findings indicate that, to improve forest management in West Usambara, different management prescriptions are required to respond to the characteristics and variability of forest users (along typologies). Moreover, forest-linked income-generating activities should be encouraged to improve forest income and motivate villagers’ engagement in the forest activities.
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Mian, MM, MB Khan und MA Baten. „Impacts of Madhupur National Park on Local Peoples Livelihood“. Journal of Environmental Science and Natural Resources 5, Nr. 2 (16.04.2013): 63–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v5i2.14603.
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In this study, the impact of Madhupur National Park on local peoples livelihoods was assessed. To find local peoples perception on collaborative natural resources management. This study was conducted from July, 2012 to December, 2012 on two villages named Talki and Sholakuri. Data collection was based on stratified random sample. Stratification was based on park proximity of respondent households that is (inside park) 0 km, 0.5 km distance, 1 km distance, 1.5 km distance and 2 km distance from Madhupur National Park boundary. The five strata were compared with respect to households natural resource dependency, households income, income diversification, income level, assets and perception on present management system. Present management system was also discussed to emphasize park management authority contribution on local livelihood. Based on analysis of collected data from two villages it was assumed that the nearest people were more dependent on natural resource of park than far people. The simple correlation coefficient for the distance of household with natural resource dependency was negatively significant. Household average monthly incomes in two villages were approximately same but Talki villagers were 79.25% depend on park related activity and this dependency decreased with increasing of distance. Present park management system plays an important role to reduce people and park animosity by providing aid and training to the local offensive persons and involve them into park conservation. A trend analysis of decreasing forest offences represented that, the present management system is better than past time and it could be able to reduce people park animosity.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v5i2.14603 J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 5(2): 63-66 2012
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Deb, Surajit. „Livelihood Prospects Across Social Classes in Rural India“. Social Change 49, Nr. 2 (Juni 2019): 310–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049085719844117.
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In the third part of the Social Change Social Indicator series, we look at livelihood prospects across social classes in rural India. The rural population in India earns its living from different livelihood types—farming, agricultural labour, other manual labour, domestic services or other jobs. The majority of farmers in the country are however small landholders and therefore depend on other sources of income to earn enough money to survive or to even purchase crucially needed seeds and fertilisers. Then there are the agricultural labours who do not own land of their own and work in the fields to earn daily wages. Since the land support for these rural families has become increasingly difficult, a section of the rural population has started looking outside their locale for jobs. In recent decades, jobs for urban construction and private security services industry has provided a potential alternative for backward or economically weaker sections from the rural and semi-urban areas of the country. The government has been trying to provide employment opportunities and livelihood for villagers within their villages by encouraging them to start their own enterprises, supporting them by providing some training and finance. But although rural occupational opportunities have increased comparatively in several states, the creation of productive livelihoods for different social classes remains a challenge in certain rural segments of India. From data one observes that while a majority of Schedules Caste (SC) farmers remain daily wagers, the livelihood of the Scheduled Tribe (ST) community remains dependent on forest, agriculture and animal husbandry. The Socio Economic and Caste Census (SECC) 2011, provides survey data on the livelihood opportunities of SC, ST and Non-SC–ST households across sources such as cultivation, non-agricultural own account enterprises, manual casual labourers, part- or full-time domestic services, ragpicking, begging and others.1 Our analysis of data refers to eighteen states that cover more than 95 per cent of the SC or ST population in the country.
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Mangaraj, Abhijit. „Decrease of Forest and its Impact on Villages around Simlipal National Park“. International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, Nr. 7 (31.07.2023): 262–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.54578.
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Abstract: Household economy in and around Simlipal Tiger Reserve very much depends on the forest that supports cattle and livestock rearing and level of milk production whichis the primary source of livelihood of those living in the reserve. However, families living in the buffer zone or adjacent Core-2 and Core-3 (can be called semi-buffer) earn a little from agriculture which is practiced on a limited revenue lands that has been restricted by the forest managements for the protection of forest from further degradation. Also, the villagers earn from the sale of cattle directly that is mainly limited to goat, whereas buffalo is sold in rare conditions when there is dire need for money to meet emergency expenditure like medical, marriage etc. Since Simlipal is rich in flora and fauna, families also generate some income from tourism as it attract good number of tourists throughout the year excluding the monsoon season when park is closed from July to September for breeding and seclusion of wildlife. Villagers sell their milk and milk derivatives like sweets, ghee, paneer and other milk delicacies in thenearby markets and also to the tourists during the tourist seasons, in the religious festival and mela (Fete) when park hums with devotees and tourists, who throng the park, Pandupole and Bharathari mela. During monsoon season as mentioned earlier park remains closed, but the temple visitors on the auspicious Tuesday and Saturday forthe regular religious ceremony of the Hindus are allowed to enter. However, forest safari and off road diversion in woods is not permitted. Yet, tranquility of the forest is disturbed and visitors come to the park throughout the year and support local market for the generation of meager income by the villagers. Villagers in the semi-buffer zone also earn on a limited scale from the activities like daily wage labour, hotel staffs, driver, guide etc., which is directly or indirectly dependent on the forest. Purely, off-forest
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Hak, Sochanny, John McAndrew und Andreas Neef. „Impact of Government Policies and Corporate Land Grabs on Indigenous People’s Access to Common Lands and Livelihood Resilience in Northeast Cambodia“. Land 7, Nr. 4 (19.10.2018): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land7040122.
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Cambodia has become a principal target of transnational (and domestic) land grabs over the past decade, mostly in the form of economic land concessions (ELCs). The northeastern part of the country—where the majority of Cambodia’s indigenous people reside—is a particular hotspot. In this article, we discuss three policy mechanisms that the Cambodian government has employed to extend and legitimize land exclusions in the name of national economic development through the example of two indigenous villages in Srae Preah Commune, Mondulkiri Province. First, we show how the allocation of two ELCs has deprived indigenous communities of their communally managed land. Second, we examine how communal land titling processes have failed to provide indigenous villagers with effective legal mechanisms to counteract ELCs and land encroachment by internal migrants. Third, we elucidate how the promotion of cash crop production contributed to livelihood and land use transitions from a reliance on forest resources in 2003 to a dependence on cash crops in 2012 to a struggle to remain resilient amid a slump in crop prices in 2018. We conclude that the combination of these policies has undermined communal ownership and livelihood resilience under a situation of limited exit strategies.
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Dorji, Tshewang, Justin Brookes, José Facelli, Robin Sears, Tshewang Norbu, Kuenzang Dorji, Yog Chhetri und Himlal Baral. „Socio-Cultural Values of Ecosystem Services from Oak Forests in the Eastern Himalaya“. Sustainability 11, Nr. 8 (15.04.2019): 2250. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11082250.
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Identification and assessment of socio-cultural values of ecosystem services are increasingly important for the planning and management of forest resources. Key information necessary is how different forest user groups perceive and prioritize different ecosystem services based on their local setting. We assessed the socio-cultural values of ecosystem services of high-altitude oak forests in Western Bhutan using participatory approaches with two important forest users: local communities and forest experts. We found that these forests serve as a pool of 22 ecosystem services under four MEA categories of provisioning (9), regulating (8), supporting (2), and cultural (3) services. Fresh water was unanimously identified as the most valuable service, as well as the most vulnerable, by both the groups. The priorities of local communities inclined towards provisioning and cultural services due to their dependence on these services for their livelihood and wellbeing. Forest experts’ priorities were more evenly spread over three categories of services: provisioning, regulating, and supporting services, reflecting their broader interest in resource management, biodiversity conservation, and climate change mitigation. Several regulating and supporting services were not easily identified by many villagers, suggesting that bridging the priorities of local interests with broader national forestry goals may require public partnerships and integrated decision-making about the entire suite of ecosystem services. Several management interventions proposed by the groups were presented for consideration by local users, scientists, and policy makers. For all ongoing and future ecosystem service assessments, we recommend the integration of socio-cultural values with biophysical and monetary assessments to fully value the benefits from the high-altitude oak forests.
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Permadi, Dwiko Budi, Nafiatul Umami, Ananto Triyogo, Rini Pujiarti, Bekti Larasati und Ratih Madya Septiana. „Socio-technical Aspects of Smallholder Beekeeping Adoption of Apis cerana in Wanagama Teaching Forest, Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta“. Buletin Peternakan 45, Nr. 1 (28.02.2021): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21059/buletinpeternak.v45i1.58435.
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The successful rehabilitation of Wanagama teaching forests, which began in the late of 1960s, has created a distinctive forest ecosystem. Currently the forests become the habitat of Apis cerana, enterprised by the surrounding villagers to produce natural forest honey as a non-timber forest product. This paper aims to explore the adoption of smallholder beekeeping of A. cerana, the beekeepers’ socio-economic characteristics, the potential and value of forest honey production, the distribution of bee-boxes inside the forests and potential tree sources of nectar and pollen. Data collection was carried out in July - September 2019 with in-depth interview techniques to 38 beekeepers. Field observations and ground checks were carried out on the sites where beekeepers were placing the bee-boxes in the forest. In addition, an analysis of aerial photograph images taken with drone was also carried out to identify the area of trees as sources of nectar and pollen. The results show that between 1982 and 2019 the development of the adoption of the A. cerana beekeeping increased significantly. The total production of honey from 506 bee-boxes reached 658 liters or 894.9 kg in year of 2018/2019. The number of bee-boxes placed in Wanagama was mainly distributed inside Compartment of 13, 17, 14, 16, 5, and 18. Acacia mangium, eucalyptus, cajuput and mahogany were the main types of nectar-producing trees, in addition to the abundance of flowering undergrowth plants. Many of the challenges faced by honey beekeepers included climate change, the shortage of nectar and pollen sources, pests and diseases and human disturbances. This research suggests the need for a social, institutional and technical approaches to increase the forest productivity as sources of nectar and pollen. It is suggested encouraging the smallholders to adopt beekeeping as the main livelihood alternatives in future and planting more trees in Wanagama forests.
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Nayak, B. K., M. K. Mishra und V. P. Upadhyay. „Agroecosystem Sustainability in Forest Dependent Tribal Villages in Odisha, Eastern India“. Asian Journal of Environment & Ecology 22, Nr. 3 (21.09.2023): 61–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajee/2023/v22i3489.
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The present study was carried out in Niyamgiri hills inhabited by primitive Dongaria tribes in Odisha to assess present state of socioeconomic components of village and efficiency and viability of production systems at the current level of natural resource dependency and to find out the linkage between human community and forest ecosystem. The study area comprises of eight villages where human population varies from 83 to 312 in uphill villages and 76 to 150 in foothill villages. The cultivated area ranges from 3.37% to 18.85% of the total village geographical area with per capita cultivated area 0.117 to 0.329 ha.. The quality of forest has been affected due to absolute dependency on resources which calls for taking appropriate step to enhance forest productivity. All villages depend on rain fed agriculture, natural stream water is used to cultivate paddy in valleys, shifting (Podu) cultivation practiced in uphill areas, mid hill orchards below the Podu area and home garden adjoining habitation. Cereals, pulses and oil seeds are grown together in Podu areas. Maize is a major cereal as staple food grown in uphill villages. The village productivity of Millets, legumes and paddy is much lower than other settled agriculture areas of the state. The home garden areas are grown with vegetables and cereals especially for domestic use. However, vegetables like Tomato, Brinjal, Bin, Sweet Potato, Chilly from foothill villages are marketed. Home garden provides variety of requirements to the tribal community round the year. The production of agriculture sub-system is not sufficient to meet the food requirement of villages and rice distributed to villagers meet this gap. However, crops grown as horticulture products (Jackfruit, Pine apple, Banana, Orange, Mango) and a few Millet crops in the uphill villages like minor Millets, are exported to markets for earning money as these are only assets recorded as high energy valued products. Odisha Millet Mission (OMM) may need to provide interventions to these villages with modern approach to increase Millet productivity including improvements in seed quality and health condition of the tribal community. To ensure sustainability of the traditional cultivation and livelihood system, involving the people of these villages in forest-based activities other than agriculture will lead to protecting the indigenous biodiversity of this region.
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Gebremeskel, Dereje Teklemariam, und Girma Tegene Demessie. „The Consequences of Forest Resource Use Conflict over Villagers� Livelihood (Bang Pang Eka, Mae Ram Watershed, Northern Thailand)“. i-manager’s Journal on Management 6, Nr. 2 (15.11.2011): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jmgt.6.2.1715.
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Ismanto, Manggala. „From One Project to Another: Unintended Consequences and People’s Expectation of Climate Mitigation Project in Central Kalimantan“. Jurnal Humaniora 34, Nr. 2 (19.12.2022): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jh.74537.
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This paper discusses the dynamics of environmental interventions supported by aid projects and community responses as the subject of intervention. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork, I looked into how connections between local and global entities occurred, between the local villagers in Central Kalimantan and the climate mitigation project of REDD +. Both of these entities met when the global discourse on climate change started to gain ground. This paper discusses how environmental interventions lead to different expectations and unintended consequences. I see community responses as choices and decisions which were historically constructed. These choices, expectations, and decisions are related to people’s experience with previous intervention agents and local livelihood dynamics. This local-global interaction has yielded unintended outcomes and led to different expectations for a REDD+’s demonstration activities project. When these two entities - local people and KFCP (Kalimantan Forest Climate Partnership) - meet in the global agenda to mitigate climate change, friction emerges due to a variety of interests in the village. My findings demonstrate how a reforestation program could lead to a socio-economic inequality. Land conflicts are likely to occur because of alternative livelihood programs which introduced rubber seeds.
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Khasanova, Z. F. „Gathering as a Mode of Livelihood for Bashkirs in the Mountainous Forest Area of the Republic of Bashkortostan in the Years of Great Patriotic War“. Izvestiya of Altai State University, Nr. 5(115) (30.11.2020): 102–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/izvasu(2020)5-15.
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Data in this article are based on the analysis of ethnographic field studies and materials conducted by the author. The study considers gathering as a mode of livelihood of the Bashkirs who inhabited the mountain forests of the Republic of Bashkortostan in the years of the Great Patriotic War. The materials were collected during the period 2010-2019 in Arkhangelsk, Abzelilovskiy, Beloretsk, Burzyanskiy, Belokatayskiy, Baltachevskiy, Mechetlinskiy, Salavatskiy, Duvanskiy districts of the Republic of Bashkortostan. For survival the Bashkirs used the traditional ways of livelihood - fishing, hunting, forestry and gathering. The last one was the most important mode, which provided them with food and served as a cure from different diseases. Typically, the Bashkirs began to collect plants and roots in early spring after cold and grueling winter, as soon as the first greens appeared on the mountains and hills. In summer, villagers collected berries and fruits, in autumn - berries of shrubs, plants and roots. Those roots and plants were consumed both raw and cooked. The collected plants were used for cooking soups, roots - for making flatbreads and porridge, berries - for making pastila and fillings for the pie. Knowledge of the plants helped many Bashkirs to survive their life during the Great Patriotic War. The Bashkirs, having allotments and gardens still like gathering wild berries and fruits.
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Jetony, Jelod @. Gerald, Monica Suleiman, Rosazman Husin, Nor Akmar Abdul Aziz, Nordiana Mohd. Nordin, Norhuda Salleh und Fiffy Hanisdah Saikim. „Enhancing Community Commitment in Conservation through Participatory Approach“. Journal of Tropical Biology & Conservation (JTBC) 19 (15.10.2022): 13–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.51200/jtbc.v19i.3935.
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Kg. Tudan is a village situated in the buffer zone of Crocker Range Biosphere Reserve (CRBR). About 402 people live in Kg. Tudan, and majority are farmers. However, the steep terrain and infertility of the soil has affected the livelihood of communities, making them dependent on the surrounding forest to support their living. The Sabah State Government, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), and Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS) implemented a project in Kg. Tudan, Tuaran, Sabah from 1st July, 2013 until 30th June 2017, under a programme called "Sustainable Development for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Conservation" (SDBEC). The project's main focus was to develop sustainable livelihoods through a participatory approach and the concept of living in harmony with the environment. After the project ended, a qualitative study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the SDBEC project implementation in Kg. Tudan and its implication towards the local communities' conservation awareness. Thirty-three villagers of Kg. Tudan were interviewed. The data was analysed using Leximancer software with results illustrated in the form of a conceptual map. The study's findings indicated that the knowledge and commitment of the community in Kg. Tudan on conservation was enhanced through a participatory approach. The study also identified that the community of Kg. Tudan required capacity building and integration of sustainable livelihoods with community-based natural resource management. We recommended for ministries and NGOs engaged in environmental and biodiversity conservation to direct more efforts towards developing sustainable practices that facilitate local communities' participation in preserving natural resources.
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Parihar, D. S., Mahendra Singh und Surendra Singh. „Water Resources and Management in Gori Ganga Watershed, Kumaun Himalaya by Using Remote Sensing and GIS“. International Journal of Research and Review 8, Nr. 12 (16.12.2021): 281–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20211235.
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Uttarakhand Himalaya has been famous for its water resources (source for many rivers), forest diversity, unique wildlife, rich traditional culture, tribal culture and sacred Hindu’s shrine (i.e. Gangotri, Yamnotri, Kedarnath and Badrinath). The present study aims to assess the status of water resources in the Gori Ganga watershed. Water resources and their management were collected through field visit, use of Global Position System (GPS) and various methods (include questionnaire, personal interviews, direct interaction and group discussion with the villagers). Study explores the ability of Digital Elevation Model (DEM) in delineating watershed and drainage network of the Gori Ganga River basin. Gori Ganga watershed is laying in Eastern Kumaon Himalaya with great utility of water resources in socio-economic development for livelihood where the settlements are situated in valleys to high altitude. Gori Ganga drainage network i.e. Ralam, Mandakani and Bona gad is glacial fed river and these entire Rivers’s water received annually from glaciers which are very useful for development of villages, towns and hydro power stations in the watershed region. Study explores some traditional water resources (Glacier, streams, springs/Dhare/Naule, lakes/Kund/Taals and drainage network) and uses of water resources for traditional uses i.e. Gharat (watermill), drinking water, hydro power production, agriculture irrigation, fisheries and animal husbandry etc. in the study area. Keywords: Water Resource, Management, Socio and Economic Development, Remote Sensing and GIS.
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Bhattarai, K. R., I. E. Måren und R. P. Chaudhary. „Medicinal plant knowledge of the Panchase region in the Middle Hills of the Nepalese Himalayas“. Banko Janakari 21, Nr. 2 (10.11.2013): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/banko.v21i2.9127.
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Use of plants as medicine has been practiced all over the world since the dawn of human civilisation. In the Himalayas, many medicinal plants yield essential ecosystem services/ benefi ts for the subsistence farmers, many of which grow in the forest ecosystem. However, documentation of traditional medicine and medicinal plants used by local communities is rather poor in Nepal. Panchase forest, Central Nepal, is home of many wild plants, used in traditional medicine, and a livelihood source for many ethnic groups. This study was conducted to document medicinal plant knowledge and plant use in the treatment of different ailments. To explore the ethnobotanical knowledge interviews were conducted with local healers, plant traders and knowledgeable villagers. The study provides information on 45 plant species, belonging to 32 families under 44 genera. The studied medicinal plants were found to be useful for treating 34 different ailments. The study which has 57% resemblance with previous studies. We conclude that a wealth of ethnobotanical knowledge still persists in the Panchase region. However, due to land use change and migration it needs to be preserved for the future through extensive publications and disseminations.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/banko.v21i2.9127Banko Janakari Vol. 21, NO. 2, 2011 Page:31-39 Uploaded date: 10 November, 2013
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Park, So-Hee, und Youn Yeo-Chang. „Impact of Collaborative Forest Management on Rural Livelihood: A Case Study of Maple Sap Collecting Households in South Korea“. Sustainability 13, Nr. 4 (03.02.2021): 1594. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13041594.
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Some forest-dependent rural communities participate in the Collaborative Forest Management (CFM) program in South Korea, which provides the local people with access to national forests for the collection of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) in return for their contribution to the management of national forests. This study investigated what factors influenced rural communities’ participation in CFM and how their participation in CFM affected livelihood strategies and income level. Households in 17 villages near the Seoul National University (SNU) forests owned by the Government were interviewed. The study found that CFM participating households tend to choose diversified livelihood strategies. CFM participating households with diversified livelihood strategies are likely to have a higher income than non-CFM participating households choosing sectoral focus strategies. Expansion of the CFM program is suggested as a policy option to improve forest-dependent rural livelihood. However, ageing and female-headed households are faced with difficulties in participating in CFM due to their physical ability of forestry work while new settlers restricted access to forest resources. There is a need for innovation in forest governance for equitable distribution of forest services for both original and new residents to achieve sustainable rural livelihoods.
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Hizmi, Surayyal, und Farid Said. „THE IMPORTANCE OF SOCIAL CAPITAL IN COMMUNITY-BASED ECOTOURISM TO ACHIEVE SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT“. MEDIA BINA ILMIAH 14, Nr. 3 (12.10.2019): 2259. http://dx.doi.org/10.33758/mbi.v14i3.330.
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Ecotourism development is one of the important assets to promote conservation and sustainable economic development in the tourist destinations. The implementation of ecotourism can be initiated through Community-based Ecotourism (CBET). CBET promotes participation in natural and cultural resource management as well as to seek benefits for the economic development of the local community in which ecotourism takes place. However, the implication of CBET in several places is far from the target to achieve sustainability. It was identified that the sustainability was caused by mutual symbiotic and benefits among local economic livelihood, cultural preservation, and environmental conservation. One of the main hindering factors for the implementation of CBET to create mutual symbiotic among those aspects is insufficient social capital. This finding is based on reviews of related literature particularly about social capital in CBET. In addition, social capital and CBET’s main issues in economic, culture and environment were analysed. The result shows that social capital was found important and worthy to be given special attention because it includes basic social features i.e. norms, social trust and networks. For example, the success of CBET can be seen in the case study conducted in Tumani Tenda Camp Village-Gambia, West Africa. It was showed that social capital has created positive impact on economic development, environmental management and cultural preservation. By setting up structured social capital, local people currently have less relied on other villages to provide poultry for the camp and even can sell the surplus. For a high level of social capital, this village has become the first village winning the National Environmental Agency’s competition for ecocamp development in forest program. In terms of cultural preservation, social capital helped villagers in building trust and participation in several rituals or village’s activities. However, conformity and restriction on the norms and rules in the village will be negative consequences of social capital in Tumani Tenda Camp Village. Thus, social capital in CBET should be put into account for its important roles in supporting economic development, environmental management and cultural activities in many other tourism sites.
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Azarov, Azamat, Zbynek Polesny, Dietrich Darr, Maksim Kulikov, Vladimir Verner und Roy C. Sidle. „Classification of Mountain Silvopastoral Farming Systems in Walnut Forests of Kyrgyzstan: Determining Opportunities for Sustainable Livelihoods“. Agriculture 12, Nr. 12 (25.11.2022): 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12122004.
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Kyrgyz walnut-fruit forests are unique ecosystems inhabited by silvopastoral farm households that depend on forest resources for their livelihoods. Illegal logging, excessive collection of non-timber forest products (NTFPs), and overgrazing of forest pastures negatively affect forest regeneration and biodiversity, ultimately impacting sustainable livelihoods in the region. Understanding farm heterogeneity is critical to identify targeted interventions that have the potential to improve livelihood sustainability for local populations. This study identifies and elucidates the typology of farms in walnut-fruit forests. Data were collected from 220 farm-households in three villages located within or in the buffer zone of protected areas. Principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis were used to analyze quantitative data and aggregate farms into clusters according to forest resource availability and use, production means, and socioeconomic characteristics. Three distinct silvopastoral farming systems were identified, in which farmers collect and sell NTFPs, but also have: (i) relatively high NTFP income, medium-sized livestock herds, and low off-farm income; (ii) moderate NTFP income, large livestock herds, and high off-farm income; and (iii) low NTFP income, small herds, and moderate off-farm income. Overall, all types of farms showed different livelihood strategies; specific recommendations aimed at increasing sustainability were provided for each type. While both improved forages for livestock and grazing in forests are relevant for all types of farms, in some cases, value-added processing of NTFPs and contributions from off-farm activities such as tourism are necessary for the conservation and sustainable use of forests.
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Jamal, Mohamad Basri, Khairul Ghufran Kaspin, Norshahrul Marzuki Mohd Nor und Mazdi Marzuki. „ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION: A STUDY OF THE MAH MERI ORANG ASLI COMMUNITY OF SUNGAI BUMBUN VILLAGE IN CAREY ISLAND, BANTING“. International Journal of Education, Psychology and Counseling 7, Nr. 45 (15.03.2022): 137–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/ijepc.745011.
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This study was conducted to examine the economic transformation of the Mah Meri Orang Asli community, the majority ethnic grouping in Sungai Bumbun Village in Carey Island. The objectives of the study were to analyse the economic development of the community, identify the factors that facilitated this economic progress, and ascertain the effects of economic transformation on the present day Mah Meri people. Handicraft and culture were the two main economic sources of the community for their livelihood. Natural resources from the forest such as kayu nyireh provided the Mah Meri with the raw materials to produce unique carvings. Transformation initiatives implemented by the government brought positive impact to the economic development of the community especially in securing economic resources for the villagers. The factors that led to economic change for the Mah Meri were assistance from the Malaysian government channelled through the Department of Orang Asli Development (JAKOA), their suburban location, the self-reliant and independent nature of the community, and aid from non-governmental organisations (NGOs) such as Badan Insaf Malaysia and independent bodies. The economic transformation of the Mah Meri was reflected in an increased income level, improvement of facilities and environment, creation of social interaction, and eco-tourism. This article is a concept paper that will explain the economic transformation of the Mah Meri Orang Asli community.
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Kimengsi, Jude, Jürgen Pretzsch, Mukong Kechia und Symphorien Ongolo. „Measuring Livelihood Diversification and Forest Conservation Choices: Insights from Rural Cameroon“. Forests 10, Nr. 2 (22.01.2019): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10020081.
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While forests’ contribution to rural livelihoods has been unearthed scientifically, the patterns, determinants and forest conservation policy implications of livelihood diversification still beg for more scientific and policy edification. This paper makes a contribution in this regard, using household data (N = 200) from eight villages around the Kilum-Ijim Forest Landscape of Cameroon. The ordinary least square and the logit model are used to explore the determinants of livelihood diversification and the likelihood of forest dependence, respectively. The diversification patterns were analysed using a simple t-test, and the multinomial logit for conservation choices. We find that forest-related activities are a source of livelihood diversification for 63% of households, with non-timber forest products (NTFP) domestication (31%) and medicinal plant extraction (30%) being the most preferred. For non-forest activities, migration is the most preferred diversification strategy. Generally, households with favourable socio-economic status prefer non-forest to forest activities for livelihood diversification. The regression estimates indicate that older respondents are more likely to depend on the forest than the young, whereas males and individuals with at least some secondary education are less likely than their respective counterparts to rely on the forest. The results also suggest those who participated in training, educated household heads and older individuals are significantly more likely to choose high-valued diversification strategies. Concerning conservation activities, households with favourable socio-economic status are on average less likely to adopt NTFP domestication and more likely to adopt bee-keeping as a conservation choice. The results suggest the need for policy considerations to: (i) effectively integrate women in forest management processes, (ii) intensify trainings for conservation-friendly diversification approaches, (iii) regulate unclean energy use and (iv) encourage value chain improvement for conservation-friendly products.
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HEGDE, R., und T. ENTERS. „Forest products and household economy: a case study from Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary, Southern India“. Environmental Conservation 27, Nr. 3 (September 2000): 250–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s037689290000028x.
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Traditional communities living at forest margins use forest resources in various ways. Understanding the resource-use patterns of such communities provides a basis for seeking the participation of such communities in forest conservation. The present study undertaken in the Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary and the adjoining Sigur Plateau in the state of Tamil Nadu, India, addressed the importance of forests in the household economy of indigenous communities. Its main objective was to quantify the forest dependence of local people, and assess to what extent restrictive biodiversity conservation strategies would affect their livelihoods. These questions help in understanding the stake of the people in forest conservation strategies. Economic activities of the households were investigated in eight selected villages, four of which (proximal villages) had access to reserve forest areas where collection of forest products was allowed and were also located close to markets that provided opportunities to sell forest products. The remaining four villages (distal villages) were close to the Wildlife Sanctuary where the collection of forest products was not allowed and there was no access to organized markets. A total of 132 households were surveyed. The households both in proximal and distal villages were classified into three distinct income groups namely ‘low’, ‘medium’ and ‘high’, based on their gross annual income. Use of forest resources in Mudumalai was found to be influenced by multiple factors. In terms of livelihood of the traditional communities, livestock rearing and collection of non-wood forest products (NWFPs) were very important, the latter both for cash income and subsistence use. Peripheral communities used the forest resources in a varied fashion, with NWFPs contributing differently to different income groups. Where there was no restriction on forest use, higher income groups used the resources more heavily than lower income groups, and hence would suffer most from any restriction on forest use. People's reliance on forests evidently declined with increased level both of education and of opportunities in non-forestry vocations. Forests were still very important to the household economy of the local people both in terms of food security and cash income.
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Karma Loday Tamang und Subhakanta Mohapatra. „Teesta Hydro-Electricity Projects and Livelihood Security in the Sikkim Himalaya: Issues and Challenges“. Integrated Journal for Research in Arts and Humanities 2, Nr. 3 (31.05.2022): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.55544/ijrah.2.3.32.
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Energy is crucial for any nation's economic growth and development, as well as poverty eradication and livelihood security. However, hydropower projects require significant expanses of land for construction and also affects people's lives and social structures. Sikkim is a growing economy that is pursuing modernization through economic growth. In Sikkim, the forest department administers 82.31% of the land, while agricultural accounts for 11.1% of the overall geographical area, with agriculture employing 65% of the population. People's livelihoods are adversely affected when agricultural and forest land is diverted for project-related activities. This paper studies the post-project livelihood situations of the affected people of Teesta hydro power project. Field study has been carried out in six affected villages. Total of 334 sample household has been surveyed through pre-structured questionnaire. To assess the levels of various livelihood capital assets, all the five capitals i.e., natural, physical, financial, human and social capitals has been studied at household level by grouping the calculated data into three class intervals (i.e., high, medium and low). Index has been prepared to evaluate livelihood security and the livelihood diversification (Simpson Diversification Index) of the affected villages.
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DEMICHELIS, Christophe, Johan OSZWALD, Arthur BOSTVIRONOIS, Clélia GASQUET-BLANCHARD, Victor NARAT, Jean-Christophe BOKIKA und Tamara GILES-VERNICK. „A century of village mobilities and landscape dynamics in a forest-savannah mosaic, Democratic Republic of Congo“. BOIS & FORETS DES TROPIQUES 348 (22.06.2021): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/bft2021.348.a31934.
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Along the edges of the Congo basin forest, where forest-savannah mosaics are the main ecological formation, it is important to determine how this mosaic has developed, particularly for forest protection. Have savannah lands resulted from deforestation or have forest patches expanded into them? Given the long-standing human occupation of this region, this question needs to be addressed through human-environment relationships over time. Combining oral histories of village mobility and geographical analyses of a forest-savannah mosaic in the Bolobo territory (Democratic Republic of Congo) can shed light on the landscape dynamics. This study involved nine months of daily participant observations of human land use practices, 40 individual interviews and 18 focus groups to analyse changing village mobility from the late 19th century to the present. Several maps were produced by combining oral histories of past village mobility with an evaluation of 44 GPS landmarks corresponding to former villages. Two Principal Component Analyses (PCA), based on landscape composition within a 250 m-radius buffer zone around the GPS landmarks, according to a land cover map classifying the landscape into 11 categories, were used to document forest expansion into old abandoned villages and the effect of distance from currently inhabited villages. Forest cover expanded into the abandoned villages and the savannah as a consequence of environmental eutrophication facilitating forest establishment. Forest use decreases with distance from currently inhabited villages as a result of a shift from semi-sedentary livelihoods in small settlements to entirely sedentary livelihoods in larger, extended villages. Livelihood transformations that took place during and after colonisation resulted in a decline in the quality of environmental goods and reduced the well-being of human populations. These insights can help NGO conservation and development efforts to be more sensitive to overlooked local human practices and needs.
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Prasad, Sunil, und Dhanpal Singh Chauhan. „Appraising Forest-Based Livelihoods through Assessment of Major NTFPs: A Case Study from Jharkhand, India“. International Journal of Economic Plants 7, Nr. 2 (28.05.2020): 053–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.23910/2/2020.0353.
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The state Jharkhand is one of the Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) rich states of the country because of diverse physiographic and climatic conditions. It is known for its mineral wealth, tribal population and forests. NTFPs play an important role in supporting rural livelihoods and food security in tribal Jharkhand. The present study was carried out in three distinct villages of Jharkhand to explore the range of livelihood contributions of NTFPs. The study was based on empirical fieldwork using both quantitative and qualitative data. A structured interview schedule was managed for the respondents. Comparing income sources, we found that most of the households collect NTFPs and earn a handsome amount of income from NTFPs ranges from 33% to 59%. We also prioritized potential NTFPs along with their basic value chain.
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Murugesan, Dr P. „CONSEQUENCES OF LOSS OF COMMON PROPERTY RESOURCES IN THE SELECTED BLOCK, DINDIGUL DISTRICT OF TAMILNADU“. YMER Digital 20, Nr. 12 (27.12.2021): 758–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.37896/ymer20.12/69.
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Common property land resources include grazing ground, community pasture, village forests and woodlots, and village sites, on which the villagers have legal usufructuary rights; these land resources also include all another land formally held by the panchayat or a community of the villages (NSS 54th round). For a collection of data of common land resources de jure and e facto approaches were considered. Forest land resources which are under the jurisdiction of the forest department was also considered as poor dependent rural communities are directly or indirectly dependent on the forest for livelihoods. From the report of NSS 54th round, it is observed that 15% of India’s total geographical area substantially forms a part of common land resources. Consequences of loss of common property resources and depletion of common property resources resulted largely because there was no private cost for using these resources. Privatization of common property resources in the arid zone has invariably meant the conversion of common property resources land into cropland.
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Liu, Yan, Zhu Qian, Han Kong, Ran Wu, Pengfei Zheng und Wenyi Qin. „Impacts of Eco-Poverty Alleviation Policies on Farmer Livelihood Changes and Response Mechanisms in a Karst Area of China from a Sustainable Perspective“. Sustainability 15, Nr. 3 (01.02.2023): 2618. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15032618.
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Eco-poverty alleviation policies have significant impacts on the changes in farmer household livelihoods. This study developed a multi-dimensional index system, which applies the social cognitive theory and farmer household livelihood capital to analyze the effects of eco-poverty alleviation policies on farmer household livelihood change in a karst area in China. The multivariate logistic, entropy weight, and Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution models were used to analyze the responses of 892 farmer households from eight villages in Guizhou Province, China. The results show that the Poverty Alleviation Resettlement Project (PARP) had the highest impact as it enables higher engagement of farmer households in non-agricultural activities, resulting in significant livelihood changes. Among the eco-poverty alleviation policies studied, changes in livelihoods of farmer households are highest from PARP, followed by the Ecological Forest Ranger Project (EFRP), Grain for Green Program (GGP), Forest Ecosystem Compensation Program (FECP), and Single Carbon Sink Program (SCSP). Specifically, GGP received the highest response from farmer households working out-of-province, whereas SCSP received the lowest. EFRP received the highest response from farmer households working in the village. Farmer households in different regions were found to respond differently to various eco-poverty alleviation policies, based on how specific policies can address their practical problems. It is also related to the delayed effects of these policies on their livelihoods. This study provides a theoretical basis for optimizing livelihood improvements for farmers at the regional level, which can aid in formulating strategies in the future to alleviate poverty and revitalize local rural communities.
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HOLDER, CURTIS D. „Changes in structure and cover of a common property pine forest in Guatemala, 1954–1996“. Environmental Conservation 31, Nr. 1 (März 2004): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892904001171.
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Concern about increasing rates of deforestation of tropical forests has resulted in investigations into the viability of local land-use practices and communal forms of governance. The majority of people in Guatemala live in regions where primary forests are absent. Several secondary forests in the highly populated highlands of Guatemala are communally managed forests, and people depend on forest products from these secondary forests for their livelihood. This study examines changes in forest structure and coverage of a native Pinus oocarpa Schiede communally managed forest in San Jose La Arada, Chiquimula in eastern Guatemala from 1954–1996. The pine forest is a municipal-communal property. The municipality has title to the land, however the forests are communal property. Neither forest committees in the villages nor municipal government regulations establish communal management of the pine forest; instead there are customary rules in the villages that guide forest extraction. People from the surrounding villages extract fuelwood, ocote (resin-rich wood harvested from the tree trunk and used for kindling) and timber from the pine forest. The P. oocarpa forest is situated in a seasonally dry region with nutrient-poor and highly eroded soils. Aerial photographs from 1954 and 1987 were compared to estimated changes in forest cover. Changes in forest structure are based on data collected from stand inventories conducted in 1987 and 1996. The pine forest was reduced in area by 14.4%, from 12.39 km2 in 1954 to 10.61 km2 in 1987. Additionally, stand density and basal area were reduced by 12% and 41%, respectively, from 1987–1996. Fuelwood and timber for domestic use were not extracted at a sustainable rate between 1954 and 1996 from the communally managed pine forest in this study. A sustainable-use management plan, in which all villages surrounding the forest participate, is recommended to provide future forest products for the villages.
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Berget, Carolina, Gerard Verschoor, Eduardo García-Frapolli, Edith Mondragón-Vázquez und Frans Bongers. „Landscapes on the Move: Land-Use Change History in a Mexican Agroforest Frontier“. Land 10, Nr. 10 (09.10.2021): 1066. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10101066.
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An unprecedented magnitude of land-use/land-cover changes have led to a rapid conversion of tropical forested landscapes to different land-uses. This comparative study evaluates and reconstructs the recent history (1976–2019) of land-use change and the associated land-use types that have emerged over time in two neighboring rural villages in Southern Mexico. Qualitative ethnographic and oral histories research and quantitative land-use change analysis using remote sensing were used. Findings indicate that several interacting historical social-ecological drivers (e.g., colonization program, soil quality, land conflicts with indigenous people, land-tenure, availability of surrounding land where to expand, Guatemala’s civil war, several agricultural development and conservation programs, regional wildfire, Zapatista uprising, and highway construction) have influenced each village’s own unique land-use change history and landscape composition: the smaller village is characterized by a dominating pasture landscape with some scattered agricultural and forest areas, while the larger village has large conserved forest areas intermixed with pastures, agriculture, oil palm and rubber plantations. The differential histories of each village have also had livelihood diversification implications. It is suggested that landscape history research in tropical agroforest frontiers is necessary because it can inform land-use policies and forest conservation strategies that are compatible with local livelihoods and conservation goals.
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Misra, V. K., und S. N. Shabbeer. „Participatory Forest Management in India: An overview and some emerging issues“. Social Change 31, Nr. 1-2 (März 2001): 156–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004908570103100212.
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Joint Forest Management (JFM) represents a radical departure from the tradition of centralised forest management in India. Forest Department (FD) all over the country has started to forge alliances with local communities to regenerate degraded forests adjoining villages. The strides it has made in less than a decade-with 20 states issuing JFM orders; large numbers of forest officers, NGOs and villagers experimenting with new approaches and relationships; and between four to five million hectares of degraded forests regenerating under local care are remarkable. The local community is given more formal access and usufruct rights over a forest patch which they regenerate by protection and plantation. Given its potential of restoring both the health of our forest and the self respect and dignity of impoverished forest users through assured access to forest resources for securer livelihoods, enthusiastic supporters of JFM have understandably tended to monitor positive impacts of achievements through studies and research. A set of studies were conducted during 1995-96 on self-initiated Community Forest Management (CFM) and Joint Forest Management (JFM) systems, with the aim to largely serve as the benchmark or baseline studies to gain a preliminary understanding. Juttadapalem, a small tribal village in the district of Vishakapatnam, A.P., is one of the sites where SPWD supported a research programme in collaboration with Andhra University, Vishakapatnam. The present paper discusses the findings of the sub-network on ecology and economics with Juttadapalem as a case study.
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Mhache, Emmanuel Patroba. „The Contribution of the Udzungwa Mountain National Park to the Livelihoods of Communities in the Morogoro Region of Tanzania“. Ghana Journal of Geography 15, Nr. 1 (30.03.2023): 62–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjg.v15i1.5.
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The effect of Udzungwa Mountain National Park (UMNP) on the livelihoods of communities is important.National Park is crucial in supporting the livelihoods of communities socially, economically andenvironmentally. This article analyzes the contribution and importance of the management of UMNP on thelivelihoods of communities in Kilombero District in Morogoro Region. This paper adopted mixed researchapproach where data were collected using questionnaires, interviews and observations. Data were collected inthe villages’ proximity to UMNP; Msosa, Msolwa, Mkula and Ruipa villages. A total of 233 heads of householdswere interviewed. The results showed that, heads of households were motivated to manage the park because ofthe benefits accrued from it. People managed the park because they get firewood, poles, water and othersbenefits. This paper adopted Sustainable Livelihoods Framework (SLF). SLF is a useful tool for analyzing thecontribution of UMNP to livelihood of the communities residing close to it. The livelihood supports offered byUMNP among others include income, improved food (forest vegetables), fruits and improved well-being.Challenges encountered in the management of UMNP among others include climate change, deforestation,cutting trees for building houses, wildfire, illegal collection of herbs for medicines, poaching and illegal hunting.The study concludes that, fringe communities must be motivated to manage the park because of the continuingbenefits accrued from it. The study recommends that communities should be encouraged to take measures toprotect, conserve and participate in the management of UMNP.
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Dwiartama, Angga, Zulfikar Ali Akbar, Rhino Ariefiansyah, Hendra Kurniawan Maury und Sari Ramadhan. „Conservation, Livelihoods, and Agrifood Systems in Papua and Jambi, Indonesia: A Case for Diverse Economies“. Sustainability 16, Nr. 5 (28.02.2024): 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16051996.
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Community-based conservation in Indonesia is seamlessly intertwined with rural livelihoods and agriculture and food (agrifood) systems. In bridging conservation and livelihood, the state often imposes market-based mechanisms and value chain linkages onto smallholder farmers, which disparages other forms of livelihood strategies and modes of production. This paper, therefore, aims to document the diverse economies within forest-dependent communities that enable them to autonomously build a sustainable livelihood and contribute to conservation. We used Gibson-Graham’s diverse economies approach as a framework to understand the ways in which the diversity of economic means (subsistence, market-based, alternative) goes beyond a mere livelihood strategy, but also acts as a basis for a more democratic and inclusive conservation practice. To capture these livelihood stories, we employed participatory rural appraisal (PRA), in-depth semi-structured interviews with 89 key informants (including smallholder farmers, household members, community leaders, village officials, elders, and youths), and visual ethnographic approaches in six villages adjacent to forest areas in two provinces in Indonesia (Jambi and Papua). We conclude by emphasizing how the diverse economies approach helps in understanding the ways in which the local communities seamlessly move beyond various agrifood systems and modes of economies, while making the case that what emerges from this space of possibilities is an ethics, and politics, of care toward forest conservation.
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Rousseau, Jean-François, Sarah Turner und Yiqiang Xu. „Cardamom Casualties: Extreme Weather Events and Ethnic Minority Livelihood Vulnerability in the Sino-Vietnamese Borderlands“. Climate 7, Nr. 1 (18.01.2019): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli7010014.
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In the wake of important economic reforms and an ongoing agrarian transition, non-timber forest products, most notably black cardamom, have emerged as significant trade options for ethnic minority farmers in the mountainous Sino-Vietnamese borderlands. Yet, after a series of harsh winters had already crippled cardamom harvests in the 2000s, extreme weather in 2016 decimated the cardamom plantations of hundreds of farming households. Drawing from sustainable livelihoods, livelihood diversification, and vulnerability literatures, we investigate the multiple factors shaping how these harvest failures have affected ethnic minority cultivator livelihoods. Focusing on four case study villages, two in Yunnan, and two in northern Vietnam, we analyse the coping and adaptation strategies Hmong, Yao, Hani, and Yi minority farmers have adopted. We find that farmers’ decisions and strategies have been rooted in a complex ensemble of factors including their degree of market access, other livelihood opportunities available to them, cultural traditions and expectations, and state development strategies. Moreover, we find that in recent years the Chinese and Vietnamese states have stood-by as affected cultivators have struggled to reorganize their livelihoods, suggesting that the impacts of extreme weather events might even serve state projects to further agrarian transitions in these borderlands.
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Foerster, Steffen, David S. Wilkie, Gilda A. Morelli, Josefien Demmer, Malcolm Starkey, Paul Telfer und Matthew Steil. „Human livelihoods and protected areas in Gabon: a cross-sectional comparison of welfare and consumption patterns“. Oryx 45, Nr. 3 (Juli 2011): 347–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605310001791.
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AbstractUnderstanding the role that protected areas play in the livelihood security of local communities is essential to ensure that local people are not left shouldering the costs of what is a public good, and to help maintain robust local and national constituencies for biodiversity conservation. To provide baseline data for a longitudinal study on the effects of newly established national parks on human livelihoods in Gabon we conducted a cross-sectional study that compared livelihood indicators between communities that do, and do not, use natural resources within protected areas. We interviewed 2,035 households in 117 villages at four sites, recording income, consumption, education, health indicators and social capital, and village characteristics such as distance to markets, distance to park boundaries, and land cover within a 5-km radius. Our results indicated that closed rainforest coverage was greater around park than control villages and that this difference was associated with a greater reliance of park households on forest resources. However, we found no systematic differences in most livelihood measures between park and control households. Instead, the relationship between household livelihood measures and proximity to parks varied in idiosyncratic ways between sites, suggesting that determinants of human welfare are highly localized and cannot be generalized to larger spatial scales.
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Zhou, Zhengxu, Ziyu Jia, Nian Wang und Ming Fang. „Sustainable Mountain Village Construction Adapted to Livelihood, Topography, and Hydrology: A Case of Dong Villages in Southeast Guizhou, China“. Sustainability 10, Nr. 12 (05.12.2018): 4619. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10124619.
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A sustainable environment needs the effort and experience from both urban and rural areas. Some villages have achieved sustainability utilizing the concept of ecological stability. This paper takes the Dong villages in the Duliujiang River Basin in the Southeastern Guizhou as an example. Based on the anthropological “ethnographic text” and the morphological “village space information”, this paper analyzes the impact of the mountain rice livelihood model and different hydrological–topographic conditions on the spatial pattern of settlements, focusing on the sustainable construction wisdom. The findings are as follows: (1) Dong people’s migration follows the “River Valley–Mountain Valley–Mountain Slope” path, with maintenance of the rice livelihood model and, finally, derived from the “Mountain–Water–Forest–Paddy Field–Village” spatial pattern, the “Mountain–Water–(Pond)–Field–Forest–Village”, “Mountain–Water–Terrace–Forest–Village” settlement space patterns are formed. (2) The Dong’s settlements form a sustainable overall space. “Mountain–Water–Forest–Paddy Field” each play an ecological role and form an organic whole. Their management mechanism of utilizing limited natural resources has played an important management and supervision role. (3) The natural base of “Mountain–Water–Forest–Paddy Field–Village” is in accordance with their livelihood model and social culture, forming a unique ecosystem. It has become the basic environment for them to obtain survival sustenance, which still has prominent values today.
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Wisnu Rubiyanto, Cahyo, Fajar Julian Santosa und Riskina Juwita. „Motives for Community Involvement in Agricultural Practice in Forest Production Area: A Case study at Kesatuan Pemangkuan Hutan/Forest Management Unit Kebonharjo, Central Java“. E3S Web of Conferences 444 (2023): 03018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202344403018.
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Development of Kesatuan Pengelolaan Hutan (KPH) is a policy of the Indonesian government to give wider chances for local people in rural area to manage the forest more efficiently and sustainably. However, almost half of the total forest area in the country have not been intensively managed, only few reports have discussed the relationship between development of KPH and local livelihoods. Hence, this study aimed to examine the motives for community involvement, particularly in agricultural practices in forest areas at KPH Kebonharjo, Central Java. This study was conducted through cross-sectional survey and data were analysed using word descriptions and verbatim discussions. The findings of this study indicated that the forest area of KPH Kebonharjo covers about 32.5% of the total area of 42 villages and the community involvement in agricultural activities in forest area was quite high in some villages. Income-generating activities were the main motive and household size, capital, knowledge, and access to credit were investigated as important roles in farmers’ decisions to be involved in such activities. The study suggests that future research needs to focus on identifying the socio-economic perspectives and livelihood strategies of local communities.
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Lu, Longhui, An Huang, Yueqing Xu, Raymundo Marcos-Martinez, Yaming Duan und Zhengxin Ji. „The Influences of Livelihood and Land Use on the Variation of Forest Transition in a Typical Mountainous Area of China“. Sustainability 12, Nr. 22 (11.11.2020): 9359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229359.
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As one of the countries which has been experiencing a forest transition, China provides important insights into and theoretical and empirical knowledge of forest transition. In this study, through the framework of Sustainable Livelihood Analysis (SLA) and questionnaire surveys, we examined forest transition, farmers’ land-use activities and livelihood changes in Chicheng county, a typical mountainous area in Northern China, during 1975–2018. Most villages of Chicheng county experienced forest transition during the period of 2003–2005, but some villages experienced forest transition in 2010–2015. Forest transition variation over time was influenced by land use and livelihood changes. Livelihood resources, policy and institutional constraints and livelihood strategies had significant influences on land use and then caused variation in forest transition characteristics. The process of “livelihood–land use–forest transition” was the key to achieving and maintaining forest transition, and the interaction between livelihood and land use was a negative feedback relationship between society and ecology. The dominant path of forest transition in Chicheng county was the “economic development path”. Moreover, the “intensive agriculture path of small-scale farmers” enhanced the “economic development path”, and the “forest scarcity path” promoted both of the above two paths. This implies that the feedback and interactions between society and ecology should be taken into account so as to achieve a sustainable human and environmental system.
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Raja, Azeem, M. A. Islam, T. H. Masoodi, P. A. Khan, A. A. Wani, A. A. Gatoo und Showkat Maqbool. „Woodlot farming by smallholder farmers in Ganderbal district of Kashmir, India“. Journal of Applied and Natural Science 13, Nr. 2 (12.06.2021): 752–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v13i2.2714.
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Forest degradation and deforestation are serious threats to resource conservation, subsistence livelihoods and rural income diversification. Woodlot farming on farms has been established as a potential option to increase forest resources from agricultural landscapes and remove human pressure from forests. The study investigated the land-use and landholding pattern, woodlots types and species preference and extent of spatial distribution, land allocation and growing stock of woodlots in the Ganderbal district of Kashmir. Multistage random sampling technique was employed to select 349 farm woodlots from 12 sample villages. Secondary sources were used to collect village-level data on land-use and landholding pattern. Primary data concerning the trees were collected through farm woodlot inventories. The data were analyzed using simple descriptive statistics. Results revealed that the total land area in the sample villages is 888.60 ha; 521.60 ha (58.70%) is cultivated land, which is mostly (80.78%) occupied by 1244 marginal farmers. The prevalent woodlots established were plantations of Populus, Salix, Robinia or mixed species. The farm woodlots (61.59 ha) contributed 11.81% of cultivated land and 6.93% of the total geographical area. The average growing stocks of woodlots were estimated to be 204.05 m3/ha for Populus, 191.77 m3/ha for Salix, 109.51 m3/ha for Robinia and 62.31 m3/ha for Mixed. The findings suggested that woodlot farming is the key alternative for forest resource production, livelihood resilience and socioeconomic improvement; hence, the policy must be implicated towards the promotion of woodlot farming by re-orienting the land use through farmer’s motivation and technical, financial and farming input assistance.
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Nagahama, Kazuyo, Kaoru Saito, Hirokazu Yamamoto, Yasukazu Hama, Hem Gairola, Prakash Singh und Randeep Rakwal. „How Van Panchayat Rule Systems and Resource Use Influence People’s Participation in Forest Commons in the Indian Himalayas“. Journal of Sustainable Development 12, Nr. 2 (30.03.2019): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v12n2p56.
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Van Panchayats (VPs) are self-initiated forest management groups institutionalized since 1931 in the Himalayan Uttarakhand state of North India. VPs are considered to be successful case of Community-Based Forest Management (CBFM) despite an observed decline in VP practice around the 1990s. This study clarifies CBFM in the context of local rules, forest resource use and people’s participation. It reveals the possible factors behind better resource management of forest commons use from four VPs in Uttarakhand. A multi-dimensional research approach was followed comprising a literature review of the state forest department data, forest inventory, interviews with village leaders as snowball samplings in several villages, and semi-structured interviews with villagers/house-holders. Results showed that local rules are different depending on the villages expect for prohibited timber logging. The most useful tree species for local people was Banji oak (Quercus leucotrichophora) and every village had an oak forest which was utilized for fuelwood and fodder for daily livelihoods. VP forest size and the basal area of trees also influenced people’s participation in forest management. Much larger size of the VP forest land is declining due to the people’s de-motivation for forest management. Furthermore, a higher education of the householder increased the level of participation. Transparency of Management Committee (MC) for the VP members is an important aspect. To summarize, availability and utilization of the valuable forest resources and its management by villagers following local rules and the VP system was considered to influence people’s participation in the forest commons.
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Albers, H. J., und E. J. Z. Robinson. „The Trees and the Bees: Using Enforcement and Income Projects to Protect Forests and Rural Livelihoods Through Spatial Joint Production“. Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 40, Nr. 3 (Dezember 2011): 424–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1068280500002872.
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Forest managers in developing countries enforce extraction restrictions to limit forest degradation. In response, villagers may displace some of their extraction to other forests, which generates “leakage” of degradation. Managers also implement poverty alleviation projects to compensate for lost resource access or to induce conservation. We develop a model of spatial joint production of bees and fuelwood that is based on forest-compatible projects such as beekeeping in Thailand, Tanzania, and Mexico. We demonstrate that managers can better determine the amount and pattern of degradation by choosing the location of both enforcement and the forest-based activity.
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Ango, Tola Gemechu, Lowe Börjeson und Feyera Senbeta. „Crop raiding by wild mammals in Ethiopia: impacts on the livelihoods of smallholders in an agriculture–forest mosaic landscape“. Oryx 51, Nr. 3 (03.05.2016): 527–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605316000028.
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AbstractWe assessed the impacts of crop raiding by wild mammals on the livelihoods of smallholding farmers in south-western Ethiopia. Data were generated through participatory field mapping, interviews and focus groups. The results indicated that wild mammals, mainly olive baboonsPapio anubisand bush pigsPotamochoerus larvatus, were raiding most crops cultivated in villages close to forests. In addition to the loss of crops, farmers incurred indirect costs in having to guard and cultivate plots far from their residences, sometimes at the expense of their children's schooling. Raiding also undermined farmers’ willingness to invest in modern agricultural technologies. Various coping strategies, including guarding crops and adapting existing local institutions, were insufficient to reduce raiding and its indirect impacts on household economies to tolerable levels, and were undermined by existing policies and government institutions. It is essential to recognize wild mammal pests as a critical ecosystem disservice to farmers, and to identify ways to mitigate their direct and indirect costs, to facilitate local agricultural development and livelihood security, and integrate wildlife conservation and local development more fully in agriculture–forest mosaic landscapes.
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Cuni-Sanchez, Aida, Gerard Imani, Franklin Bulonvu, Rodrigue Batumike, Grace Baruka, Neil D. Burgess, Julia A. Klein und Rob Marchant. „Social Perceptions of Forest Ecosystem Services in the Democratic Republic of Congo“. Human Ecology 47, Nr. 6 (Dezember 2019): 839–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10745-019-00115-6.
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AbstractThe forests of the Albertine Rift are known for their high biodiversity and the important ecosystem services they provide to millions of inhabitants. However, their conservation and the maintenance of ecosystem service delivery is a challenge, particularly in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Our research investigates how livelihood strategy and ethnicity affects local perceptions of forest ecosystem services. We collected data through 25 focus-group discussions in villages from distinct ethnic groups, including farmers (Tembo, Shi, and Nyindu) and hunter-gatherers (Twa). Twa identify more food-provisioning services and rank bush meat and honey as the most important. They also show stronger place attachment to the forest than the farmers, who value other ecosystem services, but all rank microclimate regulation as the most important. Our findings help assess ecosystem services trade-offs, highlight the important impacts of restricted access to forests resources for Twa, and point to the need for developing alternative livelihood strategies for these communities.
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Epanda, Manfred Aimé, Romaric Tsafack Donkeng, Fidoline Ngo Nonga, Daniel Frynta, Nwafi Ngeayi Adi, Jacob Willie und Stijn Speelman. „Contribution of Non-Timber Forest Product Valorisation to the Livelihood Assets of Local People in the Northern Periphery of the Dja Faunal Reserve, East Cameroon“. Forests 11, Nr. 9 (22.09.2020): 1019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11091019.
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A large community of scientists has demonstrated that millions of people located in tropical zones derive a significant proportion of their livelihoods from the extraction of non-timber forest products (NTFPs). Despite these results, questions remain as to whether the valorisation of NTFPs can sustainably contribute to the improvement of the livelihood assets of the extractors. This study therefore evaluated the contribution of NTFP valorisation to the livelihood assets of local people around the northern periphery of the Dja Faunal Reserve (DFR), East Cameroon. To achieve this objective, data collected from 215 households in 32 villages were analyzed using factor analysis, Mann–Whitney U tests, and structural equation modelling. The results suggest that NTFP valorisation significantly contributes to the livelihood assets of local people at the periphery of the DFR. However, NTFP revenue was not significant in predicting their livelihood assets. Moreover, the local conservation management practices were not significant in predicting the livelihood assets in the long run. The results also revealed that individuals who received training and capacity building on good practices such as efficient collection techniques, effective drying techniques, and good conservation techniques earned better revenues and the impact on their livelihood was more significant than for those who did not. These results therefore recommend that the way forward for NTFP valorisation lies at the level of improving its quality and the market.