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H, Sree Krishna Bharadwaj. „Rights of Indian tribal population and implementation of Forest Rights Act, 2006—a critical analysis“. Global Journal of Sociology: Current Issues 8, Nr. 2 (30.11.2018): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/gjs.v8i2.3868.
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The history of land acquisition including forests is not new in India. The same has been in existence since the conquest of British. A number of laws and policies were framed from time to time which restricted the rights of tribes and forest dwellers. Some laws even displaced them. The Forest Rights Act, 2006 was enacted to give recognition to rights of scheduled tribes and traditional forest dwellers. The paper intends to analyse the implementation of the Act and understand the impact of change it may have brought.
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Fayiah, M. „Uncertainties and trends in the forest policy framework in Sierra Leone: an overview of forest sustainability challenges in the post-independence era“. International Forestry Review 23, Nr. 2 (01.06.2021): 139–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1505/146554821832952744.
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Sierr a Leone is part of the Upper Guinean Forests with a climate that enhances great floral biodiversity. The exploitation of forest resources in Sierra Leone has seen a steady increase over the years while the establishment of forest plantations has witnessed a drastic decline. The relationship between forest exploitation and plantation forest decline is broadly assumed to be influenced by population growth, weak forest policies, legislatures, forest management and monitoring policies over the past century. The paper examines forests status and forest resources policy evolution since the pre-colonial era but pays particular attention to policies developed from 1988, in the post-colonial era, and the challenges facing their implementation. The paper highlights major challenges facing the healthy and sustainable growth of forest resources in Sierra Leone. The challenges range from the attachment of the Forestry Division to the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Security (MAFFS), the overlap in ministerial mandates about forest protection, corrupt government officials, poverty, illegal logging, inadequate funding and staff, natural disaster and outdated forestry instruments. Natural factors such as climate change, drought, and landslides are considered among the issues affecting the sustainable expansion of forest resources in Sierra Leone. A flowchart of forest sustainability challenges in Sierra Leone was designed, and classified forest challenges into natural and man-made causes. The inability of the Forestry Division to become an independent body and the continued reliance of the Division on the 1988 Forestry Act to make informed decisions in the 21st century is serving as a major barrier in sustaining forests resources in Sierra Leone. Improving forest management in the country requires the collective efforts of both national and international forests protections entities and organizations. Sound forests conservation policies and adequate funding and staffing can strengthen the Forestry Division in enforcing its constitutional mandates. Adopting the best practices models from countries such as China, India and the USA will help towards the goal of managing forest resources sustainably for current and future generations.
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DORJI, LAM, EDWARD L. WEBB und GANESH P. SHIVAKOTI. „Forest property rights under nationalized forest management in Bhutan“. Environmental Conservation 33, Nr. 2 (Juni 2006): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892906002979.
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Forest nationalization policies in Asia have often resulted in decreased local property rights over forests and users' short-term exploitative behaviour, leading to degradation of forests. Bhutan's centralized forest management structure was initiated with the Forest Act of 1969. This paper evaluates how nationalization of forests in Bhutan changed forest property rights and associated incentives and disincentives and management outcomes for leaf-litter forests (sokshing) and non-sokshing forests. Using the International Forestry Resources and Institutions (IRFI) research protocols, 12 sites across Bhutan's broadleaf zones were surveyed. Changes in forest property rights were analysed using Ostrom and Schlager's ‘bundles of rights’ framework. The forest nationalization policy changed the array of de jure rights that local people had over both traditionally community-used forests (the majority of forests) and small blocks of sokshings that were usually owned by a household and managed to produce valuable leaf litter for their agriculture livelihoods. There was more compliance with regulations in sokshing than in non-sokshing forests. Non-compliance of local people with forest conservation occurred in areas where the chance of being caught for rule breaking was perceived to be low or the costs of compliance were high. This was almost exclusively the case in non-sokshing forest in the form of widespread but low-intensity illegal tree cutting. The continuing significance of sokshing for agricultural livelihoods serves as a strong incentive for conservation of sokshings by rural people, even though the sokshings are under ultimate state control. The successful management of forests requires minimal difference between de jure policies and de facto practices for which rules that allocate property rights and the way those rules are enforced are important elements. Conservation and management rights of non-sokshing for communities would not only promote local stewardship, but also put the limited capacity of the Department of Forest to best use. Increased deforestation around villages may result, because modern development alternatives may make leaf litter insignificant for agriculture.
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Szramka, Hubert, und Krzysztof Adamowicz. „Forest development and conservation policy in Poland“. Folia Forestalia Polonica 62, Nr. 1 (01.03.2020): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ffp-2020-0004.
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AbstractWhilst, in many countries, the scale of forest loss from business-as-usual development is immense, in Poland, this problem does not exist. However, obtaining additional land areas for afforestation is a main issue in Poland. In Poland, after the World War II, the forest area has been systematically growing. In 1945, the forest area was about 6.5 million ha, and the forest cover was 21%. In 2016, the forest area reached 9.2 million ha, and forest cover amounted to 29.5%. Today, there are 0.24 ha of forests per one inhabitant of Poland. The size of wood resources in stands is also changing. In 1945, forest resources on the trunk amounted to approximately 906 million m3, and in 2016, it reached 2.4 million m3. The problem, however, is the uneven distribution of forests in Poland. Forests in Poland are very strictly protected by law. There are two most important acts, Forest Act of 2001 and Nature Conservation Act of 2004, that regulate principles for the retention, protection and augmentation of forest resources. Over the past decades in Poland, the social demands regarding non-economical functions of forest such as recreational activities, soil and water protection and mitigation of global warming became an important and constantly growing challenge for forest managers. Thus we suggest that, first of all, it is very important to extract the leading function for a given forest area. Interactions between development and conservations policies are very tied and may suggest the need of their integration. In this article, we present the concept of development policy for forest management and forest protection in Poland.
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Singh, Bir Pal. „Tribe, Forest and Law the Development Debate“. Oriental Anthropologist: A Bi-annual International Journal of the Science of Man 13, Nr. 2 (Juli 2013): 459–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972558x1301300219.
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Forests have been the major source of livelihood for human beings since time immemorial. So far the tribal people of India are concerned; they have developed a symbiotic relationship with the forest due to their close proximity with the forest as the natural habitation. The tribal communities live in about 15 percent of the country's areas in various ecological and geo-climatic conditions, ranging from plants, forests, hills and inaccessible areas. The collection and marketing of Minor Forest Produce have been a major source of livelihood for the most tribal families contributing around 70 percent of their total income. Forest can be better protected by the people living in the forest and depending for their survival on its natural wealth. However, once the deprivation of right to live in the forest started way back in 1865, when the first Imperial Forest Act was enacted and Imperial Forest Department was established, and that has continued even after the six decades of independence, it resulted into conflict and tension between the forest officials and forest dwellers, especially the tribal people. The paper seeks a critical note on the history of forest laws and policies in India and their impact on tribal people with the following objectives: 1. o trace the historical importance afforests on the life and living of the tribal people 2. To highlight the impact of policies/approaches adopted by the planners of the country for the development of tribal people 3. To trace the legislative journey of forest laws and their impact on tribal people 4. To find out the future implication of new forest law in protecting the rights of the tribal people
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Tsai, Wen-Tien. „Forest Resource Management and Its Climate-Change Mitigation Policies in Taiwan“. Climate 9, Nr. 1 (29.12.2020): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli9010003.
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Based on high carbon emissions in recent years (i.e., about 11 metric tons in 2018) per capita in terms of carbon dioxide equivalents, Taiwan has actively development greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction action plans. One of the action plans has been to promote afforestation and reforestation in non-forested lands for carbon sequestration. Thus, this paper aims to address the forest resources in Taiwan by using the latest national survey, reporting on an interactive analysis of forest carbon sequestration, GHG emissions, and climate-change mitigation policies. In this regard, the methodology is based on the official websites of forest resources, GHG emissions, and carbon sequestration from the yearbooks, national statistics, and regulations relevant to the mitigation policies in the forestry sector. It is found that Taiwan’s forest area is estimated to be 2.197 million hectares, which corresponds to a total forest stock volume of about 502.0 million cubic meters. During the period of 1990–2018, the change in total carbon sequestration did not vary much (with the exception of 2009), decreasing from 23.4 million metric tons in 1990 to 21.4 million metric tons in 2018. Compared to the total carbon dioxide emissions (i.e., 102.4 million metric tons in 1990 and 282.8 million metric tons in 2018), the contribution to GHG mitigation in the forestry sector shows a declining trend. However, biomass (i.e., wood) carbon sequestration indicates a slight increase from 20.4 million metric tons in 2010 to 20.7 million metric tons in 2018 due to the afforestation policy. Obviously, regulatory policies, based on the Forestry Act and the Greenhouse Gas Reduction & Management Act in 2015, play a vital role in mitigating GHG emissions in Taiwan. The discussion on the regulations is further addressed to highlight climate-change mitigation policies in Taiwan’s forestry sector.
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Robson, Mark, und Troy Davis. „Evaluating the transition to sustainable forest management in Ontario’s Crown Forest Sustainability Act and forest management planning manuals from 1994 to 2009“. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 45, Nr. 4 (April 2015): 436–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2014-0269.
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The purpose of the paper is to analyse the extent of policy change and learning in the 20 years following the implementation of Ontario’s forest sustainability legislation. Extent of policy learning and change towards sustainable forest management are measured using a combination of content, co-occurrence, and textual analysis of the previous Crown Timber Act and the new Crown Forest Sustainability Act, as well as the latter’s 1996 and 2009 forest planning manuals. There were four key findings. First, policy change towards sustainable forest management has been limited. Second, although there was an increased number of values mentioned in new legislation and planning manuals, the frequency of timber values remained dominant. Third, although integration occurred among a greater range of values, integration with timber values continued to dominate. Fourth, with respect to policy learning, the achievement of sustainable forest management is now explicit and judged based on evidence regarding the inclusion of a range of values beyond timber. The paper concludes that the transition to the more integrative and responsive policies of sustainable forest management remains a work in progress.
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Mohamed, Mohamed Khalfan, Elhadi Adam und Colbert M. Jackson. „Policy Review and Regulatory Challenges and Strategies for the Sustainable Mangrove Management in Zanzibar“. Sustainability 15, Nr. 2 (13.01.2023): 1557. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15021557.
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The aim of this study was to examine the challenges of the policies and regulatory framework and strategies for the sustainable mangrove management in Zanzibar, from 1890 to present. The study collected both primary and secondary data. The secondary data were collected through the a review of previous policies, legal documents, by laws, ministry/department reports, research reports, newspapers and articles. The primary data were mainly collected through focus group discussions (FGDs) and semi-structured interviews. The study found that, before Zanzibar became a British protectorate in 1890, the forests were communally managed with the guidance of forest guardians, chiefs and elders. The colonial government enacted a number of land administration laws, policies, and arrangements aimed at conserving the natural resources, including the mangrove forests. From 1930 to the end of the Second World War (WWII), mangrove forests were severely degraded because the colonial government paid little attention to their conservation and management. The policy arrangements put in place after independence, such as the National Forest Conservation and Management Act of 1996, laid the legal groundwork for the introduction of the participation of the local communities in the conservation of mangroves. However, they were not sufficient enough to promote the sustainable use of mangrove forests. This study proposes that there is a need for more inclusive and diverse regulations. Furthermore, for the effective conservation and management of mangroves, conflicting laws and responsibilities between government departments should be harmonized.
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Baral, Srijana, Yanshu Li und Bin Mei. „Financial Effects of the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act on Nonindustrial Private Forest Landowners: A Comparative Study for 10 Southern States of the United States“. Journal of Forestry 118, Nr. 6 (11.08.2020): 584–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jofore/fvaa032.
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Abstract Changes in tax codes applicable to timberland investments can affect tax treatment of timber revenues and expenses. The 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) is regarded as the most expansive overhaul of tax codes in the United States since 1986; however, our understanding of its effects on timberland investments for family forest owners has yet to be explored. Using the discounted cash-flow method, we estimated and compared effects of TCJA on land expectation value (LEV) and net tax from managing timberland for two classifications of median-income family forest owners in 10 southern states. Results showed a decrease in LEV and net tax for both material participants and investors, with a greater effect on landowners managing timberland as investments. Thus, owning timberland can become less beneficial under the current law for median-income family forest landowners. Study Implications: Family forests occupy a large portion of the total forest area in the United States and provide various goods and services to society. Taxes and tax policies are regarded as important issues for these landowners because policies could ultimately influence timberland investment, ownership structure, and management activities. After the 2017 tax reform, landowners became concerned about the effect of the new act on profitability and financial return from timberland investment. Here, we attempt to provide a better understanding of tax effects by estimating change in net benefit of owning and managing timberland under the current law compared with the previous law in 10 southern states. For policymakers, this study can provide insight into the importance of considering unique characteristics of timberland investment during the tax policy design and evaluation process. For landowners, this study can facilitate the timberland investment decisionmaking process and serve as a guide to the effects of the new tax rules on returns.
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Zimmermann, Willi. „Waldpolitischer Jahresrückblick 2011“. Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 163, Nr. 5 (01.05.2012): 145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2012.0145.
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Annual review of Swiss forest policy 2011 The revision of the Forest Act, the adoption of the Forest Programme 2020 by the Federal Council as well as the preparation of the second contribution period of the New System of Financial Equalisation and Division of Tasks between the Confederation and the Cantons (NFE) shaped, in addition to the routine business, the forest policy of 2011. The parliamentary initiatives on forest and forest policy issues remained of about the same amount as in previous years, while the Federal Court decisions on forest legislation have declined significantly. In various forest-related sectoral policies, the government and parliament made important decisions. In climate policy, the Parliament adopted the CO2 Law. However, this has not yet happened to the revision of the Spatial Planning Act. In nature and landscape policy, the administration has prepared the Swiss biodiversity strategy so far that the Federal Council could send it out for consultation. The revision of the Hunting Regulation, with changes in the management of large carnivores, is nearing adoption. At the international level, the Federal Council has submitted the European Landscape Convention to the Parliament for ratification, and the European forestry ministers have agreed to the preparation of a European Forest Convention.
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Baral, Srijana. „Attempts of Recentralization of Nepal’s Community Forestry“. Forestry: Journal of Institute of Forestry, Nepal 15 (31.07.2018): 97–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/forestry.v15i0.24925.
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Nepal’s community forestry is regarded as a milestone in decentralized forest management, several researchers agree on the livelihoods and environmental outcomes from the community forest, however, the outcomes in governance perspective is rarely questioned. Through the review of the literature, policy documents and decrees, and questionnaire survey in nine community forest user groups in western hills of Nepal; we demonstrate how recentralization is taking place in community forestry in lieu of decentralized policies and discuss their implications on limiting the role of local forest users in forest management. Recentralization through the lens of inventory requirements has been observed in community forestry through (i) the formulation of strategies and policies favorable to increase the role of forest bureaucrats in community forestry (ii) changing the use of technical knowledge patterns and requirements and (iii) increased bureaucratic power. The increased technical knowledge in the form of inventory based forest management planning is found to be the major step in curtailing the devolved rights and increasing the bureaucratic power. Formulation of strategies, guidelines, circulars and policy intervention create a favorable environment for the bureaucrats to exercise more power compared to the autonomy provided by Forest Act 1993. The highly influential upward accountability in community forestry thus questions the modality of decentralized forest management in Nepalese community forestry.
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Khan, Ishfaq Ahmad, Waseem Razzaq Khan, Anwar Ali und Mohd Nazre. „Assessment of Above-Ground Biomass in Pakistan Forest Ecosystem’s Carbon Pool: A Review“. Forests 12, Nr. 5 (08.05.2021): 586. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12050586.
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Climate change is acknowledged as a global threat to the environment and human well-being. Forest ecosystems are a significant factor in this regard as they act both as a sink and a source of carbon. Forest carbon evaluation has received more attention after the Paris Agreement. Pakistan has 5.1% forest cover of its total land area, which comprises nine forest types. This study covers the studies conducted on above-ground biomass and carbon stock in various forest types of Pakistan. Most of the studies on biomass and carbon stock estimation have been conducted during 2015–2020. The non-destructive method is mostly followed for carbon stock estimation, followed by remote sensing. The destructive method is used only for developing allometric equations and biomass expansion factors. The information available on the carbon stock and biomass of Pakistan forest types is fragmented and sporadic. Coniferous forests are more important in carbon sequestration and can play a vital role in mitigating climate change. Pakistan is a signatory of the Kyoto Protocol and still lacks regional and national level studies on biomass and carbon stock, which are necessary for reporting under the Kyoto Protocol. This study will help researchers and decision-makers to develop policies regarding Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+), conservation, sustainable forest management and enhancement of forest carbon stocks
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Griffith, Jodi, Alan P. Diduck und Jacques Tardif. „Manitoba's forest policy regime: Incremental change, concepts, actors and relationships“. Forestry Chronicle 91, Nr. 01 (Januar 2015): 71–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc2015-012.
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In response to the emergence of Sustainable Forest Management (SFM), forest operations, policies, and governance have become more inclusive of multiple values and of the people holding these values. To assess the extent to which these types of changes have occurred in Manitoba, government legislation and policy documents were examined and semi-directed interviews were conducted with 29 key actors in Manitoba's forest policy regime. In Manitoba, objectives, principles and concepts relating to sustainability and ecosystem-based management have been incorporated into forest policies but not in forest legislation. Additionally, public involvement opportunities have expanded and more people are now involved in advisory capacities. However, a closed policy network and institutional stability have meant that the provincial government and the forest industry maintain primary policy- and decision-making responsibility in Manitoba's forest policy regime. As a result, parties who would need to be included for SFM ideals to be realized are excluded from the network. For SFM to take a deeper hold in Manitoba in both policy and in management practices, transformative change needs to occur. A broader array of interests needs a voice at the center of the network, and The Forest Act requires amendment to entrench SFM principles and core concepts.
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Amir, Latifah, Rustian Mushawirya und Windarto Windarto. „Perlindungan Hukum Hak Memunggut Hasil Hutan Bagi Suku Anak dalam di Propinsi Jambi“. Wajah Hukum 8, Nr. 1 (30.04.2024): 352. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/wjh.v8i1.1432.
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The right to collect forest products (forestry right) is one of the rights to land originating from customary land law which is then recognized as part of land rights that are permanent in the Agrarian Act Number 5 of 1960. The concept of the right to collect forest products is now interpreted as a right what big entrepreneurs can have in managing forests is of economic values, and not as a basis for the rights of indigenous/local peoples who have a living culture by relying on the existence of forest products. This different interpretation ultimately gave birth to policies and legal actions that deprived indigenous/local peoples of their rights to the forest as stated and recognized by the 1945 Constitution as part of protected customary rights. One of the indigenous/local people who use forest products as their source of life is the Suku Anak Dalam (Orang Rimba) community in the Sarolangun Regency area. The many functions of forest land conversion into industrial plantations, as well as the licensing of business use rights over customary forests make the living space and movement of these communities increasingly limited, even in the end giving birth to various land conflicts between indigenous peoples and forest entrepreneurs in the region. Therefore in the future a law is needed that regulates the right to collect forest products as permanent land rights and can provide justice to indigenous people through legal certainty, where the Suku Anak Dalam community is no longer seen as forest looters, or illegal occupation.
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Sinaga, Herman Frenky, Ediwarman Ediwarman und M. Citra Ramadhan. „Penegakan Hukum oleh Kepolisian Resor Langkat terhadap Pembalakan Liar (Illegal Logging) di Wilayah Hukum Polres Langkat“. Journal of Education, Humaniora and Social Sciences (JEHSS) 4, Nr. 2 (24.10.2021): 1047–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.34007/jehss.v4i2.797.
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Human activities that cause environmental damage, one of which is illegal logging or illegal logging, which is an act of exploitation by humans on forests, causing damage to forest ecosystems. This study aims to determine the factors that cause illegal logging in the Langkat Police jurisdiction and the policies carried out by the Police in law enforcement against illegal logging in the Langkat Police jurisdiction. The research method used is descriptive method, using qualitative descriptive data analysis techniques. The results showed that the factors that caused illegal logging in Langkat Regency were internal factors, consisting of economic factors and the lack of public awareness of the environment, and external factors, consisting of high wood prices, high wood demand, weak supervision, law enforcement is not strict. The policies carried out by the Langkat Police in law enforcement against the crime of illegal logging consist of penal policies, namely reporting illegal logging, following up on illegal logging, going to illegal logging locations, securing evidence, catching illegal timber trucks. Non-penal policies include socializing the prohibition of illegal logging, increasing community participation, supervising timber trucks, examining suspects, developing cases, and transferring files.
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Fouqueray, Timothée, Lucile Génin, Michel Trommetter und Nathalie Frascaria-Lacoste. „Efficient, Sustainable, and Multifunctional Carbon Offsetting to Boost Forest Management: A Comparative Case Study“. Forests 12, Nr. 4 (24.03.2021): 386. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12040386.
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Research highlights: Funding forest management with subsidies from carbon offsetters is a well-documented mechanism in tropical regions. This article provides complementary insights into the use of voluntary offset contracts in temperate forests. Background and objectives: The mitigation of greenhouse emissions has become a major global issue, leading to changes in forest management to increase the capacity of forests to store carbon. This can lead to conflicts of use with other forest ecosystem services such as timber production or biodiversity conservation. Our main goal is to describe collective actions to fund carbon-oriented forestry with subsidies from carbon offsetters and to analyze how their governance and functioning prevent conflicts pertaining to multi-functionality. Materials and methods: We assembled an interdisciplinary research team comprising two ecologists, a social scientist, and an economist. Drawing on a conceptual framework of ecosystem services, social interdependencies, and collective action, we based our qualitative analysis on semi-structured interviews from two French case studies. Results: Carbon-oriented intermediary forest organizations offer offset contracts to private firms and public bodies. Communication is geared toward the mitigation outcomes of the contracts as well as their beneficial side effects in providing the ecosystem services of interest to the offsetters. Subsidies then act as a financial lever to fund carbon-oriented forestry operations. Scientific committees and reporting methodologies serve as environmental, social, and economic safeguards. Conclusions: These new intermediary forest organizations use efficient forest operations and evaluation methodologies to improve forest carbon storage. Their main innovation lies in their collective governance rooted in regional forest social-ecological systems. Their consideration of multi-functionality and socioeconomic issues can be seen as an obstacle to rapid development, but they ensure sustainability and avoid conflicts between producers and beneficiaries of forest ecosystem services. Attention must be paid to interactions with broader spatial and temporal carbon policies.
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Diaz, David, Sara Loreno, Gregory Ettl und Brent Davies. „Tradeoffs in Timber, Carbon, and Cash Flow under Alternative Management Systems for Douglas-Fir in the Pacific Northwest“. Forests 9, Nr. 8 (25.07.2018): 447. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f9080447.
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Forest management choices offer significant potential to mitigate global climate change and biodiversity loss. To illuminate tradeoffs relevant to policymakers, forest sector stakeholders, and consumers of forest products, we utilize three Key Performance Indicators—average carbon storage in the forest and wood products; cumulative timber output; and discounted cash flow—to compare four alternative management scenarios for Douglas-fir forests on 64 parcels across western Oregon and Washington. These scenarios are designed to meet one of two alternative management objectives: (i) maximize Net Present Value; or (ii) maximize sustained timber yield; according to one of two alternative sets of forest practice constraints: (i) compliance with minimum Oregon/Washington Forest Practices Act (FPA) rules; or (ii) two key requirements (increased green tree retention and wider riparian buffers) of Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certification. Improved performance in terms of carbon storage for these alternatives generally also corresponded with reduced Net Present Value and timber yields. The gap between FSC and FPA performance indicators was wider in Oregon than Washington, which is primarily attributed to the higher level of stream protection required under Washington versus Oregon FPA rules. We observed consistently higher average carbon storage per cumulative timber output among FSC scenarios relative to business-as-usual, indicating FSC-certified wood carries an embedded carbon benefit. Our findings highlight options for targeted policies to incentivize management that increases carbon storage and minimizes disruptions in timber output, as well as for narrowing the financial gap (or opportunity cost) that would be involved in a transition away from contemporary common practice on industrial timberlands in the coastal Douglas-fir forests of the Pacific Northwest.
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Radosavljević, Maja, Mauro Masiero, Todora Rogelja und Branko Glavonjić. „Adaptation to EUTR Requirements: Insights from Slovenia, Croatia and Serbia“. Forests 12, Nr. 12 (30.11.2021): 1665. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12121665.
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Eight years after the European Union Timber Regulation (EUTR) came into force, its effectiveness is still unsatisfactory due to deficient and uneven implementation among member states. In addition, some Western Balkan countries have poor legality monitoring systems, increasing the risk of trade in illegally harvested timber. Regardless of this, no recent work has analyzed the adaptation of national forest policies to the EUTR obligations. Our study aims to contribute to the understanding of EUTR implementation by analyzing the adaptation of policies of the Western Balkan countries (Slovenia, Croatia, and Serbia) to the EUTR. Qualitative content analysis was conducted on 22 policy documents from Slovenia, Croatia, and Serbia. Documents were coded using coding categories derived from EUTR. Our results point out that none of the analyzed countries have a policy to directly address illegal logging or prevention of illegal activities. As EU members, Slovenia and Croatia has implemented EUTR through laws. The Slovenian Forest Act addresses all EUTR obligations, while Croatian Law on EUTR Implementation does not directly address the obligation of legality. This obligation is addressed by the Law on Forests. As Serbia is not an EU member, it did not implement EUTR. Nevertheless, Serbian Law on Forests addresses all EUTR obligations, but has some discrepancies regarding Traceability obligation. With ongoing discourses on Green Deal policies and the increasing focus on “deforestation-free” commodities, stricter implementation might be expected of EUTR at EU level. Most countries would probably have to build capacities for EUTR implementation and become more transparent and responsible concerning information availability. To successfully implement EUTR, an increased number of checks as well as stricter fines will be needed.
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Harsha, B. D. „Nature and Extent of Backwardness among Primitive Scheduled Tribes in Access to Basic Amenities: A Micro Level Study from Kodagu District of Karnataka“. Asian Review of Social Sciences 7, Nr. 2 (05.08.2018): 80–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/arss-2018.7.2.1425.
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Tribal people have three main routes to map their skill and labor endowments intowages/entitlements available– rights on forest products, working in the coffee plantation andworking for the forest department. However, most of the tribal people live in utter poverty even though, there are so many programmes launched to benefit them under government policies and programs on the tribal welfare that have been in placesince independence. These policies and programs are designed to help to improve the social,political and economic status of the tribal people. Providing education to tribal children, publicdistribution system, decentralization of political administration, occupational training are someof the programs of the state that are designed to help the tribal people to improve theircapabilities. These programs and policies are supposed to act as entitlement stimulants and reduce their social exclusion. It is necessary to analyze the role of state’s welfare programs, political decentralization of local administration and also their accesses to education, resources and markets which have direct and indirect impact on empowering and creating better livelihood outcomes for the tribal people.
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Baker, James A., F. Wayne Bell und Al Stinson. „Ontario's Forestry Research Partnership: Progress and next steps“. Forestry Chronicle 84, Nr. 5 (01.10.2008): 756–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc84756-5.
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This paper provides a synthesis of a 2-phase approach used by the Canadian Ecology Centre – Forestry Research Partnership (CEC-FRP) to implement adaptive management on 6 forest management units in northeastern Ontario. It also provides a summary of a self evaluation of the partnership using a set of attributes deemed necessary to successfully implement adaptive management (i.e., leadership; alignment with organizational goals; commitment, will, and capacity to act; and formal and explicit documentation). We conclude that the adoption of the 2-phase approach, rather than direct implementation of adaptive management, provided the partners with the means to identify and address critical uncertainties related to intensifying forest management on Crown lands in Ontario, focus research and transfer activities, develop and test new landscape- and stand-level models, and adjust forest management policies and practices. Key words: adaptive management, intensive forest management, knowledge transfer
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Kimiri, Kiramba Lestan, Felix L. M. Ming’ate und Eric M. Kioko. „Community Forest Associations Boundaries and Sustainable Forest Management in Loita Forest, Narok County, Kenya“. Asian Journal of Geographical Research 6, Nr. 4 (20.10.2023): 17–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajgr/2023/v6i4200.
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The Kenya Forest Act of 2005, subsequently revised in 2016, introduced the Kenya Forest Service and its mandate to engage in Participatory Forest Management (PFM) agreements with local communities adjoining state forests. This framework necessitated the establishment of Community Forest Associations (CFAs) nationwide, including the Loita Community Forest Association. However, a prevailing concern surrounding CFAs is the delineation and redefinition of boundaries, an issue that has gained prominence due to Kenya's decentralized forest governance system and the ambiguity surrounding the management of locally-held common resources. This study centers on investigating the process of establishing boundaries for the CFAs both in forest resources and the users within Loita Forest in Narok County, Kenya. Notably, Loita forest operates under a Traditional Participatory Forest arrangement, controlled by community elders, led by the revered Oloibon, who steers the resource utilization decisions. The vast expanse of Loita forest encompasses both lush woodlands and savanna landscapes. Employing purposive sampling, the study engaged 52 respondents from nine distinct Loita sub-locations. Key informants were interviewed individually, complemented with focus group discussions conducted with the use of semi-structured questions. Participant observation further enriched data collection, consolidating insights from key informants and group discussions. Collected data was meticulously tape-recorded and subjected to summative content analysis. The inquiry delved into the practicality of existing traditional resource-use boundaries, the adequacy of governmental regulations, policies, and institutions in elevating forest governance within Kenya, and the extent to which individual indigenous rights have been upheld in managing and using communal forest resources. Key findings of this study show that the Loita Maasai still values their traditional norms and have great respect for cultural institutions. Major decisions concerning the management of Loita forest are made by the council of elders led by the Chief Laibon. The study also found that there exists no CFA in Loita forest and that the presence of government institutions in the forest is minimal. This study's outcomes contribute to a nuanced understanding of the intricate interplay between indigenous wisdom, modern frameworks, and sustainable forest management. It underscores the indispensable role of tradition in shaping boundaries, governance, and ecological equilibrium within Loita forest and offers practical directives for future forest management endeavors.
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Harisha, R. P., Setty R. Siddappa und G. Ravikanth. „Understanding the Phyllanthus and Terminalia chebula Species Population Change, Dependency and Sustainability: A Study in Malai Mahadeshwara Hills Wildlife Sanctuary, Southern India“. International Journal of Environment 12, Nr. 1 (27.02.2023): 79–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v12i1.52444.
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Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) are vital sources of livelihood for forest-dependent communities across the globe. This study examined the NTFPs species (Phyllanthus emblica, P. indofischeri, and Terminalia chebula) population change determined by the dependency, disturbances, and accessibility in the dry tropical forest of Malai Mahadeshwara (MM) Hills wildlife sanctuary. The long-term monitoring population data were analyzed across three time periods; 2000-01, 2010-11, and 2020-21. The participatory research methods were used to assess the dependency and accessibility which influence the population structure. The multi-factor linkage approach was used to identify the significant drivers of population decline. The results indicated that grazing, fire, hemi-parasite infection, and Lantana invasion influenced the tree population structure and regeneration of study species. This study has also indicated variations and changes in the interrelationship among factors that have a significant role in shaping NTFPs species population structure. Multiple factor analysis determined that grazing, fire, and lantana have significant impacts on population structures, regeneration, and fruit production of NTFPs species. The study recommended that forest managers should consider a site-specific adaptive approach and multiple factors models and inclusive management tools provisioned in recent policies like the Biological Diversity Act -2002 and Forest Rights Act-2006 would hold great potential for developing sustainable use and co-management practices.
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Kabourkova, Kristina. „Conflict between the Accounting Act and Czech Accounting Standards in land“. SHS Web of Conferences 91 (2021): 01048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20219101048.
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The paper deals with the analysis of existing Czech accounting procedures in the case of land accounting. The method of process analysis is used, where the currently valid methodological procedures are examined. The strengths and weaknesses of this methodology are defined. It is found that the accounting and valuation of land according to Czech Accounting Standards is in conflict with the Accounting Act, according to which accounting data should provide a true picture of the status and value of the entity’s assets. The purchase price of the land is entered into bookkeeping and any decrease or increase in value is never accounted for again. In the case of forest land, the value of the land and the value of the plants grown on it are not accounted for separately. The accounting therefore does not provide users with true and current information. The good thing is that these accounting policies do not burden the accounting entity in any way. Furthermore, a proposal for new methodological procedures is presented. According to them, it would be possible to update the accounting data depending on the condition of the land and the development of market prices. Based on an expert opinion, a significant increase or decrease in the current value of the land would be accounted for. In the case of a forest, it would be possible to use analytical accounts to account separately for the condition of the land and the condition of the forest foliage. These new procedures would make it possible to reflect in bookkeeping the actual state of the entity’s assets. However, the disadvantage is the higher financial and time demand. Subsequently, the advantages and disadvantages of the currently effective and proposed methodology are compared.
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Romli, Syed Muhammad Iqbal Sayad, Illyani Ibrahim, Azila Ahmad Sarkawi, Kamal Solhaimi Fadzil, Tengku Adeline Adura Tengku Hamzah und Azizan Abu Samah. „SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING FOREST MANAGEMENT IN SELANGOR RIVER BASIN AREA FROM 1990 TO 2020“. Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University 56, Nr. 4 (30.08.2021): 151–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.35741/issn.0258-2724.56.4.14.
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Forests are the primary ecosystem on earth that preserves natural resources. This paper aims to identify the forest loss percentage in the Selangor River Basin areas from 1990 to 2020. The objectives are to analyze (i) the pattern of forest loss in the Selangor River Basin area and (ii) the land-cover changes in the study area using a change detection analysis. Datasets of four clear cloud images were based upon to produce the land-cover map and identify the forest loss. Landsat images were employed to detect the land-cover changes. The Landsat images’ methodology of land-cover classification was unsupervised pixel-based classification methods using maximum likelihoods. The specific land cover includes forest, built-up area, bare land, vegetation, water bodies, and cloud. The result showed that the forest areas decreased from 108546.93 hectares in 1990 to 70239.33 hectares in 2020, representing a class change of 17.05 percent. A drastic increase was also noted in the built-up area from 1407.51 hectares in 1990 to 43128.27 hectares in 2020, and this category of land cover increased by 18.56 percent over the 30-year timeline. The factors contributing to the forest loss include anthropogenic factors as the most important cause of land cover change. Urbanization, a lack of forest guards, and a failure to implement policies were all identified as human activities causing the loss of the forest and the rise of the built-up area. A DPSIR framework was produced to provide the relevant indicators and allow policymakers to contribute input on environmental concerns of the future impact in policy development. This framework act as a contribution in efforts to conserve natural resources through policy formulation.
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AHMED, Jamila, Bessy KATHAMBI und Robert KIBUGI. „POLICY PERSPECTIVE ON GOVERNANCE STANDARDS SETTING USING COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION FOR SUSTAINABLE MANGROVE MANAGEMENT IN LAMU KENYA“. International Journal of Conservation Science 14, Nr. 1 (15.03.2023): 295–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.36868/ijcs.2023.01.20.
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Community Participation is fundamental for sustainable mangrove management which enhances environmental sustainability. This study analyses the setting of governance standards using policy frameworks. The study adopted a correlational research design and used a mixed methods approach. It shows awareness of policies supporting community participation in mangrove conservation was at 94.6%. The respondents who knew existing policies of the forest conservation and management act were at 27.80% closely followed by those with knowledge of local agreement with Kenya Forest Service at 25.40%, and those who practiced community/traditional by-laws at 21.80%. Notably, 18.40% of the respondents indicated knowledge of the national mangrove management plan while only 6.70% expressed awareness of the public participation law. Community participation is overly affected by gender perceptions in the education level, age, and knowledge of governance standards. The findings indicate 71% of women have not participated in setting governance standards as well as 69.20% of men. 81% of respondents disagree with the existence of county government policies in mangrove conservation. There is a lack of enough participation in setting governance standards towards the existing policy framework, affecting mangrove management.
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Utzinger, Jeffrey. „The Forest “Appeared Alive with its Sons and Daughters”: Commodification of the Indian Body in Nineteenth-Century American Literature“. Hungarian Journal of English and American Studies 29, Nr. 2 (01.11.2023): 292–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.30608/hjeas/2023/29/2/4.
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Abstract The phrase “son/s of the forest,” in relation to distinctive trees, was widely used in British periodicals throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. When the phrase began to appear in US periodicals in the early nineteenth century, however, a shift occurred as writers started applying “of the forest” specifically to Native Americans. This essay examines how the phrase is used with increasing frequency in American literature, mission reports, and government documents during the decades leading up to the 1830 Indian Removal Act. I argue that print culture was used to reimagine Indigenous Americans as commodities, such as trees, to justify their removal from the landscape. The article is framed by an examination of how William Apess used his works, namely A Son of the Forest, to resist the State-sponsored violence of Jacksonian policies and Indian Removals. (JU)
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Fuss, Gillian E., James W. N. Steenberg, Marian L. Weber, M. A. (Peggy) Smith und Irena F. Creed. „Governance as a driver of change in the Canadian boreal zone1“. Environmental Reviews 27, Nr. 3 (September 2019): 318–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/er-2018-0057.
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The Canadian boreal forest is primarily public land, owned and managed by provincial governments on behalf of the public interest. Boreal forest governance consists of a complex patchwork of federal and provincial legislation, policies, tenures, and delegated authorities designed to achieve multiple (and often conflicting) social, ecological, and economic objectives. We examine the implications of boreal governance arrangements for sustainable management of ecosystem services. The paper shows how current multi-level governance arrangements that evolved from Canada’s Constitution Act are not effective at managing the cross-scale and cross-sectoral challenges of ecosystem services and have created a crisis of legitimacy for forest decisions. We show how the rise of nonstate arrangements, marketization, and decentralization are partly a response to governance gaps for ecosystem services as well as a reflection of global trends in forest governance. Past trends related to governance themes (the role and scope of government, the level of integration and coordination, Indigenous empowerment, and geopolitical influences) are used to motivate future governance scenarios.
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Eddy, Triono. „The Controversy of Environmental Law Policies from Regulation Perspective“. International Journal of Law Reconstruction 7, Nr. 1 (28.04.2023): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.26532/ijlr.v7i1.31162.
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Government Regulation in Lieu of Act No. 2 of 2022 was born as a result of obstacles in the investment sector, not due to the issue of climate change as contained in the Job Creation Government Regulation. The purpose of the research was to find out and analyze because the issuance of PERPPU Job Creation ignores the Constitutional Court Decision Number 91/PUU-XVIII/2020, which is related to Article 22 of the 1945 Constitution concerning the urgency which imposes benchmarks according to circumstances and is necessary to prevent a legal vaccum. The method used is normative research which studies legal norms and literature. Government Regulations in Lieu of Laws become the full authority of the President in accordance with the constitution and are regulated in Article 22 Paragraph 1 of the 1945 Constitution. In this Government Regulation in lieu of the Job Creation Law there are articles that have problems with the environment. The article will regulate issues of environmental permits, the role of the community in the AMDAL (Environmental Impact Analysis), use of forest areas and criminal sanctions.
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WANG, SONAM WANGYEL, JAMES P. LASSOIE und PAUL D. CURTIS. „Farmer attitudes towards conservation in Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park, Bhutan“. Environmental Conservation 33, Nr. 2 (Juni 2006): 148–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892906002931.
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The attitudes and feelings of people concerning conservation policies and wildlife conflicts affect their behaviour, and understanding this is important in involving local people in conservation planning and decision-making processes. This paper examines these important issues in Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park, located in central Bhutan. A survey of 274 house-holds was carried out to assess farmers' perceptions of the influence of Park management policies and protection regimes on traditional resource uses, and their attitudes towards the Park and conservation policies set forth in the Forest and Nature Conservation Act of 1995, integrated conservation development programmes (ICDPs) and wildlife conservation, and determine how demographic and socioeconomic variables influence these attitudes. Among local farmers, 52.2% disliked the Park and the Conservation Act, and 67.5% supported exterminating problem wildlife. Negative attitudes were linked to loss of resource use rights, livestock depredation and crop damage, lack of compensation strategies and exclusion of farmers from the Park's planning processes. However, 76.3% of the respondents appreciated the Park's development programmes, the positive attitudes associated with an expectation that significant economic benefits would be available from ICDPs sponsored by the Park. Empowerment of local communities associated with monetary benefits from non-timber forest products and compensation for loss of crops and livestock were emphasized by more than 70% of the respondents. These attitudes were related to age and literacy of the respondents, number of livestock owned and size of land holdings. Though important to the future of Bhutan's parks, study results also have wider applicability to conservation professionals throughout the developing world for resolving human-land use conflicts and involving local farmers in the protection of nature.
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ETEMESI, NDUKU ISSA, PETER K. SIRMAH und JOSIAH CHEPKWONY. „Work environment and the performance of forest rangers in South West Mau Forest, Kenya“. Asian Journal of Forestry 2, Nr. 2 (01.12.2018): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/asianjfor/r020202.
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Etemesi NI, Sirmah PK, Chepkwony J. 2018. Work environment and the performance of forest rangers in South West Mau Forest, Kenya. Asian J For 2: 46-53. The objective of this research was to evaluate and understand how the working environment of Kenya Forest Service (KFS) forest rangers affects their performance. The Rangers, under the Enforcement and Compliance Division (ENCOM) of KFS are mandated to implement the enforcement of laws and policies pertaining to forests and its allied resources as prescribed in the Kenya Forest Act of 2005. Qualitative research approach was employed in the data collection by the use of structured questionnaires in four forest stations. From a population of 46 rangers, 32 rangers, 8 serving in each of the three forest stations {Londiani, Masaita, and Sorget} of Kericho Zone, Mau complex and the Kericho Ecosystem Conservator's Office were sampled randomly. A pre-tested questionnaire on demographic trends, duration of service, work environment variables constituting of remuneration, living conditions, motivation, appraisals, rewards, empowerment, communication, work tools, mobility, uniforms, challenges, and personal life were administered in January 2016. The performance indicators gave dissatisfaction rates of 59% and 63% in most of the parameters tested. Comparison of the finding of this study with the findings of the surveys of 2010 and 2013 in different conservancies in Kenya gave an index of 51.4% and 56.74% satisfaction respectively. The results, therefore, denote a progressive correlation between the working conditions drivers and the performance of forest rangers. Kenya Forest Service under ENCOM Division has a responsibility and large task to improve the working conditions and environment of the rangers. No matter how efficient conservation and regeneration programs may be undertaken while enforcement lags behind the cumulative performance of the entire process shall ever record dismal performance. More radical measures must be undertaken to enhance the performance and productivity of rangers through motivation, improving both their intrinsic and extrinsic working environment. KFS must as well acknowledge that low employee satisfaction rates shall ever incapacitate the forest rangers performance.
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Ary Widiyanto, Eva Fauziyah, Suhartono, Sanudin, Tri Sulistyati Widyaningsih, Aji Winara, Budiman Achmad und Dian Diniyati. „Role Of Stakeholders In The Development Of Food From The Forests: A Case Of Gunungkidul, Indonesia“. Journal of Namibian Studies : History Politics Culture 34 (19.06.2023): 4927–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.59670/jns.v34i.2294.
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Population growth and climate change have triggered food crises in many countries. As a country with a large population with an average area of agricultural land ownership of fewer than 0.25 hectares, Indonesia needs a more progressive strategy in anticipating a food crisis. Additional food production from outside agricultural land is required to meet food self-sufficiency. This study aims to map the role of stakeholders in the development of food production from forests in marginal land areas. In-depth interviews were conducted to determine each stakeholder's level of interest and influence. This paper identifies each stakeholder's relationship, the opportunities for collaboration, and the challenges faced using stakeholder analysis. The research used a case study in Gunungkidul Regency, Yogyakarta Province, one of Indonesia's marginal and food-insecure areas. The results showed that among the 13 identified stakeholders, the Forest Management Unit (FMU) of Yogyakarta Province and the Food Security and Extension Board (BKPP) of Yogyakarta Province are two stakeholders who act as key players, with a high level of interest and influence. The provincial government's role was dominant in developing food from the forest. Forest farmers, private forestry companies, and universities are less involved in the decision-making related to food security policies. The government at the district level also does not have sufficient budget and resources to maximize the development of food from the forest. However, the analysis results show that the potential for stakeholder collaboration is immense.
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Avsec, Franci. „Legal Framework of Agricultural Land/Holding Succession and Acquisition in Slovenia“. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Law = Agrár- és Környezetjog 16, Nr. 30 (30.04.2021): 24–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21029/jael.2021.30.24.
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Agricultural land legislation in Slovenia contains extensive special provisions that directly regulate the legal transfer of agricultural land and holdings inter vivos and mortis causa, including inheritance. Additionally, some measures within the common agricultural policy (such as financial support for the takeover of farms by young farmers) and tax policies (exemptions) provide incentives or alleviations for certain legal transactions involving the transfer of agricultural land and holdings. Among special provisions on the transfer of agricultural land and holdings, those relating to a statutory preemption right and a statutory priority right to lease agricultural land have the longest continuity (from the late 1950s). The holders of these priority rights must meet certain requirements and range in several priority classes. At first, agricultural organisations as legal persons had better priority rights than farmers. In 1990, the priority order was reversed by placing individual farmers before legal persons, individual agricultural entrepreneurs, and the National Agricultural Land and Forest Fund (NALFF). In 1973, the agricultural land legislation prohibited the division of certain middle-sized family farms (protected farms) through inheritance (mortis causa) and later (1986), also inter vivos, (with certain exceptions). The Agricultural Land Act and the Forests Act also restrict the division of certain agricultural or forest land plots. The draft acts of 2019 and 2020 prepared by the Ministry of Agriculture foresee important changes of the agricultural land policy, including the priority order between the statutory preemption rights and the removal of a general restriction on the division of protected farms inter vivos.
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LATURI, JANI, JUSSI LINTUNEN und JUSSI UUSIVUORI. „MODELING THE ECONOMICS OF THE REFERENCE LEVELS FOR FOREST MANAGEMENT EMISSIONS IN THE EU“. Climate Change Economics 07, Nr. 03 (August 2016): 1650006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010007816500068.
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In the Durban climate change conference of UNFCCC in 2011 new accounting rules were agreed for forest sector in Annex I countries to provide incentives for forest management and emission mitigation. There was also pressure to modify accounting rules to avoid giving credits for sequestration which would occur naturally. New accounting rules are based on reference levels against which greenhouse gas emissions and sinks resulting from forest management are compared during the second commitment period (2013–2020) of the Kyoto Protocol. In this study we investigate the timber market impacts and the effectiveness of the reference level policy in promoting forest management actions in the EU countries. We also study how setting of caps for policy-based gains affects the effectiveness of the policy. We found that the policy enhances carbon sequestration, if it is implemented in such a way that it affects harvests. The market impacts and the effects on forest sinks can be substantial in countries where non-LULUCF sector emissions are high relative to the potential of forest resources to act as sinks. In smaller countries with relatively large forest resources, the effectiveness of the policy is dampened by upper limits imposed on the emission compensations. The results of our study can be used to improve the effectiveness of policies in climate change negotiations.
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Aleschenko, Vitaly, Olga Aleschenko, Kirill Maksimovich, Galina Gritsenko und Anatoliy Shastin. „Geography of organic production for sustainable development of rural areas“. E3S Web of Conferences 486 (2024): 02003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202448602003.
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Climate change, new government policies, and changes in the geography of exports at the present stage require an integrated approach to assessing the prospects for the development of organic production in Siberia, which can act as a growth engine for rural areas. The calculation results show that the possibilities of organic production in Siberia are differentiated according to the natural and climatic principle. Tundra and forest-tundra are characterized by developed reindeer herding. The most productive zones are the southern taiga zone, forest-steppe and steppe. Western Siberia uses arable land as its main production asset: specialization is carried out in grain production and meat and dairy cattle breeding. Eastern Siberia has magnificent pastures and hayfields with developed sheep and dairy cattle breeding. Rural areas with suburban areas can specialize in the production of milk, poultry, pork, vegetables and potatoes; beekeeping has prospects.
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ROBERTSON, JOHN, und MICHAEL J. LAWES. „User perceptions of conservation and participatory management of iGxalingenwa forest, South Africa“. Environmental Conservation 32, Nr. 1 (März 2005): 64–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892905001979.
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New forest policies in South Africa seek to reconcile conservation and development objectives by devolving some responsibility for forest management from the state to local communities. Community participation in forest management aims to protect forest-based subsistence livelihoods by incorporating the interests of resource users, while simultaneously diffusing threats to biodiversity by managing resource use. To date, participatory forest management (PFM) has had mixed success in South Africa because the transfer of rights to users has not accompanied changes in policy. A questionnaire survey of 60 households (43%) revealed the attitudes of users toward current management and conservation options for iGxalingenwa forest. Users chose participatory forest management (52%) over community (25%) or state-dominated forest management (2%) structures. User choice was motivated by the desire to secure rights of access to, and ensure equitable benefit from, a dwindling resource base, rather than the conservation of these resources to sustain future yields. Users were unwilling to reduce resource use and compromise usufruct rights to achieve conservation goals, even to improve the availability of the resource stock. Current user needs compromise biodiversity conservation goals, and users regard state conservation practices as protectionist and obstructing their rights of access to resources. While the National Forests Act of 1998 seeks to conserve resources by limiting access to them and is based on principles of sustainable use, it is nevertheless perceived to offer few incentives to users to participate in forest management and conservation. Ideally, an institutional and legal framework that allocates user rights and managerial responsibilities to households is required, but clearly suitable alternatives to forest products are also vital for successful management. Greater trust between the provincial parks authority and users is needed, but is complicated by weak traditional leadership and poor community representation. Ultimately, users preferred PFM because, while recognizing that harvest rates are unsustainable, user dependence upon forest resources and weak traditional leadership means they can protect usufruct rights only by participation. Changes to any of these factors may create demands for a new management system. PFM allows the greatest flexibility for responding to changes in demands as well as the environment.
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Simon, Montfort. „Key predictors for climate policy support and political mobilization: The role of beliefs and preferences“. PLOS Climate 2, Nr. 8 (02.08.2023): e0000145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000145.
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Public support and political mobilization are two crucial factors for the adoption of ambitious climate policies in line with the international greenhouse gas reduction targets of the Paris Agreement. Despite their compound importance, they are mainly studied separately. Using a random forest machine-learning model, this article investigates the relative predictive power of key established explanations for public support and mobilization for climate policies. Predictive models may shape future research priorities and contribute to theoretical advancement by showing which predictors are the most and least important. The analysis is based on a pre-election conjoint survey experiment on the Swiss CO2 Act in 2021. Results indicate that beliefs (such as the perceived effectiveness of policies) and policy design preferences (such as for subsidies or tax-related policies) are the most important predictors while other established explanations, such as socio-demographics, issue salience (the relative importance of issues) or political variables (such as the party affiliation) have relatively weak predictive power. Thus, beliefs are an essential factor to consider in addition to explanations that emphasize issue salience and preferences driven by voters’ cost-benefit considerations.
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Hegan, R. L., und M. K. Luckert. „An economic assessment of using the allowable cut effect for enhanced forest management policies: an Alberta case study“. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 30, Nr. 10 (01.10.2000): 1591–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x00-081.
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In Canada, forest policymakers are considering the allowable cut effect (ACE) as a potential mechanism to provide tenure holders with incentives to practice enhanced forest management. To investigate the incentives created by the ACE, this paper estimates returns to ACE investments for a trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) - white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) mixedwood forest in Alberta. A timber supply model is used to optimize harvesting schedules to maximize net present values over a 200-year planning horizon. A number of scenarios are investigated with variations in intensity of silvicultural investments, beginning age-class distributions, levels of flexibility around the allowable annual cut (AAC), calculations of AACs based on coniferous and mixedwood volumes, and green-up constraints. In our simulations, it was difficult to find positive returns to the ACE. Positive returns only occurred when operating under harvesting constraints with a mature starting forest and AAC calculations that ignored deciduous volumes. In those limited cases where there were positive returns to the ACE, returns were higher for extensive, rather than intensive investments. Combining these results with other potential impediments to the ACE, previously identified in the literature, the probability of tenure holders having incentives to undertake ACE investments is low.
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Cyr, D., S. Gauthier, D. A. Etheridge, G. J. Kayahara und Y. Bergeron. „A simple Bayesian Belief Network for estimating the proportion of old-forest stands in the Clay Belt of Ontario using the provincial forest inventory“. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 40, Nr. 3 (März 2010): 573–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x10-025.
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The differences between boreal forest landscapes produced by natural disturbance regimes and landscapes produced by harvesting are important and increasingly well documented. To continue harvesting operations while maintaining biodiversity and other ecosystem services, government policies and certification processes are pushing for practices that preserve landscape features within their range of natural variability. One major shortcoming in the implementation of such a strategy is the lack of complete spatial or temporal information about these landscape features, such as the proportion of old stands, which are believed to act as a coarse filter for conservation if they remain representative enough of natural conditions. The objective of this study was to quantify the proportion of old stands in a very large landscape by combining fragmentary knowledge from two different sources, i.e., a provincial forest inventory and existing fire history reconstructions using a Bayesian Belief Network. This study was conducted over a 6.5 Mha landscape located within the Clay Belt of the province of Ontario, Canada, and suggests that more than 72.4% of this area is occupied by stands where no fire occurred during the last 150 years. The implications for management and potential for future research are discussed.
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Chu, Ming-Yun, und Wan-Yu Liu. „Assessing the Opportunity Cost of Carbon Stock Caused by Land-Use Changes in Taiwan“. Land 10, Nr. 11 (12.11.2021): 1240. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10111240.
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As compared with conventional approaches for reducing carbon emissions, the strategies of reducing emissions from deforestations and forest degradation (REDD) can greatly reduce costs. Hence, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change regards the REDD strategies as a crucial approach to mitigate climate change. To respond to climate change, Taiwan passed the Greenhouse Gas Reduction and Management Act to control the emissions of greenhouse gases. In 2021, the Taiwan government has announced that it will achieve the carbon neutrality target by 2050. Accordingly, starting with focusing on the carbon sink, the REDD strategies have been considered a recognized and feasible strategy in Taiwan. This study analyzed the net present value and carbon storage for various land-use types to estimate the carbon stock and opportunity cost of land-use changes. When the change of agricultural land to artificial forests generated carbon stock, the opportunity cost of carbon stock was negative. Contrarily, restoring artificial forests (which refer to a kind of forest that is formed through artificial planting, cultivation, and conservation) to agricultural land would generate carbon emissions, but create additional income. Since the opportunity cost of carbon storage needs to be lower than the carbon market price so that landlords have incentives to conduct REDD+, the outcomes of this study can provide a reference for the government to set an appropriate subsidy or price for carbon sinks. It is suggested that the government should offer sufficient incentives to reforest collapsed land, and implement interventions, promote carbon trading policies, or regulate the development of agricultural land so as to maintain artificial broadleaf forests for increased carbon storage.
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Adams, Darius M., Ralph J. Alig, Bruce A. McCarl, J. M. Callaway und Steven M. Winnett. „An Analysis of the Impacts of Public Timber Harvest Policies on Private Forest Management in the United States“. Forest Science 42, Nr. 3 (01.08.1996): 343–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/42.3.343.
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Abstract Past studies of the impacts of changes in public timber harvest have commonly assumed that the extent and intensity of private forest management would remain unchanged in the face of shifting log prices and demand. This study reexamines the issue of public harvest impacts using a model of intertemporal log markets in which prices, private harvests, and timber management investment are endogenous. The model considers two classes of private owners in nine regions and subdivides the basic timber inventory into a large number of classes that influence yields and costs, including, site quality, species group, and past management. Six product groups are recognized with opportunities for substitution. Given the perfect market and foresight structure of the model, simulation results suggest a far more elastic market response to changes in public cut than found in past studies. Shifts in intertemporal patterns of private investment act to reduce the price and aggregate harvest impacts of public cut changes over time. Underlying these moderated market impacts, however, are larger interregional shifts in harvest and private owner welfare than suggested in earlier analyses. Through changing management investment, including conversion of lands from hardwood to softwood species types, some of the largest economic and biological/ecological impacts may be realized outside of the regions in which public forestlands are concentrated. For. Sci. 42(3):343-358.
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Krithi, S. „State, Labour and Emerging Natural Resource Regimes: A Case Study of Forest- Based Livelihoods in Chamba, Himachal Pradesh“. Journal of South Asian Development 16, Nr. 3 (Dezember 2021): 433–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09731741211070043.
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Third world environmental policies are increasingly moving towards market-based mechanisms for conservation of natural resources. In India, the Compensatory Afforestation Fund Act, a key element of current policy on forest restoration, reflects this shift. While it has not been explicitly formulated as payment for ecosystem services, this policy relies on the use of market-based valuation techniques to finance equivalent afforestation for diverted forest land by the state. Using a mix of government reports, secondary data and primary survey, this article studies the manifestation of conservation in a hilly, forested and remote region within India and its implications on sustainability and equity for local resource users. The primary data shows the continuing process of encroachment of the commons, commodification and devaluation of natural resources at the local level. Simultaneously, a re-articulated notion of conservation is being used to bring the natural resource sector within the ambit of capital. This article examines the shift in forest policy in Himachal Pradesh, India, the changing relationship of state, local institutions and private investment, and how the articulation of conservation has interacted with policy and practice. As a beleaguered neoliberal capitalist system searches for avenues for profit, this article re-emphasizes the role of a democratic state and the inability of private capital to address social needs.
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Valko, Danila V., und Alisa S. Maltseva. „Negative Emotions and Climate Policy Support in Russia“. Психология. Журнал Высшей школы экономики 20, Nr. 4 (31.12.2023): 643–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1813-8918-2023-4-643-665.
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Current research suggests that the relationship between negative emotions and pro-environmental behaviour is not consistent across contexts, and that different negative emotions can both increase and decrease motivation to act. This paper is a post hoc analysis of the role of negative emotions in supporting climate change policy in the context of Russia, also examining the role of sociodemographic factors. Based on a randomized controlled experimental design with a total sample size of N = 246, we assess the expression of six negative emotions in relation to perceptions of climate change, and their role in increasing support for a set of key climate policies. The results show that the overall expression of negative emotions is positively associated with support for the full set of climate policies, but the effect varies significantly across policies. In terms of sociodemographic factors, taking into account the factor structure of the climate policy support, support for policies that relate to taxes is more strongly determined by education; support for policies that relate to energy infrastructure and business, as well as forest and water protection, is determined by gender; the latter is also negatively associated with respondents' income level. In practical terms, the results indicate the need to develop a balanced communication strategy to attract the attention of Russian society to climate change, to familiarize population with the short- and long-term effects of the introduction of various policies to counteract climate change, and to create an information flow that promotes an emotional attitude to the problem, which is as effective as possible for supporting policies developed by the state and the scientific community.
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Sinaga, Valerie Selvie, und Refindie Micatie Esani Foekh. „KEBIJAKAN UNI EROPA RED II DAN DELEGATED ACT TERHADAP PERDAGANGAN PRODUK KELAPA SAWIT INDONESIA“. Jurnal Bina Mulia Hukum 6, Nr. 1 (30.09.2021): 103–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.23920/jbmh.v6i1.197.
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ABSTRAK
Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara produsen sekaligus pengekspor minyak kelapa sawit terbesar di dunia. Pada tahun 2018 Uni Eropa memberlakukan Renewable Energy Directive (RED II) 2018/2001 dengan maksud untuk mengurangi emisi gas rumah kaca dan deforestasi sekaligus meningkatkan penggunaan energi terbarukan. Kebijakan RED II dan Delegated Act telah menempatkan secara implisit kelapa sawit sebagai penyebab dari emisi gas rumah kaca dan deforestasi. RED II dan Delegated Act mengkategorikan kelapa sawit sebagai High Indirect Land Use Change Risk. ILUC terjadi apabila lahan yang dahulunya merupakan lahan pertanian dialihfungsikan untuk memproduksi biofuel, ini sering terjadi pada lahan stok karbon yang tinggi seperti hutan, lahan basah dan lahan gambut, sedangkan kelapa sawit hanya tumbuh di lahan gambut. Indonesia selaku penghasil kelapa sawit mengajukan protes dengan mengajukan gugatan inisiasi awal ke WTO tanggal 9 Desember 2019. Dalam artikel ini akan dibahas permasalahan apakah RED II dan Delegated Act oleh Uni Eropa telah melanggar prinsip Most Favoured Nations (MFN)? Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah yuridis normatif, dengan kesimpulan bahwa kebijakan RED II dan Delegated Act harus dibatalkan karena melanggar prinsip MFN sebagai prinsip utama dalam perdagangan internasional.
Kata kunci: delegated act; hukum perdagangan internasional; prinsip mfn.
ABSTRACT
Indonesia is one of the largest producers and exporters of palm oil in the world. In 2018 the European Union enacted the revision of the Renewable Energy Directive (RED II) 2018/2001 to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and deforestation while increasing the use of renewable energy. RED II and Delegated Act policies have implicitly placed oil palm as a cause of greenhouse gas emissions and deforestation. RED II and Delegated Act categorize palm oil as High Indirect Land Use Change Risk (ILUC). ILUC occurs when land that was once agricultural land is converted to produce biofuel. This often occurs on high carbon stock lands such as forests, wetlands, and peatlands. Whereas only oil palm grows on peatlands. Indonesia did not accept the RED II Policy and Delegated Act by filing a lawsuit with initial initiation to the WTO on 9 December 2019. This article tried to seek whether RED II and Delegated Act policies violate the Most Favored Nations (MFN) principle. The research method used is normative juridical. It is concluded that RED II and Delegated Act policies must be revoked because they violate the principle of MFN as a main principle in international trade.
Keywords: delegated act; international trade law; mfn principle.
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Damnyag, L., A. A. Bampoh und Y. Mohammed. „Community-based forest monitoring for REDD+ MRV in the Ansaka Conservation Area, Ghana“. International Forestry Review 25, Nr. 3 (01.09.2023): 300–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1505/146554823837586230.
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A community-based monitoring (CBM) approach creates a working relationship between scientists, resource managers and local communities to address natural resource problems. This study analyses CBM data from Ankasa Conservation Area (ACA), Ghana, and assesses how such a CBM model fits into the national Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV) system for REDD+. Satellite imagery was used to generate land cover change maps for the different land use categories in ACA. A checklist of deforestation and forest degradation-related activities was designed with inputs from study communities. Nominated community members were trained to collect the data. The land use categories identified in the study area include closed forest, open forest, farmland, bare area, and grassland. The remote sensing data revealed significant land use and land cover changes in the periphery of ACA between 1990 and 2014. Closed forest and open forest areas recorded 28.6% and 35.0% reductions respectively. Data from the CBM showed that cash crop farms and plantations (rubber and coconut) account for the sharp increase (479.9%) in farmlands. The predominant sighting of rodents by community monitors reinforced the deforestation and forest degradation findings in the ACA periphery. A participatory MRV system is essential for the success of REDD+ interventions. With little training, local people can collect forest condition data that are of interest to REDD+ implementation and international policies related to climate change.
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Zahara, Alex. „Breathing Fire into Landscapes that Burn: Wildfire Management in a Time of Alterlife“. Engaging Science, Technology, and Society 6 (10.11.2020): 555. http://dx.doi.org/10.17351/ests2020.429.
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Across the globe, settler nation-states are being forced to contend with the large-scale ecological and social disruptions caused by settler colonialism. Wildfires are a charismatic example of this: when anthropogenic climate change combines with colonial forest management practices, wildfires act in ever changing ways with often violent and uneven impacts to human and nonhuman life. In a context of environmental change, managers, fire ecologists, and politicians alike are increasingly looking to reintroduce fire as a way of restoring “natural” forest landscapes while reducing fire suppression costs. In this paper, I examine one such policy of fire re-integration, in what is currently the Canadian province of Saskatchewan, the homelands of more than 50,000 Indigenous people (Cree, Dakota, Dene, Métis) who live in the province’s Boreal Forest region. In 2004, the Province implemented a controversial policy that locals colloquially refer to as “Let-it-Burn,” where fires are allowed to burn until they encroach upon something designated of “value” (typically human life, community structures, public infrastructure, and commercial timber). While wildfire managers, scientists, and politicians alike consistently advocate for policies of fire-reintegration as ecologically-sound and financially responsible ways forward with fire management, many locals have argued that “Let-it-Burn” is a direct affront to Indigenous sovereignty, destroying contemporary forest landscapes and rebuilding them through state-sanctioned settler values. Breathing fire back into landscapes that burn is a peculiar solution that at once acknowledges and erases the effects of fire’s removal through policies of restoration that risk ignoring the ongoingness of life in forested areas. Through interviews and archival and ethnographic fieldwork, this paper traces the history of the province’s “Let-it-Burn” policy, asking the question, “how to burn well in compromised lands?” As a way forward with fire reintegration (or not), I highlight the necessity of Indigenous partnership, leadership, and direction within fire management practices on Indigenous territory, which may include fire suppression. This paper adds to STS scholarship on ecological ruination and alterlife, arguing that wildfire management practices are likely to cause harm so long as the effects of settler colonialism are placed in the past and Indigenous rebuilding is erased.
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Rukhsar, Laiqa, Waqas Haider Bangyal, Kashif Nisar und Sana Nisar. „Prediction of Insurance Fraud Detection using Machine Learning Algorithms“. Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering and Technology 41, Nr. 1 (01.01.2022): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22581/muet1982.2201.04.
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In current era, people are influenced with various types of insurance such as health insurance, automobile insurance, property insurance and travel insurance, due to the availability of extensive knowledge related to insurance. People are trending to invest in such kinds of insurance, which helps the scam artist to cheat them. Insurance fraud is a prohibited act either by the client or vendor of the insurance contract. Insurance fraud from the client side is encountered in the form of overestimated claims and post-dated policies etc. Although, insurance fraud from the vendor side is experienced in the form of policies from non-existent companies and failuew to submit premiums and so on. In this paper, we perform a comparative analysis on various classification algorithms, namely Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random-Forest (RF), Decision-Tree (DT), Adaboost, K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Linear Regression (LR), Naïve Bayes (NB), and Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) to detect the insurance fraud. The effectiveness of the algorithms are observed on the basis of performance metrics: Precision, Recall and F1-Score. The comparative results of classification algorithms conclude that DT gives the highest accuracy of 79% as compared to the other techniques. In addition to this, Adaboost shows the accuracy of 78% which is closer to the DT
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Rodriguez Franco, Carlos, Deborah S. Page-Dumroese, Derek Pierson, Margaret Miller und Thomas Miles. „Policy and Regulations for Mobile Biochar Production in the United States of America“. Forests 15, Nr. 1 (18.01.2024): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f15010192.
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Pyrolysis is a combustion process of woody biomass conducted under low or no oxygen conditions. It converts any kind of biomass into biochar, bio-oil, or biogas. Hence plants’ woody material can also be converted into bioenergy products. Valorization of woody biomass in the form of energy-rich compound biochar is a more sustainable technique as compared to conventional burning which leads to toxicity to the environment. Innovations and the need to limit open burning have resulted in numerous mobile and fixed plant pyrolysis methods that burn a variety of woody residues. Production technologies that reduce the need for open burning, the main source of potential pollutants, fall under the regulations in the Clean Air Act of 1990. This Act is the legal instrument to regulate air pollution at its source across the United States of America and it is implemented and enforced through the Environmental Protection Agency, in coordination with sister agencies. One newer innovation for reducing wood residues and emissions is an air curtain incinerator. Currently, the Clean Air Act regulates stationary solid waste incinerators, and this is also applied to mobile air curtain incinerators burning woody biomass. However, other woody biochar production methods (e.g., flame cap kilns) are not subjected to these regulations. Discrepancies in the interpretation of definitions related to incineration and pyrolysis and the myriad of differences related to stationary and mobile air curtain incinerators, type of waste wood from construction activities, forest residues, and other types of clean wood make the permit regulations confusing as permits can vary by jurisdiction. This review summarizes the current policies, regulations, and directives related to in-woods biochar production and the required permits.
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Plume, R. W. „The Greenhouse Effect and the Resource Management Act, as Related to Oil and Gas Exploration and Production“. Energy Exploration & Exploitation 13, Nr. 2-3 (Mai 1995): 207–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0144598795013002-311.
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The release of CO2 into the atmosphere - and more specifically its consequential effect on global temperature – is now more-or-less universally acknowledged as a significant international environmental problem. Known colloquially as the Greenhouse Effect, it is the subject of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. That convention commits its signatories to specific actions directed at stabilising emissions of greenhouse gases (including CO2) at 1990 levels. It was signed at the UN Conference on Environment & Development (the “Earth Summit” which was held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992) by 153 countries including New Zealand. New Zealand has now officially ratified the Convention and has thus effectively committed itself to participate in international programmes of CO2 emission reduction. The Resource Management Act 1991 requires regulatory authorities to consider the environmental effects of activities in their jurisdiction. Carbon dioxide is now considered to be a “contaminant” as defined in the Act and it therefore becomes contingent upon local authorities to determine a suitable response to the problem of CO2 emissions. Regional and district policy statements and plans are required to be consistent with the national policy statement. Although a national policy statement on CO2 emissions does not yet exist it can be expected that eventually the approval of resource consents for oil and gas exploration and production activities typically will require specific actions relating to the release of CO2. The increase of CO2 in the atmosphere is almost entirely the direct result of two fundamental and worldwide activities: the combustion of fossil fuels and the removal of forest cover. When burned, hydrocarbons add large quantities of CO2 to the atmosphere. The removal of forest cover reduces the ability of the ecosystem to extract CO2 from the atmosphere by photosynthesis. The oil and gas industry is, of course, the source of a large proportion of the hydrocarbons used for energy and other purposes. It can therefore be expected that governments (including New Zealand) will focus on various aspects of the industry in their efforts to meet the reduction goal. Until recently the central Government approach to CO2 emission reduction was to implement the so-called no regrets policies which are desirable goals (e.g. increased energy efficiency) which have the positive spin-off effect of reducing CO2 emissions. By themselves such policies are likely to be inadequate to meet the internationally accepted reduction target. The Government must therefore implement more stringent measures. As the matter now stands the Government is investigating a diverse range of methods for reducing CO2 emissions. Because CO2 emissions and energy use are inextricably linked, reducing CO2 emissions can clearly have a detrimental effect on economic development. The 'holy grail' of policy development in this area is to reduce CO2 emissions without producing harmful effects on the economy. Several options (and myriad variations on the theme) have been put forward including, for example, carbon taxes and tradeable quotas. These options and others are now being assessed by Government officials. The industry should be alert to the distinct possibility that policy will focus directly on oil and gas production. From a regulatory point of view such an approach has an enticing simplicity but the effect on the oil and gas industry may prove to be less than desirable.
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Luckert, Martin K., und David Haley. „The allowable cut effect as a policy instrument in Canadian forestry“. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 25, Nr. 11 (01.11.1995): 1821–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x95-197.
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The allowable cut effect, or ACE, is defined as an immediate increase in today's allowable cut of a timber management unit that is attributable to expected future increases in yields. In Canada, the ACE has been adopted by provincial governments in an attempt to encourage voluntary, private investments in silviculture on Crown forest lands. However, such policies have been generally ineffective. Potential reasons for their failure include the presence of other public silvicultural policies that crowd out private, ACE-motivated expenditures; rent (stumpage) collection provisions that do not allow tenure holders adequate financial returns on their investments; yield control provisions that do not impose significant constraints on industrial activity; costs of compliance with regulations to secure increased harvests; and the uncertainty surrounding the future of existing tenure arrangements.
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Senne, Yvonne, und Stella Nkomo. „The influence of labour brokering practices on employment equity in South Africa: A case of two universities“. African Journal of Employee Relations 39, Nr. 1 (19.02.2019): 58–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/2664-3731/5883.
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The purpose of this paper is to highlight the influence of labour brokering on employment practices, particularly those related to the Employment Equity Act 55 of 1998. The research reported on in this paper is based on a larger research project that investigated the barriers to and enablers of gender equity within two higher education institutions. Utilising a qualitative case study at the two South African universities, the findings demonstrate the contradictions between the intentions of employment equity policies and practices and the adoption of a labour brokering employment strategy. Employment equity policies and practices did not include employees in the cleaning and gardening job categories recruited through labour brokers. Most importantly, the practice has serious implications for the economic survival and development of the lowest level of employees at the universities. The implications of these findings are discussed in the light of the Labour Relations Amendment Act 6 of 2014.