Bücher zum Thema „Foreign word g2p“

This important new study by one of Korea’s leading historians focuses on the international relations of colonial Korea – from the Japanese rule of the peninsula and its foreign relations (1905–1945) to the ultimate liberation of the country at the end of the Second World War. In addition, it fills a significant gap – the ‘blank space’ – in Korean diplomatic history. Furthermore, it highlights several other fundamental aspects in the history of modern Korea, such as the historical perception of the policy-making process and the attitudes of both China and Britain which influenced US policy regarding Korea at the end of World War II.

As a policy tool, aid has not been confined to the roles that foreign and economic policy theorists have prescribed for it. Foreign aid attracts controversy because it structures how global poverty will be addressed. Aid’s proponents believe that it can eradicate absolute poverty and close the income gap between rich and poor countries, but its critics believe it holds out only false hope and obscures the real nature of the problem. The unrequited transfer of wealth from a weak nation to a stronger one is an ancient tradition, but the notion that it would be powerful nations transferring wealth to advance the economic development of weaker ones was virtually unheard of until the post-World War II era, particularly during the highly polarized Cold War climate. During this time, aid was used as a means of competition between the United States and the Soviet Union for influence over Third World countries. Aid also became a tool for opening up the markets of the developing world and integrating them into the global economy. The fact that foreign aid has come to mean development assistance since has raised a series of questions debated in the scholarly literature. Moreover, it is universally acknowledged that donors use aid to achieve objectives other than development and poverty reduction.

International development has remained a key part of global economic relations since the field emerged more than half a century ago. From its initial focus on colonization and state building, the field has evolved to encompass a wide range of issues, theoretical problems, and disciplinary traditions. The year 1945 is widely considered as a turning point in the study of international development. Three factors account for this: the end of World War II that left the US an economic hegemon, the ideological rivalry that defined the Cold War, and the period of decolonization that peaked around 1960 that forced development issues, including foreign aid, state building, and multilateral engagement, onto the global agenda. Since then, development paradigms have continuously evolved, adapted, and been reinvented to address the persistent and arguably widening gap between the prosperous economies of the “developed North” and the developing and frequently troubled economies of the “global South.” Today, a loosely knit holistic paradigm has emerged that recognizes the deficiencies of its predecessors, yet builds on their strengths. A holistic conception of international development embraces methodological pluralism in the scholarly study of development, while recognizing the multiple ways policy practitioners may productively apply academic theories and research findings in unique settings.

In this volume, language learning and professionalization are explored by addressing the existing gap between pressing needs for enhanced soft skills in work environments wherein technology-mediated, multilingual communication is increasingly the norm, and current foreign language teaching and learning offerings in higher education. Considering theoretical, methodological, and pedagogical perspectives for preparing language learners and teachers in/for the 21st century, this volume’s eight chapters underscore that research findings should inform the design of learning experiences so that people’s communication needs in fast-changing work environments are met and the link between language education and professionalization, within a lifelong learning perspective, is sustained.

Before 1690 the Muscovite state was handicapped by its lack of knowledge of western engineering techniques and especially of mathematics and geometry. From the time of Peter the Great it moved rapidly to close the gap with the appointment of experienced foreign engineers, translation work, and the establishment of military academies. Originally lagging behind their Polish-Lithuanian enemies in gunnery and cartography, the Russians had by the eighteenth century introduced a new technical vocabulary into Russian and established good schools of navigation, gunnery, cartography and artillery.

The phenomenal story of China’s ‘unprecedented disposition to engage the international legal order’ has been primarily told and examined by political scientists and economists. Since China adopted its ‘open door’ policy in 1978, which altered its development strategy from self-sufficiency to active participation in the world market and aimed at attracting foreign investment to fuel its economic development, the underlying policy for mobilizing inward foreign direct investment (IFDI) remains unchanged to date. With the 1997 launch of the ‘Going Global’ policy, an outward focus regarding foreign investment has been added, to circumvent trade barriers and improve the competitiveness of Chinese firms, typically its state-owned enterprises (SOEs). In order to accommodate inward and outward FDI, China’s participation in the international investment regime has underpinned its efforts to join multi-lateral investment-related legal instruments and conclude international investment agreements (IIAs). China began by selectively concluding bilateral investment treaties (BITs) with developed countries (major capital exporting states to China at that time), signing its first BIT with Sweden in 1982. Despite being a latecomer, over time China’s experience and practice with the international investment regime have allowed it to evolve towards liberalizing its IIAs regime and balancing the duties and benefits associated with IIAs. The book spans a broad spectrum of China’s contemporary international investment law and policy: domestic foreign investment law and reforms, tax policy, bilateral investment treaties, free trade agreements, G20 initiatives, the ‘One Belt One Road’ initiative, international dispute resolution, and inter-regime coordination.

This book consists of stories about what the foreigners living in China saw during the epidemic. In the book, the authors describe the situation of the epidemic and the dedication of the government and front-line medical personnel from their perspectives. They expressed the thoughts of shared human future with simplest and warmest words. This book aims to show the public an objective and true situation of China’s fight against COVID-19. This book is published jointly by Global Century Press (GCP) and Jiangxi Education Publishing House (JXEPH). GCP is a UK-based publisher dedicated to publishing social scientific and humanities academic and popular books bilingually in a global context. Founded in 1985, JXEPH is one of China’s leading education publishing houses. JXEPH is familiar to millions through a diverse publishing program that includes scholarly works in all academic disciplines, school and college textbooks, workbooks, materials for teaching Chinese as a foreign language, dictionaries and reference books, literary works, children’s books and periodicals.

In a globalized world, the competition to attract high-skilled people from all over the world has become intense. In this context, medical doctors are one of the most targeted occupations because the need for healthcare is continuously growing. This chapter assesses the determinants of international immigration of medical doctors by focusing on the major OECD receiving countries yearly from 1991 to 2004. We use a traditional push–pull model to analyse the attractiveness of the healthcare market of receiving countries by disentangling the demand and the supply side. Our results conclude that the inflows of foreign-trained doctors is higher in OECD countries with low density of doctors (supply) and with high social expenditures in health (demand). These results suggest that the mobility of medical doctors responds to the strategy of OECD countries to fill the gap between their supply of health services and their population’s healthcare needs.

While current economic discourse tends to focus on GDP and its growth, there is an older tradition in economics of assessing the wealth of a nation. This book builds on this tradition by defining the components of wealth (produced, natural, human, intellectual and institutional capital, and net foreign assets) and considers how the management of this portfolio can lead to increasing social welfare. Four factors have increased the salience of wealth: a financial crisis centred on the implosion of balance sheet positions, the subsequent emphasis on the distribution of wealth within societies, significant progress in the measurement of wealth, and concerns about the natural capital that is humanity’s common endowment. The chapters in this book span concepts, theory, and empirical work, including research on historic wealth creation and destruction, the economic characteristics of the components of wealth, and the means of managing wealth in order to sustain social welfare.

Over the last decade, globalization processes have intensified, and as such, global organizations relocated their secondary processes to new spaces specialized in operations (Peck 2018; Oshri, Kotlarsky, and Willcocks 2015). Most of the processes that are being externalized are Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) and Information Technology Outsourcing (ITO) (Oshri, Kotlarsky, and Willcocks 2015). The global outsourcing hotspots are India, China and the Philippines, that concentrate over 80% of outsourced processes. At European level, Central and Eastern Europe has capitalized most of the outsourcing in the West, particularly in regards to German capital (Marin 2018; Dustmann et al. 2014). Almost half (45.4%) of the total foreign investments of German companies is outsourced to Central and Eastern Europe. In Romania 63.7% of the German foreign investments are processes that were outsourced to our country (Marin, Schymik, and Tarasov 2018). As Peck (2018) points out, the logic behind the process is finding the cheapest labor force pools. Initially, outsourcing was focused on industrialized labor, however, now it is mostly skilled and highly skilled workforce that is being outsourced (Pavlínek 2019). Even if it is work performed by white collars, it has a high level of repetitiveness; however, in sectors such as IT there are also R&D operations (Oshri, Kotlarsky, and Willcocks 2015). Cluj is an example of a city whose local economy and workforce composition changed dramatically after the 2008-2010 financial crisis. The city is one of the Central and Eastern European hubs that benefited from the globalization of outsourcing operations. In particular, Cluj-Napoca excels in four transnational fields: Information & Communications Technology, Business Support Services, Engineering, Research & Development and Financial Services. In 2018, Cluj-Napoca was one of the most developed cities in the European Union in the GDP per capita group 19.000 – 27.000 at Purchasing Power Parity, cities that made a credible commitment at European level to promote knowledge, culture and creativity. In particular, participation in global production chains has generated the emergence of two types of internal markets: An internal market for the well-paid labor force employed in internationalized sectors that consumes a series of dedicated products and services: hospitality (restaurants, cafes, bars), food stuffs (meat products, pastries, premium alcoholic products), lifestyle services (hair salons , spas, gyms), cultural services (festivals, theatres, operas), location services (real estate services, interior design services, furniture manufacturing services). A set of markets that serve the global capital in reproducing their location (cleaning services, security, construction of type A office buildings, human resources). Both domestic and internationalized markets are responsible for the impressive development of the city between 2008 and 2018. The GDP of the Cluj Metropolitan Area and the private revenues of companies have doubled in the last decade.

In recent decades, the long arm of US politics has reached the intimate lives of women all over the world. Since 1984, healthcare organizations in developing countries have faced major cuts in US foreign aid if they perform or promote abortions as a method of family planning. The policy—commonly known as the global gag rule—is a hallmark of Republican administrations. The reinstatement and expansion of the global gag rule by Donald Trump in January 2017 caused a firestorm of debate. Proponents emphasize the importance of reducing abortions globally, while critics predict large increases in unsafe abortions and maternal mortality resulting from disruptions to family-planning services. How plausible are the various claims and projections? This question is surprisingly difficult to answer because there is little statistical evidence on the global gag rule. This book helps to fill the gap by conducting a systematic analysis of how the global gag rule affects women’s reproductive health across developing regions. The analysis yields three important messages: (1) in the majority of countries that receive US family-planning assistance, the global gag rule has failed to achieve its objective of reducing abortions; (2) there is no definitive relationship between restrictive national abortion laws and abortion rates; and (3) the 2017 expansion of the global gag rule will have adverse effects on a dashboard of health indicators for women, men, and children. These powerful messages should be heard by policymakers over the voices calling for an ideologically based policy that has counterproductive results.