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Cohen, Allen C., und Nina M. Urias. „FOOD UTILIZATION AND EGESTION RATES OF THE PREDATOR GEOCORIS PUNCTIPES (HEMIPTERA: HETEROPTERA) FED ARTIFICIAL DIETS WITH RUTIN“. Journal of Entomological Science 23, Nr. 2 (01.04.1988): 174–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-23.2.174.
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A predaceous hemipteran, Geocoris punctipes (Say) was fed an artificial diet containing 0, 0.01, 0.10, or 1.00% rutin, a plant secondary chemical known to affect adversely certain phytophagous insects. Survival rates, exuvial weights, egg weights, relative growth rates, consumption indices, growth efficiencies, metabolic efficiencies and digestive efficiencies were unaffected by any of the rutin concentrations tested. Frass production for nymphs and adults was decreased by all rutin treatments. Uric acid excretion was decreased by all rutin concentrations in adult G. punctipes but not in nymphal insects.
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Costa, F. J. C. B., B. B. M. Rocha, C. E. Viana und A. C. Toledo. „Utilization of Vinasse Effluents from an Anaerobic Reactor“. Water Science and Technology 18, Nr. 12 (01.12.1986): 135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0169.
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An anaerobic reactor was developed to biodigest alcohol distillery wastes. A further post-treatment of the effluent reduced the level of pollution to the point of eventually discharging into streams and rivers. The present work also analyses the use of biodigested vinasse as a source of food for fish. Very high efficiencies were obtained during primary and secondary treatment of vinasse effluent, as demonstrated by the greatly reduced organic load. The utilization of the treated effluent as a source of fish food presents an excellent alternative for the Brazilian alcohol industry.
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Barros de Freitas, Ana Carolina, Aylton Bartholazzi Junior, Celia Raquel Quirino und Ricardo Lopes Dias da Costa. „Water and food utilization efficiencies in sheep and their relationship with some production traits“. Small Ruminant Research 197 (April 2021): 106334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2021.106334.
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Slansky, F. „Food utilization by insects: Interpretation of observed differences between dry weight and energy efficiencies“. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 39, Nr. 1 (Oktober 1985): 47–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1985.tb03542.x.
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Stamp, Nancy E. „Stability of Growth and Consumption Rates and Food Utilization Efficiencies When Insects Are given an Excess of Food“. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 84, Nr. 1 (01.01.1991): 58–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aesa/84.1.58.
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Luthra, Kaushik, und Sammy Sadaka. „Energy and Exergy Efficiencies of Fluidized and Fixed Bed Rice Drying“. Transactions of the ASABE 64, Nr. 6 (2021): 1943–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.14670.
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HighlightsFluidized bed drying of rough riceat 40°C with or without ambient air dehumidification worked best based on the energy and exergy utilization.The dryer lost exergy in the exit air, which was the primary cause of thermal inefficiency; recirculation of the exit air could improve the exergy efficiency.Ambient air dehumidification did not reduce the dryer’s energy utilization and exergy efficiency for rough rice.Abstract. Fluidized bed drying of rough rice in the U.S. has not been used to its full potential due to a lack of research to address rice quality impacts and energy consumption. Little research has been done to analyze the energy and exergy of fluidized bed drying of rough rice. Thermal analysis allows using the drying air’s energy better and improving the drying system’s thermal efficiency. In this study, energy utilization and energy utilization ratio were calculated using the first law of thermodynamics, while exergy loss and exergy efficiency were determined using the second law. Drying air temperature (40°C, 45°C, or 50°C), drying bed condition (fluidized or fixed), drying duration (30, 45, or 60 min), and ambient air dehumidification (yes or no) were the tested factors. A lab-scale drying system designed in a previous study was used. Three replicates were performed to minimize any bias or human errors. All factors significantly affected the energy and exergy of the drying process, except dehumidification and replication. The minimum and maximum energy utilization values were 0.01 and 0.55 kJ s-1 for fixed bed drying at 40°C for 30 min with dehumidification and fluidized bed drying at 50°C for 60 min without dehumidification, respectively. The minimum and maximum exergy efficiency values were 13.46% and 49.14% for fixed bed drying at 45°C for 45 min with dehumidification and fluidized bed drying at 40°C for 60 min with dehumidification, respectively. The primary cause of thermal inefficiency was attributed to the energy and exergy losses in the exit air, while the secondary source was the exergy and energy losses from the drying chamber and inlet air pipes. Costly solutions could be recirculation of the exit air and better insulation of the drying chamber and inlet pipes. However, using the optimal drying conditions for the energy and exergy utilization of the drying air is suggested. This study found that fluidized bed drying was better than fixed bed drying overall. At the primary drying stage, fluidized bed drying had a higher exergy efficiency, energy utilization, and energy utilization ratio than fixed bed drying. At 40°C, fluidized bed drying with or without ambient air dehumidification worked best based on the energy and exergy utilization of the drying system. Keywords: Dehumidification, Energy, Exergy, Fixed bed, Fluidized bed, Rice drying.
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Brodbeck, Brent V., Peter C. Andersen und Russell F. Mizell. „649 PB 419 UTILIZATION OF XYLEM FLUID DURING DEVELOPMENT BY THE LEAFHOPPER VECTOR, HOMALODISCA COAGULATA“. HortScience 29, Nr. 5 (Mai 1994): 525f—525. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.525f.
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Homalodisca coagulata (Say) is a xylem feeding leafhopper that is the principal vector of many economically-important diseases resulting from infection by Xylella fastidiosa (i.e., plum leaf scald, phony peach disease, Pierce's disease). Xylem fluid consists primarily of dilute concentrations of amino acids, organic acids and inorganic ions, and thus provides less nitrogen and carbon for herbivorous insects than any other plant tissue. Despite these nutritional constraints, H. coagulata is highly polyphagous. To assess how H. coagulata subsists on this dilute food source we examined host utilization by different instars on Lagerstroemia indica L. (preferred adult food source) and Euonymus japonica Thumb. (preferred ovipositional site). Different instars survived and utilized nutrients at varying rates on the two hosts. Second instar nymphs survived at higher rates on E. japonica and utilized nitrogen more efficiently than on L. indica, yet assimilated nitrogen was less as a result of lower feeding rates. Adults on L. indica were more successful than those on E. japonica, used carbon more efficiently, and assimilated higher quantities of both carbon and nitrogen. Efficiencies of nutrient utilization were high for E. coagulata compared to other types of insects with assimilation efficiencies of specific compounds often exceeding 90%.
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Moran, J. B. „The influence of season and management system on intake and productivity of confined dairy cows in a Mediterranean climate“. Animal Science 49, Nr. 3 (Dezember 1989): 339–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100032554.
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The influence of season and management system on the productivity of Friesian cows in a Mediterranean climate was assessed. Intakes of food and water and milk yields were measured in 154 cows over 2·5 years while intensively managed in yards giving access to shelter (free stalls) or that were fully exposed to solar radiation (open lots). Food quality was also monitored to permit estimates of the efficiency of utilization of metabolizable energy for milk production over fortnightly periods.The highest milk yields and energetic efficiencies were recorded during spring. Energy intakes were highest but energetic efficiencies were lowest during winter. Cows consumed the least food during summer and autumn and drank the most water during summer. The only significant effect of management system was for water intake, which was higher in the open lots than in the free stalls. There was evidence of heat stress in summer and cold stress in winter, but there appeared to be little benefit with milk yields through the provision of shelter.
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Semwal, D. P., und Shamila Kalia. „Energy budget of a phytophagous insect, an acridian criotettix grandis hanc.“ Indian Journal of Forestry 37, Nr. 1 (01.03.2014): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2014-i8u0qi.
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The studies on energetics are concerned mainly with evaluating the energy flow and, therefore, are related to the incorporation of energy into new protoplasm in addition to estimates of maintenance of energy. The work with Criotettix grandis Hanc. has still not been worked upon therefore Quantitative estimation of consumption, assimilation, tissue growth and food utilization efficiencies of the phytophagous insect was calculated and worked out.
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Peoples, A. C., und F. J. Gordon. „The influence of wilting and season of silage harvest and the fat and protein concentration of the supplement on milk production and food utilization by lactating cattle“. Animal Science 48, Nr. 2 (April 1989): 305–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100040307.
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ABSTRACTThis study was designed to examine the influence of pre-wilting and season of harvesting of silage on milk production and food utilization by dairy cattle and also the response to protein and fat concentration of the supplement given with silage. Twenty-four lactating British Friesian cows were used i n a four-period, partially balanced, change-over design experiment to evaluate 12 treatments consisting of three silage types (spring harvest unwilted (lUnW), autumn harvest unwilted (3UnW) and autumn harvest wilted (3W), each offered in addition to supplements containing both two crude protein levels (160 and 210 g/kg fresh weight) and two levels of inclusion of a fat supplement (0 and 100 g/kg fresh weight) in a 3 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. All supplements were offered at the same rate of 6·8 kg/day. Total diet digestibility and food utilization studies were carried out on all animals at the end of the third and fourth experimental periods.The wilted silage (3W) had a higher digestibility than the unwilted (3UnW) material and animals offered 3W silage consumed proportionately 0·18 more silage DM and produced 1·6 MJ/day more milk energy output than those offered 3UnW. The total ration digesibility and food utilization data showed the animals given the 3W silage consumed 13·5 MJ more metabolizable energy (ME) per day than those offered the 3UnW silage and were less efficient at converting the ME available for production into milk energy output than those given the 3UnW silage (efficiencies were 0·58 and 0·53 for 3UnW and 3W silages respectively).There were no differences between the digestibilities of the spring (lUnW) and autumn (3UnW) silages with the concentrations of digestible organic matter in the dry matter (DM) being 650 and 648 g/kg respectively. However, animals offered lUnW silage consumed proportionately 0·12 more DM and produced 1·05 kg/day more fat-corrected milk than those given 3UnW silage. The food utilization data indicated that this milk production difference could be accounted for by the higher ME intake on lUnW and that the efficiencies of conversion of ME available for production to milk energy output were similar with both seasons of harvests (efficiencies were 0·57 and 0·58 for lUnW and 3UnW respectively).Increasing the crude protein concentration of the supplement from 160 to 210 g/kg increased silage DM intake, milk yield and milk energy output by 0·2 kg, 0·66 kg and 1·9 MJ/day respectively with the response being greatest with lUnW and least with 3UnW silage. Increasing the fat concentration of the supplement depressed silage DM intake but increased milk yield by 0·53 kg/day.The effects of the treatments on total diet digestibility, energy and nitrogen utilization, and the volatile fatty acid concentrations of rumen fluid are also given.
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Wang, Baozhen. „The Development of Ecological Wastewater Treatment and Utilization Systems (EWTUS) in China“. Water Science and Technology 19, Nr. 1-2 (01.01.1987): 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0188.
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Experience and practice of the treatment and utilization of sewage and organic wastewaters using stabilization ponds with artificial or semi-artificial ecosystems in China are described. The eco-ponds being used in China are different from those with symbiotic algae/bacteria systems in that the former consist of not only bacteria and fungi as decomposers and algae as producers, but also fish, shrimps, shellfish, ducks, geese, etc. These are consumers at different trophic levels in food chains or food webs in the pond communities where fish farming and/or duck and geese raising takes place. The eco-ponds are characterized by low capital and operation costs, energy savings, high removal efficiencies for a wide variety of pollutants, and considerable Drofits that can be gained from comprehensive utilization of wastewaters as recoverable resources. Some typical eco-ponds for treatment and utilization of municipal and industrial wastewaters, such as fish farming ponds in Changsha, (Hunan), and in Ehcheng, (Hubei), hydrophyte ponds in Shaoxing, (Jejiang) and in Shijiazhuang, (Hebei), and treatment/storage lagoons with ecosystems are described in detail. The concept of ecological systems for treatment and utilization of wastewaters, and the various ecological wastewater treatment and utilization systems (EWTUS) available for different regions, are also discussed in this paper.
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Tolkamp, B. J., und J. J. M. H. Ketelaars. „Efficiency of energy utilization in cattle given food ad libitum: predictions according to the ARC system and practical consequences“. Animal Science 59, Nr. 1 (August 1994): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100007480.
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AbstractOverall efficiency of energy utilization (i.e. total net energy intake as a fraction of metabolizable energy intake) in cattle given food ad libitum was calculated from information included in the United Kingdom energy evaluation system as published by the Agricultural Research Council. For growing cattle (live weight 250 kg), overall efficiency was estimated for five levels of diet metabolizability (ranging from q = 0·45 to q = 0·65) for each of two diet types: coarse/long roughage and fine/pelleted diets. The overall efficiencies varied from 0·58 to 0·62 and were not systematically affected by diet type or diet metabolizability. For lactating cattle (live weight 600 kg), overall efficiency was also calculated for five diets with metabolizability ranging from 0·45 to 0·65. Calculations were made for cows at equilibrium intake (i.e. zero energy balance) and at milk production levels proportionately 0·30 higher or lower than those attained at equilibrium intake. Overall efficiencies varied from 0·60 to 0·63 and were not systematically affected by diet metabolizability.It is concluded that, in practical cattle production systems with ad libitum feeding, the net energy content of food may be estimated at 0·6 of the metabolizable energy content (or 0·5 of the digestible energy content), irrespective of diet type, diet metabolizability or productive function.
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Lee, C. Y., H. S. Shin, S. R. Chae, S. Y. Nam und B. C. Paik. „Nutrient removal using anaerobically fermented leachate of food waste in the BNR process“. Water Science and Technology 47, Nr. 1 (01.01.2003): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0042.
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Nutrients removal efficiencies highly depend on the presence of biodegradable organic carbon in the biological nutrient removal (BNR) process but most domestic wastewater in Korea has shown a low C/N ratio and has a small amount of biodegradable COD (chemical oxygen demand). On the other hand, about 11,577 tons of food waste that contains a lot of organic material has been produced in Korea per day. The feasibility and applicability of anaerobically fermented leachate of food waste (AFLFW) as an external carbon source was examined in the laboratory-scale BNR process at different operation conditions with synthetic wastewater and domestic sewage. As the addition of AFLFW increased, the average removal efficiencies of SCOD, T-N, T-P changed from 96%, 60%, and 2% to 90%, 77%, and 67%, respectively. From anoxic nitrate utilization tests, it was observed that once the readily biodegradable COD (especially VFAs) was depleted, the denitrification rate reduced from 8.2 mg NO3-N/g VSS/hr to 0.7 mg NO3-N/g VSS/hr. From the molecular size distribution test, it was concluded that about 60% of soluble COD in effluent, which was considered to originate from AFLFW, had a large molecular size (> 30kDa) that was not used by microorganisms.
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Slansky, Frank, und Gregory S. Wheeler. „Compensatory increases in food consumption and utilization efficiencies by velvetbean caterpillars mitigate impact of diluted diets on growth“. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 51, Nr. 2 (Juni 1989): 175–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1989.tb01229.x.
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McKAY, R. M., und G. W. RAHNEFELD. „EFFICIENCY OF FEED UTILIZATION BY THREE-BREED CROSS STEERS“. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 68, Nr. 1 (01.03.1988): 93–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas88-009.
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Feed efficiencies, defined as feed-to-gain or weight ratios, were computed on 1046 steers reared between 1973 and 1978 at the Brandon Research Station. The progeny were out of 10 specific F1 crosses of dams mated to Charolais (C), Simmental (S), Limousin (L), and Chianina (Chi) bulls with none of the F1 dams being backcrossed. Dam crosses included the Hereford × Angus (HA) and crosses sired by C, S, and L bulls out of Hereford (H), Angus (A), and Shorthorn (N) dams. Feed-to-gain ratios were calculated on a live animal postweaning basis (for both a 140-d test and total liveweight gain from on-test to slaughter) and a carcass basis (hot carcass weight and rough or untrimmed lean, fat, and bone weights of combined cuts). The combined cuts were the rib, long loin (comprising the short loin and the sirloin butt), and round. In the live animal traits, the progeny from the 10 F1 dam crosses did not differ, but on a carcass basis, the progeny from the "exotic" crosses had better feed-to-gain ratios than the HA cross. Differences among the progeny of the "exotic" crosses included: C crosses < L crosses, "exotic" × A and "exotic" × N < "exotic" × H for hot carcass weight; "exotic" × N < "exotic" × H for rough weight of the combined cuts; S crosses < L crosses and "exotic" × N < "exotic" × A for fat and bone weights of the combined cuts; and "exotic" × N < "exotic" × H for fat weight of the combined cuts. There were no significant breed of dam's sire (maternal grandsire) × breed of dam's dam (maternal grand-dam) effects. Differences in breed of dam's sire were C < S for 140-d test, C < L for total liveweight gain, and S < L for bone weight of the combined cuts. Breed of dam's dam differences were N < (A = H) for fat weight of the combined cuts. Breed of terminal sire effects revealed that the progeny from the S and C breeds were similar for all measures of feed efficiency and the L and C breeds were only similar for feed efficiencies expressed on a carcass basis. Progeny from the Chi breed were comparable to the progeny from the C breed but not to the progeny from the S and L breeds in these traits. Key words: Beef cattle, breed crosses, steers, feed efficiency
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Sarriá, B., R. López-Fandiño und M. P. Vaquero. „Protein nutritive utilization in rats fed powder and liquid infant formulas / Utilización nutritiva de la proteína en ratas alimentadas con formulas infantiles en polvo y líquidas“. Food Science and Technology International 6, Nr. 1 (Februar 2000): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/108201320000600102.
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The effect of food processing involved in the manufacture of infant formulas on protein absorption and metabolic utilization was investigated in rats. Powders (P1 and P2), in-bottle-sterilized (SC1) infant formulas and UHT forms (UHT2) from two manufacturers were used. The highest level of furosine was determined in P1. Lactulose was higher in the liquid than in the powder products, especially in SC1, which had the highest lactulose/furosine ratio and the most intense whey protein denaturation evaluated by SDS-PAGE. Five groups of rats were fed during 12 days with a control diet or isocaloric diets containing each of the infant formulas and a standarized diet in the proportion 40:60. The protein content of the diets was 162 g/kg. No differences were observed in intake, growth and food and protein efficiencies due to the type of infant formula consumed. Fecal nitrogen in creased and protein digestibility decreased in the SC1 group compared with the other groups. Bio logical value was lower in P1 than in SC1. However, the nitrogen balance and net protein utilization did not show differences among the four test groups. These results suggest that there are differences among infant formulas, due to the brand and the process, which may affect protein digestibility and metabolic utilization.
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Sharanabasappa, C. M. Kalleshwaraswamy, M. N. Lavanya und D. Pallavi. „Biology and rate of food consumption of banana skipper Erionota torus Evans (Hesperiidae: Lepidoptera)“. ENTOMON 41, Nr. 3 (15.09.2016): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33307/entomon.v41i3.187.
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Studies on life history of banana skipper, Erionota torus indicated female laid eggs in clusters on the under surface of the leaves of the banana plant. Incubation, total larval and pupal period ranged from 7 - 9 days, 26 - 33 days and 10 - 12 days, respectively. Fecundity of the female ranged from 18 -29 eggs. The amount of food consumed increased from II to V instars (10.28, 23.13, 25.01 and 41.56 % respectively). The weight gain in third instar was 33.51% of total larval weight. The values of growth rate (GR) decreased from II to V instar, the values varied between 0.03 and 0.16 g/day/g. Consumption index ranged between 0.64 and 2.15 g/day/g. The indices of food utilization efficiencies namely; AD values ranged from 80.89 to 97.86%, ECI 6.86 to 13.00% and ECD 7.90 to 15.90%.
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Plaizier, J. C., G. Legesse, K. H. Ominski und D. Flaten. „Whole-farm budgets of phosphorus and potassium on dairy farms in Manitoba“. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 94, Nr. 1 (März 2014): 119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas2013-089.
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Plaizier, J. C., Legesse, G., Ominski, K. H. and Flaten, D. 2014. Whole-farm budgets of phosphorus and potassium on dairy farms in Manitoba. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 94: 119–128. Whole-farm budgets of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) were determined on 10 dairy farms in Manitoba between October 2010 and October 2011. These budgets were determined as the difference between total exports, including milk, animals, feed, and manure, and total imports, including feed, manure, animals, and inorganic fertilizer, for each farm. Farms differed in their feeding and manure management strategies. Two farms imported all their feed and exported all their manure. Other farms produced some of their feed and spread most of their manure on their farm. Whole-farm P and K budgets varied from −0.42 to 3.35 and from −1.31 to 11.27 g kg−1 milk sold among farms, respectively. Efficiencies of P and K utilization were calculated as the exports as a percentage of imports. The P efficiency averaged 48%, and ranged from 22.1 to 109% among farms. The K efficiency averaged 37%, and ranged from 10 to 98% among farms. In the fall of 2010 and 2011, 94 and 98%, of fields sampled had soil test P concentrations lower than the concentration above which further accumulation of P would be regulated (60 ppm). Of the farms that spread their own manure, the highest P and K efficiency were on a farm that exported a proportion of the produced forages and did not import any inorganic fertilizer. The lowest P and K efficiencies were on a farm that imported concentrate feeds, bedding straw and most forages, and had the smallest land base per milking cow to spread manure. Variations in P and K efficiencies demonstrate opportunities to enhance these efficiencies.
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Koner, Anamika, Rahul Debnath und Anandamay Barik. „Age-stage, two-sex life table and food utilization efficiencies of Galerucella placida Baly (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on two Polygonaceae weeds“. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 22, Nr. 4 (Dezember 2019): 1136–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aspen.2019.10.001.
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Wang, Feng, Wei-Ying Li und Xue-Nong Yi. „Two-phase anaerobic co-digestion of food waste and sewage sludge“. Water Science and Technology 71, Nr. 1 (19.11.2014): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.462.
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The feasibility and performance of food waste and sewage sludge co-digestion were investigated to gain insight into their resource utilization. In this study, two-phase anaerobic digestion (TPAD) was operated under a total solids mixing ratio of 1:1 and different sludge retention times (SRTs). Results show that an acidogenic reactor with a 5-day SRT obtained the highest acidification efficiency, and its acetic acid content was dominant. The organic removal rate of a methanogenic reactor (MR) with a 20-day SRT and its corresponding TPAD system with a 25-day SRT were both the highest among the MRs and TPAD systems. Volatile solids and total chemical oxygen demand average removal efficiencies of the TPAD system with a 25-day SRT reached 64.7 and 60.8%, respectively. The MR with a 30-day SRT obtained the minimum ratio of volatile fatty acid to alkalinity (0.12). The methane content generated from the different MRs fluctuated at around 70%. All of the above results can provide reference for future research.
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Zhu, Lingfeng, Xiaoling Xu, Limin Wang, Hui Dong, Bo Yu und Yanhe Ma. „NADP+-Preferring d-Lactate Dehydrogenase from Sporolactobacillus inulinus“. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, Nr. 18 (06.07.2015): 6294–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01871-15.
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ABSTRACTHydroxy acid dehydrogenases, includingl- andd-lactate dehydrogenases (L-LDH and D-LDH), are responsible for the stereospecific conversion of 2-keto acids to 2-hydroxyacids and extensively used in a wide range of biotechnological applications. A common feature of LDHs is their high specificity for NAD+as a cofactor. An LDH that could effectively use NADPH as a coenzyme could be an alternative enzymatic system for regeneration of the oxidized, phosphorylated cofactor. In this study, ad-lactate dehydrogenase from aSporolactobacillus inulinusstrain was found to use both NADH and NADPH with high efficiencies and with a preference for NADPH as its coenzyme, which is different from the coenzyme utilization of all previously reported LDHs. The biochemical properties of the D-LDH enzyme were determined by X-ray crystal structural characterization andin vivoandin vitroenzymatic activity analyses. The residue Asn174was demonstrated to be critical for NADPH utilization. Characterization of the biochemical properties of this enzyme will contribute to understanding of the catalytic mechanism and provide referential information for shifting the coenzyme utilization specificity of 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenases.
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Jalal, Arshad, Fernando Shintate Galindo, Eduardo Henrique Marcandalli Boleta, Carlos Eduardo da Silva Oliveira, André Rodrigues dos Reis, Thiago Assis Rodrigues Nogueira, Mário João Moretti Neto, Emariane Satin Mortinho, Guilherme Carlos Fernandes und Marcelo Carvalho Minhoto Teixeira Filho. „Common Bean Yield and Zinc Use Efficiency in Association with Diazotrophic Bacteria Co-Inoculations“. Agronomy 11, Nr. 5 (12.05.2021): 959. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11050959.
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Enrichment of staple food with zinc (Zn) along with solubilizing bacteria is a sustainable and practical approach to overcome Zn malnutrition in human beings by improving plant nutrition, nutrient use efficiency, and productivity. Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is one of a staple food of global population and has a prospective role in agronomic Zn biofortification. In this context, we evaluated the effect of diazotrophic bacterial co-inoculations (No inoculation, Rhizobium tropici, R. tropici + Azospirillum brasilense, R. tropici + Bacillus subtilis, R. tropici + Pseudomonas fluorescens, R. tropici + A. brasilense + B. subtilis, and R. tropici + A. brasilense + P. fluorescens) in association with soil Zn application (without and with 8 kg Zn ha−1) on Zn nutrition, growth, yield, and Zn use efficiencies in common bean in the 2019 and 2020 crop seasons. Soil Zn application in combination with R. tropici + B. subtilis improved Zn accumulation in shoot and grains with greater shoot dry matter, grain yield, and estimated Zn intake. Zinc use efficiency, recovery, and utilization were also increased with co-inoculation of R. tropici + B. subtilis, whereas agro-physiological efficiency was increased with triple co-inoculation of R. tropici + A. brasilense + P. fluorescens. Therefore, co-inoculation of R. tropici + B. subtilis in association with Zn application is recommended for biofortification and higher Zn use efficiencies in common bean in the tropical savannah of Brazil.
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Kingsley, Robert A., Rolf Reissbrodt, Wolfgang Rabsch, Julian M. Ketley, Renée M. Tsolis, Paul Everest, Gordon Dougan, Andreas J. Bäumler, Mark Roberts und Peter H. Williams. „Ferrioxamine-Mediated Iron(III) Utilization bySalmonella enterica“. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65, Nr. 4 (01.04.1999): 1610–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.65.4.1610-1618.1999.
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ABSTRACT Utilization of ferrioxamines as sole sources of iron distinguishesSalmonella enterica serotypes Typhimurium and Enteritidis from a number of related species, including Escherichia coli. Ferrioxamine supplements have therefore been used in preenrichment and selection media to increase the bacterial growth rate while selectivity is maintained. We characterized the determinants involved in utilization of ferrioxamines B, E, and G by S. enterica serotype Typhimurium by performing siderophore cross-feeding bioassays. Transport of all three ferric siderophores across the outer membrane was dependent on the FoxA receptor encoded by the Fur-repressible foxA gene. However, only the transport of ferrioxamine G was dependent on the energy-transducing protein TonB, since growth stimulation of a tonB strain by ferrioxamines B and E was observed, albeit at lower efficiencies than in the parental strain. Transport across the inner membrane was dependent on the periplasmic binding protein-dependent ABC transporter complex comprising FhuBCD, as has been reported for other hydroxamate siderophores of enteric bacteria. The distribution of thefoxA gene in the genus Salmonella, as indicated by DNA hybridization studies and correlated with the ability to utilize ferrioxamine E, was restricted to subspecies I, II, and IIIb, and this gene was absent from subspecies IIIa, IV, VI, and VII (formerly subspecies IV) and Salmonella bongori (formerly subspecies V). S. enterica serotype Typhimurium mutants with either a transposon insertion or a defined nonpolar frameshift (+2) mutation in the foxA gene were not able to utilize any of the three ferrioxamines tested. A strain carrying the nonpolar foxAmutation exhibited a significantly reduced ability to colonize rabbit ileal loops compared to the foxA + parent. In addition, a foxA mutant was markedly attenuated in mice inoculated by either the intragastric or intravenous route. Mice inoculated with the foxA mutant were protected against subsequent challenge by the foxA + parent strain.
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Akegbejo-Samsons, Y., und J. N. Ojini. „Use of the African locust bean, Parkia biglobosa waste slurry as energy feedstuff in practical diets for Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus L“. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 31, Nr. 2 (07.01.2021): 279–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v31i2.1828.
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An assessment of the nutritive value of the waste slurry of the African locust bean, Parkia biglobosa as an energy source in practical diets for tilapia was carried out in glass aquaria. Five diets (35% crude protein) were formulated in which yellow maize was replaced at varying level with parkia slurry waste as follows: Diet 1, (100% slurry), diet 2, (100% yellow maize); diet 3 (75% slurry, 25% yellow maize), diet 4 (50% slurry, 50% yellow maize), diet 5 (25% slurry, 75% yellow maize). Growth performance and nutrient utilization of the fish were based on average daily weight gain (ADG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and protein efficiency ratio (PER). Good growth and feed utilization efficiencies were obtained in all diets, however diet 5 had significantly better growth and food utilization with the highest average daily weight gain (ADG) of 0.60, SGR (2.32) and PER (3.05% per day). Difference in SGR were not significantly different between all diets. The result showed that parkia slurry was better utilized by tilapia fish in diets 3 and 5 where their replacements were neither wholly nor equal.
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Levesque, K. R., M. Fortin und Y. Mauffette. „Temperature and food quality effects on growth, consumption and post-ingestive utilization ef.ciencies of the forest tent caterpillar Malacosoma disstria (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae)“. Bulletin of Entomological Research 92, Nr. 2 (April 2002): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ber2002153.
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AbstractTemperature and food quality can both influence growth rates, consumption rates, utilization efficiencies and developmental time of herbivorous insects. Gravimetric analyses were conducted during two consecutive years to assess the effects of temperature and food quality on fourth instar larvae of the forest tent caterpillar Malacosoma disstria Hübner. Larvae were reared in the laboratory at three different temperatures (18, 24 and 30°C) and on two types of diet; leaves of sugar maple trees Acer saccharum Marsh. located at the forest edge (sun-exposed leaves) or within the forest interior (shade-exposed leaves). In general, larvae reared at 18°C had lower growth rates and lower consumption rates than larvae reared at the warmer temperatures (24 and 30°C). Moreover, the duration of the instar decreased significantly with increasing temperatures. Type of diet also affected the growth rates and amount of food ingested by larvae but did not affect the duration of the instar. Larvae fed sun-exposed leaves consumed more food and gained higher biomasses. Values of approximate digestibility and efficiency of conversion of ingested food were also higher when larvae were fed sun-exposed leaves. Higher growth rates with increasing temperatures were primarily the result of the shorter stadium duration. The higher growth rates of larvae fed sun-exposed leaves were possibly the result of stimulatory feeding and consequently greater food intake and also a more efficient use of food ingested. This study suggests that the performance of M. disstria caterpillars could be enhanced by warmer temperatures and higher leaf quality.
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Zhang, Sai, Jay Johnson und Nathalie Trottier. „PSVII-27 Effects of dietary near ideal amino acid profile on amino acid utilization efficiency for milk production in sows under thermoneutral or heat stress conditions“. Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_3 (Dezember 2019): 358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.715.
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Abstract The objective was to estimate essential AA (EAA) utilization efficiency for milk production in sows (n = 24) fed control (19.6% CP) or reduced CP (RCP; 14.2% CP) diets under thermoneutral (TN; 21±1.5°C) or cycling heat stress (HS; 32±1.5°C daytime and 24±1.5°C nighttime) conditions. We hypothesized that RCP fed lactating sows with supplemental AA have increased EAA efficiency for milk production under TN and HS conditions. Diets contained 0.90% SID Lys and 2,580 kcal/kg. Sow BW and backfat were recorded on d 1 and 21 to estimate body protein mobilization (BPM). Piglet BW was recorded on d 1 and 21 to estimate milk yield. Amino acid efficiencies were calculated based on milk AA output relative to SID AA intake corrected for AA contribution from BPM. During HS, N, Arg, His, Ile, Leu, Lys, Met, Phe, Thr, Trp, and Val efficiency for milk production did not differ between sows fed control (42, 26, 44, 36, 39, 49, 52, 32, 50, 43 and 44%, respectively) and RCP (56, 39, 51, 49, 56, 47, 42, 39, 50, 59 and 41%, respectively) diets. Compared to control sows, RCP sows had greater (P < 0.05) efficiency of Arg (30% vs. 61%) under TN condition. Efficiencies of His, Ile, Leu, Phe, and Trp tended to be greater (P = 0.07, 0.06, 0.06, 0.07 and 0.06, respectively) in RCP compared to control sows (50, 41, 44, 36, and 50% vs. 74, 67, 75, 54 and 78%, respectively). Efficiencies of Lys, Met, Thr, Trp and Val did not differ between control and RCP sows (56, 59, 57, and 50% vs. 67, 59, 69 and 57%, respectively). In summary, an RCP diet improved efficiency of N, Arg, His, Ile, Leu, Phe, and Trp for milk production in lactating sows under TN but not HS conditions.
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Tess, M. W., und R. C. Greer. „Considerations for the Specification and Statistical Estimation of Differences Among Animals in the Partial Efficiencies of Feed Energy Utilization“. Journal of Dairy Science 73, Nr. 11 (November 1990): 3297–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(90)79023-6.
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Tian, Hui, Jie Fu, Rhae A. Drijber und Yajun Gao. „Expression patterns of five genes involved in nitrogen metabolism in two winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes with high and low nitrogen utilization efficiencies“. Journal of Cereal Science 61 (Januar 2015): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2014.09.007.
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Kronen, Miriam, Jahminy Sasikaran und Ivan A. Berg. „Mesaconase Activity of Class I Fumarase Contributes to Mesaconate Utilization by Burkholderia xenovorans“. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, Nr. 16 (12.06.2015): 5632–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00822-15.
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ABSTRACTPseudomonas aeruginosa,Yersinia pestis, and many other bacteria are able to utilize the C5-dicarboxylic acid itaconate (methylenesuccinate). Itaconate degradation starts with its activation to itaconyl coenzyme A (itaconyl-CoA), which is further hydrated to (S)-citramalyl-CoA, and citramalyl-CoA is finally cleaved into acetyl-CoA and pyruvate. The xenobiotic-degrading betaproteobacteriumBurkholderia xenovoranspossesses aP. aeruginosa-like itaconate degradation gene cluster and is able to grow on itaconate and its isomer mesaconate (methylfumarate). Although itaconate degradation proceeds inB. xenovoransin the same way as inP. aeruginosa, the pathway of mesaconate utilization is not known. Here, we show that mesaconate is metabolized through its hydration to (S)-citramalate. The latter compound is then metabolized to acetyl-CoA and pyruvate with the participation of two enzymes of the itaconate degradation pathway, a promiscuous itaconate-CoA transferase able to activate (S)-citramalate in addition to itaconate and (S)-citramalyl-CoA lyase. The first reaction of the pathway, the mesaconate hydratase (mesaconase) reaction, is catalyzed by a class I fumarase. As this enzyme (Bxe_A3136) has similar efficiencies (kcat/Km) for both fumarate and mesaconate hydration, we conclude thatB. xenovoransclass I fumarase is in fact a promiscuous fumarase/mesaconase. This promiscuity is physiologically relevant, as it allows the growth of this bacterium on mesaconate as a sole carbon and energy source.
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Zhen-bin, Wu, Xia Yi-cheng, Zhang Yong-yuan, Deng Jia-qi, Chen Xi-tao, Zhan Fa-cui und Wang De-ming. „Studies on the Purification and Reclaimation of Wastewater from a Medium-Sized City by an Integrated Biological Pond System“. Water Science and Technology 28, Nr. 7 (01.10.1993): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0164.
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The feasibility of an inexpensive wastewater treatment system is evaluated in this study. An integrated biological pond system was operated for more than 3 years to purify the wastewater from a medium-sized city, Central China. The experiment was conducted in 3 phases with different treatment combinations for testing their purification efficiencies. The pond system was divided into 3 functional regions: influent purification, effluent upgrading and multi-utilization. These regions were further divided into several zones and subzones. Various kinds of aquatic organisms, including macrophytes, algae, microorganisms and zooplankton, were effectively cooperating in the wastewater treatment in this system. The system attained high reductions of BOD5, COD, TSS, TN, TP and other pollutants. The purification efficiencies of this system were higher than those of most traditional oxidation ponds or ordinary macrophyte ponds. The mutagenic effect and numbers of bacteria and viruses declined significantly during the process of purification. After the wastewater flowed through the upgrading zone, the concentrations of pollutants and algae evidently decreased. Plant harvesting did not yield dramatic effects on reductions of the main pollutants, though it did significantly affect the biomass productivity of the macrophytes. The effluent from this system could be utilized in irrigation and aquaculture. Some aquatic products were harvested from this system and some biomass was utilized for food, fertilizer, fodder and some other uses. The wastewater was reclaimed for various purposes.
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Baker, M. J., H. E. Amos, A. Nelson, C. C. Williams und M. A. Froetschel. „Undegraded intake protein: Effects on milk production and amino acid utilization by cows fed wheat silage“. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 76, Nr. 3 (01.09.1996): 367–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas96-054.
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Thirty-six Holstein cows in second or later lactation were used in a 63-d completely randomized block design to determine the effects of RUP source on milk production, composition, and estimated AA uptake by the mammary gland. Cows were divided into 12 blocks of three cows each based on DIM (54.5 d) and milk production. Treatments were 1) soybean meal; 2) treated SBM; and 3) supplemental protein from TSBM, corn gluten meal, and Menhaden fish meal with each protein supplying equal amounts of CP. Mean DMI was greater for cows fed supplemental RUP. Intake of RUP was increased by 0.5 and 0.4 kg d−1, respectively, for treatments 2 and 3. The NEL intake was greater for cows fed treatment 3 than for those fed treatment 2. RUP supplementation increased BW accretion and milk production. Milk composition was unaffected except for lactose, which was higher for milk from treatment 3 than for milk from treatment 2. Extraction efficiencies of AA indicated that the supply of Met and Lys to the mammary gland was first and second limiting for cows receiving treatments 1 and 2 but colimiting for cows fed treatment 3. Results indicate performance differences related to RUP sources and specifically the amounts of Lys and Met available for metabolism. Key words: Undegraded protein sources, amino acids, milk yield, dairy cows
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Adeola, Olayiwola. „Dietary lysine and threonine utilization by young pigs: Efficiency for carcass growth“. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 75, Nr. 3 (01.09.1995): 445–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas95-065.
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Two experiments were conducted to determine the efficiency of dietary lysine and threonine retention for carcass protein accretion in pigs within a body weight range of 10–20 kg. At the beginning of the experiments, an initial representative group of 6 pigs were killed for carcass compositional analysis. In the first experiment, conducted to determine the efficiency of dietary lysine retention, a basal diet was formulated to contain 6 g of lysine kg−1. Twelve pigs were fed the basal diet supplemented with L-lysine∙HCl to contain 6, 7, or 8 g of lysine kg−1. Daily weight gain and gain:feed ratio were higher (P < 0.05) for pigs fed 8 g of lysine than for pigs fed 6 g of lysine kg−1 diet. The accretion rates of dry matter, protein, ash, and lysine in the carcass were higher for pigs fed 8 g of lysine than for pigs fed 6 g of lysine kg−1 diet. A linear regression of daily carcass lysine accretion on daily lysine intake resulted in a 72% efficiency of carcass lysine accretion above maintenance. In the second experiment, three diets including a basal diet formulated to contain 4 g of threonine kg−1 and supplemented with L-threonine to contain 4, 4.65, or 5.3 g of threonine kg−1 were fed to 12 pigs. Rate and efficiency of body weight gain exhibited a dose-response improvement (P < 0.05) to an increase in dietary threonine. Carcass protein, ash, and threonine accretion rates were higher (P < 0.05) for pigs fed 5.3 g of threonine than those fed 4 g of threonine kg−1 diet. Linear regression of daily carcass threonine accretion on daily threonine intake resulted in extra-maintenance efficiency of threonine retention of 60%. The efficiencies of dietary lysine and threonine utilization for carcass growth in pigs within the liveweight range of 10–20 kg are 72 and 60%, respectively. Key words: Lysine, threonine, retention efficiency, amino acids, pigs
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Kristek Janković, Antonija, Mirna Habuda-Stanić, Huiyu Dong, Ana Tutić, Željka Romić, Maja Ergović Ravančić, Tibela Landeka Dragičević und Mario Šiljeg. „Utilization of Modified Sunflower Seed as Novel Adsorbent for Nitrates Removal from Wastewater“. Water 16, Nr. 1 (24.12.2023): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w16010073.
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The food processing waste, sunflower seed shells (SS), were chemically modified and tested as adsorbents for nitrate removal from water and wastewater. Chemical modification of the SS implied a quaternization reaction. Efficiency and mechanisms of nitrate removal from water by modified sunflower seed shells (MSS) were examined using model nitrate solution (MS) and samples of real wastewater (RW) in batch adsorption experiments while the regeneration capacity was tested by fixed bed adsorption column and regeneration experiments. The MSS had the highest nitrate adsorption capacity of 12.98 mg g−1 for model nitrate solution, 12.16 mg g−1 for model wastewater, 13.70 mg g−1 for the wastewater generated by the confectionery industry (CI), and 12.52 mg g−1 for the wastewater generated from the meat industry (MI). Equilibrium data were analyzed, and results demonstrated a better fit for the Freundlich isotherm model, while kinetic models showed that the adsorption has pseudo-second-order kinetics. Adsorption and desorption experiments in fixed bed columns showed good MSS regeneration performances and efficiency after a minimum of three cycles. Lower efficiencies of regenerated MSS were noted when real confectionery and meat industry effluent were treated. Environmental toxicity of nitrate saturated MSS was tested using an acute toxicity test with freshwater plankton Daphnia magna. SS showed very good properties and could be competitive among already known and existing “low-cost” adsorbents as potential adsorbents for nitrate removal from water and wastewater.
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Lee, Wei-Chieh, Lincoln Zotarelli, Diane L. Rowland und Guodong Liu. „Evaluation of Potato Varieties Grown in Hydroponics for Phosphorus Use Efficiency“. Agriculture 11, Nr. 7 (15.07.2021): 668. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11070668.
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Global phosphate mineral resources are nonrenewable and are inevitably depleting. Exploiting elite varieties has become imperative for the efficient use of phosphorus (P) for sustainable crop production. Three potato varieties were hydroponically evaluated for P mobilization, uptake, and utilization efficiencies at different P levels and sources during 28 d seedling growth. ‘Harley Blackwell’, ‘La Chipper’, and ‘Red LaSoda’ were selected from a previous study and grown in modified Hoagland solution, with different P concentrations of soluble high P as NaH2PO4 (10 mg L−1 P), soluble low P (1 mg L−1 P), and 286 mg L−1 sparingly soluble P as tri-calcium phosphate [TCP, Ca3(PO4)2] with 2286 mg L−1 CaSO4. ‘Harley Blackwell’ and ‘La Chipper’ had significantly greater biomass than ‘Red LaSoda’ in the low P or TCP treatments. In low-P stress, P utilization efficiency was significantly greater for ‘Harley Blackwell’ than that of the other two varieties. ‘Red LaSoda’ was more efficient in P mobilization from TCP as compared to the other two cultivars. The holistic score analysis indicated that ‘Harley Blackwell’ was the most P-efficient while ‘Red LaSoda’ was the least P-efficient. The results of this study show that the TCP solution was successful for screening P-efficient potato varieties.
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Lobley, G. E., Alexmary Connell und Vivien Buchan. „Effect of food intake on protein and energy metabolism in finishing beef steers“. British Journal of Nutrition 57, Nr. 3 (Mai 1987): 457–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19870053.
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1. The effects of progressive reduction in food intake from 1.6 x maintenance (1.6 M) to approximately maintenance (M′) and then to zero (fasting) on energy expenditure and leucine kinetics were examined in Hereford x Friesian finishing beef steers.2. Estimates of whole body protein synthesis and protein oxidation were obtained from the specific radioactivity of free leucine in blood and of exhaled carbon dioxide during continuous infusions of [I-14C]leucine. Protein synthesis contributed a minimum of 0.19 to total heat production across all three intakes.3. The apparent efficiencies with which synthesized protein was retained were 0.28 between 1.6 M and M′ and 1.04 between M′ and fasting. The greater efficiency below M′ reflected probable use of amino acids as energy sources during fasting, which would be spared as soon as feed was available.4. Nitrogen derived from protein oxidation made a minor contribution to urine N at both 1.6 M (0.45) and M′ (0.36) but provided a significant proportion to the increment in urine N between intakes (0.68).5. Amino acid absorption, estimated indirectly as the sum of protein oxidation and protein retention, represented only 0.28 of N intake at M′ and 0.38 at 1.6 M but the contribution to the increment in N intake between these two diet levels was greater (0.56).6. The estimated efficiency of utilization of absorbed amino acids between M′ and 1.6 M was 0.45.
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MacRae, J. C., L. A. Bruce und D. S. Brown. „Efficiency of utilization of absorbed amino acids in growing lambs given forage and forage: barley diets“. Animal Science 61, Nr. 2 (Oktober 1995): 277–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800013813.
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AbstractThe efficiency of utilization of absorbed essential amino acids (AA) was studied in wether lambs (35 to 40 kg live weight) given dried grass and dried grass: barley pelleted diets over an intake range from maintenance (M) to 2·5 M energy intake. Each animal was prepared with a duodenal and Heal simple (T-shaped) cannulafor the collection of digesta entering and leaving the small intestine and with a catheter into the abomasum for the infusion of digesta phase markers (103Ru phenanthroline and51Cr ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid). The efficiencies of utilization of total AA and individual essential AA (EAA) were calculated from the ratios of the regressions describing AA retention per unit nitrogen (N) intake (assessed using the N retention data obtained in the present study and the AA composition of N retention derived during an accompanying comparative slaughter experiment) and AA absorption per unit N intake. These ratios for total EAA were 0·5 for the grass diet and 0·59 for the grass plus barley diet. Values for individual EAA ranged from 0·32 for threonine in sheep given the grass diet to 0·88 for arginine in sheep given the grass: barley diet. Whilst the ratios for total and individual EAA were generally higher for the grass: barley diet the very wide 95% confidence limits associated with these derived values make any between-diet or between-EAA comparisons equivocal. The data appear to support the introduction by the Agricultural and Food Research Council (1992), of a scaling factor to reduce the high efficiency of utilization of AA used previously.
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Noblet, J., X. S. Shi und S. Dubois. „Metabolic utilization of dietary energy and nutrients for maintenance energy requirements in sows: basis for a net energy system“. British Journal of Nutrition 70, Nr. 2 (September 1993): 407–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19930135.
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Digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME) and net energy for maintenance (NEm) values of a set of fourteen diets were measured in six adult sows fed at and below their maintenance energy level. The efficiency of ME for NEm was estimated from heat production (HP) measurements (indirect calorimetry) at these different feeding levels. HP was partitioned between HP due to physical activity, thermic effect of food (TEF) and fasting heat production (FHP). The amounts of DE digested in the small intestine or in the hindgut were measured. Equations for prediction of NEm from dietary characteristics were calculated. HP at maintenance level averaged 400 kJ/kg body-weight0.75, 16 and 19% of the total being due to physical activity and TEF respectively. The efficiency of ME for NEm averaged 77·4% with higher values for digestible diethyl ether extract (100%) and starch + sugar (82 %). The efficiencies of digestible crude protein (N × 6·25) and digestible residue averaged 69 and 56 % respectively. The energy absorbed from the small intestine was used more efficiently than the energy fermented in the hindgut (82 v. 59%). These values are comparable with those obtained in growing pigs. The NEm content of diets can be predicted accurately from equations including DE (or ME) values and some dietary chemical characteristics.
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Parigi-Bini, R., G. Xiccato, M. Cinetto und A. Dalle Zotte. „Energy and protein utilization and partition in rabbit does concurrently pregnant and lactating“. Animal Science 55, Nr. 1 (August 1992): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100037387.
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AbstractChanges in body composition during lactation in 40 primiparous rabbits were studied by comparative slaughter. The results were used to determine the utilization of digestible energy (DE) and digestible protein (DP) and their partitioning between maternal body, milk and foetal tissues.Twelve does were slaughtered immediately after their first parturition (first slaughter group) to estimate initial body composition. The 28 remaining does were remated 1 to 3 days after parturition and divided into two groups offered a pelleted diet at different levels: group L, fed ad libitum and group R, fed 0·75 of ad libitum. The 19 does that were pregnant (10 of L group, 9 of R group) were kept in individual metabolism cages until their second parturition. They were then slaughtered with their litters.Milk yield was higher (147·0 v. 117·2 g/day, P < 0·02) and live-weight loss was lower (–42 v. –294 g) in group L than in group R. The food intakes were 304·7 and 234·4 g/day, respectively. Body composition of the does changed substantially between the first and second parturition, with a considerable loss of fat and some loss of protein. A large decrease in empty body (digesta-free body) weight was observed in both groups. The loss of energy corresponded to proportionately 0·32 and 0·41 of the initial body energy, in L and R groups respectively.The DE requirement for maintenance was estimated to be 468 kj/day per kg M0·75 and the efficiencies of utilization of DE and body energy for milk production were 0·63 and 0·76, respectively. The efficiency of utilization of DE for foetal tissue synthesis was estimated to be 0·27 throughout pregnancy. The DP requirement for maintenance was 3·80 g/day per kg M0·75 and the efficiency of utilization of DP for milk protein production was 0·76 and of body protein 0·61. The efficiency of utilization of DP for foetal protein synthesis was 0·46.
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Šovljanski, Olja, Biljana Lončar, Lato Pezo, Anja Saveljić, Ana Tomić, Sara Brunet, Vladimir Filipović et al. „Unlocking the Potential of the ANN Optimization in Sweet Potato Varieties Drying Processes“. Foods 13, Nr. 1 (29.12.2023): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods13010134.
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This study explores the unexploited potential of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) optimization techniques in enhancing different drying methods and their influence on the characteristics of various sweet potato varieties. Focusing on the intricate interplay between drying methods and the unique characteristics of white, pink, orange, and purple sweet potatoes, the presented experimental study indicates the impact of ANN-driven optimization on food-related characteristics such as color, phenols content, biological activities (antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-hyperglycemic, and anti-inflammatory), chemical, and mineral contents. The results unveil significant variations in drying method efficacy across different sweet potato types, underscoring the need for tailored optimization strategies. Specifically, purple sweet potatoes emerge as robust carriers of phenolic compounds, showcasing superior antioxidant activities. Furthermore, this study reveals the optimized parameters of dried sweet potato, such as total phenols content of 1677.76 mg/100 g and anti-inflammatory activity of 8.93%, anti-hyperglycemic activity of 24.42%. The upgraded antioxidant capability is presented through DPPH●, ABTS●+, RP, and SoA assays with values of 1500.56, 10,083.37, 3130.81, and 22,753.97 μg TE/100 g, respectively. Additionally, the moisture content in the lyophilized sample reached a minimum of 2.97%, holding favorable chemical and mineral contents. The utilization of ANN optimization proves instrumental in interpreting complex interactions and unlocking efficiencies in sweet potato drying processes, thereby contributing valuable insights to food science and technology.
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Lang, Gregory A. „High efficiency sweet cherry orchard systems research“. Italus Hortus 26 (2019): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.26353/j.itahort/2019.1.2534.
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The large tree size, and delicate nature and small size of the fruit, makes production of sweet cherries Fig. 6 - Planar UFO sweet cherry canopy architectural orchard designs: A) vertical-trellis UFO with 18,725 upright leaders per ha or B) Vtrellis UFO with 24,996 inclined leaders per ha, in theory with 33% higher yield potential, but slightly less training, harvest and pruning efficiency. Fig. 6 - Progettazione dell’architettura della chioma in piano “UFO” su ciliegio dolce: A) sostegni verticali per UFO con 18725 fusti verticali per ha o B) sostegno a V per UFO con 24996 fusti inclinati per ha, in teoria con il 33% in più di potenziale produttivo, ma leggermente meno per quanto riguarda efficienza di allevamento, raccolta e potatura. A B Lang 34 among the most traditionally labor-intensive tree fruits. Great improvements in orchard efficiencies have been achieved over the past two decades, prompted by the development of precocious, vigorcontrolling rootstocks such as the Gisela (Gi) series. Recent training systems research has focused on canopy architectural designs that improve various orchard efficiencies, including: 1) light interception and distribution whit minimization of shade; 2) bloom, fruit development and ripening for more uniform fruit harvest; 3) balanced, quantifiable crop load management for achieving high fruit quality; 4) simplified strategies for fruitwood development and maintenance to reduce hand-pruning labor; 5) partial mechanization to reduce pruning and harvest labor; 6) utilization of protective orchard covers to mitigate the risk of crop damage from rain, hail, frost, and wind; and 7) better spray coverage for protection from insect pests and diseases. Across several sites in North America, the NC140 regional research project has evaluated the performance of three sweet cherry cultivars on dwarfing (Gi3), semi-dwarfing (Gi5), and semi-vigorous (Gi6) rootstocks trained to “threedimensional” and “two-dimensional” (planar) canopy architectures over nine years to date. The planar Super Slender Axe (SSA) training system had the highest early yields on a per tree and per orchard basis, but the planar Upright Fruiting Offshoots (UFO) training system sustained higher cumulative yields upon reaching maturity. The three-dimensional Tall Spindle Axe (TSA) trees had higher early yields than those trained to the three-dimensional Kym Green Bush (KGB) canopy architecture, but the KGB trees achieved nearly comparable cumulative yields. Fruitwood renewal strategies are critical for maintenance of yields and fruit quality. Profitable yields of high quality fruit are achievable for each of the canopy architectures, but each also has specific advantages and challenges, including suitability for specific rootstocks and cultivars. These are discussed, including comparisons of the two- vs. three-dimensional canopy architectures developed as single leader (SSA vs. TSA) and multiple leader (UFO vs. KGB) training systems. The advantages of utilizing the natural light interception efficiencies and growth habit of sweet cherry in the simplified structure of UFO-style planar canopy architectures is expanding beyond sweet cherries to many other major trees fruits around the world as well.
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Omphalius, C., H. Lapierre, J. Guinard-Flament, P. Lamberton, L. Bahloul und S. Lemosquet. „Amino acid efficiencies of utilization vary by different mechanisms in response to energy and protein supplies in dairy cows: Study at mammary-gland and whole-body levels“. Journal of Dairy Science 102, Nr. 11 (November 2019): 9883–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2019-16433.
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Cheng, Zhun, Huadong Zhou und Zhixiong Lu. „A Novel 10-Parameter Motor Efficiency Model Based on I-SA and Its Comparative Application of Energy Utilization Efficiency in Different Driving Modes for Electric Tractor“. Agriculture 12, Nr. 3 (03.03.2022): 362. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12030362.
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To build a more accurate motor efficiency model with a strong generalization ability in order to evaluate and improve the efficiency characteristics of electric vehicles, this paper researches motor efficiency modeling based on the bench tests of two motor efficiencies with differently rated powers. This paper compares and analyzes three motor efficiency modeling methods and finds that, when the measured values in motor efficiency tests are insufficient, the bilinear interpolation method and radial basis kernel function neural networks have poor generalization abilities in full working conditions, and the precision of polynomial regression is limited. On this basis, this paper proposes a new modeling method combining correlation analysis, polynomial regression, and an improved simulated annealing (I-SA) algorithm. Using the mean and the standard deviation of the mean absolute percentage error of the 5-fold Cross Validation (CV) of 100 random tests as the evaluation indices of the precision of the motor efficiency model, and based on the motor efficiency models with verified precision, this paper makes a comparative analysis on the full vehicle efficiency of electric tractors of three types of drive in five working conditions. Research results show that the proposed novel method has a high modeling precision of motor efficiency; tractors with a dual motor coupling drive system have optimal economic performance.
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Lv, Yandong, Yue Hu, Fujing Sun, Wanyue Huo, Hongyu Li, Lihua Liu, Dawei Yin, Guiping Zheng und Xiaohong Guo. „Yield and Resource Utilization Efficiency Gap in Early Maturing Japonica Rice Cultivars under Different Management Strategies—A Different Location Investigation“. Agriculture 12, Nr. 7 (12.07.2022): 1010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12071010.
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High input costs and poor management options have resulted in a large rice yield gap. Thus, there is a need to reduce production costs and improve resource-use efficiency by using new cultivation techniques at different locations. The objective of this study was to determine yield and utilization efficiency gaps in early maturing japonica rice under four treatments; no nitrogen application (N0), local farmer practice (FP), high-yield, high-efficiency practice (HYP), and super-high-yield practice (SHY). The average yields under N0, FP, HYP, and SHY were 5012, 7356, 8448, and 9629 kg ha−1, respectively. Differences among treatments were as: N0 to FP (gap 1); FP to HYP (gap 2); and HYP to SHY (gap 3). Yield gaps 1, 2, and 3 were 2337, 1092, and 1181 kg ha−1, respectively. Yield gap was positively associated with panicles per square meter. Yield under HYP and SHY was 14.8% and 30.9% higher than that under FP, respectively. This increase in yield was mainly associated with a higher number of panicles. For resources, gaps 1, 2, and 3 were as follows: water-use efficiency, 0.1706, 0.1513, and 0.1089 kg m−3; radiation-use efficiency, 0.3285%, 0.1780%, and 0.0941%; and heat-use efficiency, 1.8685, 1.0339, and 0.8798 kg °C−1 d−1 ha−1, respectively. The yield was positively correlated with water, radiation, and heat-use efficiencies. The differences in yield and resource-use efficiency were significant between sites. A reduction in yield and efficiency gaps can ensure sufficient panicle per square meter, stabilize grain number per panicle, and increase harvest index and biomass. Overall, HYP is a promising option to increase the yield of early maturing japonica rice yield in cold regions.
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Lv, Meng, Ming Huang, Kainan Zhao, Xinxin Gu, Siqi Li, Jiangtao Wang, Fei Yin, Ling Liu, Nianyuan Jiao und Guozhan Fu. „Effects of Partial Substitution of Organic Fertilizer for Synthetic N Fertilizer on Yield and N Use Efficiencies in a Semiarid Winter Wheat–Summer Maize Rotation“. Agronomy 13, Nr. 9 (29.08.2023): 2281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092281.
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Finding field management techniques that increase crop output while protecting soil sustainability is essential for maintaining a long-term food supply in a changing environment. However, comprehensive evaluation of the effects of nitrogen (N) reduction combined with organic fertilizer on grain yield, N use efficiency (NUE), water use efficiency (WUE), and soil organic carbon (SOC) and total N (TN) contents of winter wheat–summer maize double cropping systems in drought-prone areas remains limited. Therefore, a 3-year field experiment (2018–2021) was conducted in a winter wheat–summer maize double cropping system with five treatments: no N fertilizer (CK), conventional farmer fertilization (CF), recommended fertilization (R), organic N substitution of 20% of the recommended synthetic N (R20), and organic N substitution of 40% of the recommended synthetic N (R40). When results were averaged from 2018 to 2021, R20 had the highest annual grain yield, which increased by 42.15%, 7.69%, 7.58%, and 12.50% compared with CK, CF, R, and R40, respectively. Compared with CF, R20 increased winter wheat and summer maize NAE, NPFP, NUE, and WUE. In addition, the soil organic carbon content of R20 and R40 treatment increased with the increase in years. In conclusion, R20 was considered ideal for improving crop yield, promoting soil fertility, and increasing the fertilizer utilization rate in a semiarid winter wheat–summer maize rotation.
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Hassan, Fardos A. M. „DATA ENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS (DEA) APPROACH FOR ASSESSING TECHNICAL, ECONOMIC AND SCALE EFFICIENCY OF BROILER FARMS“. IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 52, Nr. 2 (19.04.2021): 291–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v52i2.1290.
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This study was surveyed and evaluated technical, economic and scale efficiency of broiler farms in Egypt using DEA technique. So as to accomplish the specified aim, stratified random sampling technique was utilized to gather information from 150 broiler farms. The results showed that mean technical efficiencies of broiler farms were 0.915 and 0.985 under constant returns to scale (CRS) and variable returns to scale (VRS) respectively, implying that on average the farms could reduce input utilization by 8.5% and 1.5% for production level of output to be technically efficient. Notably, 48.7% of the farms were estimated fully technical efficient under VRS-model. The mean allocative and economic efficiency of the farms were assessed as 0.941 and 0.918 respectively, with only 2% of the farms were fully allocative and economic efficient. Furthermore, the average scale efficiency was 0.929 with the majority of broiler farms (82%) were operating with increasing returns to scale. The estimated Tobit regression showed that farmer's age, education, experience, access to extension services, and level of training were the most significant variables contributing to the disparities in efficiency of broiler farms. Such results are useful for extension workers and policy makers so as to guide policies towards expanding efficiency.
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Khan, Shoyeb, Probir Das, Mohammed Abdul Quadir, Mahmoud Ibrahim Thaher, Chandan Mahata, Sami Sayadi und Hareb Al-Jabri. „Microalgal Feedstock for Biofuel Production: Recent Advances, Challenges, and Future Perspective“. Fermentation 9, Nr. 3 (13.03.2023): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9030281.
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Globally, nations are trying to address environmental issues such as global warming and climate change, along with the burden of declining fossil fuel reserves. Furthermore, countries aim to reach zero carbon emissions within the existing and rising global energy crisis. Therefore, bio-based alternative sustainable feedstocks are being explored for producing bioenergy. One such renewable energy resource is microalgae; these are photosynthetic microorganisms that grow on non-arable land, in extreme climatic conditions, and have the ability to thrive even in sea and wastewater. Microalgae have high photosynthetic efficiencies and biomass productivity compared to other terrestrial plants. Whole microalgae biomass or their extracted metabolites can be converted to various biofuels such as bioethanol, biodiesel, biocrude oil, pyrolytic bio-oil, biomethane, biohydrogen, and bio jet fuel. However, several challenges still exist before faster and broader commercial application of microalgae as a sustainable bioenergy feedstock for biofuel production. Selection of appropriate microalgal strains, development of biomass pre-concentrating techniques, and utilization of wet microalgal biomass for biofuel production, coupled with an integrated biorefinery approach for producing value-added products, could improve the environmental sustainability and economic viability of microalgal biofuel. This article will review the current status of research on microalgal biofuels and their future perspective.
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Titgemeyer, Evan C. „14 Predicting Performance Responses of Growing Cattle to Amino Acid Supplementation“. Journal of Animal Science 101, Supplement_2 (28.10.2023): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skad341.260.
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Abstract Amino acid utilization by cattle can be studied by: 1) assessing amino acid requirements with foundational research and using the resultant information to predict animal performance, or 2) evaluating changes in animal performance in response to changes in amino acid supply and subsequently using those measures to predict amino acid requirements. Neither approach has yielded definitive results, and our ability to predict responses of cattle to amino acid supplementation is still quite limited after many years of research. Most supplementation studies have focused on methionine and lysine, amino acids for which ruminally protected products are commercially available. Most finishing cattle fed diets typical of the U.S. feedlot industry are not responsive to methionine or lysine supplementation, although little research is available for cattle fed beta-agonists. In some cases, growing cattle fed corn-based diets have demonstrated performance responses to lysine supplementation. Growing cattle fed forage-based diets, particularly those based on grass silages, appear responsive to supplemental amino acids. Numerous studies with Holstein steers (150 to 250 kg) maintained in a research model to make amino acids the most limiting nutrient have demonstrated linear increases in nitrogen retention, followed by a plateau, when limiting amino acids were supplemented. From those studies, maintenance requirements for amino acids appear to be small, and efficiencies of amino acid utilization for growth are less than predicted by NASEM (2016). Some factors that would be expected to increase the likelihood that amino acids are the most limiting nutrient include: decreased body weight, greater mature body weight, environments that minimize maintenance energy requirements, and diets that lead to redued amounts of microbial protein synthesis (energy sources such as fat and ruminally resistant starch). Despite the many unknowns associated with amino acid requirements of cattle for growth, potential exists to use amino acid supplementation to improve economics of cattle performance or reduce environmental impacts of cattle production.
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Wairimu, S., R. J. Hudson und M. A. Price. „Catch-up growth of yearling wapiti stags (Cervus elaphus)“. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 72, Nr. 3 (01.09.1992): 619–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas92-074.
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Ten yearling wapiti stags were used to investigate effects of winter nutrition on subsequent growth on summer pasture. One group of five (LOW) was wintered on medium-quality hay, and the other group of five (HIGH) was wintered on hay and alfalfa–barley pellets (16% crude protein). By the time they grazed spring pasture in mid-April, HIGH wapiti had larger frame dimensions and were 20 kg heavier than those wintered on hay alone, despite their lower pre-winter weights. However, subsequent catch-up growth rapidly narrowed these differences, and both groups attained similar weights and frame measurements by late July. Liveweight gains on summer pasture were 0.30 and 0.15 kg d−1 for LOW and HIGH wapiti, respectively. Although LOW wapiti tended to have higher gut fill (3.3 vs. 2.5 kg dry matter), the difference (corrected for assumed dry-matter content) was insufficient to explain compensatory weight gain. Digestibilities and mean retention times did not differ consistently between the treatment groups but were reciprocally related to one another. Forage intakes rose as pastures flushed but declined sharply in July with overgrazing and resumption of supplemental feeding. LOW wapiti consumed more pasture dry matter than HIGH wapiti in May and June. Efficiencies of forage utilization were unrelated to nutritional history. Using data pooled for the two treatment groups from April to June gave estimates of 878 kJ W−0.75 for maintenance and 33.4 kJ g−1 for liveweight gain. The main factor contributing to compensatory gain on summer pasture was higher forage intakes, particularly in relation to metabolic weight. Key words: Game farming, elk, compensatory growth, forage intake, passage rate, energy requirements
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MUCCEE, FATIMA, und AMINA EJAZ. „An Investigation of Petrol Metabolizing Bacteria Isolated from Contaminated Soil Samples Collected from Various Fuel Stations“. Polish Journal of Microbiology 68, Nr. 2 (10.06.2019): 193–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.33073/pjm-2019-019.
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The present study aimed to isolate the high-efficiency petrol metabolizing thermophilic bacteria from petrol contaminated soil samples. Isolation was carried out through enrichment culture, serial dilution and pour plate methods using the petrol supplemented minimal salt media. The isolated bacteria were analyzed to document growth behavior, petrol removal efficiencies, antibiotic resistance profile, and biochemical characteristics. The 16S rRNA based phylogenetic analysis helped to reveal the identity of isolated bacterial species and construct the phylogenetic trees. Total nine bacteria were isolated, out of which three (IUBP2, IUBP3, IUBP5) were identified as Brevibacillus formosus, one (IUBP1) was found similar to Brevibacillus agri, four (IUBP7, IUBP8, IUBP13, and IUBP14) shared homology with Burkholderia lata, and one (IUBP15) with Burkholderia pyrrocinia. All the isolates were fast growing and exhibited considerable petrol degradation potential. The highest petrol removal efficiency (69.5% ± 13.44/6 days) was recorded for the strain IUBP15 at a petrol concentration of 0.1% (v/v). All bacteria studied (100%) were positive for esculinase and phosphatase. Many strains exhibited positive responses for arginine dehydrolase (22%), β-naphthylamidase (11%), β-D-glucosaminide (33%), mannitol (55%), sorbitol (66%) and inulin (88%) fermentation test. While all were sensitive to the antibiotics, some of them were found resistant against chloramphenicol and oxacillin. The remarkable biochemical characteristics and considerable petrol removal potential (40–70%) highlights utilization of the bacteria isolated for petrol bioremediation, mineralization of organophosphates, dairy and food industry, and also as biofertilizers and biocontrol agents.
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Wells, Robert S. „70 Integrity Beef Alliance I. Program Overview“. Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_1 (Juli 2019): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz053.007.
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Abstract Noble Research Institute initiated a cow/calf best management practices (BMP) and marketing program in 2000. Over time, the Integrity Beef Alliance program has matured into a producer-run stand-alone Alliance that has received much favorable attention in the industry. The objectives of the program are: 1.) implement BMP’s, 2.) increase selling weights of calves, 3.) increase calf quality and uniformity, 4.) improve marketing efficiencies, 5.) utilize producer records for improvement, and 6.) educate producers to use of BMP’s. This program has developed stringent protocols that must be adhered to throughout the calf production phase. Protocols and requirements center on cow and bull genetics, herd health, preconditioning criteria, and record keeping. Producers who complete all required documentation and pay an annual membership fee are allowed to sell their calves through a value added calf sale, receive a letter of certification to provide to potential direct market buyers, or market through Superior Livestock Video utilizing the Integrity Beef Alliance logo. Through the utilization of financial and production records, members are able to benchmark themselves against other similar operations in the program and against their own performance over time to determine areas of needed improvement and areas of efficiency. Compared with the 2008 NAHMS data, producers have averaged a 28.6 kg increased weaning weight. Many producers have indicated a higher increase in weaning weight compared to their previous protocols. The program has grown from 11 producers in 2005 to 51 members in 2018.