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Liang, Anjie, Xinyi Wen, Wenjing Yu, Shunde Su, Yongming Lin, Hailan Fan, Jun Su und Chengzhen Wu. „Impacts of Different Reforestation Methods on Fungal Community and Nutrient Content in an Ex-Tea Plantation“. Forests 14, Nr. 2 (20.02.2023): 432. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14020432.
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Long-term monocultures of tea and the excessive use of chemical fertilizer lead to the degradation of soil quality. Improving the soil quality of ex-tea plantations through vegetation restoration is an important task. However, the changes in soil nutrients, fungal communities, and the effects of microorganisms on soil nutrients after reforestation remain unclear. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to explore the effects of Pinus and Chinese fir on soil nutrients and fungal communities in ex-tea plantation areas that were subjected to the reforestation modes of pure forest and mixed forest by measuring soil chemical properties and ITS rRNA gene sequences. The results showed that (1) after reforestation, the relative normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) of the Mixed forest, Mixed Pine and Mixed Fir areas increased (p < 0.05) compared to that of pure forest; (2) the soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), and N:P ratios of the mixed forest increased by an average of 54%, 90%, and 299% (p < 0.05) compared to pure forest, whereas the total phosphorus (TP) and available potassium (AK) decreased by an average of 39% and 89% (p < 0.05); and (3) there was no significant difference in the diversity of the fungal communities of the pure and mixed forests, but the fungal phyla Mucoromycota, Glomeromycota, and Rozellomycota were significantly different in the pure and mixed forests. This differing microbial composition led to a significant increase (p < 0.05) in symbiotrophs (ecotomycorhizal, ericoid mycorhizal) in the mixed forest, which was negatively correlated with the soil TP and positively correlated with the TN and the N:P ratio. In addition, there was also a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in complex nutrient types (ectomycorrhizal-fungal parasite-plant saprotroph-wood saprotroph), which were negatively correlated with the SOC and TN, and arbuscular mycorrhizas, which were positively correlated with the TP. Our results show that the chemical properties of soils and the structure of the fungal communities changed significantly due to the reforestation of Chinese fir and Pinus, and the mixed forest mode of reforestation was more conducive to improving the soil quality; therefore, a mixed forest of Chinese fir and Pinus can be used to improve degraded soils in ex-tea planting areas.
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Jagadesh, Muthumani, Duraisamy Selvi, Subramanium Thiyageshwari, Thangavel Kalaiselvi, Keisar Lourdusamy und Ramalingam Kumaraperumal. „Unravelling the carbon pools and carbon stocks under different land uses of Conoor region in Western Ghats of India“. Journal of Applied and Natural Science 14, Nr. 3 (16.09.2022): 762–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v14i3.3596.
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Land uses are pivotal in global carbon cycles. The native forest lands possess a greater potential to sequester higher carbon, which can directly address soil quality and climate change problems. Unfortunately, the rapid conversion of forests to other land use over the past few decades has significantly declined the concentration of carbon in the soils. Therefore, in order to estimate the impact of land-use change (LUC) on soil carbon status, this present study was attempted under major ecosystems (Forest (FOR), cropland (CRP), tea plantation (TEA)) of Conoor. Results from findings revealed that total organic carbon (TOC) concentration and carbon pools were significantly (p<0.05) higher in FOR than in CRP and TEA. TOC (0-45 cm) recorded in FOR, CRP and TEA was 32.88, 11.87 and 18.84 g kg-1 and it decreased along the depth increment. Carbon stock (t ha-1) in FOR, CRP and TEA (0-45cm) was 68.10, 26.04, 42.42. Microbial biomass carbon (MBC) was higher in FOR (283.08 mg kg-1) followed by TEA (94.64 mg kg-1) and CRP (76.22 mg kg-1). The microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) followed; FOR > TEA > CRP. These results clearly indicate that the LUC has inflicted a greater impact on soil carbon status and its extent was quantified using the land degradation index (LDI). The LDI (0-45 cm) recorded in CRP (-38.65) and TEA (-61.75) signals the need for immediate implementation of carbon management strategies in the CRP and TEA ecosystem to keep the soils of Conoor alive and prevent land degradation.
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Djalovic, Ivica, Djordje Jockovic, Goran Dugalic, Goran Bekavac, Bozana Purar, Srdjan Seremesic und Milan Jockovic. „Soil acidity and mobile aluminum status in pseudogley soils in Cacak-Kraljevo basin“. Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 77, Nr. 6 (2012): 833–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc110629201d.
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Soil acidity and aluminum toxicity are considered most damaging soil conditions affecting the growth of most crops. This paper reviews the results of tests of pH, exchangeable acidity and mobile aluminum (Al) concentration in profiles of pseudogley soils from Cacak-Kraljevo basin. For that purpose, 102 soil pits were dug in 2009 in several sites around Cacak- Kraljevo basin. The tests encompassed 54 field, 28 meadow, and 20 forest soil samples. Samples of soil in the disturbed state were taken from the Ah and Eg horizons (102 samples), from the B1tg horizon in 39 field, 24 meadow and 15 forest pits (a total of 78 samples) and from the B2tg horizon in 14 field, 11 meadow, and 4 forest pits (a total of 29 samples). Mean pH values (1M KCl) of the tested soil profiles were 4.28, 3.90 and 3.80 for the Ah, Eg and B1tg horizons, respectively. Soil pH of forest samples was lower than those in meadow and arable land samples (mean values of 4.06, 3.97 and 3.85 for arable land, meadow and forest samples, respectively). Soil acidification was especially intensive in deep horizons, as 27% (Ah), 77% (Eg) and 87% (B1tg) soil samples had the pH value below 4.0. Mean values of total exchangeable acidity (TEA) were 1.55, 2.33 and 3.40 meq 100 g-1 for the Ah, Eg and B1tg horizons, respectively. The TEA values in forest soils were considerably higher (3.39 meq 100 g-1) than those in arable soils and meadow soils (1.96 and 1.93, respectively). Mean mobile Al contents of tested soil samples were 11.02, 19.58 and 28.33 mg Al 100 g-1 for the Ah, Eg and B1tg horizons, respectively. According to the pH and TEA values, mobile Al was considerably higher in the forest soils (the mean value of 26.08 mg Al 100 g-1) than in the arable soils and meadow soils (the mean values of 16.85 and 16.00 mg Al 100 g-1, respectively). The Eg and B1tg horizons of the forest soil had especially high mobile Al contents (the mean values of 28.50 and 32.95 mg Al 100 g-1, respectively). High levels of mobile Al were especially frequent in the forest soils, with 35% (Ah), 85.0% (Eg) and 93.3% (B1tg) of the tested samples ranging above 10 mg Al 100 g-1.
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Gholoubi, Azadeh, Hojat Emami und Amin Alizadeh. „Soil quality change 50 years after forestland conversion to tea farming“. Soil Research 56, Nr. 5 (2018): 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr18007.
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Land-use change has been shown to affect soil quality and may lead to soil degradation. The effects of land-use change from natural forest to tea farming on soil properties and quality were studied within Guilan Province of northern Iran. Thirty-six soil samples (0–30 cm) were randomly collected from six sites with three replications at each site. The soil quality of forest and tea farms was determined using the cumulative rating (CR) index and the Cornell Comprehensive Assessment of Soil Health (CASH) scoring function. Effects of land-use change on soil quality or health were significant (P < 0.01) using both methods. Both methods for all regions (forest and tea fields) showed that forest land-use was more sustainable based on lower CR (lower limitation to crop production) and higher CASH scores (higher soil productivity and quality) than tea farm soils. Both methods were also negatively correlated with each other. Despite pH being a limiting factor for soil quality, it was not influenced by land-use change in most locations because the studied soils were acidic. However, organic carbon was the most important soil quality indicator, which was significantly correlated with soil physical, chemical and biological (respiration rate) properties. Therefore, land-use management practices that are continuously cultivated should include increases in organic carbon.
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Majaliwa, J. G. M., R. Twongyirwe, R. Nyenje, M. Oluka, B. Ongom, J. Sirike, D. Mfitumukiza et al. „The Effect of Land Cover Change on Soil Properties around Kibale National Park in South Western Uganda“. Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2010 (2010): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/185689.
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The change from natural forest cover to tea and Eucalyptus is rampant in protected areas of western Uganda. The objectives were; to examine the trend in land-use /cover change and determine the effect of these changes on the physico-chemical properties of soils around Kibale National Park. The trend in land use/cover change was assessed by analyzing a series of landsat images. Focused group discussions and key informant interviews were used for land-use/cover reconstruction. Three major land uses were included; woodlot (Eucalyptus grandis; 5 years old) ), tea (57 years old) and natural forest used as a control. Each of these land-uses were selected at two different North facing landscape positions and were replicated three times. A total of 36 composite soil samples were taken at 0–15 and 15–30 cm depth from natural forest, Tea plantation and eucalyptus on three ridges. Results showed that small scale farming, tea and eucalyptus plantation and built up area have increased over time, to the expense of woodlot and forest cover. Tea and Eucalyptus have induced changes in: exchangeable Mg and Ca, available P, SOM, pH, and bulk density of sub soil (P<.05). Landscape positions within land use also significantly influenced most soil properties (P<.05). Similar findings were observed by Wang et al. (2006) in commercial tea plantations in China that received nitrogen fertilizers.
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Wen, Yubo, Yuanyuan Wang, Chunjun Tao, Wenbing Ji, Shunsheng Huang, Mo Zhou und Xianqiang Meng. „Bioavailability of Cd in Agricultural Soils Evaluated by DGT Measurements and the DIFS Model in Relation to Uptake by Rice and Tea Plants“. Agronomy 13, Nr. 9 (13.09.2023): 2378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092378.
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The elevated accumulation of cadmium (Cd) in rice (Oryza sativa L.) and tea (Camellia sinensis L.) grown in agricultural soils may lead to a variety of adverse health effects. This study collected and analyzed crop samples along with paired rhizosphere soil samples from 61 sites in Cd-contaminated regions in Anhui Province, China. The findings revealed that both the diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) and soil solution were capable of effectively predicting Cd contents in crops. Conventional chemical extraction methods were inappropriate to evaluate the bioavailability of Cd. However, the effective concentrations (CE) corrected by the DGT-induced fluxes in soils (DIFS) model exhibited the strongest correlation with crop Cd contents. Except for CE, various measurement methods yielded better results for predicting Cd bioavailability in tea compared to rice. Pearson’s correlation analysis and the random forest (RF) model identified the key influencing factors controlling Cd uptake by rice and tea, including pH, soil texture, and contents of zinc (Zn) and selenium (Se) in soils, which antagonize Cd. To reduce the potential health risk from rice and tea, the application of soil liming and/or Se-oxidizing bacteria was expected to be an effective management strategy.
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Hendri, Jon, Basuki Sumawinata und Dwi Putro Tejo Baskoro. „CO2 Flux from Tropical Land Uses on Andisol in West Java, Indonesia“. JOURNAL OF TROPICAL SOILS 19, Nr. 3 (31.08.2015): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2014.v19i3.121-130.
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This study measured CO2 flux by segregating effect of root respiration and organic matter decomposition by microbes. The study involved a mineral soil containing high organic matter (Andisols), in the tropic devoted to different land uses i.e. natural forest, tea plantation, and horticultural farm CO2 emission from those land uses were compared to from peatland. Observed CO2 fluxes came out in the following order: bare plot 7.32, tea plantation 10.22, horticultural farm 15.60, and natural forest 15.62 Mg C-CO2 ha-1 yr-1. While, root respiration accounted for substantial proportions: tea plantation 28%, horticultural farm 53%, and natural forest 53%. Soil temperature demonstrated a significant positive correlation with the CO2 flux, except in the natural forest. On the other hand, water-filled pore spaces displayed varying correlation with site CO2 flux: a negative relationship in both bare plot and tea plantation, appreciably positive in the horticultural farm, and weakly related in the natural forest. Soil respiration and C-organic content appeared to be strongly correlated; the rate of soil respiration increased with higher C-organic content. In field, CO2 flux from organic matter decomposition in Andisols, Latosols, and peatland ranged from 5.35-13.22 Mg C-CO2 ha-1 yr-1, with root respiration contributing most of the flux, which was, in turn, influenced by type vegetation, humidity and soil temperature.Keywords: CO2 flux; decomposition; horticultural farm; natural forest; organic matter; tea plantation [How to Cite: Jon H, Suwardi, B Sumawinata and DPT Baskoro. 2014. CO2 Flux from Tropical Land Uses on Andisol in West Java, Indonesia. J Trop Soils 19: 121-130. Doi: 10.5400/jts.2014.19.3.121]
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Yao, Huaiying, Yangmei Gao, Graeme W. Nicol, Colin D. Campbell, James I. Prosser, Limei Zhang, Wenyan Han und Brajesh K. Singh. „Links between Ammonia Oxidizer Community Structure, Abundance, and Nitrification Potential in Acidic Soils“. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77, Nr. 13 (13.05.2011): 4618–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00136-11.
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ABSTRACTAmmonia oxidation is the first and rate-limiting step of nitrification and is performed by both ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB). However, the environmental drivers controlling the abundance, composition, and activity of AOA and AOB communities are not well characterized, and the relative importance of these two groups in soil nitrification is still debated. Chinese tea orchard soils provide an excellent system for investigating the long-term effects of low pH and nitrogen fertilization strategies. AOA and AOB abundance and community composition were therefore investigated in tea soils and adjacent pine forest soils, using quantitative PCR (qPCR), terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) and sequence analysis of respective ammonia monooxygenase (amoA) genes. There was strong evidence that soil pH was an important factor controlling AOB but not AOA abundance, and the ratio of AOA to AOBamoAgene abundance increased with decreasing soil pH in the tea orchard soils. In contrast, T-RFLP analysis suggested that soil pH was a key explanatory variable for both AOA and AOB community structure, but a significant relationship between community abundance and nitrification potential was observed only for AOA. High potential nitrification rates indicated that nitrification was mainly driven by AOA in these acidic soils. Dominant AOAamoAsequences in the highly acidic tea soils were all placed within a specific clade, and one AOA genotype appears to be well adapted to growth in highly acidic soils. Specific AOA and AOB populations dominated in soils at particular pH values and N content, suggesting adaptation to specific niches.
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Peplau, Tino, Christopher Poeplau, Edward Gregorich und Julia Schroeder. „Deforestation for agriculture leads to soil warming and enhanced litter decomposition in subarctic soils“. Biogeosciences 20, Nr. 5 (17.03.2023): 1063–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1063-2023.
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Abstract. The climate-change-induced poleward shift of agriculture could lead to enforced deforestation of subarctic forest. Deforestation alters the microclimate and, thus, soil temperature, which is an important driver of decomposition. The consequences of land-use change on soil temperature and decomposition in temperature-limited ecosystems are not well understood. In this study, we buried tea bags together with soil temperature loggers at two depths (10 and 50 cm) in native subarctic forest soils and adjacent agricultural land in the Yukon Territory, Canada. A total of 37 plots was established on a wide range of different soils and resampled after 2 years to quantify the land-use effect on soil temperature and decomposition of fresh organic matter. Average soil temperature over the whole soil profile was 2.1 ± 1.0 and 2.0 ± 0.8 ∘C higher in cropland and grassland soils compared to forest soils. Cumulative degree days (the annual sum of daily mean temperatures > 0 ∘C) increased significantly by 773 ± 243 (cropland) and 670 ± 285 (grassland). Litter decomposition was enhanced by 2.0 ± 10.4 % and 7.5 ± 8.6 % in cropland topsoil and subsoil compared to forest soils, but no significant difference in decomposition was found between grassland and forest soils. Increased litter decomposition may be attributed not only to increased temperature but also to management effects, such as irrigation of croplands. The results suggest that deforestation-driven temperature changes exceed the soil temperature increase that has already been observed in Canada due to climate change. Deforestation thus amplifies the climate–carbon feedback by increasing soil warming and organic matter decomposition.
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Zheng, Xiangzhou, Yiqun Wu, Aiai Xu, Cheng Lin, Huangping Wang, Juhua Yu, Hong Ding und Yushu Zhang. „Response of Soil Microbial Communities and Functions to Long-Term Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) Planting in a Subtropical Region“. Forests 14, Nr. 7 (22.06.2023): 1288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14071288.
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Soil microbes are the key to revealing the mechanisms driving variation in soil biogeochemical processes. In recent decades, forests in Southeast China have been widely transformed into tea plantations due to the drivers of economic benefits. However, the changes in the soil microbial community and their potential function during the transition from a typical forest ecosystem to tea plantations remain poorly understood. This study investigated the soil microbial community in tea plantation soils with different planting ages, i.e., 6, 12, 23 and 35 years, and in an adjacent woodland control. We discovered that tea planting significantly increased soil bacterial richness (ACE and Chao1) and decreased fungal richness, the diversity of bacteria (Simpson and Shannon) show a trend of initially decreasing and then increasing while there was no significant effect on fungal diversity. After tea planting, the relative abundances of Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria increased by 180.9%–386.6% and 62.3%–97.5%, respectively; the relative abundances of Acidobacteria decreased by 11.4%–66.8%. However, the fungal phyla were not significantly different among different aged tea plantations and woodlands. FAPROTAX and FUNGuild revealed that the transition of natural woodland to tea plantations significantly increased the relative abundances of aerobic_chemoheterotrophy (14.66%–22.69%), chemoheterotrophy (34.36%–37.04%), ureolysis (0.68%–1.35%) and pathogenic fungi (26.17%–37.02%). db-RDA proved that the bacterial community structure was more strongly related to soil pH and available nitrogen (AN), while the main determinants of the fungal community composition were soil pH and soil organic matter (SOM). These findings indicate that tea planting has a strong effect on the soil microbial community and potential function. The change in soil pH during tea planting was the most important factor affecting the soil microbial community, while soil bacteria were more sensitive to tea planting than fungi.
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Stenfert Kroese, Jaqueline, John N. Quinton, Suzanne R. Jacobs, Lutz Breuer und Mariana C. Rufino. „Particulate macronutrient exports from tropical African montane catchments point to the impoverishment of agricultural soils“. SOIL 7, Nr. 1 (15.03.2021): 53–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-53-2021.
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Abstract. Agricultural catchments in the tropics often generate high concentrations of suspended sediments following the conversion of natural ecosystems. The eroded fine particles are generally enriched with carbon (TC) and nutrients (TN and TP) originating from the topsoil of agricultural land. Sediment-associated TC, TN and TP are an important loss to the terrestrial ecosystem and tightly connected to an increase in riverine particulate TC and nutrient export. Soil nutrient depletion can limit crop growth and yields, whereas an excess of nutrients in streams can cause eutrophication in freshwater systems. Streams in East Africa, with widespread land conversion from forests to agriculture, are expected to receive high loads of sediment-associated TC, TN and TP. In this study, we assess the effect of land use on particulate TC, TN and TP concentrations. Suspended sediments (time-integrated, manual-event-based and automatic-event-based sediment samples) were analysed for TC, TN and TP concentrations collected at the outlet of a natural montane forest (35.9), a tea-tree plantation (33.3) and a smallholder agriculture (27.2 km2) catchment in western Kenya during a wet sampling period in 2018 and a drier sampling period in 2019. Particulate TC, TN and TP concentrations were up to 3-fold higher (p<0.05) in the natural forest catchment compared to fertilized agricultural catchments. However, because of higher sediment loads from the smallholder agriculture catchment, the total sediment-associated loads of TC, TN and TP were higher compared to the natural forest and tea-tree plantation catchment. The higher C:N ratios in the natural forest suggest that the particulate nutrients are of organic origin due to tighter nutrient cycles, whereas lower ratios in both agricultural catchments suggest a mixture of mineral and organic sediment sources. The findings of this study imply that with the loss of natural forest, the inherent soil fertility is progressively lost under the current low fertilization rates and soil management strategies.
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Karim, Md Rezaul, Md Abdul Halim, Nigel V. Gale und Sean C. Thomas. „Biochar Effects on Soil Physiochemical Properties in Degraded Managed Ecosystems in Northeastern Bangladesh“. Soil Systems 4, Nr. 4 (27.11.2020): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems4040069.
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A body of emerging research shows the promise of charcoal soil amendments (“biochars”) in restoring fertility in degraded agricultural and forest soils. “Sustainable biochars” derived from locally produced waste biomass and produced near the application site are of particular interest. We tested the effects of surface applications of wood-derived biochars (applied at 7.5 t·ha−1) on soil physiochemical properties (N, P, K, pH, soil moisture content, organic matter content, and bulk density) in three land-use types: agriculture (Camellia sinensis monoculture), agroforestry (C. sinensis with shade trees), and secondary forest (Dipterocarpus dominated) assessed over seven months. We found significant positive effects of biochar on soil physiochemical properties in all land-use types, with the strongest responses in the most degraded tea monoculture sites. Although biochar had no significant effect on soil N and K, it improved soil P—the primary nutrient most commonly limiting in tropical soils. Biochar also enhanced soil moisture and organic matter content, reduced bulk density, and increased soil pH in monoculture sites. Our results support the general hypothesis that biochar can improve the fertility of degraded soils in agricultural and forest systems in Bangladesh and suggest that biochar additions may be of great benefit to the most degraded soils.
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Hébert, François, und Nelson Thiffault. „The Biology of Canadian Weeds. 146. Rhododendron groenlandicum (Oeder) Kron and Judd“. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 91, Nr. 4 (Juli 2011): 725–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps2010-012.
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Hébert, F. and Thiffault, N. 2011. The Biology of Canadian Weeds. 146. Rhododendron groenlandicum (Oeder) Kron and Judd. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 725–738. Rhododendron groenlandicum (Oeder) Kron and Judd, bog Labrador tea, is an evergreen shrub from the Ericacae family native to North America. Bog Labrador tea is associated with the later stages of forest successions in black spruce forest stands of the boreal ecosystems with cool climates, but responds aggressively to forest openings where it is already present. In general, bog Labrador tea is associated with nutrient-poor, acidic soils, with drainage ranging from moist to wet. Layering is the main regeneration strategy of the species; evidence suggests that this could be especially true following disturbances that open the forest canopy. Sexual reproduction maintains viability in undisturbed communities through wind or water dispersal. Rhododendron groenlandicum acclimates more rapidly relative to black spruce after perturbations through a higher rate of resource utilization when resources are available. The species is a highly competitive shrub for soil nutrients; it competes with regenerating conifers for soil nitrogen and phosphorus. It can also assimilate organic nitrogen from the soil through its mycorhizae. These characteristics may lead to the formation of ericaceous heaths that can stay unforested indefinitely. However, this species can be eradicated by herbicides (glyphosate) and heavy site scarification can limit its propagation.
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Djuniwati, Sri, und Heru Bagus Pulunggono. „THE STATUS OF SOIL PHOSPHORUS AT DIFFERENT CROPPING SYSTEM IN PANGALENGAN, SOUTH BANDUNG“. Jurnal Ilmu Tanah dan Lingkungan 11, Nr. 2 (08.10.2019): 76–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jitl.11.2.76-80.
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The fixation of P in soils is dynamic in nature and the behavior of P-fraction may change with time and cropping system. Application of organic matter to soil under upland soil have been reported to decrease P-sorption and increase P-desorpion. Pangalengan, South Bandung in west Java is one of the wet humid area of Indonesia that has high rain fall, covered mainly by tropical humid forest, volcanic area with fertile volcanic soil. The objective of this study were to describe and compare some chemical characteristic and behavior of P-fraction as a function of crops and slope of the land in the farming system in Pangalengan, South Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. Soil samples from the surface soil (0-20 cm) were collected from 15 locations based on different planted crops (Tea, Vegetables, Forest, and Intercropping crops), and level of slope of the land areas of Cihawuk village, District Kertasari, Kecamatan Pangalengan. The result of the study showed that C-organic content of soil samples from 15 location of planted crops was slightly high (3.04-4.92 %) but total Nitrogen was low (0.22-0.45 %), wih soil reaction (pH H2O) was slightly acids (5.60-6.30) and pH (KCl) was lower than pH(H2O) (4.60-5.70). The available-P was low (3.50 – 7.10 ppm), but the HCl 25 % P from tea and vegetables location was higher than from forest and intercropping crops. Majority of P fraction from tea and vegetable location was Al-P fraction, but from Forest and intercropping crops was Ca-P fraction. The order of P fraction were Al-P > Ca-P> reductant soluble-P>Fe-P in tea and vegetables locations, but in the forest and intercropping were Ca-P> reductant-P > Al-P > Fe-P. However, The data showed that the total P (P-organic + P-inorganic) from tea and vegetables crop location was higher, and was dominated by inorganic form, than from forest and intercropping location was dominated by organic form. However, the slope did not affect the pattern of P-fractions and the sources of organic matter added or accumulated in those location formerly affected the amount and the pattern of P-fractions.
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Sun, Long, Lei Yang, Liding Chen, Fangkai Zhao und Shoujuan Li. „Short-term changing patterns of stem water isotopes in shallow soils underlain by fractured bedrock“. Hydrology Research 50, Nr. 2 (10.10.2018): 577–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2018.086.
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Abstract Knowledge is limited on the changes in tree water uptake over short timescales in shallow soils underlain by fractured rocks under humid climate conditions. This study explored the changing patterns of tree water uptake at two forests (camphor) and two orchards (peach and tea) over multi-day timescales. We collected water isotopic samples (δD and δ18O) from rainfall, spring, tree branch, soil and fissure between two rain events (8-day duration). The trees in the forest lands exhibited a larger variability in stem water isotopic composition than the trees in the orchards. Significantly different changing patterns of stem water isotopic composition were found between the orchards and the forest lands. On average, the fissure contributed most of the tree water uptake (46.1 ± 20.8%) compared to the soil layer (33.9 ± 17.7%) and shallow groundwater (20.0 ± 13.5%). Main water sources for the trees in this study shifted at a daily timescale. Compared to orchards, forest trees had a relatively large range of source water and a good water use strategy in the shallow soil–rock profile under humid climate conditions. This study emphasizes the importance of characterization of the changing patterns of stem water isotopic composition over short timescales.
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De, Parijat, Shovik Deb, Dibyendu Deb, Somsubhra Chakraborty, Priyabrata Santra, Puspendu Dutta, Anarul Hoque und Ashok Choudhury. „Soil quality under different land uses in eastern India: Evaluation by using soil indicators and quality index“. PLOS ONE 17, Nr. 9 (22.09.2022): e0275062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0275062.
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Indian soils are inherently poor in quality due to the warm climate and erosion. Conversion of land uses like forests to croplands and faulty management practices in croplands further cause soil degradation. This study aimed to understand the extent of these impacts in a small representative part of eastern India, covering Himalayan terai and nearing alluvial plains. Soils were collected from (i) forests, (ii) croplands (under agricultural practices for more than 50–60 years) and (iii) converted lands (converted from forests to croplands or tea gardens over the past 15–20 years). Different soil quality indicators were assessed and soil quality index (SQI) was generated to integrate, scale and allot a single value per soil. Results indicated that continuous organic matter deposition and no disturbances consequence the highest presence of soil carbon pools, greater aggregation and maximum microbial dynamics in forest soils whereas high application of straight fertilizers caused the highest available nitrogen and phosphorus in cropland soils. The SQI scorebook indicated the best soil quality under forests (x¯ 0.532), followed by soils of converted land (x¯ 0.432) and cropland (x¯ 0.301). Comparison of the SQI spatial distribution with land use and land cover confirmed the outcome. Possibly practices like excessive tillage, high cropping intensity, no legume in crop rotations, cultivation of heavy feeder crops caused degraded soil quality in croplands. This study presented an example of soil quality degradation in India due to land use change and faulty management practices. Such soil degradation on a larger scale may affect future food security.
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Valladares-Samperio, Karla, und Leopoldo Galicia-Sarmiento. „Impacts of forest management on soil properties: a fundamental research topic for Mexico“. Revista Chapingo Serie Ciencias Forestales y del Ambiente 27, Nr. 1 (Dezember 2020): 33–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5154/r.rchscfa.2019.11.088.
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Introduction: The increase in the intensity of wood harvesting has a negative influence on ecosystem functions of soils in temperate and boreal forests. Objective: To understand the impacts of intensive and extensive forest management methods on the physical, chemical and biological properties of soils, and consequences on nutrient availability and stabilization processes in temperate and boreal forests. Results and discussion: Intensive forest management methods can generate greater imbalance in the processes of availability and stabilization of nutrients, compared to selective methods. The impact is reflected in the deterioration of soil structure and the decrease of nutrient reserves and microbial communities. These damages affect fertility and functionality of soil, decreasing long-term productivity. Affectations depend on the intensity of biomass extracted, environmental conditions and site preparation. This makes evident the need to monitor forest management and its impact on soil ecology in temperate forests, which maintains long-term productivity and ensures the availability of wood volumes. Conclusion: In Mexico, the impact of forest management has been scarcely analyzed and it is indispensable to understand the functional changes in the processes that determine soil fertility and forest productivity.
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Cui, Zhi Yi, Xiao Mei Deng, Ru Chun Xi, Rui Ping Li und Jia Xin Hu. „Nutrient Limiting Factors in Red-Yellow Soil from Different Parent Rocks at Oil-Tea Forest Land in the South-Central Region of China“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 694 (November 2014): 568–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.694.568.
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Nutrient limiting factors in main soils from oil tree forest land of the south-central region in Hunan Province were assessed by employing the systematic approach developed by Agro Services International and selecting Sorghum as indicate plant in order to evaluate their nutrient status and limiting factors. The results of soil testing showed that the four oil tree forest land soils were low in organic matter, N, P, K was severely deficient, but the available S and Fe were sufficient, the deficiency of Ca, Mg, B, Zn and Mo were rather common. In the tested oil tree Camellia forest land soils, the larger capacity of adsorption and fixation belonged to K, Zn, Mn in Quaternary red soil and to B in Sandstone soil, while the capacity of adsorption and fixation of K, B in Phyllite soil land and P, Mn, Zn in Granite soil was weak. The results of pot experiment showed that its nutrient deficient degree was in the order of N>P>K>B>Mo>Mn in Granite soil; that was in the order of K>P>N> Zn in Sandstone soil; that was in the order of P>N>K>Cu>Zn>Mn>Mo>S in Phyllite soil; that was in the order of N>P>K>Zn>Mo>Cu>B in Quaternary red soil. So P, N and K were the main nutrient limiting factors of oil tree forest land soils in Hunan province, and then followed by Zn, B and Mo. Next field experiments should be focused on the balanced fertilization of N, P, K, and B, Zn, Mo. Moreover, much attention should be paid to make up Ca and Mg.
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XUE, Dong, Yangmei GAO, Huaiying YAO und Changyong HUANG. „Nitrification potentials of Chinese tea orchard soils and their adjacent wasteland and forest soils“. Journal of Environmental Sciences 21, Nr. 9 (Januar 2009): 1225–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1001-0742(08)62408-0.
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Rogozhina, Elena, und Lyudmila Malyukova. „Microbiocenosis characteristics of agrogenically altered acid brown forest soils in humid subtropics of Russia“. BIO Web of Conferences 34 (2021): 05002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20213405002.
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Under conditions of perennial cropping of industrial tea crop on acidic brown forest soils of the Black Sea coast of Russia, the following were investigated: number of bacteria, of actinomycetes (mainly the Streptomyces genus) and of micromycetes (saccharomycetes), seasonal dynamics and functional activity of the microbial complex during period of 2008-2019. Stationary experiments were launched in various backgrounds of mineral fertilizer application. The experiment was accompanied by the use of generally accepted recommended techniques for microbiological studies. As follows from the analysis of the data obtained, it was established that the long treatment period of mineral fertilizers at doses from N200P60K50 to N600P180K150 in given soil-climatic conditions under the tea crop contributed to significant decrease in the number of actinomycetes and nitrogen fixing bacteria of the Beijerinckia genus vs. the control variant (without fertilizers). The most significant decrease in the number of micromycetes was revealed immediately after the application of mineral fertilizers at a dose of N600P180K150. After 2 months, the number of this group of soil microorganisms was built back. Under the impact of both medium and high doses of mineral fertilizers, the functional activity decrease of soils (CO2 emission and potential nitrogen fixation activity) was noted.
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Wang, Yi, Xinliang Liu, Yantai Gan, Yong Li und Ying Zhao. „Conversion of Forest Hillslopes into Tea Fields Increases Soil Nutrient Losses through Surface Runoff“. Land 12, Nr. 2 (09.02.2023): 448. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12020448.
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The conversion of forest hillslopes into tea fields changes the slope structure, soil properties, and vegetation, which may increase the great variations in the nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) losses through the surface runoff and induce agricultural non-point source pollution, particularly during the first years of conversion. Therefore, a natural forest system and a newly reclaimed tea system were compared to determine the land use conversion effects on the surface runoff and resulting N and P losses during 2013–2016. The results showed that the soil bulk density (BD) at all the depths and the saturated soil conductivities (Ks) in the surface soil were higher in the tea system than in the forest system, indicating that great land use conversion impacts soil’s physical and hydraulic properties. The annual surface runoff volumes and ratios were significantly higher in the tea system than in the forest system (p < 0.05), and this increased surface runoff was largely attributed to the slope structure and soil property changes. The total P (TP), dissolved P (DP), and particle P (PP) concentrations in the surface runoff volumes were similar in the two systems, while the total N (TN) concentrations were higher in the tea system than in the forest system due to the high N fertilizer application rates in the tea system. The percentages of dissolved N (DN) in the TN and particle N (PN) in the TN were, respectively, lower and higher in the tea system than in the forest system, which was associated with increased soil erodibility due to the land use conversion. The mean annual N and P losses through the surface runoff were higher in the tea system (11.07 ± 4.03 kg N ha−1 yr−1 and 1.73 ± 0.19 kg P ha−1 yr−1) than in the forest system (4.51 ± 0.66 kg N ha−1 yr−1 and 0.78 ± 0.18 kg P ha−1 yr−1). The N and P losses exponentially correlated with the surface runoff in both systems; however, the coefficients of determination (R2) were higher in the forest system than in the tea system, indicating that the exponential relationship between the surface runoff and the N and P losses should be more stable in the forest system than in the newly reclaimed tea system. Therefore, more effort should be dedicated to reducing the N and P losses though the surface runoff when forest hillslopes are converted into tea fields, particularly during the first three years of conversion.
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Aguilar-Cruz, Yonatan, José G. García-Franco und Gerhard Zotz. „Microsites and early litter decomposition patterns in the soil and forest canopy at regional scale“. Biogeochemistry 151, Nr. 1 (13.10.2020): 15–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10533-020-00705-3.
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Abstract Plant litter decomposition is a key ecological process that is mostly studied at the forest floor. However, decomposition generally starts in the canopy. In this study, we evaluated the effect of litter composition and climate on the initial phase of decomposition in the soil and two contrasting types of canopy microsites along an elevational gradient (0–2200 m a.s.l.). To this end, we incubated standard material composed by green (fast decomposing) and rooibos (slow decomposing) tea bags for three months. Tea bags were placed in soil (buried at 5 cm) and in the canopy at ca. 5 m above the ground in “micro-wetlands” (tank bromeliads) and dry crown microsites (branches). Along the elevational gradient, green tea decomposed faster than rooibos tea in all microsites and forests. Mass loss for both tea types was lowest on branches at all sites, except for green tea in a wet forest where decomposition did not significantly differ among microsites. In wet forests, decomposition did not differ between bromeliads and soil, while in a dry forest, decomposition was faster in bromeliads. We found that the effects of climatic variables [monthly average temperature (TEMP) and total precipitation (PREC) for the incubation months] on decomposition differed between microsites. Along the elevational gradient, the mass loss in soil was positively correlated with TEMP but not with PREC, whereas on branches, mass loss was negatively correlated with TEMP and positively correlated with PREC. Unlike on branches, mass loss in bromeliads slightly decreased with PREC and increased with TEMP. Our study shows that microsite conditions interact with climate (TEMP and PREC) leading to differences in the general decomposition patterns in the forest canopy.
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Muthumani, Jagadesh, Selvi Duraisamy, Thiyageshwari Subramanium, Kalaiselvi Thangavel, Keisar Lourdusamy und Kumaraperumal Ramalingam. „Carbon management Index under different land uses of Conoor region of Western ghats in Tamil Nadu“. Journal of Applied and Natural Science 14, Nr. 3 (16.09.2022): 931–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v14i3.3662.
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The increased land-use change (LUC) from native lands to other land use at the Conoor region of western ghats in Tamil Nadu has severely declined soil carbon concentration. Therefore to quantify this decline, Carbon Management Index (CMI) was worked out under major land uses {(Forest (FOR), cropland (CRP), tea plantation (TEA)} using total organic carbon (TOC) and carbon pools under varying degrees of lability {a) NLC (non-labile carbon) b) VLC (very labile carbon) c) LC (labile carbon) d) LLC (less labile carbon)}. Results portray that the carbon pools were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in FOR than in TEA and CRP. The contribution of active pools {(very labile carbon (VLC) and labile carbon (LC)} towards TOC was higher in TEA and CRP, whereas in FOR, the passive pool {(less labile carbon (LLC) and non-labile carbon (NLC)} was higher. TOC (0-45 cm) was concentrated on the surface soils of FOR (32.88 g kg-1), CRP (11.87 g kg-1) and TEA (18.84 g kg-1) and it gradually declined with the increase in depth. The decline in TOC was maximum between 0 – 15 and 15 – 30 cm depth in CRP (30.62%) and FOR (22.17%), whereas it was maximum (37.16%) between 15 -30 and 30 -45 cm depth in TEA. Therefore, LUC spotlights the degradation of carbon pools and its extent was quantified using the carbon management index (CMI). The CMI (0 – 45 cm) recorded at CRP (12.93) and TEA (32.62) signals the need for an implementation of carbon management strategies at Conoor to keep the soils alive and protect biodiversity.
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Afner, Dendy Detafiano Prakasa, A. Aprisal und Y. Yulnafatmawita. „INDEKS STABILITAS AGREGAT TANAH PADA PERKEBUNAN TEH BERBASIS SLOPE DAN UMUR TANAMAN DI KECAMATAN GUNUNG TALANG KABUPATEN SOLOK“. Jurnal Tanah dan Sumberdaya Lahan 8, Nr. 1 (31.12.2020): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jtsl.2021.008.1.10.
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Land-use change from the forest into tea plantation in Solok Regency in 1983 has decreased the area of forests in Gunung Talang District. Clearing up the forest at the beginning for tea plantation could worsen the physical and chemical conditions of the soil. One of which is soil aggregate stability that is very dynamic and can influence other soil physical properties. This study was aimed to determine soil Aggregate Stability Index (ASI) at tea plantations. Soil samples was taken at a depth of 0-20 cm from five different slopes (0-8% (A), 8-15% (B), 15-25% (C), 25-45% (D), and> 45% (E)) and at two crop ages (10 and 35 years old). The results showed that the soil aggregate stability index at tea plantations ranged from stable to very stable. It tended to decrease by increasing slope percentage at each of crop age, Between the ages, it showed higher ASI at 35 years old crop age under relatively flat (0-8%) and very steep (>45%) areas.
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Malyukova, L. S., und A. V. Velikiy. „REGULATORY EFFECT OF NITROGEN ON THE FORMATION AND ACCUMULATION OF SECONDARY METABOLITES IN DIFFERENT GENOTYPES OF CAMELLIA SINENSIS (L.) KUNTZE“. Lomonosov Soil Science Journal 79, Nr. 1, 2024 (07.04.2024): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.55959/msu0137-0944-17-2024-79-1-61-69.
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Soil N defi ciency is one of the main constraints limiting high tea yields worldwide, particularly in Russia. Besides, high dosages of N fertilizers are widely applied for tea plantations, resulting in agrogenic transformation of soils, environment pollution, and a decrease in the tea quality. One of the ways to reduce dosages of N fertilizers is the development of new cultivars with high N use effi ciency. In this regard, the eff ect of genotype on biosynthesis and accumulation of valuable secondary metabolites in tea leaves was studied under optimal N supply and its defi ciency in potted experiment. Th e study was conducted on the most promising local tea cultivars (Kolkhida and Karatum), grown on brown forest acidic soils in the humid subtropics of Russia. Using high-performance liquid chromatog-raphy, the contents of catechins, fl avanols, alkaloids and theanine were evaluated in tea leaves. Our results showed that N availability stimulated the biosynthesis of theanine more than one order of magnitude and alkaloids (caff eine 3–5 times and theobromine 2–3 times) in both tea genotypes; however, it decreased the accumulation of several catechins and fl avanols on average 1,5–2 times. Under optimal N supply, cv. Kolkhida displayed higher accumu-lation of theanine (by 30–60%) and gallated catechins (by 50%) in the leaves, however cv. higher accumulation of alkaloids (caff eine and theobromine) was observed in cv. Karatum (by 10–20%). N defi ciency resulted in greater accumulation of simple and gallated catechins, as well as rutin in cv. Kolkhida, as compared to cv. Karatum. However, the content of the studied metabolites in cv. Karatum was more stable under diff erent nitrogen levels, indicating its lower susceptibility to N defi ciency.
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Shannon, V. L., E. I. Vanguelova, J. I. L. Morison, L. J. Shaw und J. M. Clark. „The contribution of deadwood to soil carbon dynamics in contrasting temperate forest ecosystems“. European Journal of Forest Research 141, Nr. 2 (16.12.2021): 241–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10342-021-01435-3.
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AbstractDeadwood forms a significant carbon pool in forest systems and is a potential source of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) input to soil, yet little is known about how deadwood effects forest soil carbon cycling. Deadwood DOC inputs to soil may be retained through sorption or may prime microbial decomposition of existing organic matter to produce additional DOC. To determine impacts of deadwood on soil C cycling, we analysed surface soil from beneath deadwood or leaf litter only, along chronosequences of stands of lowland oak and upland Sitka spruce. The concentration and quality (by optical indices) of water-extracted soil DOC (water-extractable organic carbon; WEOC), in situ decomposition ‘tea bag index’ (TBI) parameters and enzymatic potential assays (β-D-cellubiosidase, β-glucosidase, β-xylosidase, leucine aminopeptidase, phosphatase, phenol oxidase) were determined. Presence of deadwood significantly (p < 0.05) increased WEOC concentration (~ 1.5 to ~ 1.75 times) in the mineral oak soil but had no effect on WEOC in spruce soils, potentially because spruce deadwood DOC inputs were masked by a high background of WEOC (1168 mg kg−1 soil) and/or were not retained through mineral sorption in the highly organic (~ 90% SOM) soil. TBI and enzyme evidence suggested that deadwood-derived DOC did not impact existing forest carbon pools via microbial priming, possibly due to the more humified/aromatic quality of DOC produced (humification index of 0.75 and 0.65 for deadwood and leaf litter WEOC, respectively). Forest carbon budgets, particularly those for mineral soils, may underestimate the quantity of DOC if derived from soil monitoring that does not include a deadwood component.
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Jacobs, Suzanne R., Edison Timbe, Björn Weeser, Mariana C. Rufino, Klaus Butterbach-Bahl und Lutz Breuer. „Assessment of hydrological pathways in East African montane catchments under different land use“. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 22, Nr. 9 (27.09.2018): 4981–5000. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-4981-2018.
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Abstract. Conversion of natural forest (NF) to other land uses could lead to significant changes in catchment hydrology, but the nature of these changes has been insufficiently investigated in tropical montane catchments, especially in Africa. To address this knowledge gap, we aimed to identify stream water (RV) sources and flow paths in three tropical montane sub-catchments (27–36 km2) with different land use (natural forest, NF; smallholder agriculture, SHA; and commercial tea and tree plantations, TTP) within a 1021 km2 catchment in the Mau Forest complex, Kenya. Weekly samples were collected from stream water, precipitation (PC) and mobile soil water for 75 weeks and analysed for stable isotopes of water (δ2H and δ18O) for mean transit time (MTT) estimation with two lumped parameter models (gamma model, GM; and exponential piston flow model, EPM) and for the calculation of the young water fraction. Weekly samples from stream water and potential endmembers were collected over a period of 55 weeks and analysed for Li, Na, Mg, K, Rb, Sr and Ba for endmember mixing analysis (EMMA). Solute concentrations in precipitation were lower than in stream water in all catchments (p < 0.05), whereas concentrations in springs, shallow wells and wetlands were generally more similar to stream water. The stream water isotope signal was considerably damped compared to the isotope signal in precipitation. Mean transit time analysis suggested long transit times for stream water (up to 4 years) in the three sub-catchments, but model efficiencies were very low. The young water fraction ranged from 13 % in the smallholder agriculture sub-catchment to 15 % in the tea plantation sub-catchment. Mean transit times of mobile soil water ranged from 3.2–3.3 weeks in forest soils and 4.5–7.9 weeks in pasture soils at 15 cm depth to 10.4–10.8 weeks in pasture soils at 50 cm depth. The contribution of springs and wetlands to stream discharge increased from a median of 16.5 (95 % confidence interval: 11.3–22.9), 2.1 (−3.0–24.2) and 50.2 (30.5–65.5) % during low flow to 20.7 (15.2–34.7), 53.0 (23.0–91.3) and 69.4 (43.0–123.9) % during high flow in the natural forest, smallholder agriculture and tea plantation sub-catchments, respectively. Our results indicate that groundwater is an important component of stream water, irrespective of land use. The results further suggest that the selected transit time models and tracers might not be appropriate in tropical catchments with highly damped stream water isotope signatures. A more in-depth investigation of the discharge dependence of the young water fraction and transit time estimation using other tracers, such as tritium, could therefore shed more light on potential land use effects on the hydrological behaviour of tropical montane catchments.
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Han, Wen-Yan, Jian-Ming Xu, Xiao-Yun Yi und Yi-Dong Lin. „Net and gross nitrification in tea soils of varying productivity and their adjacent forest and vegetable soils“. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 58, Nr. 2 (April 2012): 173–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00380768.2012.664783.
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Shi, Longqing, Fenghao Liu und Lu Peng. „Impact of Red Imported Fire Ant Nest-Building on Soil Properties and Bacterial Communities in Different Habitats“. Animals 13, Nr. 12 (18.06.2023): 2026. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13122026.
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The red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta Buren) is a highly adaptable invasive species that can nest and reproduce in different habitat soils. We aimed to explore the adaptability of red imported fire ants in different habitats by analyzing changes in the physicochemical properties of nest soils and bacterial communities. Five habitat types (forest, tea plantation, rice field, lawn, and brassica field) were selected. The results showed that the pH of the nest soils increased significantly in all five habitats compared to the control soils of the same habitat. A significant increase in nitrogen content was detected in the nests. The Cr, Pb, Cu, and Ni levels were significantly reduced in the soils of the five habitats, due to nesting activities. Analysis of the composition and diversity of the soil microbial community showed that, although the richness and diversity of bacteria in the nest soils of red imported fire ants in the five habitats varied, the relative abundance of Actinobacteria significantly increased and it emerged as the dominant bacterial group. These results indicate that red imported fire ants modify the physicochemical properties of nest soils and bacterial communities to create a suitable habitat for survival and reproduction.
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Tiwari, Neha, und Namita Joshi. „Carbon Management Index and Soil Organic Carbon pools of Different land use in Uttarakhand, Western Himalaya“. Current World Environment 17, Nr. 3 (30.12.2022): 585–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.17.3.7.
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Himalayan soils are young, unstable and prone to erosion due to its terrain, climate responsive conditions and human activities. Thus, a research was conducted to assess the dynamics of total organic carbon, particulate organic carbon, labile and non-labile carbon, lability index and carbon management index among three distinct landuse at various soil depth in north himalayan region. Mixed forest have considerably more total organic carbon (43.0 g/kg), particulate organic carbon (5.45 g/kg) followed by agricultural total organic carbon (29.58 g/kg), particulate organic carbon (3.51 g/kg) and tea garden total organic carbon (21.96 g/kg), particulate organic carbon (2.42 g/kg). There is a greater accumulation of all the indices and carbon pools at the surface layer in all landuse system. Mixed forest have higher lability index (0.77) and carbon management index (67.76) value indicating better soil health and quality. Therefore mixed forest is considered as the best landuse system in mitigating climate change through carbon storage. This study provides key details for conservation framing and reducing land deterioration in mountainous regions.
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Han, Wenyan, Jianming Xu, Kang Wei, Yuanzhi Shi und Lifeng Ma. „Estimation of N2O emission from tea garden soils, their adjacent vegetable garden and forest soils in eastern China“. Environmental Earth Sciences 70, Nr. 6 (19.02.2013): 2495–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12665-013-2292-4.
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Sahu, Netrananda, Pritiranjan Das, Atul Saini, Ayush Varun, Suraj Kumar Mallick, Rajiv Nayan, S. P. Aggarwal, Balaram Pani, Ravi Kesharwani und Anil Kumar. „Analysis of Tea Plantation Suitability Using Geostatistical and Machine Learning Techniques: A Case of Darjeeling Himalaya, India“. Sustainability 15, Nr. 13 (26.06.2023): 10101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151310101.
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This study aimed to identify suitable sites for tea cultivation using both random forest and logistic regression models. The study utilized 2770 sample points to map the tea plantation suitability zones (TPSZs), considering 12 important conditioning factors, such as temperature, rainfall, elevation, slope, soil depth, soil drainability, soil electrical conductivity, base saturation, soil texture, soil pH, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and land use land cover (LULC). The data were normalized using ArcGIS 10.2 and the models were calibrated using 70% of the total data, while the remaining 30% of the data were used for validation. The final TPSZ map was classified into four different categories: highly suitable zones, moderately suitable zones, marginally suitable zones, and not-suitable zones. The study revealed that the random forest (RF) model was more precise than the logistic regression model, with areas under the curve (AUCs) of 85.2% and 83.3%, respectively. The results indicated that well-drained soil with a pH range between 5.6 and 6.0 is ideal for tea farming, highlighting the importance of climate and soil properties in tea cultivation. Furthermore, the study emphasized the need to balance economic and environmental considerations when considering tea plantation expansion. The findings of this study provide important insights into tea cultivation site selection and can aid tea farmers, policymakers, and other stakeholders in making informed decisions regarding tea plantation expansion.
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Kozlova, N. V., und L. S. Malyukova. „Change in the soils’ fertility level of tea agrocenoses in the transition to cultivation without mineral fertilizers in the humid-subtropical zone of Russia“. E3S Web of Conferences 254 (2021): 05009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125405009.
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Research was carried out on the basis of preserved field multifactor experiment on tea crop (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) in the conditions of the Sochi Black Sea coast. The application of NPK fertilizers in different doses and combinations according to the experimental scheme was carried out annually from 1986 to 2011. Since 2012, the use of fertilizers has been completely discontinued. The fertility indicators of long-fertilized brown forest acidic soils (in layers 0-20/20-40 cm) were compared with those after 7-8 years of fertilizer withdrawal. During the period of fertilizers’ application, the level of soils’ nitrogen supply significantly exceeded the control (by 30-75/30-56 mg/kg depending on the doses of nitrogen fertilizers). After the fertilizers’ discontinuity, nitrogen supply level equalization occurred in all experimental options. The content of labile phosphorus in soils previously fertilized with high phosphorus doses (120 kg P2O5 ha-1 year-1 and more), during the period of experiment’s conservation decreased by 450-500/350-450 mg/kg, but exceeded the control in 2-2.5 times; in soils previously fertilized by low doses, the indicators have not changed significantly. In soils highly supplied with labile potassium, the content of the element decreased by 70-140 mg/kg. The yield of tea in 2019-2020 was equally low (12-26 cwt/ha) on all options, 2.2-3 times lower than fertilized plantations. After the fertilizers’ withdrawal, there was a decrease in acidity (an average increase in pH by 0.18-0.24/0.12-0.20 units) of agrogenic-acidized soils and an increase in their oppressed respiratory activity (on average by 1.6 times). These changes reflect the tendency of soil self-restoration after the removal of the fertilizers’ load.
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Cai, Xiaobo, Wenxia Yuan, Xiaohui Liu, Xinghua Wang, Yaping Chen, Xiujuan Deng, Qi Wu et al. „Deep Learning Model for Soil Environment Quality Classification of Pu-erh Tea“. Forests 13, Nr. 11 (27.10.2022): 1778. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13111778.
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Pu-erh tea, Camellia sinensis is a traditional Chinese tea, one of the black teas, originally produced in China’s Yunnan Province, named after its origin and distribution center in Pu-erh, Yunnan. Yunnan Pu-erh tea is protected by geographical Indication and has unique quality characteristics. It is made from Yunnan large-leaf sun-green tea with specific processing techniques. The quality formation of Pu-erh tea is closely related to the soil’s environmental conditions. In this paper, time-by-time data of the soil environment of tea plantations during the autumn tea harvesting period in Menghai County, Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province, China, in 2021 were analyzed. Spearman’s correlation analysis was conducted between the inner components of Pu’er tea and the soil environmental factor. The analysis showed that three soil environmental indicators, soil temperature, soil moisture, and soil pH, were highly significantly correlated. The soil environmental quality evaluation method was proposed based on the selected soil environmental characteristics. Meanwhile, a deep learning model of Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) Network for the soil environmental quality of tea plantation was established according to the proposed method, and the soil environmental quality of tea was classified into four classes. In addition, the paper also compares the constructed models based on BP neural network and random forest to evaluate the coefficient of determination (R2), mean absolute error (MAE), mean square error (MSE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and root mean square error (RMSE) of the indicators for comparative analysis. This paper innovatively proposes to introduce the main inclusions of Pu’er tea into the classification and discrimination model of the soil environment in tea plantations, while using machine learning-related algorithms to classify and predict the categories of soil environmental quality, instead of relying solely on statistical data for analysis. This research work makes it possible to quickly and accurately determines the physiological status of tea leaves based on the establishment of a soil environment quality prediction model, which provides effective data for the intelligent management of tea plantations and has the advantage of rapid and low-cost assessment compared with the need to measure the intrinsic quality of Pu-erh tea after harvesting is completed.
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Yan, Peng, Chen Shen, Zhenhao Zou, Lichao Fan, Xin Li, Liping Zhang, Lan Zhang et al. „Increased Soil Fertility in Tea Gardens Leads to Declines in Fungal Diversity and Complexity in Subsoils“. Agronomy 12, Nr. 8 (25.07.2022): 1751. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12081751.
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Soil fungi are key drivers regulating processes between ecosystem fertility and plant growth; however, the responses of soil fungi community composition and diversity in deeper soil layers to the plantation and fertilization remain limited. Using soil samples along with vertical soil profile gradients with 0–10 cm, 0–20 cm, 20–40 cm, and 40–60 cm in a tea garden, we used Illumina sequencing to investigate the fungal diversity and assemblage complexity, and correlated to the low, middle, and high-level fertilize levels. The results showed that the fungal community dissimilarities were different between adjacent forests and tea gardens, with predominate groups changed from saprotrophs to symbiotrophs and pathotrophs after the forest converted to the tea garden. Additionally, the symbiotrophs were more sensitive to soil fertility than pathotrophs and saprotrophs. Subsoil fungal communities present lower diversity and fewer network connections under high soil fertility, which contrasted with the trends of topsoil fungi. Soil pH and nutrients were correlated with fungal diversity in the topsoils, while soil K and P concentrations showed significant effects in the subsoil. Overall, the soil fungal communities in tea gardens responded to soil fertility varied with soil vertical spatial locations, which can be explained by the vertical distribution of fungal species. It was revealed that fertility treatment could affect fungal diversity, and alter network structure and potential ecosystem function in tea garden subsoils.
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Bhagawati, Sudhansu, Badal Bhattacharyya, Binoy K. Medhi, Snigdha Bhattacharjee und Himangshu Mishra. „Diversity of Soil Dwelling Collembola in a Forest, Vegetable and Tea Ecosystems of Assam, India“. Sustainability 13, Nr. 22 (16.11.2021): 12628. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132212628.
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Land use change has a great impact in determining the diversity patterns of soil fauna. Adoption of any land use pattern significantly affects the soil structure and its physico-chemical characteristics, which often leads to the loss of biodiversity. Considering the collembolans as the key organism in the indicator shopping basket of soil environment, the response of Collembola communities under three different land uses represented by forest, vegetable and tea ecosystems was studied. Collembolans were sampled at monthly intervals using Tullgren funnel and identified by standard taxonomic keys. Diversity analysis and soil chemo-edaphic factors were studied to establish the impact of different land uses on Collembola communities. Five genera of Collembola viz., Cyphoderus, Entomobrya, Isotoma, Folsomia and Hypogastrura were recorded from the forest ecosystem whereas Folsomia was completely absent in vegetable ecosystem and the tea ecosystem soil was devoid of both Folsomia and Hypogastrura. Seasonal diversity and density of Collembola were recorded to be higher in the forest ecosystem indicating the presence of relatively stable habitats as compared to vegetable and tea ecosystems showing relatively disturbed habitats. Correlation studies between different chemo-edaphic factors and collembolan population revealed that the moisture and organic carbon content of soil had significant positive correlation during all the four seasons in all the ecosystems studied. Higher adoption of mechanical and chemo-centric agriculture depletes the available resources of the soil and makes it less habitable and conducive for the growth and sustenance of collembolans in vegetable and tea ecosystem as compared to forest. Appropriate landscape planning, land management strategies and developing proper methods of land use practices may pave the way for the improvement of collembolan diversity at landscape level.
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Li, Ying, Jinlin Zhang, Qingyan Qiu, Yan Zhou und Weibin You. „Changes in Soil Properties and Enzyme Stoichiometry in Three Different Forest Types Changed to Tea Plantations“. Forests 14, Nr. 10 (12.10.2023): 2043. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14102043.
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Understanding the characteristics and driving factors of soil carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and enzyme stoichiometry during land use/cover change is of great significance for assessing microbial nutrient restriction and sustainable land development during the process. China, the world’s largest tea producer, is witnessing a significant expansion of tea plantations into previously forested areas. We performed field sampling in three forest types with the area partially converted to tea plantations in Wuyishan National Park. We examined the changes in soil carbon (TC), nitrogen (TN), phosphorus (TP), and three kinds of extracellular enzyme activities, β-glucosidase (BG), β-n-acetylglucosidase (NAG), and acid phosphatase (ACP). By analyzing the enzyme stoichiometric ratio, vector length (VL), and vector angle (VA), the relative nutrient limitations of soil microorganisms were explored. The results showed that soil TC and TN decreased significantly (p < 0.05), TP increased significantly, and soil carbon (C):nitrogen (N), carbon (C):phosphorus (P), and nitrogen (N):phosphorus (P) ratios decreased significantly after the conversion of forest land to tea plantation. Soil BG, NAG, and ACP contents decreased significantly (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in enzyme carbon:nitrogen ratios (EC/N), enzyme carbon:phosphorus ratios (EC/P), enzyme nitrogen:phosphorus ratios (EN/P), VL, or VA (p > 0.05). Through the analysis of soil enzyme stoichiometry, it was found that forest soil was generally limited by P, which was, to some extent, relieved after the conversion to tea plantation. Redundancy analysis showed that TC, TN, and the C:N ratio were the main factors influencing enzyme activity and stoichiometry. These results indicated that land use/cover change had significant effects on soil nutrient status, enzyme activity, and stoichiometry. Soil enzyme activity is very sensitive to the changes in soil nutrients and can reflect the restriction of soil nutrients more accurately.
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Li, Rui. „The Value of Tea Culture from the Perspective of Integration of Tea and Tourism Industry: A case study of Jingmai Mountain, Yunnan“. International Journal of Education and Humanities 10, Nr. 2 (03.09.2023): 165–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ijeh.v10i2.11589.
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Under the influence of large modern machinery industry, pesticides which invented artificially are commonly used in modern tea production in order to increase labor productivity greatly. The most important thing is to increase product output in exchange for profits. While modern industry has brought fast development to the tea industry, it has also brought many new problems, such as the excessive application of artificial products such as fertilizers and pesticides, which have polluted the soil and near-body waters. In fact, it has also affected the natural reproduction of tea plants. Jingmai Mountain, located in Yunnan province, the ancient tea garden is a sacred mountain in the heart of local people. If the local tea farmers used the famous strategy of "prisoner's dilemma" for their personal benefit, the ancient tea forest would have long disappeared in history. Here, one can see that ancient tea trees and towering trees are intertwined. Mountains and villages, ancient tea houses, forests and tea farmers are integrated into a harmonious and unified world. People of all ethnic groups here grow tea trees, and every family goes hand in hand to protect natural environment. The ancient tea growing in the jungle of Jingmai Mountain grows on natural fertility, without any pollution, and has excellent quality, which has become a model of sustainable development for human and the society.
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Huang, Xianfei, Xingfu Wang, Qing Wu, Zhenming Zhang, Huili Yang und Ximei Wen. „Effects of Multiple-Metal-Compound Contamination on the Soil Microbial Community in Typical Karst Tea Plantations“. Forests 14, Nr. 9 (09.09.2023): 1840. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14091840.
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In this study, the effects of pollution levels and heavy metal pollution on soil microbial diversity in karst tea plantations are reported. Four tea plantations from plateau hills, under forests, by lakesides and on steep slopes in the South China karst were used as research regions. Soil samples were taken from these tea plantations, the soil heavy metals Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn, Ni and Cu were tested using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, and Hg and As were tested via atomic fluorescence spectrometry. The soil microbes were analyzed via high-throughput sequencing technology. Heavy metal pollution was evaluated via the single factor index and pollution load index, and the correlation between soil heavy metals and the microbial community was analyzed via SPSS 18.0 and Canoco 5.0 software. The results showed that the studied tea plantation soils were greatly polluted by the heavy metals, Cd and Hg, to a low to moderate degree. The comprehensive pollution of multiple heavy metals occurred only in lakeside tea plantations, in which pollution reached a low degree. It is also suggested that Hg and Cd were the major contributors, followed by Cu. The soil microbial diversity in soil samples from lakeside tea plantations was the highest; however, the discrepancy in its dominant species composition was also the highest. When the pollution load index was close to 0.6, the microbial diversity decreased sharply. Afterward, the diversity and heterogeneity generally gently increased, and the dominant composition was more obvious. These results reveal that the impact of heavy metal pollution on soil microbial diversity was not very distinct, but the impact on the dominant microbial community composition was obvious. In addition, the heavy metals, Cd, Hg and Cu, were the key factors that impacted the soil microbial community composition.
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Thapa, Manorama, SUBHANKAR Gurung und Binghui He. „The Effects of Tea Plantation Upon the Soil Properties Based Upon the Comparative Study of India and China: A Meta – Analysis“. Journal of Agriculture and Crops, Nr. 84 (31.08.2022): 309–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/jac.84.309.322.
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The effects of tea plantations upon soil are of great concern in the context of monoculture crops due to their increasing demand resulting in the expansion of tea growing areas. Therefore, this study was conducted to understand the soil’s Physico-chemical properties, soil nutrient concentrations, and stoichiometry in major tea-growing areas of India and China. For this study Meta-analysis approach was used to examine the difference between the two countries. Soil pH tends to be more acidic in Chinese soil (CS) than in Indian Soil (IS), soil Bulk Density (BD) was higher in CS with low soil Total Porosity (TP). Whereas the soil texture in CS was fine texture with Silt Clay while IS texture was coarse with sandy clay loam. Soil Carbon (C) showed no significant difference; while Nitrogen (N) concentration showed a significant difference only at the top layer with a higher concentration in IS. Soil Phosphorus (P) and Potassium (K) concentration were significantly higher CS than IS at all soil depths. The C: N ratio in both the countries was below 10 showing the accumulation of organic matter is low whilst the C: P ratio showed net mineralization of nutrients in both the countries. The N: P ratio represented N limitation in CS while P limitations in IS. The comparison of soil physical-chemical properties between India and China revealed the distinct differences between the tea plantation soils in both of these countries. Except for C concentration C: P, N: K, and P: K ratio all the properties are deemed to be different. Our results suggest that a balanced fertilizer application and these N and P limitations in tea growing soil of these two countries should be paid more attention to.
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Li, Huan, Yang Zhou, Huiling Mei, Jianlong Li, Xuan Chen, Qiwei Huang, Xinghui Li und Jinchi Tang. „Effects of Long-Term Application of Earthworm Bio-Organic Fertilization Technology on Soil Quality and Organo-Mineral Complex in Tea Garden“. Forests 14, Nr. 2 (25.01.2023): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14020225.
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Soil quality is crucial for plant productivity and environmental quality sustainability. Applying bio-organic fertilizer to achieve sustainable agriculture has become popular. Tea garden soil which had been fertilized for 12 years was chosen for the study, and soil quality and microaggregate composition were studied. The results showed that earthworm bio-organic fertilizer treatment could increase the indicators of soil’s physical and chemical properties such as total carbon and total nitrogen in soil. Bio-organic fertilization technology could significantly increase the number and activity of soil microorganisms, and upgrade soil enzyme activity which was related to soil nutrients. Specifically, the activities of urease in soil were markedly enhanced due to the implication of bio-organic fertilizer. Additionally, SR-FTIR analysis revealed that clay minerals were connected as nuclei with the capacity to bind carbon, and that this interaction was aided by organic fertilization. Specifically, the replacement of chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer can improve the ability of clay minerals and iron/aluminum/silicon oxides to protect aliphatic groups, polysaccharides and proteins. In conclusion, continuous organic amendments initialize a positive feedback loop for the maintenance of the organic–mineral complex in soils, which can contribute to enhanced soil organic carbon (SOC) storage. These results confirmed the feasibility of organic fertilizer for soil quality improvement in tea plantation ecosystems.
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Dachung, G., J. I. Amonum und A. D. Kigbu. „INFLUENCE OF TEAK (Tectona grandis) LINN ON SOIL NUTRIENTS STATUS IN AKANGA TEAK PLANTATION, NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA“. FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES 7, Nr. 1 (28.02.2023): 165–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2023-0701-1268.
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Teak species have been found to have effects on soil properties different from those of indigenous natural forests in terms of organic matter accumulation and soil properties on the forest floor. This research aims at evaluating the physico-chemical properties of soil under Teak plantations in Akanga Teak plantations, Nigeria. Soils were sampled and analyzed based on procedures described by Bouyoucos, Day, and Reeuwijk. Based on the results, soil particle size from the plantation had the highest percent of sand (74.5±1.1). There was a fluctuation of soil pH between the age series, 1981 age series had the highest pH (6.2±0.0) in both seasons. The nitrogen content had a steady declined as the plant age increased, while the organic matter and phosphorus content increased with the age of the plant species in the area. There was a decline in soil nutrients during the wet season, which also coincided with the active growth period of forest trees. Thus, it is evident from this study that monoculture plantation of exotic species may lead to an initial reduction of soil organic content and nutrient elements in the soil; then a gradual buildup of soil organic matter and exchangeable cations with age.
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Xue, Dong, Xiangdong Huang, Huaiying Yao und Changyong Huang. „Effect of lime application on microbial community in acidic tea orchard soils in comparison with those in wasteland and forest soils“. Journal of Environmental Sciences 22, Nr. 8 (August 2010): 1253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1001-0742(09)60246-1.
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JAMIR, Temsurenla, T. AJUNGLA und Asangla KICHU. „Record on dominant microfungi and their potential phosphate solubilization in tea garden soils“. Notulae Scientia Biologicae 14, Nr. 1 (10.02.2022): 10958. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb14110958.
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Microfungi are one of the important microbial groups in agriculture due to their positive, mutualistic and negative effect on plant growth and productivity. The roles of fungi extend from organic matter decomposition and mineral cycling to plant growth promotion. Considering these indispensable roles of this microbial group, the present research was undertaken to investigate the indigenous dominant microfungi in tea garden soils of Mokokchung district, Nagaland in India. The dominant microfungi were screened for their phosphate solubilization activity in PVK agar medium using tri-calcium phosphate as the sole phosphate source. Microfungal isolates showed significant differences in culture plates as well as microscopic studies. A total of 110 fungal isolates under 19 genera were identified in the present study. Among the soil microfungi, Aspergillus, Penicillium and Trichoderma were found to dominate the studied tea garden soils. The highest phosphate solubilization activities were observed for species under Aspergillus (1.95 cm to 1.71 cm) followed by Penicillium (1.57 cm to 1.18 cm) and Trichoderma species (1.13 cm to1.06 cm). The present study offers a glimpse of indigenous microfungi as well as provide information on the dominant microfungi in tea garden soils of Mokokchung district, Nagaland and hence, will aid and expand knowledge on indigenous fungi and their various roles. Also, the applications of potent phosphate-solubilizers isolated in this study can be a future source of biofertilizers consortium for tea and other plants.
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Amponsah, G. I., W. L. Meyer und H. G. Murchison. „Soil sampling size estimates for soils under teak (Tectona grandis Linn. F) plantations and natural forests in Ashanti Region, Ghana“. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 80, Nr. 2 (01.05.2000): 327–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s99-066.
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The variability of forest soil properties and the number of samples required to achieve desired levels of precision for estimation of property means have received little attention in the tropics. Highly variable forest soil properties require more intensive sampling and often have less predictive value for site assessment purposes. Sites at Offinso and Juaso Forest Districts in the Ashanti region, Ghana, were used to study the variability patterns for selected physical and chemical properties. Sites selected for this study were in the moist semi-deciduous forest zone and had nearly identical physiographic characteristics. A simple random sampling procedure was used to obtain soil samples at each site. In each of three natural forest stands and three teak plantations, 16 soil pits were examined and soil samples from the 0- to 20-cm (major rooting depth) and 20- to 40-cm depths were analyzed for selected chemical and physical properties. In the 0- to 20-cm depth, coefficients of variation varied from 8% (pH) to 72% (available P), and in the 20- to 40 cm depth from 16% (pH) to 116% (available P) under teak plantations. Similarly, in the 0- to 20-cm depth coefficients of variation varied from 11% (pH) to 40% (exchangeable K) and in the 20- to 40-cm depth from 10% (bulk density) to 86% (available P) under natural forests. Under both cover types, more samples were required to estimate means at ±10% allowable error with a confidence level of 95% for chemical properties than for physical properties. Key words: Tectona grandis plantations, moist semi-deciduous forest zone, Ghana, soil physico-chemical properties, forest ochrosol
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Li, Zhang, Li und Zhang. „Mapping the Spatial Distribution of Tea Plantations Using High-Spatiotemporal-Resolution Imagery in Northern Zhejiang, China“. Forests 10, Nr. 10 (01.10.2019): 856. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10100856.
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Tea plantations are widely distributed in the southern provinces of China and have expanded rapidly in recent years due to their high economic value. This expansion has caused ecological problems such as soil erosion, and it is therefore urgent to clarify the spatial distribution and area of tea plantations. In this study, we developed a simple method to accurately map tea plantations based on their unique phenological characteristics observed from VENμS high-spatiotemporal-resolution multispectral imagery. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and red—green ratio index (RGRI) of time series were calculated using 40 VENμS images taken in 2018 to evaluate the phenology of tea plantations. The unique phenological period of tea plantations in northern Zhejiang is from April to May, with obvious deep pruning, which is very different from the phenological period of other vegetation. During this period, the RGRI values of tea plantations were much higher than those of other vegetation such as broadleaf forest and bamboo forest. Therefore, it is possible to identify tea plantations from the vegetation in images acquired during their phenological period. This method was applied to tea plantation mapping in northern Zhejiang. The NDVI value of the winter image was used to extract a vegetation coverage map, and spatial intersection analysis combined with maps of tea plantation phenological information was performed to obtain a tea plantation distribution map. The resulting tea plantation map had a high accuracy, with a 94% producer accuracy and 95.9% user accuracy. The method was also applied to Sentinel-2 images at the regional scale, and the obtained tea plantation distribution map had an accuracy of 88.7%, indicating the good applicability of the method.
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Yi, Jun, Ye Yang, Muxing Liu, Wei Hu, Shulan Lou, Hailin Zhang und Dongyou Zhang. „Characterising macropores and preferential flow of mountainous forest soils with contrasting human disturbances“. Soil Research 57, Nr. 6 (2019): 601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr18198.
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Preferential flow can develop in soil macropores, and macropores are sensitive to human disturbances. This study investigated soil macropore features and the main factors controlling preferential flow at four sites with different levels of human disturbance in a mountainous area in Central China. The level of human disturbance decreased with increasing elevation, with the lowest elevation areas covered with coniferous trees (LF) > middle mountain areas covered with tea gardens (TG) > middle mountain areas covered with deciduous trees and mixed shrubs (MF) > subalpine areas covered with evergreen coniferous trees (HF). At each site, the soil macropore structure at 0–20 cm soil depth was analysed using computed tomography scans (0.6 mm resolution) and Image J software. Preferential flow was determined by analysing the breakthrough curve (BTC) of nitrate. The macroporosity, surface area density, mean macropore size, macropore number density, length density and node density were all ranked in the order of HF ≥ MF ≥ TG = LF. Less disturbed sites had stronger evidence of preferential flow as shown by faster breakthrough, longer tails and greater asymmetry of the BTCs. There were significant (P < 0.05) positive influences of soil macropore properties on pore water velocity and the solute dispersion coefficient. The dispersivity parameter was mainly affected by the macropore equivalent hydraulic radius. This study showed that human disturbance in the mountain forest areas significantly decreased soil macropores by changing soil physical properties (e.g. bulk density, texture and soil organic matter content) and root distribution, thus increasing the risk of surface runoff and nutrient losses.
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Duman, Ahmet, Cengizhan Yildirim, Mustafa Tufekcioglu, Aydın Tufekcioglu und Caner Satiral. „Variation in Certain Soil Properties Based on Land Use Type, and Elevation in Arhavi Sub-Basin, Artvin, Turkiye“. Sustainability 15, Nr. 11 (05.06.2023): 9114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15119114.
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Knowledge of soil properties such as texture, bulk density, organic matter, soil reaction, soil electrical conductivity, and soil erodibility factor is fundamental to the sustainable management of soil resources. This study aimed to determine the changes in certain soil properties including texture, bulk density, organic matter, pH, electrical conductivity, and soil erodibility factor with different land uses, elevation zones and soil depths in the Arhavi Sub-basin, Artvin, Turkiye. For these purposes, a total of 618 soil samples (309 disturbed and 309 undisturbed) were taken from 155 sampling points located in areas with different land uses, including tea (33 sampling points), hazelnut (33 sampling points), forest (67 sampling points), and grassland (22 sampling points). The results of the statistical analysis revealed that the soils at depths of 0–15 cm and 15–30 cm showed significant differences according to the land use in terms of sand, clay, silt, bulk density, organic matter, and pH. There were significant positive correlations between elevation and soil bulk density (r = 0.495) at a soil depth of 0–15 cm in the tea areas. In the grassland areas, there were significant positive correlations between elevation and silt, bulk density, and the soil erodibility factor (r = 0.485, r = 0.794, and r = 0.442, respectively) at depths of 0–15 cm, and significant positive correlations between elevation and both silt and bulk density (r = 0.468 and r = 0.691, respectively) at depths of 15–30 cm. Similarly, there were significant positive correlations between elevation and both sand and organic matter at soil depths of 0–15 cm and 15–30 cm (sand: r = 0.351 and r = 0.638, respectively; organic matter: r = 0.277 and r = 0.587, respectively). On the other hand, significant negative correlations were found between elevation and silt, bulk density, pH, and the soil erodibility factor at depths of 0–15 cm and 15–30 cm (silt: r = −0.400 and r = −0.461, respectively; bulk density: r = −0.593 and r = −0.545, respectively; pH: r = −0.354 and r = −0.309, respectively; soil erodibility factor: r = −0.443 and r = −520, respectively). Soil acidity was found to be the most important problem threatening soil fertility in all land uses. The use of soil acidity-increasing fertilizers, such as ammonium sulfate, in tea gardens in the region should be eliminated to protect the fertility of soils in the future. The knowledge that this study provides might help farmers and foresters in the region in the proper management and fertilization of their lands. Moreover, this study will provide data to future studies related to soil acidification, soil erosion, and land use that are planned for the Arhavi Sub-basin.
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Onsando, J. M., P. M. Wargo und S. W. Waudo. „Distribution, Severity, and Spread of Armillaria Root Disease in Kenya Tea Plantations“. Plant Disease 81, Nr. 2 (Februar 1997): 133–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1997.81.2.133.
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Surveys for Armillaria root disease severity were conducted over a 5-year period in small tea farms (0.5 to 1.0 ha) in the 12 tea-growing districts of Kenya. The disease occurred in all tea districts, but severity was greater in the districts east of the Rift Valley. Disease severity was associated with relative amounts of residual woody debris, especially roots, from trees and shrubs present when the land was converted to tea plantations. Excavation of tea bushes in disease centers showed that infection of tea bushes occurred primarily by mycelial growth from residual tree roots and from infected tea roots rather than from rhizomorphs. Rhizomorphs were scarce, and rarely involved in infection. They were confined mostly to the surface of the residual tree roots and were found growing freely in the soil in only one tea district. Rhizomorphs were more abundant in higher elevation plantations than in lower elevation plantations, where they occurred only on residual tree roots in the deeper, cooler, moister levels of the soil. Inoculum from residual tree debris in the soil was the most important source of infection in plantations of seed origin. Secondary spread from infected tea plants to healthy ones was limited and disease centers were small. In tea plantations derived from clonal cuttings, secondary disease spread from infected to healthy tea plants was more important resulting in large disease centers or gaps due to plant death and removal. Currently, soil sanitation by thorough removal of roots of forest trees and prompt removal of infected tea bushes is the best available management practice.
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Scharenbroch, Bryant, William Treasurer, Michelle Catania und Vincent Brand. „Laboratory Assays on the Effects of Aerated Compost Tea and Fertilization on Biochemical Properties and Denitrification in A Silt Loam and Bt Clay Loam Soils“. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 37, Nr. 6 (01.11.2011): 269–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2011.035.
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Aerated compost tea (ACT) is gaining interest as a nutrient amendment for urban trees. This study examined the effects of ACT, synthetic fertilizer, and deionized water on 15 biochemical properties with two soil types. Significant effects for pH, Mg2+, Na+, C, N, and C/N ratio were not observed among treatments. No differences between dilute ACT (ACTd) at 22.4 kL ha-1 and water were detected. Soil K+ was greater with ACT concentrate (ACTc) at 224 kL ha-1 compared to 30-10-7 fertilizer at 195 kg N ha-1 with A horizon soils. Soil K+, NH4 +, and microbial respiration were greater with ACTc compared to water in A soils. Soil P (A soils only), NO3 - (Bt soils only), dissolved organic N, microbial biomass N, and N mineralization were greater with fertilizer compared to ACT. Increases in denitrification were seen with ACTc compared to fertilizer and water in the first 24 hours (+4 to +12 mg N2O kg-1), but greater increases were observed with fertilizer at hours 48 and 96 (+65 to +127 mg N2O kg-1). Greatest improvements in soil fertility were observed with fertilization. Minor improvements in soil fertility were observed with ACTc, and denitrification losses were lower with ACTc compared to the fertilizer.