Thematische Bibliographien / Forced drainage

Inhaltsverzeichnis

  1. Zeitschriftenartikel
  2. Dissertationen
  3. Bücher
  4. Buchteile
  5. Konferenzberichte
  6. Berichte der Organisationen

Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Forced drainage“

Autor: Grafiati
Veröffentlicht am 25. Mai 2024

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Forced drainage"

1

Hutzler, S., und D. Weaire. „Foam coarsening under forced drainage“. Philosophical Magazine Letters 80, Nr. 6 (Juni 2000): 419–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/095008300403567.

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2

Stevenson, Paul. „On the forced drainage of foam“. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 305, Nr. 1-3 (September 2007): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2007.04.032.

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3

Clausen, Eric. „How a New Cenozoic Geology and Glacial History Paradigm Explains Anomalous Monongahela River Drainage Basin Topographic Map Evidence, PA, WV and MD, USA“. Earth Science Research 11, Nr. 1 (17.07.2022): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/esr.v11n1p47.

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A recently proposed and fundamentally different Cenozoic geology and glacial history paradigm (new paradigm) is used to explain previously reported and other anomalous Monongahela River drainage basin drainage system evidence (observable on detailed topographic maps in the form of barbed tributaries, asymmetric tributary drainage basins, large abandoned meander cutoffs, and poorly explained transverse drainages and abandoned transverse drainages). The north-oriented Monongahela River drainage system according to the accepted Cenozoic geology and glacial history paradigm (accepted paradigm) originated during preglacial times and was blocked by continental icesheets to form today’s Ohio River. Based on Missouri River drainage basin topographic map evidence the new paradigm predicts the Monongahela River drainage system developed during immense and prolonged south- and southwest-oriented continental icesheet melt water floods. The new paradigm also predicts icesheet caused regional uplift created a deep “hole” in which a thick icesheet was located and which forced south-oriented melt water floods to flow in southwest directions along the deep “hole’s” southeast rim (now the Ohio River-Atlantic Ocean drainage divide) until continued deep “hole” rim uplift and the deep valley headward erosion from space being opened up by icesheet melting reversed the flow direction to create the north-oriented Monongahela River drainage system. This new paradigm interpretation explains previously reported and other anomalous Monongahela River drainage system topographic map evidence and suggests the Monongahela River drainage system developed while a continental icesheet melted and not during preglacial time as has been commonly reported.
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Brannigan, G., und O. F. De Alcantara Bonfim. „Boundary effects on forced drainage through aqueous foam“. Philosophical Magazine Letters 81, Nr. 3 (März 2001): 197–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09500830010017079.

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5

Hutzler, S., D. Weaire und S. Shah. „Bubble sorting in a foam under forced drainage“. Philosophical Magazine Letters 80, Nr. 1 (Januar 2000): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/095008300176443.

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6

Shah, Shahzaib Raza, Zainab Hassan, Shoaib Waqas, Aadil Ameer Ali und Makhdoom Muhammad Hamza. „Comparison of Postural Drainage and Percussion Techniques in Cystic Fibrosis Patients“. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, Nr. 2 (26.02.2022): 201–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs22162201.

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Aim: To determine the effects of postural drainage and percussion techniques in patients with cystic fibrosis. Methods: This research was carried out in the ‘South Punjab Clinics, Hospital Multan' as a randomized clinical trial. From December 2020 to June 2021, the research was completed in about six months. This study used a sample size of 32 cystic fibrosis patients to determine the effects of postural drainage and percussion treatments. Two groups of patients were formed. Suctioning and aerosol medicines were used as a common treatment for both groups. Postural drainage, aerosol drugs, and suctioning were used in Group A, while the percussion method, aerosol medications, and suctioning were used in Group B. The frequency of sputum, forced spirometry FEV1 and patient satisfaction are also used. Results: The mean age and standard deviation of 32 patients was 281.009, including 20 males and 12 females. The pretreatment mean value of forced expiratory volume (FEV1) for the percussion and postural drainage groups was 4.25 and 2.38, and the post-treatment mean value was 1.00 and 2.22 respectively. The pretreatment mean value of sputum production for the percussion and postural drainage groups was 1.00 and 1.00, and the post treatment mean value was 2.25 and 2.19 respectively. Data was not normally distributed, so a non-parametric test (Mann-Whitney) was applied. The calculated p value was greater than 0.05. Conclusion: In cystic fibrosis patients, there was no substantial difference in the benefits of percussion and postural draining techniques. Keywords: Cystic fibrosis, percussion, postural drainage, airway clearance technique,
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Sorokendya, V. S., und O. V. Sorokendya. „Polarized forced inverter drainage with controlled reverse-current release“. E3S Web of Conferences 121 (2019): 02012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912102012.

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To solve the problem of limiting the potential displacement of the protected structures to a very negative side, it was proposed to use a controlled release enabling passing the reverse current by direct connection of electric transport rail running on direct current.
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van Hengstum, M., J. Festen, C. Beurskens, M. Hankel, F. Beekman und F. Corstens. „Conventional physiotherapy and forced expiration manoeuvres have similar effects on tracheobronchial clearance“. European Respiratory Journal 1, Nr. 8 (01.08.1988): 758–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.93.01080758.

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This study compared the effect of two forms of chest physiotherapy. In the "conventional" form of physiotherapy, postural drainage was combined with percussion and directed coughing. The other, relatively new form of physiotherapy, was the forced expiration technique, i.e. huffing combined with postural drainage, breathing exercises and, if necessary, coughing. Eight patients (six with cystic fibrosis, two with agammaglobulinaemia) took part in the study. No difference was found in tracheobronchial clearance, regional lung clearance, sputum production or lung function between the two forms of treatment. The forced expiration technique can be performed without an assistant. Therefore, it is concluded that in general the forced expiration technique is preferable.
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Zhou, Qiao-Nian, und W. P. Graebel. „Free-Surface Oscillations in a Slowly Draining Tank“. Journal of Applied Mechanics 59, Nr. 2 (01.06.1992): 438–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2899539.

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The initial behavior of a free surface in a draining (filling) circular tank is analyzed using a linearized model. The withdrawal (injection) of fluid damps (enhances) oscillations which either exist before the withdrawal (filling) or are induced by the withdrawal (injection). The initial growth rate of the drainage-initiated free-surface oscillations strongly depends on the initial behavior of the drain rate function. If the drain is turned on gradually, the drainage-initiated free-surface oscillation is weaker compared to the forced one, so there are no drainage-initiated oscillations. However, if the drain is turned on suddenly, the induced oscillatory motion dominates the forced motion. For periodic drainage, the results show that the strongest resonant oscillation occurs when the drainage frequency w coincides with the first natural frequency of the flow system. All of the nonresonant modes of the oscillations are stable regardless of the initial behavior of the drain rate. If q(t) = sinωt, all of the resonant oscillations are stable. In the case when q(t) = cosωt, the initial jump in the drainage means that the resonance modes can be either unconditionally unstable, unconditionally stable, or conditionally unstable, depending on the various parameters.
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Clausen, Eric. „Topographic Map Analysis of the North Platte River-South Platte River Drainage Divide Area, Western Larimer County, Colorado, USA Eric Clausen“. Earth Science Research 10, Nr. 1 (24.02.2021): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/esr.v10n1p49.

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The United States Supreme Court settled legal disputes concerning four different Larimer County (Colorado) locations where water is moved by gravity across the high elevation North Platte-South Platte River drainage divide, which begins as a triple drainage divide with the Colorado River at Thunder Mountain (on the east-west continental divide and near Colorado River headwaters) and proceeds in roughly a north and northeast direction across deep mountain passes and other low points (divide crossings) first as the Michigan River (in the North Platte watershed)-Cache la Poudre River (in the South Platte watershed) drainage divide and then as the Laramie River (in the North Platte watershed)-Cache la Poudre River drainage divide. The mountain passes and nearby valley and drainage route orientations and other unusual erosional features can be explained if enormous and prolonged volumes of south-oriented water moved along today’s north-oriented North Platte and Laramie River alignments into what must have been a rising mountain region to reach south-oriented Colorado River headwaters. Mountain uplift in time forced a flow reversal in the Laramie River valley while flow continued in a south direction along the North Platte River alignment only to be forced to flow around the Medicine Bow Mountains south end and then to flow northward in the Laramie River valley and later to be captured by headward erosion of the east-oriented Cache la Poudre River-Joe Wright Creek valley (aided by a steeper gradient and less resistant bedrock). Continued uplift next reversed flow on the North Platte River alignment to create drainage routes seen today. While explaining Larimer County North Platte-South Platte drainage divide area topographic map drainage system and erosional landform evidence this interpretation requires a completely different Cenozoic history than the geologic history geologists usually describe.
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Dissertationen zum Thema "Forced drainage"

1

Cohen, Alexandre. „Dynamique rapide dans les mousses liquides : expériences de drainage et de vibration à l’échelle d’un bord de Plateau“. Thesis, Nice, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NICE4057/document.

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Je reporte ici une étude expérimentale sur la réorganisation inertielle de liquide dans un microcanal, constitutif des mousses liquides, appelé le bord de Plateau qui est soutenu par trois films de savon. Deux perturbations sont appliquées sur un bord de Plateau. Premièrement, une goutte y est ajoutée. La viscosité du liquide et taille initiale du bord de Plateau et de la goutte sont variés. La redistribution du liquide ajouté est pilotée par les forces capillaires. On observe un régime inertiel où un ressaut hydraulique capillaire se déplace à vitesse et géométrie constantes dans le bord de Plateau. Ce régime est décrit théoriquement et révèle le rôle majeur joué par les films de savon. On observe aussi un régime dominé par les effets visqueux où le liquide ajouté est redistribué selon une dynamique de type diffusive. La transition entre les deux régimes dépend des paramètres de contrôle du système et est caractérisée. La seconde perturbation est acoustique. Une plaque vibrante perturbe le bord de Plateau et les films. La taille du bord de Plateau, la fréquence et l’amplitude de forçage sont variées. Une onde de flexion se propage dans les films qui ont le bord de Plateau pour condition limite fixe ou libre selon sa masse. A haute amplitude, un régime non linéaire apparaît et le liquide dans le bord de Plateau se réorganise en trois zones de taille et d’amplitude d’oscillation très contrastées. Dans chacune des zones, le déphasage entre l’onde dans le film et l’onde dans le bord de Plateau est différent. Le système couplé du film et du bord de Plateau est modélisé par un oscillateur forcé dont la fréquence propre dépend de la fréquence de forçage
I report an experimental study of inertial liquid reorganization into a liquid foam microchannel, also called a Plateau border supported by three soap films. Two perturbations are applied on the Plateau border. Firstly, a liquid drop is injected. Liquid viscosity, drop size and Plateau border size are changed. The liquid redistribution is drived by capillary forces. We observe an inertial regime where a capillary hydraulic jump move on the Plateau border with a constant shape and a constant velocity. This regime is modeled and shows the importance of soap films. We also observe a viscous-dominated regime where the added liquid is redistributed with a diffusive-like dynamic. The transition between the two regimes is investigated and qualitatively accounted for. Secondly, the Plateau border and the three films are vibrated by a plate. A bending wave is shown to propagate in the soap films with the Plateau border for free or fixed limit conditions according to its mass. For high amplitudes, a non linear regime appears and the liquid inside the Plateau border is redistributed along three zones of very contrasted size and oscillation amplitudes. In each zone, the phase difference between the wave in soap films and the wave in Plateau border is different. The system composed of films and the Plateau border is modelled by a forced oscillator with a resonance frequency which depends on the forced frequency
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Trinh, Pierre. „Réactions d'oxydation dans une mousse : application à la dissolution du cuivre“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS116.

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La récupération des métaux issus de déchets d'équipements électriques et électroniques (DEEEs) présente un intérêt environnemental et économique. Une des étapes de ce processus est l'hydrométallurgie : les métaux contenus dans les broyats de DEEEs sont lixiviés par des solutions d'acides inorganiques concentrées. Dans ce contexte, les travaux de cette thèse explore l'utilisation d'une mousse liquide pour lixivier le cuivre. Les mousses liquides présentent deux intérêts majeurs : diminuer le volume de déchets liquides et bénéficier du pouvoir oxydant du gaz contenu dans les bulles. Deux réactifs nécessitant la présence de dioxygène pour dissoudre le cuivre ont été étudiés : l'acide chlorhydrique et l'hydroxylamine. Comparé à une solution, nous montrons que les mousses accélèrent la cinétique des réactions de dissolution du cuivre impliquant une phase gazeuse. Cet effet provient d'un transport plus rapide du dioxygène vers le métal. Afin d'étudier plus précisément ces phénomènes de transport, nous avons conçu un montage de drainage forcé. Celui-ci consiste à injecter à débit constant la solution moussante au sommet d'une colonne de mousse. Il permet ainsi d'uniformiser la vitesse du front de drainage dans la mousse. Nous observons alors deux régimes. Dans le premier régime, la quantité de cuivre dissout est limitée par le flux de protons atteignant la surface métallique. Elle augmente ainsi avec le débit imposé. Dans le second régime, cette quantité est limitée par le flux de dioxygène et elle diminue alors avec le débit. La structure de la mousse a donc une influence directe sur la quantité de cuivre dissout
Retrieving metals contained in waste from electric and electronic equipements (WEEEs) is an environnemental and economic challenge. One step of this process is hydrometallurgy : metals contained in crushed WEEEs are lixiviated by concentrated inorganic acid solutions. In this framework, we explore the use of liquid foams for copper lixiviation. Liquid foams have two main advantages : decreasing the liquid waste volume and benefiting from oxidizing properties of the bubble gas. Two reactants that require dioxygene to dissolve copper have been studied : hydrochloric acid and hydroxylamine. Compared to a solution, liquid foams increase the kinetics of copper dissolution reactions that imply a gas phase. This effet is due to a faster dioxygen transport to the metal. To go further into the understanding of these transport phenomena, we designed a forced drainage experimental setup. It consists in injecting the foaming solution at a constant flowrate on the top of a foam column. We then observe two regimes. In the first one, the dissolved copper quantity is limited by the protons flux that reaches the copper surface. Thus, this quantity increases with the set flowrate. In the second regime, it is limited by the dioxygene flux and so it decreases with the flowrate. Thus, the foam structure directly influence the copper dissolved quantity
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Lowson, Euan. „Chemical, physical, and biological characteristics of particulates formed in mine drainage environments“. Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0007/MQ45446.pdf.

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Jönsson, Jörgen. „Phase transformation and surface chemistry of secondary iron minerals formed from acid mine drainage“. Doctoral thesis, Umeå University, Chemistry, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-156.

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The mining of sulphidic ore to extract metals such as zinc and copper produces huge quantities of waste material. The weathering and oxidation of the waste produces what is commonly known as Acid Mine Drainage (AMD), a dilute sulphuric acid rich in Fe(II) and heavy metals. This thesis serves to summarise five papers reporting how the precipitation of Fe(III) phases can attenuate the contamination of heavy metals by adsorption processes.

Schwertmannite (Fe8O8(OH)6SO4) is a common Fe(III) mineral precipitating in AMD environments at pH 3-4. The stability and surface chemistry of this mineral was investigated. It was shown that the stability depended strongly on pH and temperature, an increase in either promoted transformation to goethite (α-FeOOH). Two pH dependent surface species of SO42- were detected with infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy.

The adsorption of Cu(II), Pb(II) and Zn(II) to schwertmannite occurred at lower pH than to goethite, whereas Cd(II) adsorption occurred in a similar pH range on both schwertmannite and goethite. Extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy suggests two surface species for Cu(II) and Cd(II) at the schwertmannite surface. Cu(II) adsorbs monodentately and Cd(II) bridging bidentately to adsorbed SO42-. Both metal ions also adsorb in a bridging bidentate mode to the surface hydroxyl groups. At pH 7.5 up to 2.7 μmol Cd(II) m-2 could be adsorbed to schwertmannite, indicating a large adsorption capacity for this mineral.

The acid-base properties of two NOM samples were characterised and could be well described as diprotic acids below pH 6. The adsorption of NOM to schwertmannite and goethite was very similar and adsorption occured in a very wide pH range.

High concentrations of NOM increased the adsorption of Cu(II) to goethite at low pH whereas a slight decrease was noted at low concentrations of NOM. No effect was detected in the schwertmannite system.

The formation of Fe(III) phases from precipitation of AMD was shown to be very pH dependent. At pH 5.5 a mixture of minerals, including schwertmannite, formed whereas at pH 7 only lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH) formed. The concentration of Zn(II) in AMD could by adsorption/coprecipitation be reduced to environmentally acceptable levels.

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Jönsson, Jörgen. „Phase transformations and surface chemistry of secondary iron minerals formed from acid mine drainage /“. Umeå : Univ, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-156.

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Cadart, François-Xavier. „Les wateringues, une association syndicale forcée de propriétaires“. Lille 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004LIL20001.

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Instituées au XIIème siècle, les wateringues doivent être regardées, malgré la critique, comme de véritables établissements publics. Plus que la recherche d'une plus-value, ces associations syndicales forcées de propriétaires exécutent un véritable service public. Leur soumission à un régime juridique et à un mode de fonctionnement particulier révèle le caractère atypique de ces institutions. Si celles-ci sont fortement attachées au concept de propriétés rurales, les mutations de la plaine maritime imposent de réfléchir sur l'évolution des rapports entre ruraux et urbains afin de refonder le système participatif et financier. De même, si les wateringues ont leurs compétences strictement définies par leurs statuts, elles étudient la possibilité de travailler de façon concertée avec les divers acteurs de l'eau afin d'adapter leur mode de fonctionnement aux exigences écologiques
In spite of certain criticisms, wateringues, created in the 12th century must be considered as genuine public institution. Rather than looking to make a profit, these compulsory landlord's unions offer a valuable service for the community. Their obedience to certain laws and to a specific functioning reveals the uncommon characteristics of these institutions. As those are strongly associated with the concept of rural property, changes of this type of land call for a reflection on the shifts of relationships between rural and urban populations, in order to redefine the participative and financial system. Although the status of wateringues strictly defines the competences, the various water-related participants are thinking of working together in order to adapt their functioning to ecological requirements
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Burgers, C. L. (Colleen Lucie). „Synthesis and characterisation of sesquioxidic precipitates formed by the reaction of acid mine drainage with fly ash leachate“. Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/16266.

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Thesis (MScAgric)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Coal mining in South Africa is estimated to produce 200 Ml of acid mine drainage (AMD) per day in the Pretoria-Witwatersrand-Vereeniging (PWV) area alone, while electricity production resulted in approximately 27 Mt of ash in 2001. A large number of collieries in South Africa are tied to power stations where these two waste streams, acid mine drainage and fly ash, have the capacity to neutralize each other and provide an opportunity for co-disposal. The aim of this study was to investigate the reactions that occur during the co-disposal of fly ash leachate (FAL) and AMD and to examine the precipitates that result from the neutralisation reactions. Potentiometric titration was employed to investigate the neutralisation of Al-Fe salt solutions, simulating acid mine drainage (AMD), with alkaline solutions of Ca or Na hydroxide as well as fresh alkaline leachate from fly ash (FAL). The effectiveness of fly ash in removing metals and other salts from acid mine water was examined by analysing the neutralised water and modelling the results thermodynamically. Precipitates, prepared from large scale synthetic AMD and FAL co-disposal at various pH levels and Fe:Al ratios, were characterised according to composition, mineralogy and surface properties. The experimental neutralisation of synthetic acid mine drainage was achieved through titrating the components of SAMD (Fe and Al salt solutions) and solutions of various Fe:Al mole ratios with different bases in air and N2, and comparing the SAMD-FAL system with these simple acids and bases. The FAL used in all experiments was produced from fresh fly ash collected at Arnot power station. The SAMD was prepared as a solution with a pH of 2.5 and containing 12.7 mmol/L Al, 10.9 mmol/L Fe and 40.8 mmol/L SO4. The characterisation of reaction solids was achieved by collecting the precipitates formed from the co-disposal of FAL and SAMD with Fe:Al ratios of 7.3, 0.8 and 2.5. From the titration experiments it was found that upscale potentiometric titrations of SAMD show buffer zones at pH values of 3.5, 4, 6 and 10 corresponding to Fe(III)precipitation, Al precipitation, Fe(II) hydrolysis and oxidation, and Al redissolution, respectively, while downscale potentiometric titrations with SAMD show buffer zones at pH values 12 – 11, 9 and 4.5, which correspond to Fe oxidation and precipitation, Al precipitation and Al re-dissolution, respectively. A high concentration of Al in the simulated AMD inhibited the crystallinity of the precipitates and resulted in a large quantity of SO4 being removed from solution, which suggests that an aluminium sulphate phase is precipitating, but it is not crystalline and cannot be identified by XRD. Titrations performed up-scale by adding FAL to AMD showed near-complete metal and substantial SO4 removal from solution. The characterisation of reaction solids by x-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric and differential thermal analysis revealed that the precipitates consist of poorly crystalline, highly Al-substituted goethite and ferrihydrite with large amounts of SO4 included in the structure. Poorly crystalline bayerite appears at a high pH and high Al concentration, and calcite is present in precipitates made by adding SAMD to FAL. High surface charges of between 330 cmolc/kg positive and 550 cmolc/kg negative charge and potentially large specific surface areas between 7 and 236 m2/g suggest a strong potential for the precipitates to function as low-grade adsorbents in wastewater treatment. The similarity of these ochre precipitates to soil minerals implies that land disposal of the neutralised solids is also viable.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Steenkool mynbou in SA produseer na benaming 200 ML suur mynwater per dag in die PWV area alleenlik, terwyl opwekking van elektrisiteit naastenby 27 Mt vliegas geproduseer het in 2001. ’n Groot aantal steenkoolmyne in SA word verbind met kragsentrales, waar hierdie twee strome afval, suur mynwater en vliegas, die kapasiteit het om mekaar te neutraliseer en die weg te baan vir gesamentlike wegdoening. Die doel van hierdie studie was om die reaksies wat plaasvind gedurende gesamentlike wegdoening van vliegas loog (VAL) en suur mynwater (SMW) te ondersoek, asook die neerslae wat mag vorm as gevolg van neutralisasie reaksies. Potensiometriese titrasies was gebruik om die neutralisering tussen Al:Fe-sout oplossings te ondersoek as nabootsing van SMW met gebruikmaking van alkaliese oplossings van Ca of Na hidroksied asook vars loog van VA. Die effektiwiteit van VA om metale en soute uit SMW te verwyder was getoets deur outleding van die geneutraliseerde water en modellering van die termodinamika. Neerslae berei uit groot-skaal sintetiese SMW en VAL en met gelyktydige storting by verskeie pH vlakke en Fe:Al verhoudings, was gekarakteriseer volgens samestelling, mineralogie en oppervlak eienskappe. Die eksperimentele neutralisering van sintetiese suur mynwater (SSMW) was gedoen deur titrering van die SSMW komponente en oplossings van verskeie Fe:Al molêre verhoudings met verskillende basisse in lug en N2, en vergelyking van SSMW-VAL sisteem met hierdie eenvoudige sure en basisse. Die VAL gebruik in alle eksperimente was geproduseer van vliegas verkry van die Arnot kragsentrale. Die SSMW was berei as ’n oplossing met ’n pH van 2.5 en bevat 12.7 mmol/L Al, 10.9 mmol/L Fe en 40.8 mmol/L SO4. Die karakterisering van vastestowwe uit die reaksie was gedoen deur die bemonstering van neerslae gevorm as gevolg van die gelyktydige wegdoening van VAL en SSMW met Al:Fe verhoudings van 7.3, 0.8 en 2.5.Die was waargeneem in die titrasie eksperimente dat hoër-skaal potensiometriese titrasie van SSMW buffersones, by pH waardes 3.5, 4, 6 en 10, ooreenstem met Fe(III) presipitasie, Al presipitasie, Fe(II) hidrolise en oksidasie, en Al her oplossing, terwyl laer skaal potensiometriese titrasie met SSMW buffer sones by pH waardes 12 - 11, 9 en 4.5 ooreenstem met Fe(III) presipitasie en oksidasie, Al presipitasie en heroplossing respektiewelik. ’n Hoë konsentrasie Al in die sintetiese SMW het kristalliniteit van die neerslae geïnhibeer en veroorsaak dat ’n hoeveelheid SO4 uit oplossing verwyder is, wat suggereer dat die AlSO4 fase neerslaan maar nie kristallyn is en gevolglik nie opgetel word met x-straal diffraksie nie. Titrasies gedoen by hoërskaal deur byvoeging van VAL tot SSMW, het feitlik volledige metaal en SO4 verwydering uit oplossing getoon. Die karakterisering deur x-straal diffraksie, infrarooispektroskopie, termies gravimetries en differentiële termiese analise, het getoon dat die presipitate bestaan uit swak kristallyne, hoë Al-gesubstitueerde goethiet en ferrihidriet met groot hoeveelhede SO4 vasgevang in die struktuur. Swak kristallyne bayeriet verskyn by hoë pH en hoë Al-konsentrasies en kalsiet is teenwoordig in neerslae gevorm deur byvoeging van SSMW tot VAL. Hoë oppervlakladings van tussen 330 cmolc/kg positief en 550 cmolc/kg negatiewe lading en ook potensieel groot spesifieke oppervlak van tussen 7 en 236 m2/g, dui op ’n sterk potensiaal vir neerslae om as laegraadse adsorbeermiddels in afvalwaterbehandeling gebruik te word. Die ooreenstemming in hierdie geelbruin neerslae met grond minerale, impliseer dat die land storting van geneutraliseerde vastestowwe ook lewensvatbaar is.
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Wong, Chi-leung, und 黃志良. „A study of the feasibility and impact of the contracting out of directlabour force in the Drainage Services Department“. Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31965374.

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Baluais, Gérard. „Ecoulements dans les milieux poreux déformables déshydratation des gâteaux de filtration par drainage forcé à l'air et par compression mécanique /“. Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37602567h.

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Wong, Chi-leung. „A study of the feasibility and impact of the contracting out of direct labour force in the Drainage Services Department“. Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19711670.

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Bücher zum Thema "Forced drainage"

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Steffen Robertson and Kirsten (B. Draft acid rock drainage technical guide: Volume II, British Columbia Acid Mine Drainage Task Force report. Vancouver, B.C: Environment Canada, 1990.

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British Columbia Acid Mine Drainage Task Force., Hrsg. Annual report: British Columbia Acid Mine Drainage Task Force. 1989/1990-. Victoria, B.C: British Columbia Acid Mine Drainage Task Force, 1990.

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West Virginia Surface Mine Drainage Task Force Symposium (14th 1993 Morgantown, West Virginia). Proceedings, fourteenth annual West Virginia Surface Mine Drainage Task Force Symposium, Morgantown, West Virginia, April 27-28, 1993. Morgantown, WV: West Virginia Surface Mine Drainage Task Force, 1993.

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West Virginia Surface Mine Drainage Task Force Symposium (16th 1995 Morgantown, West Virginia). Proceedings, sixteenth annual West Virginia Surface Mine Drainage Task Force Symposium, Morgantown, West Virginia, April 4-5, 1995. Morgantown, WV: West Virginia Surface Mine Drainage Task Force, 1995.

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Lowson, Euan Andrew. Chemical, physical, and biological characteristics of particulates formed in mine drainage environments. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1997.

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United States. General Accounting Office., Hrsg. Protest Of Air Force Contract Award For Drainage System Installation... B-277676, 159277... U.S. GAO... September 3, 1997. [S.l: s.n., 1998.

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United States. General Accounting Office., Hrsg. PROTEST OF AIR FORCE CONTRACT AWARD FOR PARKING LOT CONSTRUCTION AND HANGAR DRAINAGE ... B-270162, 156168... U.S. GAO. [S.l: s.n., 1997.

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Charles, Schwartz, Boudreau Richard, National Highway Institute (U.S.) und Ryan R. Berg & Associates, Hrsg. Geotechnical aspects of pavements: Reference manual / participant workbook. Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, 2006.

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Commons, Canada Parliament House of. Bill: An act to continue in force the provisions of divers acts relating to "La Banque du Peuple". Ottawa: I.B. Taylor, 2002.

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Canada. Parliament. House of Commons. Bill: An act respecting the members of the North-West Mounted Police Force on active service in South Africa. Ottawa: S.E. Dawson, 2003.

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Buchteile zum Thema "Forced drainage"

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Basheva, E. S., A. D. Nikolov, P. A. Kralchevsky, I. B. Ivanov und D. T. Wasan. „Multi-Stepwise Drainage and Viscosity of Macroscopic Films Formed from Latex Suspensions“. In Surfactants in Solution, 467–79. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3836-3_32.

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Wang, Gang. „Force Analysis and Details Design of Complex Nodes in Water Supply and Drainage Structures“. In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 213–20. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-2252-9_20.

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Knop, Erich, und Nadja Knop. „A Functional Unit for Ocular Surface Immune Defense Formed by the Lacrimal Gland, Conjunctiva and Lacrimal Drainage System“. In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 835–44. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0717-8_118.

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Tacoma, Laurens E. „Draining Resources“. In Roman Political Culture, 195–228. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198850809.003.0007.

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This chapter discusses the sixth characteristic of Roman political culture: ambiguity in the agency of benefactions. It is analysed on the basis of a small dossier concerning a drainage project carried out in the reign of the Ostrogothic king Theoderic. Members of the elite were supposed to engage voluntarily in benefactions that were directed at the wider community. In reality social expectations were very strong. The Roman period of single rule altered the dynamic of the benefactions. Although they remained an integral part of the internal competition within the elite, in larger projects the ruler became a primary point of reference. Given the tension between voluntary and forced behaviour, the ruler’s role was ambiguous: was he the actual initiator of benefactions that were in reality state ventures, or merely offering approbation to private initiative? The agency in benefactions had never been completely clear, but benefactions could now be used by both ruler and elite to construe a relation between the two parties. The drainage project discussed in this chapter occurred under Ostrogothic rule. It not only shows the durability of Roman modes of behaviour, but precisely because engaging in benefactions offered a type of discourse that had proven to be successful over several centuries, it lent itself to adaptation to changing situations. The language of benefaction offered common ground to ruler and senate, and at the same time allowed both parties to position themselves as the embodiment of Roman values in a radically changed society.
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Yuan, Benqing, und Yinggui Zhang. „Study on the eliminating outburst technology and effect with increasing permeability and forced gas drainage by drilling hole cross the seam in output seam: Study on the eliminating outburst technology and effect with increasing permeability and forced gas drainage by drilling hole cross the seam in output seam“. In Advances in Energy, Environment and Materials Science, 113–17. CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b19635-27.

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Sprague, C. J., und M. M. Koutsourais. „Fabric Formed Concrete Revetment Systems“. In Geosynthetics in Filtration, Drainage and Erosion Control, 251–73. Elsevier, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-85166-796-3.50022-0.

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Romero, Leonardo, Manuel Cánovas und Juan Sanchez-Perez. „Electroosmotic Drainage Applied to Mining Waste“. In Copper - From the Mineral to the Final Application. IntechOpen, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.106363.

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One factor affecting the stability of mining stockpiles is the moisture defined mainly by copper solution trapped in the porous by capillary. This moisture is not easy to remove if conventional methods are applied which use pressure or gravity as driving force. In the case of saturated or partially saturated soils with water, containing a large fraction of fine material, electroosmosis not only allows to reduce the humidity but also changes the structure, giving a higher strength and stability to the soils. Since the movement of the water, due to the electric gradient, is from the anode toward the cathode, the soil water content will decrease at the anode and will increase at the cathode. Water accumulated at the cathode then can be discharged by providing a drainage system at the cathode. This chapter presents theoretical and experimental aspects on electroosmotic drainage technique, based in works realized by the authors of this chapter. To explain the water flow through a mining residue containing a certain fraction of fine material and that in addition presents a high humidity, a model for the fluid flow in porous media is described here, taking into consideration two driving forces, defined by hydraulic and electric potentials.
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Gray, Lawrence J., Gwendolyn L. Macpherson, James K. Koelliker und Walter K. Dodds. „Hydrology and Aquatic Chemistry“. In Grassland Dynamics, 159–76. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195114867.003.0010.

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Abstract Konza Prairie includes parts of several stream drainages (Chapter 3, this volume), but the Kings Creek drainage basin lies entirely within the boundaries of the site and has been the focus of aquatic research efforts. The Kings Creek basin encompasses 1,059 ha, with 660 ha in the South Branch, the most intensively studied portion. Since 1979, Kings Creek has been included in the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Benchmark Network (station number 06879650) and is the only basin within the network that exclusively drains pristine tallgrass prairie. The key features of the aquatic systems are highly variable surface flow and complex subsurface flow patterns. These features constrain biotic parts of the systems. Little research on the hydrology and aquatic chemistry of Kings Creek was conducted before the inclusion of Konza Prairie in the LTER Program. Since then, research has focused on temporal and spatial patterns in nutrient concentrations and transport in both surface flows and groundwater (Dodds et al. 1996b; Fornes and Thurman 1991; Tate 1985, 1990) and characterization of groundwater-surface water interactions (Macpherson 1992a; 1996; Macpherson and Schulmeister 1994). The goals of this chapter are to review and synthesize information from studies of surface water and groundwater hydrology, and water chemistry in tallgrass prairie.
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„Cutthroat Trout: Evolutionary Biology and Taxonomy“. In Cutthroat Trout: Evolutionary Biology and Taxonomy, herausgegeben von Paul K. Link und Ernest R. Keeley. American Fisheries Society, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874509.ch3.

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<em>Abstract</em>.—In the past 17 million years (myr), the topography and drainage systems of the northwestern United States were drastically modified by the Yellowstone–Snake River Plain (YSRP) hotspot and associated east–west extension of the Basin and Range Province. These geologic changes influenced distribution and diversification of Cutthroat Trout <em>Oncorhynchus clarkii</em> and allowed connections between Snake River, Colorado River, and Great Basin fish populations beginning in the late Miocene. Studies of detrital zircon grains in Miocene to Holocene fluvial sands of the Snake River document the eastward migration of the regional drainage divide from central Idaho to northwestern Wyoming. This migration was concomitant with the southwest migration of the North American tectonic plate over the YSRP hotspot. In the late Miocene and Pliocene, since 10 million years before present (Ma), the Chalk Hills and Glenns Ferry lake systems formed on the western Snake River Plain and were hosts to diverse fish fauna. The modern Snake River formed after 3 Ma with the cutting of Hells Canyon and integration of the Snake and Columbia River drainage. In the Great Basin south of the Snake River watershed, Lake Lahontan has a history that goes back to the Miocene. Connections between the western Snake River Plain and the Great Basin were recurrent over the past 10 myr. In southeastern Idaho, the Bear River has had a complex drainage interaction with the Snake River and Bonneville watersheds. Lake Bonneville, in northern Utah, grew during Pleistocene glacial climate regimes. The modern Bear River connection to Lake Bonneville was initiated about 50,000 years before the present. The integration of the Green River with the Colorado River occurred in the late Miocene, developing after breaking of Eocene connections between the Green River and streams draining to the Atlantic Ocean. In sum, geological constraints are compatible with patterns of fish fossils and genetic linkages and identify mechanisms of colonization and isolation of fish populations that have resulted in regional diversification of Cutthroat Trout.
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Sperber, Daniel. „Water Supply, Sewage, and Drainage“. In The City in Roman Palestine. Oxford University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195098822.003.0013.

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It is well known that Erez Yisrael was not blessed with a plentiful supply of water. Other than the narrow winding Jordan, there are few rivers in the country and hardly any fresh water lakes, other than the Sea (!) of Galilee and Huleh Lake (which virtually no longer exists). Consequently, the cities, which required an abundant and regular flow of water, relied mostly on wells and on rainwater trapped in numerous small private and public cisterns. Fountains (springs) might have been situated at considerable distances from the city, and water would have been transported via an open canal (such as in present-day Wadi Kelt between Jerusalem and Jericho), through a closed piping system, which sometimes spanned hills and valleys for many miles, or by aqueducts (such as those near Caesarea). There were also large underground water systems with vent pipes surfacing at regular intervals to relieve water and air pressure and to enable workers to inspect and clear out the silt deposits and other obstructions (witness the magnificent complex bringing water to Jerusalem through the adjacent Armon ha-Naẓiv). There were also overhead pipes made of lead, earthenware, or at times even wood that were laid out carefully above ground, taking advantage of the lay of the land and using gravitational force to transport water over a great distance from a source high in the hills to a city situated low on the plains. Such piping systems required considerable sophistication in planning and construction, not only in choosing optimal routes but also in calculating water pressures and the strengths and diameters of piping units, in placing air vents to relieve excessive pressure, and in installing sludgecocks for removing silt deposits and for filtering the water. A detailed description of different water-supply systems can be found in the work of the great first century C.E. Roman architect Vitruvius in his De Architectura.
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Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Forced drainage"

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Hasanzadeh, M., R. Azin, R. Fatehi und S. Zendehboudi. „Effect of Dip Angle on Recovery Factor During Free Fall Gravity Drainage and Forced Gravity Drainage“. In 82nd EAGE Annual Conference & Exhibition. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.202011678.

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Moshir Farahi, M. M., und A. Mamghaderi. „Sensitivity Analysis of Immiscible Forced Gravity Drainage Process in Heterogeneous Reservoirs“. In 79th EAGE Conference and Exhibition 2017. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201701350.

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Sharma, Ratnesh K., Vahab Hassani und Roop L. Mahajan. „Forced-Convective Condensation of Pure Steam and Ammonia-Steam Vapor Mixtures in a Shell-Tube Condenser“. In ASME 1999 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1999-1009.

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Abstract In this paper, we present our experimental findings for the forced-convective condensation of pure steam and ammonia-steam vapor mixture in a horizontal annulus in a counter-current shell-tube condenser. Experiments with ammonia-steam mixtures were conducted for ∼ 90% ammonia concentration (by wt.) for vapor inlet mass fluxes ranging from 2 to 5 kg/m2s. The local heat transfer coefficient varied considerably along the condenser and this variation was strongly linked to the condensate flow patterns in the annulus. Based on a condensate drainage model, the flow in the annulus was mapped on to flow maps for horizontal in-tube condensing flows. The delineated flow regimes were utilized to explain augmentation or deterioration of local heat transfer in the condenser. The average heat transfer coefficients are presented as a function of the condensate and vapor Reynolds number for both steam and ammonia-steam mixture. The results for pure steam are higher than those predicted by annular flow correlation developed in the past. For ammonia-steam mixtures, the average heat transfer coefficients are about 16% of those for pure steam due to the vapor layer resistance at the interface.
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Wegmann, Karl W., und Elana L. Leithold. „MID-HOLOCENE EARTHQUAKE-TRIGGERED LANDSLIDES CHANGED DRAINAGE PATTERS AND FORCED GENETIC DRIFT IN A POPULATION OF RAINBOW TROUT AT LAKE CRESCENT ON THE OLYMPIC PENINSULA, WASHINGTON STATE“. In GSA Annual Meeting in Phoenix, Arizona, USA - 2019. Geological Society of America, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2019am-341189.

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Wang, Yong, Houjie Zhou, Jingshun Cai, Yulong Zhao, Jian Zheng, Hao Zhou, Tao Zhang und Hongzhao Tian. „Pore-Network Simulations of Gas-Water Two Phases Flow in Organic-Rich and Inorganic-Rich Shale“. In SPE/IATMI Asia Pacific Oil & Gas Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/215331-ms.

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Abstract Focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) is an effective method to investigate the pore structure and gas flow in shale. Insufficient investigations have been carried out with regard to the distinctions between the inorganic-rich and organic-rich samples in the flow simulation. In this work, we selected an organic-rich sample and an inorganic-rich sample for high-resolution three-dimensional imaging, and the organic pores and inorganic pores were effectively extracted using an improved digital rock processing method. Subsequently, the pore network model (PNM) of the two samples were generated separately. Finally, the pore network simulation method was introduced to calculate the flow capacity of the two samples. Data analysis shows that the inorganic-rich sample have a higher pore radius and throat radius and a larger shape factor, with more irregular pores. While the organic-rich sample have a higher average coordination number and better connectivity. The absolute permeability of the inorganic-rich sample is larger, at 1.46 × 10−7μm2, while that of the organic-rich sample is 1.05 × 10−7μm2. The capillary pressure curve of the inorganic-rich sample is lower than that of the organic-rich sample, exhibiting a lower drainage pressure PT and a longer liquid-invasion segment. Compared to previous pore network flow simulation methods, we set a uniform gas-wet surface with an advanced angle of 100-110° for the organic-rich sample, and an advanced angle of 20-30° for the inorganic-rich sample. Forced water injection was used to simulate the water (fracturing fluid) injection process in the organic-rich sample. Due to the hydrophobicity of the pores, the gas flow capacity during water injection was quite poor, but it was improved during drainage process. In contrast, due to the hydrophilic of the inorganic pores, the inorganic-rich sample exhibited spontaneous water imbibition during the water injection process. However, the inorganic-rich sample demonstrated higher residual gas saturation during the drainage process, which indicates that fracturing fluid flowback in inorganic pores is more difficult. This work emphasizes the importance of studying the real pore structure of inorganic pores in FIB-SEM experiments, which provides fundamental insights for the description of shale gas reservoirs and the simulation of gas-water two phase flow.
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Klosok-Bazan, Iwona, Joanna Boguniewicz-Zablocka, Roksana Nowak und Miroslava Gono. „RAINWATER RETENTION AND USE AS AN IMPORTANT ELEMENT OF SUSTAINABLE WATER MANAGEMENT IN URBAN AREAS“. In 23rd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2023. STEF92 Technology, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2023/3.1/s12.15.

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Precipitation is the main source of recharge of water resources, thus guaranteeing their renewability. Not only hydrometeorological changes, but also anthropogenic factors exacerbate the above-mentioned effects. The increase in the level of investment seen especially in recent years in urban agglomerations through the intensification of development, increased development of impervious and paved surfaces, the use of vacant land, and thus the reduction of biologically active areas has resulted in an increase in rainwater runoff into the urban drainage system. As a result, this has caused temporary local urban flooding, or sewer flooding, and has thus become a common problem in today's cities. Prevention has forced the need to pay attention to issues related to the causes of and compensation for water deficits through corrective measures involving the development of effective methods of prevention and counteraction. A change in the approach hitherto prevailing in urban planning has also become a fundamental factor. The traditional approach to the disposal of surface runoff assumed only that rainwater should be discharged as quickly as possible into a receiving body. Traditional sewer systems served this purpose. The purpose of this paper is to perform a review of current solutions in the field of rainwater management and to carry out a technical and economic use of them in relation to the traditional model of the sewerage system.
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Fouss, James L., und Michael Sullivan. „Agricultural Drainage Management Systems Task Force (ADMSTF)“. In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41036(342)411.

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Richardson, Marcus Karel, und Robert Francis Kunz. „Dropwise CondensationWater Drainage Model“. In 15th International Modelica Conference 2023, Aachen, October 9-11. Linköping University Electronic Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/ecp204643.

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Modeling of condensation is important to estimating the residual water in small channels. The residual water that forms becomes a water source for permeable materials such as wooden structure or insulation. A model has been implemented in Modelica that will predict the amount of residual moisture after a period of water build up. This model includes parameters to relate droplet physics to a control volume. The parameters provide an macroscopic means of varying droplet adhesion force, droplet velocity, and drainage dynamics. Using CFD data as an example of real world data, this model has been correlated to demonstrate the effects of the parameters.
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9

Siyal, Amaar, Waleed AlAmeri, Emad W. Al-Shalabi, Shehzad Ahmed, Shehadeh K. Masalmeh und Ali M. Al-Sumaiti. „New Insights into the Understanding of Capillary Trapping of Residual Oil in Carbonate Rocks Using Capillary Desaturation Curves“. In SPE Reservoir Characterisation and Simulation Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/212621-ms.

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Abstract Most of the oil remain trapped in the reservoir after both primary and secondary recovery stages. Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques are usually implemented in the tertiary stage to recover the trapped oil. Accordingly, the inaccurate determination of residual oil saturation after waterflooding (Sorw) in the secondary stage affects the success and economics of the EOR processes in the tertiary stage. Thus, the capillary desaturation curve (CDC) is usually introduced as guidance to estimate the mobilized residual oil. The objectives of this study include determining the true Sorw for carbonate Indiana limestone outcrops under harsh conditions, then investigating the effect of trapping number, permeability, and initial oil saturation on Sorw, and finally characterizing the CDC for carbonate rocks by further reducing the Sorw using surfactant flooding. For this purpose, six carbonate Indiana limestone outcrop samples with different permeabilities (4-69 mD) and fluid samples i.e., field-representative oil, formation water, seawater, and surfactant solutions were utilized. The drainage process was performed systematically using a coreflooding system to establish initial water saturation by injecting heavy oil followed by crude oil and aging for two weeks. Afterward, all six cores were subjected to spontaneous imbibition using Amott cell. This was further followed by forced imbibition using both ultra-centrifuge and coreflooding systems for comparison purposes and achieving Sorw condition. Finally, forced imbibition was performed on all cores using coreflood to generate CDC using three different surfactants with varying IFT values. The results showed that all rock samples achieved initial water saturation (Swi) in the range of 18-32% with no correlation between Swi and rock permeability. In addition, spontaneous imbibition tests showed slight oil production which reflect the oil-wetness of these cores used. It was noted that this slight production varied among cores with the same rock permeability range, which indirectly indicating the existence of heterogeneity within each permeability range. Furthermore, Sorw of 20-30% was reached using ultra-centrifuge and coreflooding method, indicating no correlation of permeability with Sorw. Based on the CDC studies, the critical trapping number was in the range between 10−5 and 10−4 for the tested cores, which is higher than the reported values in literature (10−8 to 10−6). This work provides a new insight into the understanding of capillary trapping effect on residual oil using CDC in carbonates. The complications in carbonate rocks, including the complex nature of high heterogeneity, mixed-to-oil wettability, high temperature, and high salinity, render accurate determination of true Sorw is a challenge at lab-scale. Sorw determination and CDC characterization aid in EOR screening to find the effective and economically viable methods for production enhancement.
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Andersen, Pål Østebø. „Intercept Method for Accurately Estimating Critical Fluid Saturation and Approximate Transient Solutions with Production Time Scales in Centrifuge Core Plug Experiments“. In SPE EuropEC - Europe Energy Conference featured at the 84th EAGE Annual Conference & Exhibition. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/214402-ms.

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Abstract The centrifuge experiment is used to measure capillary pressure in core plugs by forced displacement (imbibition or drainage): strong gravitational forces (imposed by rotation) displace fluid held in place by capillary forces. This setup is also used to measure and establish critical saturation, the saturation where a fluid loses connectivity and can no longer flow. Obtaining this saturation is challenging as the capillary end effect causing outlet fluid accumulation theoretically only vanishes at infinite rotation speed. Practical speed limitations include maintaining core integrity and avoiding unrepresentative capillary desaturation. In tight or strongly wetted media the capillary forces are strong and more challenging to overcome. Firstly, we demonstrate an ‘intercept method’ to estimate critical saturation. It states that average saturation is proportional to inverse squared rotation speed (at high speeds) allowing to determine critical saturation by linear extrapolation of a few measurements to the intercept where inverse squared speed is zero. The linear trend is valid once the core saturation profile contains the critical saturation. The result follows as the saturation profile near the outlet is invariant and only compressed while the other saturations equal the critical saturation. Although it was assumed the gravitational acceleration is uniform (reasonable for short cores and long centrifuge arm), the result was highly accurate even for extremely non-uniform gravity along the core: the data are linear and the correct critical saturation value is estimated. This was justified by that the end effect profile is uniformly compressed even under those conditions since most of it is located in a narrow part of the core. Secondly, an analytical solution is derived for transient production after the rotation speed is increased starting from an arbitrary initial state towards equilibrium. For this result we assume the outlet profile compresses also during the transient stage. The two regions have fixed mobilities, while the regions occupy different lengths with time. Time as function of production has a linear term and logarithmic term (dominating late time behavior). An analytical time scale is derived which scales all production curves to end (99.5 % production) at same scaled time. We validate the intercept method for high rotation speed data with synthetical and experimental data. For the synthetical data, the input critical saturation is reproduced both for uniform and highly non-uniform gravity along the core. Given the same input as a reservoir simulator, including saturation functions, the analytical transient solution is able to predict similar time scales and trends in time scale (with e.g. rotation speed and viscosity) as numerical simulations. The numerical simulations however indicate that the saturations travel with highly different speeds rather than as a uniformly compressed profile. Especially saturations near the critical saturation are very slow and caused production to span 5 log units of time (the analytical solution predicted 2-3) when the critical saturation was in the core. The correlation better matched low speed data where the critical saturation had not entered the core.
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Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Forced drainage"

1

Curtis, Darrin L. Drainage Canal Survey, Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, März 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada263478.

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2

Hagedorn, G. W., I. R. Smith, R. C. Paulen und M. Ross. Surficial geology, Enterprise, Northwest Territories, NTS 85-C/9, 10, 15, and 16. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328292.

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The Enterprise map area is a low-relief terrain bisected by a prominent Devonian carbonate bedrock escarpment. Ice-flow indicators show a clockwise shift in Laurentide Ice Sheet flow from southwest (230°), to west (280°), to northwest (305°). A late-stage southwestward surge from the Great Slave Lake basin is also preserved as drumlinoid ridges below the escarpment. During deglaciation, ice retreat impounded northeastern drainage forming local ice-contact lakes and areas of subaerial glaciofluvial outwash. As ice continued to retreat, the northern portion of the map area became inundated by glacial Lake McConnell, within which the Snake Creek Moraine and associated subaqueous fans formed. Prominent flights of beach ridges record the drainage of this lake. Exposed nearshore and littoral lake sediments were subsequently remobilized into eolian dunes. Bogs and fens have formed over much of the low relief landscape and display extensive thermokarst.
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3

Kerr, D. E. Reconnaissance surficial geology, Nose Lake, Nunavut-Northwest Territories, NTS 76-F. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/329666.

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The oldest regional ice flow in the Nose Lake map area is southwestward. Subsequent northwestward flow is inferred from streamlined bedrock in central and eastern regions. The final and youngest flow was southwestward in these same regions, recorded by an abundance of streamlined landforms in till blanket and bedrock. The western edge of this late active ice lobe is defined by recessional moraines, part of the Twin Jugs moraine, also marking the eastern limit of a broad band of hummocky till from downwasting ice. During deglaciation, short-lived proglacial lakes, identified by raised beaches and deltas, developed within parts of the river valleys of the Mara (420 to 410 m elevation), Hackett (445 to 395 m), and Storak (440 to 415 m). Lakes also formed west of Nose Lake (490 to 430 m elevation) and in the Contwoyto-Pellatt-Ghurka lake basins (470 to 450 m). Orientation of many eskers, associated subglacial meltwater corridors, and sheet drainage is variable, but can be perpendicular to local ice flow.
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4

Kerr, D. E. Reconnaissance surficial geology, Tinney Hills, Nunavut, NTS 76-J. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/321821.

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The Tinney Hills map area consists primarily of glacially and meltwater scoured bedrock, discontinuous till in the southwest and central-east, and postglacial marine sediments in coastal lowlands and along river valleys inland. The boundaries of many till deposits are cut to bedrock by widespread subglacial meltwater erosion. Ridged till in particular, is often associated with eskers and other glaciofluvial sediments and meltwater erosion. Striations and streamlined till landforms indicate regional ice flow towards the north-northwest and northwest, and later crosscutting relationships recording minor variations locally. Orientation of eskers and outwash plains suggest ice recession was primarily southeastward. Small, isolated glacial lakes formed where retreating or stagnant ice temporarily blocked local drainage. Below 200 to 220 m elevation, the region was inundated by the sea during ice retreat. Glaciomarine and marine sediments consist of littoral beach and offshore sediments, winnowed till surfaces, and isolated deltas. Isostatic rebound caused marine regression, recorded by deltas and beaches at 210 to 220 m elevation, and decreasing to current sea level.
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5

Swanson, David. Stability of ice wedges in Alaska's Arctic National Parks, 1951-2019. National Park Service, Mai 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2293324.

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Ice-wedge polygons are a striking and widespread feature of the arctic landscape. Ice wedges are vulnerable to thaw because they are nearly pure ice bodies near the surface, with little insulating overlying material. Ice-wedge polygon monitoring is a part of the permafrost monitoring program for the National Park Services Arctic Inventory and Monitoring Network (ARCN, the five National Park units in northern Alaska). The present report is a re-analysis of ice-wedge condition in three study areas, based on satellite images taken in 2019 and 2020 (sampling episode 3). Results are compared to previous analyses based on aerial photographs from 1950-51 (episode 1) and satellite images from 2006-2009 (episode 2). Significant ice-wedge degradation occurred between sampling episodes 1 and 2 in one of the study areas (in Kobuk Valley National Park, KOVA). Sampling episode 3 revealed relatively minor changes from episode 2 in all three areas. This is somewhat surprising given the record warm temperatures that occurred between sampling episodes 2 and 3. Apparently the recent warming did not cross any thresholds that would trigger immediate and widespread visible changes in ice wedges, or insufficient time has elapsed since the recent onset of warmer temperatures in 2014. However, the effects of previous ice-wedge degradation continued to be manifested in new drainage channels that formed by linkage of pits from previous ice-wedge degradation. The Noatak National Preserve (NOAT) study area was affected by wildfires in 1977 and 2010, and comparison of burned to unburned areas in subsequent sampling episodes failed to show significant new ice-wedge degradation brought about by these fires.
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