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Timperio, Anna F., Kylie Ball, Rebecca Roberts, Nick Andrianopoulos und David A. Crawford. „Children’s takeaway and fast-food intakes: associations with the neighbourhood food environment“. Public Health Nutrition 12, Nr. 10 (Oktober 2009): 1960–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980009004959.
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AbstractObjectiveThe present study aimed to examine associations between availability of outlets where takeaway or fast food could be purchased and consumption of takeaway or fast food among children.DesignCross-sectional. Parents completed a questionnaire regarding the frequency per week their child usually ate takeaway or fast foods. The availability of outlets where these foods could be purchased close to home and en route to school was determined with a Geographic Information System (presence of any outlets and density of outlets within 800 m from home and along the route to school, and distance from home to closest outlet).SettingGreater Melbourne and Geelong, Australia.SubjectsThree hundred and fifty-three children aged 5–6 years and 463 children aged 10–12 years.ResultsOverall, 69·4 % of children consumed takeaway or fast foods once weekly or more often. Only one measure of availability of outlets close to home was associated with consumption; each additional outlet within 800 m was associated with 3 % lower odds of consuming takeaway or fast foods at least once weekly (OR = 0·97, 95 % CI 0·95, 1·00). There were no associations between availability en route to school and the likelihood of consuming takeaway or fast food at least once weekly.ConclusionsAccess to outlets where takeaway or fast food could be purchased did not predict frequency of consumption of takeaway or fast food in the expected direction. Such relationships appear to be complex and may not be adequately captured by the measures of access included in the current study.
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You, Zhangqiang, Zhigang Jiang und Chunwang Li. „Location of rut stands vs. mating opportunities in Przewalski’s gazelle: A field test of the “Resource-based Hypothesis” and “Female Traffic Version of the Hotspot Hypothesis”“. Current Zoology 57, Nr. 6 (01.12.2011): 701–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/57.6.701.
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Abstract We studied the mating tactics of Przewalski’s gazelle on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau from 2002 to 2005. Przewalski’s gazelle is a cluster mating animal whereby female groups, including juveniles, travel to and from their resting grounds along fixed routes and dominant males stand on or near these travel routes during rut. To explain rut patterns in male gazelles, we tested predictions arising from the “Resource-based Hypothesis” and “Female Traffic Version of the Hotspot Hypothesis”. We marked the location of each rut stand and female travel route, measured food availability in each rut stand and recorded the mating opportunities of rut stand owners. We also conducted a field experiment to force female groups to change their daily travel route, and observed whether males abandon their original rut stands and shift their rut stands to new travel routes of females during the 3rd rut. We found that: (1) male gazelle defending rut stands closer to a female travel route had a higher chance of mating; (2) food resources within rut stands had no effect on mating opportunities of the rut stand owner; (3) when the female travel route was obstructed, female groups changed grazing sites, and all males abandoned their original rut stands and defended new rut stands along the new female travel route. In conclusion, the location of rut stands in relation to female travel routes is the ultimate factor for consolidating mating opportunities in male gazelle, supporting the “Female Route Version of Hotspot Hypothesis”.
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Koju, Narayan P., und Mukesh K. Chalise. „Food Hoarding Behaviour of Pika (Ochotona) in Langtang National Park, Nepal“. Journal of Natural History Museum 28 (19.12.2015): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnhm.v28i0.14165.
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The study was conducted on food hoarding behaviour of pika in Langtang National Park (LNP). It was carried along transect of 53 Km length and 200m wide from 3000 masl to 5200 masl in two routes (Langtang route and Gosainkunda route) from 2011 to 2013. Behaviours of pika were recorded from 5:30 to 19:30 during summer and from 6:30 to 17:30 during winter using focal scan sample method. Total 684 hours behaviours were recorded in 129 days covering all the seasons. Seven dry hay-piles were observed and 12 incidents of transferring food were observed. Pikas in Langtang were very poor in food hoarding and this behaviour was observed only in subalpine area.J. Nat. Hist. Mus. Vol. 28, 2014: 34-41
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Castillo-Vizuete, Danny, Alex Gavilanes-Montoya, Carlos Chávez-Velásquez, Paúl Benalcázar-Vergara und Carlos Mestanza-Ramón. „Design of Nature Tourism Route in Chimborazo Wildlife Reserve, Ecuador“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, Nr. 10 (16.05.2021): 5293. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105293.
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The design of new routes is a specific strategy to improve tourism management and to increase the attractiveness of landscape features, promoting activities as a part of sustainable development. This study proposes the design of alternative multi-parameter tourist routes in the Chimborazo Wildlife Reserve based on spatial network analysis implemented in ArcGIS 10.5® software. Tourist interest points were identified and mapped using spatial analysis software, then two routes for bicycles and hiking were defined as being the most efficient, based on the most frequented tourist attractions. The main contribution of this study is the identification of optimal routes for vehicular, bicycling, and hiking traffic through tourist attractions, considering variables such as the time, distance, average circulation speed, road state, and tourist facilities. As a result, two routes were identified. Route one includes 17 tourist attractions, five lodging establishments, four food centers, and one health center. On the other hand, route two includes 11 tourist attractions, two lodging and food establishments, and one health center. The final contribution of this research is to maximize tour satisfaction by presenting new routes of visiting tourist attractions due to the growing demand in the Chimborazo Reserve.
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BITLER, E. J., J. E. MATTHEWS, B. W. DICKEY, J. N. S. EISENBERG und J. S. LEON. „Norovirus outbreaks: a systematic review of commonly implicated transmission routes and vehicles“. Epidemiology and Infection 141, Nr. 8 (22.02.2013): 1563–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095026881300006x.
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SUMMARYCausal mechanisms of norovirus outbreaks are often not revealed. Understanding the transmission route (e.g. foodborne, waterborne, or environmental) and vehicle (e.g. shellfish or recreational water) of a norovirus outbreak, however, is of great public health importance; this information can facilitate interventions for an ongoing outbreak and regulatory action to limit future outbreaks. Towards this goal, we conducted a systematic review to examine whether published outbreak information was associated with the implicated transmission route or vehicle. Genogroup distribution was associated with transmission route and food vehicle, but attack rate and the presence of GII.4 strain were not associated with transmission route, food vehicle, or water vehicle. Attack rate, genogroup distribution, and GII.4 strain distribution also varied by other outbreak characteristics (e.g. setting, season, hemisphere). These relationships suggest that different genogroups exploit different environmental conditions and thereby can be used to predict the likelihood of various transmission routes or vehicles.
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Sompong, Narong, und Nattaphon Rampai. „Knowledge Management of Thai Local Food on the Route of Northern Tourism in Thailand“. International Journal of Information and Education Technology 5, Nr. 9 (2015): 664–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijiet.2015.v5.588.
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Opp, Breuklyn, und Kurt A. Rosentrater. „Developing a Software Tool to Estimate Food Transportation Carbon Emissions“. Journal of Food Research 9, Nr. 4 (13.06.2020): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v9n4p10.
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Food transportation is an increasingly important consideration to total food sustainability in a rapidly globalizing world. To maintain the efficiency of regionalized production, food travels great distances to the consumer’s plate. While this long-distance sourcing is often more sustainable from a production standpoint, the routes from origin to consumer are frequently unoptimized. To reduce emissions due to transportation, many have tried to limit the miles travelled by food items. However, the mode of travel is an equally important factor. Different modes produce vastly different emissions over equivalent distances. To effectively model these routes, a set of transportation emissions estimation tools has been created. This program uses an Excel interface to allow users to input key factors (like cargo mass, origin, and destination) and experiment with different modes and routes of travel to find the optimal transportation system for their application. This program may be used to analyze or improve the total life cycle analysis of a variety of products. In a case of the comparison of transportation modes, a salmon transportation route from the Faroe Islands (America’s 2nd largest source of imported fresh salmon) to Richmond, VA, USA, resulted in a roughly 98% reduction of emissions when shipped via sea rather than flown. In a case of transportation optimization, the reciprocal trade of beef between Costa Rica and the United States was found to result in at least 158,000 kg of CO2eq annually. These cases (and others) show the great need for better route optimization in food transportation systems.
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Oger, Baptiste, Cécile Laurent, Philippe Vismara und Bruno Tisseyre. „Is the optimal strategy to decide on sampling route always the same from field to field using the same sampling method to estimate yield?“ OENO One 55, Nr. 1 (05.02.2021): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2021.55.1.3334.
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Aim: This short communication aims at providing insights to verify whether common yield sampling protocols (i.e., one round trip within the fields over two representative rows) are optimal whatever the considered fields. In addition, it aims to show how factors like the spatial organisation of the within-field yield variability, the length of the rows, the erratic variance, etc. may affect the optimal sampling route and the error of the yield estimation.Methods and Material: A new algorithm based on constraint programming and stochastic approaches was used to provide optimal sampling routes for vineyards. This algorithm guarantees the representativeness of the measurement sites and a minimization of the walking distance. Practical constraints (trellised structure, starting point, etc.) are considered by the algorithm to optimise the walking distance and the resulting sampling route. The algorithm has been applied to 60 simulated vineyards with known yield variability. Characteristics like yield spatial structure, row length and proportion of erratic variance were controlled during the simulation process and were used to study how they affect the optimal sampling route derived from the algorithm.Results: The row length as well as the spatial organization of the within-field yield variability are the main factors that determine the optimality of a sampling route. Spatial organisation of the yield happens to have a strong incidence; fields with small yield patterns (Range of the semi-variogram = 25 m) showed a yield estimation error of less than 2 % with an optimal sampling route of three minutes with 7 sampling sites, whereas it takes more than 5 minutes (with 9 sampling sites) to achieve the same estimation error for fields with larger spatial patterns (range > 50 m). Results also highlight the relevance of original sampling routes which intend to sample only the beginnings of rows or mixed approaches based on a round trip in two inter-rows and complementary samples on the beginnings of one or more rows.Conclusions: This study shows that an optimal sampling route strongly depends on the field characteristics. The optimal sampling route should therefore be tailored to each field. This approach is a first step which shows how this methodology could be used to identify other factors of influence. It could also apply to real fields to optimise other logistic operations in viticulture.Significance and Impact of the Study: This short communication demonstrates the necessity to tailor sampling strategy to characteristics of each field to provide both an optimised sampling route (minimum walking distance with minimum samples) and the best possible estimate. It also proposes an original approach based on field simulations and an optimal sampling route generation algorithm. This approach makes it possible to produce new insights (and also to validate empirical practices) that can help the wine industry to better manage the logistics at harvest. This paper also gives considerations when it comes to the choice of a sampling route for a given field.
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Collett, Matthew. „A desert ant's memory of recent visual experience and the control of route guidance“. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, Nr. 1787 (22.07.2014): 20140634. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.0634.
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Insects such as desert ants learn stereotyped visual routes between their nests and reliable food sites. Studies here reveal an important control element for ensuring that the route memories are used appropriately. They find that visual route memories can be disengaged, so that they do not provide guidance, even when all appropriate visual cues are present and when there are no competing guidance cues. Ants were trained along a simple route dominated by a single isolated landmark. If returning ants were caught just before entering the nest and replaced at the feeder, then they often interrupted the recapitulation of their homeward route with a period of apparent confusion during which the route memories were ignored. A series of experiments showed that this confusion occurred in response to the repetition of the route, and that the ants must therefore maintain some kind of a memory of their visual experience on the current trip home. A conceptual model of route guidance is offered to explain the results here. It proposes how the memory might act and suggests a general role for disengagement in regulating route guidance.
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Sibomana, M. S., L. W. Ziena, S. Schmidt und T. S. Workneh. „Influence of Transportation Conditions and Postharvest Disinfection Treatments on Microbiological Quality of Fresh Market Tomatoes (cv. Nemo-Netta) in a South African Supply Chain“. Journal of Food Protection 80, Nr. 2 (27.01.2017): 345–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-229.
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ABSTRACT Postharvest microbial spoilage due to suboptimal transportation and packaging conditions is a key concern for the South African tomato industry. This study investigated the influence of washing with tap water or aqueous disinfectant solutions (chlorinated and anolyte water) on the microbiological quality of tomatoes during storage after transportation in nonrefrigerated trucks along two supply routes when packaged in crates and boxes. Route 1 was 1,093 km from field to storage site, while route 2 was 1,057 km. During transport, the temperature in the trucks fluctuated between 16 and 28°C and the relative humidity between 25 and 94% for route 1, while for route 2, the temperature was between 16 and 30°C and the relative humidity between 28 and 71%. Tomatoes at the pink maturity stage were sampled, treated, and stored for 28 days (11°C). The tomato firmness before treatment was 24.8 N (box samples) and 17.4 N (crate samples) for route 1, whereas it was 22.1 N (box samples) and 20.2 N (crate samples) for route 2. Temperature fluctuation during transportation led to water condensation on tomato surfaces. Tomatoes treated with anolyte water showed the lowest microbial surface burden during storage, with mean aerobic plate counts (APC) of 2.9 log CFU/cm2, coliform counts (CC) of 1.1 log CFU/cm2, and fungal counts (FC) of 2.3 log CFU/cm2. Overall, of the total APC recorded during storage, anolyte-treated samples contributed 9% while chlorinated water–treated samples contributed 30%. Of the total CC, anolyte samples presented 3% while chlorinated water samples made up 12%, and of the total recorded FC, anolyte samples contributed 7% while chlorinated water samples made up 22%. Scanning electron microscopy imaging showed surface cracks, which enable microbial colonization in crate-transported tomatoes. A combination of anolyte treatment and box packaging during transport resulted in the best microbiological quality during storage. The findings of this investigation provide motivation for the adoption of anolyte water as a postharvest disinfection treatment in the tomato industry.
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Gonçalves, Ana, Roberta Palumbo, Ana Guimarães, Athanasios Gkrillas, Chiara Dall’Asta, Jean-Lou Dorne, Paola Battilani und Armando Venâncio. „The Route of Mycotoxins in the Grape Food Chain“. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 71, Nr. 2 (16.12.2019): 89–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.5344/ajev.2019.19039.
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Thro, Ann Marie, und Paul Zankowski. „Classical plant breeding is the route to food security“. Nature 422, Nr. 6932 (April 2003): 559. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/422559a.
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Tamara, Carolina, und William Timberlake. „Route and landmark learning by rats searching for food“. Behavioural Processes 86, Nr. 1 (Januar 2011): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2010.10.007.
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Baginova, Vera, Sergey Lyovin und Dmitry Ushakov. „The Northern Sea Route as a reefer container transport corridor“. E3S Web of Conferences 91 (2019): 08058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199108058.
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The use of the Northern Sea Route as a transport corridor between the European and Asian continents is currently attracting increased interest in the trade, economic and logistic communities. The possibility to deliver cargo from Europe to Asia and back much faster is extremely attractive for cargo owners in the conditions of instability of the development of modern regional economic trends, turbulence of the global economy as a whole. In the conditions of rapidly changing market demand and supply in the markets of food products in Europe and Asia, the use of the Northern Sea Route as the shortest route between two continents is becoming especially popular for operators in the field of perishable goods logistics. Nevertheless, the possibility of using the Northern Sea Route is significantly limited by the complexity of transporting cargo in the autumn-winter period due to the need for ice pilotage. Assessment of the competitiveness of the Northern Sea Route compared to traditional routes seems to be an important aspect of the formation of consumer preferences among the owners of perishable goods and operators of transportation in reefer containers. The paper proposes a method for assessing the competitiveness of the Northern Sea Route with respect to alternative routes, taking into account the specifics of transportation of perishable goods in reefer containers. Criteria and indicators of competitiveness of the compared routes are presented, covering the full range of economic and technological components that determine the handling and transportation of perishable goods in reefer containers.
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TODD, EWEN C. D., JUDY D. GREIG, CHARLES A. BARTLESON und BARRY S. MICHAELS. „Outbreaks Where Food Workers Have Been Implicated in the Spread of Foodborne Disease. Part 6. Transmission and Survival of Pathogens in the Food Processing and Preparation Environment“. Journal of Food Protection 72, Nr. 1 (01.01.2009): 202–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-72.1.202.
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This article, the sixth in a series reviewing the role of food workers in foodborne outbreaks, describes the source and means of pathogen transfer. The transmission and survival of enteric pathogens in the food processing and preparation environment through human and raw food sources is reviewed, with the main objective of providing information critical to the reduction of illness due to foodborne outbreaks. Pathogens in the food preparation area can originate from infected food workers, raw foods, or other environmental sources. These pathogens can then spread within food preparation or processing facilities through sometimes complex pathways and may infect one or more workers or the consumer of foods processed or prepared by these infected workers. The most frequent means of worker contamination is the fecal-oral route, and study results have indicated that toilet paper may not stop transmission of pathogens to hands. However, contact with raw foods of animal origin, worker aerosols (from sneezes), vomitus, and exposed hand lesions also have been associated with outbreaks. Transfer of pathogens has been documented through contaminated fabrics and carpets, rings, currency, skin surfaces, dust, and aerosols and though person-to-person transmission. Results of experiments on pathogen survival have indicated that transmission depends on the species, the inoculum delivery route, the contact surface type, the duration and temperature of exposure, and the relative humidity. Generally, viruses and encysted parasites are more resistant than enteric bacteria to adverse environmental conditions, but all pathogens can survive long enough for transfer from a contaminated worker to food, food contact surfaces, or fellow workers.
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Saar, Maya, Dar Hershkovitz, Orin Amano, Darar Bega, Aziz Subach und Inon Scharf. „The effect of food preference, landmarks, and maze shift on maze-solving time in desert ants“. Behaviour 157, Nr. 7 (13.07.2020): 629–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-bja10016.
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Abstract We studied how food type and available landmarks affect spatial learning in the ant Cataglyphis niger while searching for food in a maze. We expected the ants to solve the maze faster with consecutive runs, when the preferred food type is offered, and in the presence of landmarks. Ants should also solve the maze more slowly following a mirror-route switch in the maze. As expected, maze-solving improved when searching for a preferred food type than a less preferred one, as determined in a separate food preference experiment. In contrast, adding landmarks to the maze had only little effect on maze-solving and the number of searching workers. Switching the route to a mirror-imaged route in the maze delayed maze-solving and required more workers to search for food. Our findings extend the knowledge on the ants’ learning abilities and demonstrate how foragers detect food faster when offered a high-ranking food item.
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Heyndrickx, Marc. „The Importance of Endospore-Forming Bacteria Originating from Soil for Contamination of Industrial Food Processing“. Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2011 (2011): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/561975.
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Specific endospore formers have become important contaminants in industrial food processing. The direct or indirect soil route of contamination or dispersal is the start of events or processes in the agrofood chain that eventually leads to important problems or concerns for food safety and/or quality. Three important food sectors are discussed in this paper. In the dairy sector,Bacillus cereus, the most important pathogen or spoilage organism in this sector, andClostridium tyrobutyricum, the most important spoiler in certain cheeses, both contaminate pasteurized milk through the faecal and/or (at least forB. cereus) the direct soil route. In the fruit juice industry,Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris, present on raw fruits, has become a major quality-target organism. In the ready-to-eat food sector,B. cereusand other aerobic endospore formers are introduced via vegetables, fruits, or herbs and spices, while anaerobic spore formers like nonproteolyticClostridium botulinumandClostridium estertheticumpose safety and spoilage risks in chilled packaged foods, respectively.
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Ludwig, Bernhard. „Reconstructing the Ancient Route Network in Pergamon’s Surroundings“. Land 9, Nr. 8 (23.07.2020): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9080241.
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The surrounding landscape of ancient Pergamon is characterized by several mountain ranges, the Bakırçay Valley and River and the Aegean coastline. The accessibility of this region was vital for the city since it provided food and resources as well as trade, communication and military movements, all facilitated by a well-developed route network. Despite the importance of roads for the development and prosperity of the city, the ancient route network is still widely unexplored and archeological evidence of roads is extremely rare. This study therefore aims to reconstruct the ancient route network in the surroundings of Pergamon by combining historical and archeological sources with modern computer-aided least-cost path analyses, while also considering changes in the landscape that have occurred since antiquity. Based on these detailed results, conclusions may be drawn about the characteristics and functional diversity of the routes. Although the investigation of the route network in the surroundings of Pergamon cannot be considered complete, the results of this study already offer a valuable basis for further research, analyses, modeling and field work.
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Саранча, Михаил, und Mikhail Sarancha. „The methodology of research and state of the tourist route network in Russia“. Universities for Tourism and Service Association Bulletin 9, Nr. 2 (15.06.2015): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/11293.
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The article presents the results of a study of the tourist route network of the Russian Federation, which was first carried out in such a large scale. At the initial stage of the research methodology was developed, which became the basis for a comprehensive review of the properties of the destinations of 11 units: basic details, consumers, the frequency of operation and limits of the means and methods of transportation, food and accommodation services, personnel, cost parameters, notes and other information. On the basis of the questionnaire was developed (consisting of 61 questions), which was sent to the regional tourist offices. From completed questionnaires information on tourist routes was reduced in a single database in the context of the federal subjects and the federal districts. Information on inter-regional routes was collected and processed separately. All information was collected for six thousand tourist routes. Separately, was developed and tested form of gathering information on tourist routes through the Internet portal "Tiving Map".
The results show that in the Russian Federation a marked predominance of intraregional routes. Inter-regional routes, despite their small amount, perform important functions of the integration of tourism potential of the area and are the basis for the deepening of these processes. Most developed route network is in the Central Federal District, the least one is in the North Caucasus. Most of the network formed in the 2010s. According to the subject areas are dominated by cognitive, educational, environmental and sport routes. In working with the customer from the tourist firms observed is weak segmentation, and the only class that acts as a support, is students ofschooh, universities and other institutions. In Russia there is a dominance of short-haul routes and those lasting one or two days, seasonality is a characteristic for only 19% of routes. There is an extremely low utilization of services in food and especially in accommodation, thereby greatly reducing the effectiveness of the impact of tourism activities on territories.
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Mueller, Zach. „en route to the Food Lion to pick up bread“. Prairie Schooner 87, Nr. 2 (2013): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/psg.2013.0063.
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Li, Danlian, Qian Cao, Min Zuo und Fei Xu. „Optimization of Green Fresh Food Logistics with Heterogeneous Fleet Vehicle Route Problem by Improved Genetic Algorithm“. Sustainability 12, Nr. 5 (04.03.2020): 1946. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12051946.
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In order to reduce the distribution cost of fresh food logistics and achieve the goal of green distribution at the same time, the Green Fresh Food Logistics with Heterogeneous Fleet Vehicle Route Problem (GFLHF-VRP) model is established. Based on the particularity of the model, an improved genetic algorithm called Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Simulated Annealing Mutation (GAASAM) is proposed in which the mutation operation is upgraded to a simulated annealing mutation operation and its parameters are adjusted by the adaptive operation. The experimental results show that the proposed GAASAM can effectively solve the vehicle routing problem of the proposed model, achieve better performance than the genetic algorithm, and avoid falling into a local optimal trap. The distribution routes obtained by GAASAM are with lower total distribution cost, and achieve the goal of green distribution in which energy, fuel consumption and carbon emissions are reduced at the same time. On the other hand, the proposed GFLHF-VRP and GAASAM can provide a reliable distribution route plan for fresh food logistics enterprises with multiple types of distribution vehicles in real life, which can further reduce the distribution cost and achieve a greener and more environment-friendly distribution solution. The results of this study also provide a managerial method for fresh food logistics enterprises to effectively arrange the distribution work with more social responsibility.
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Olszewski, Pawel K., Michelle M. Wirth, Timothy J. Shaw, Martha K. Grace und Allen S. Levine. „Effect of peptide histidine isoleucine on consummatory behavior in rats“. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 284, Nr. 6 (01.06.2003): R1445—R1453. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00554.2002.
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Peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI) and VIP are derived from the same precursor. While central VIP decreases food intake, potential effects of PHI on feeding have not been studied. In the current study, we found that PHI administered intracerebroventricularly (ICV) or into the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) or central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) decreased food consumption in overnight-deprived rats. The magnitude of an anorexigenic response to PHI differed depending on the injection route: ICV-infused peptide evoked the most potent effect. We determined that that only PVN- and CeA-injected PHI did not have aversive consequences. In addition, we infused anorexigenic doses of PHI via the same routes and assessed Fos immunoreactivity of PVN oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (VP) neurons using double immunohistochemistry. OT and VP are thought to promote feeding termination. PHI increased the percentage of Fos-positive OT neurons regardless of the injection route. PVN- and ICV-infused PHI induced activation of VP cells. We conclude that central PHI has an inhibitory influence on food intake in rats. The PVN, with OT and VP neurons, and CeA may be involved in the mediation of anorexigenic effects of PHI.
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Bregoli, Ilenia, Martin Hingley, Giacomo Del Chiappa und Valeria Sodano. „Challenges in Italian wine routes: managing stakeholder networks“. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal 19, Nr. 2 (11.04.2016): 204–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/qmr-02-2016-0008.
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Purpose The aim of this article is to analyse how wine and tourism operators understand the concept of a wine route, to determine the impact that definition can have on the extent to which stakeholders working within distinct, but related sectors (namely wine production, tourism, food and hospitality) collaborate with each other and share knowledge. Design/methodology/approach By adopting the theoretical lens of “boundary objects” (understood as tangible or intangible entities that allow the sharing of meaning to different groups and facilitate collaboration), this article uses a qualitative approach, based on semi-structured interviews of 20 informants working in three different wine routes in Italy. Analysis of data is carried out to highlight the similarities and differences between the wine and tourism (including identified associated service) industries. Findings Wine routes can be considered boundary objects that, if clearly defined by local stakeholders, can facilitate knowledge sharing and collaboration. Problems in collaboration could be explained by an initial mis-definition by stakeholders of what a wine route and its remit are. Research limitations/implications As the theoretical lens of “boundary objects” was applied for the first time to wine routes and tourism, further research is necessary to validate its application. Practical implications It is suggested that managers of wine routes involve all stakeholders in discussions to achieve a common understanding on what a wine route is, and its role in the promotion of “place” (geographical context of the wine route). Only if this is done successfully, is it possible to achieve collaboration. Originality/value This article uses the concept of “boundary objects” (a concept traditionally applied to the study of innovation) to the analysis of wine routes and provides further theoretical and managerial insights concerning networking between wine and tourism sectors, taking a supply-side perspective.
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Fröhlich, Eleonore, Birgit Johanna Teubl und Eva Roblegg. „Titanium dioxide nanoparticles and the oral uptake-route“. BioNanoMaterials 14, Nr. 1-2 (01.09.2013): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bnm-2013-0005.
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AbstractTitanium dioxide (TiO2) is a common additive that is increasingly used in consumer products, food, pharmaceutical dosage forms and cosmetic articles. However, due to size reduction of TiO2 particles from the microscale to the nanoscale, application areas of this material are expanding, especially in the food sector, which makes investigations of nano-TiO2 crucial. This review focuses on two important topics of current research regarding the oral pathway: 1) anatomy of the orogastrointestinal tract, composition of epithelial and mucus layer, and pH changes; 2) cell entry mechanisms, cytotoxicity and translocation. Sufficient knowledge on the oral uptake route is not yet available but is highly needed for human risk evaluation.
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Carrau, Javier Guillem. „Lack of Sherpas for a GMO Escape Route in the EU“. German Law Journal 10, Nr. 8 (01.08.2009): 1169–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200001541.
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The foodborne disease and other incidents of food contamination, such as the dioxins crisis, have tested the internal market of the European Union (EU) in relation to the free movement of goods. The protective measures adopted under the safeguard clause obliged EU Member States to act in co-ordination with the European Commission and, in fact, to modify elements of their food chain structure. Certainly the agrofood safety crisis of the 1990s and the review of European food law have resulted in a system in which the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) plays a key role.
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Chotana, Ghayoor, Tayyaba Shahzadi und Rahman Saleem. „Facile Synthesis of Halogen Decorated para-/meta-Hydroxybenzoates by Iridium-Catalyzed Borylation and Oxidation“. Synthesis 50, Nr. 21 (09.08.2018): 4336–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1610538.
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Hydroxybenzoates are an important class of phenols that are widely used as preservatives and antiseptics in the food and pharmaceutical industries. In this report, a facile preparation of 2,6- and 2,3-disubstituted 4/5-hydroxybenzoates by iridium-catalyzed borylation of respective disubstituted benzoate esters followed by oxidation is described. This synthetic route allows for the incorporation of halogens in the final hydroxybenzoates with substitution patterns not readily accessible by the traditional routes of aromatic functionalization.
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Dobly, Alexandre. „Movement patterns of male common voles (Microtus arvalis) in a network of Y junctions: role of distant visual cues and scent marks“. Canadian Journal of Zoology 79, Nr. 12 (01.12.2001): 2228–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z01-191.
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Common voles (Microtus arvalis) use networks of runways around their burrows, which are dug in meadows. Their orientation among such networks could be based on rigid "egocentred" routes (possibly through the use of olfactory "trails") or on more general, "allocentred" spatial representations (with distant visual cues). In this 5-day study, male voles should reach food in the centre of a maze of three-way (Y) junctions offering similar local views but surrounded by distant visual cues. I tested whether the animals navigated using olfactory trails, implying one main direct foraging route, or allocentered representations, allowing flexibility among equivalent routes. Males quickly marked their environment, preferentially at the periphery, where they moved the most. However, during most direct trips between the nest and the food, they used one of the central shortest routes, which included the least scent-marked zones. Moreover, the voles preferred different shortest routes to go to the food and return from it, showing a bias in favour of the side where the distant goal (food or nest) was situated. This suggests that male common voles base their choices on the general direction of their goal rather than on trails. Finally, there was no major difference in initial exploration between a clean and a scent-marked maze.
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Koenigstorfer, Joerg. „Childhood Experiences and Sporting Event Visitors’ Preference for Unhealthy versus Healthy Foods: Priming the Route to Obesity?“ Nutrients 10, Nr. 11 (05.11.2018): 1670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10111670.
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To date, there is little knowledge about how experiences in childhood frame adults’ food and drink consumption patterns in the context of attending sporting events as spectators. Therefore, the goal of this study was to explore the childhood memories of adults when they visited sporting events and find out whether and why this particular setting makes individuals indulge in unhealthy food. The study comprises two components: Study 1 and Study 2. In Study 1, 30 individuals recalled their childhood experiences of sport stadium visits at the age of ten years or younger. Inductive coding of the stories revealed that on-site enjoyment is an important factor that may lead to unhealthy food consumption. In Study 2 (n = 240), the effect of enjoyment on the intentions to eat unhealthy versus healthy food at sporting events was tested empirically and contrasted with two other leisure-time activities. The results of the experiment revealed that it is not enjoyment, but the visit to sporting or music events (versus a flea market) that increased the preference for unhealthy versus healthy foods. Implications to decrease (increase) the preference for unhealthy (healthy) food in these particular settings against the background of childhood experiences can be drawn.
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Wood, B. J. B. „ChemInform Abstract: Bioprocessing as a Route to Food Ingredients: An Introduction“. ChemInform 45, Nr. 2 (19.12.2013): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201402255.
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Matassa, Silvio, Nico Boon, Ilje Pikaar und Willy Verstraete. „Microbial protein: future sustainable food supply route with low environmental footprint“. Microbial Biotechnology 9, Nr. 5 (08.07.2016): 568–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.12369.
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Bari, Md Latiful, M. Anwar Hossain, Kenji Isshiki und Dike Ukuku. „Behavior ofYersinia enterocoliticain Foods“. Journal of Pathogens 2011 (2011): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/420732.
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Yersinia enterocoliticaare ubiquitous, being isolated frequently from soil, water, animals, and a variety of foods. They comprise a biochemically heterogeneous group that can survive and grow at refrigeration temperatures. The ability to propagate at refrigeration temperatures is of considerable significance in food hygiene. Virulent strains ofYersiniainvade mammalian cells such as HeLa cells in tissue culture. Two chromosomal genes, inv and ail, were identified for cell invasion of mammalian. The pathogen can cause diarrhoea, appendicitis and post-infection arthritis may occur in a small proportion of cases. The most common transmission route of pathogenicY. enterocoliticais thought to be fecal-oral via contaminated food. Direct person-to-person contact is rare. Occasionally, pathogenicY. enterocoliticahas been detected in vegetables and environmental water; thus, vegetables and untreated water are also potential sources of human yersiniosis. However, the isolation rates of pathogenicY. enterocoliticahave been low, which may be due to the limited sensitivity of the detection methods. To identify other possible transmission vehicles, different food items should be studied more extensively. Many factors related to the epidemiology ofY. enterocolitica, such as sources, transmission routes, and predominating genotypes remain obscure because of the low sensitivity of detection methods.
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Саранча, Михаил, Mikhail Sarancha, Оксана Голубева und Oksana Golubeva. „Methodical approaches to research of a condition of a tourist route network (on the example of the Volga Federal District)“. Services in Russia and abroad 9, Nr. 2 (22.07.2015): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/11903.
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The article presents the research results of the tourist route network Privolzhsky Federal District. Research was conducted according to the following stages: identification of possible basic properties of tourist routes (in the following blocks: requisites, consumers, the periodicity of functioning and limits, means and ways of movement, food and accommodation services, staff, cost parameters, notes and other information); the development forms of passports route (consisting of 61 questions); collecting information from open sources and by sending the completed form to the regional specialized executive authorities; data processing; development of a database of tourist routes; identifying the current situation; findings. The information about 360 tourist routes was collected. Research results show predominance of intraregional routes in Privolzhsky Federal District, interregional routes perform the functions of integration between the tourism sectors of the economy of covered regions. Almost 2/3 of the network was formed in 2010s, by thematic most part - it is informative, educational, sporting and environmental roots. Half of the routes are not targeted on specific customers, most of the rest is focused on school children and young people. Routes of small extent and duration are dominated in regions of districts, the seasonality of routes functioning not strongly expressed, usually this is the months from May to September. Weak use the services of accommodation and food is observed. The transport of tourist companies is primarily used, nevertheless a significant role performs rented vehicles. The level of comfort of used transport is characterized as high and medium. 90% of the network is functioning on a permanent basis and is well elaborated. Price per one day of program of tourist routes in 2/3 of the cases is up to 1000 rubles, and 1/5 - from 5 to 10 thousand rubles. Thus, there is a predominance of short-term and excursion tourist routes with rigorous curriculum, with a low involvement of the tourist infrastructure, which reduces the efficiency of the positive impact of tourist activities on the receiving territory.
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Keen-Rhinehart, Erin, und Timothy J. Bartness. „Leptin inhibits food-deprivation-induced increases in food intake and food hoarding“. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 295, Nr. 6 (Dezember 2008): R1737—R1746. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.90512.2008.
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Food deprivation stimulates foraging and hoarding and to a much lesser extent, food intake in Siberian hamsters. Leptin, the anorexigenic hormone secreted primarily from adipocytes, may act in the periphery, the brain, or both to inhibit these ingestive behaviors. Therefore, we tested whether leptin given either intracerebroventricularly or intraperitoneally, would block food deprivation-induced increases in food hoarding, foraging, and intake in animals with differing foraging requirements. Hamsters were trained in a running wheel-based food delivery foraging system coupled with simulated burrow housing. We determined the effects of food deprivation and several peripheral doses of leptin on plasma leptin concentrations. Hamsters were then food deprived for 48 h and given leptin (0, 10, 40, or 80 μg ip), and additional hamsters were food deprived for 48 h and given leptin (0, 1.25, 2.5, or 5.0 μg icv). Foraging, food intake, and hoarding were measured postinjection. Food deprivation stimulated food hoarding to a greater degree and duration than food intake. In animals with a foraging requirement, intracerebroventricular leptin almost completely blocked food deprivation-induced increased food hoarding and intake, but increased foraging. Peripheral leptin treatment was most effective in a sedentary control group, completely inhibiting food deprivation-induced increased food hoarding and intake at the two highest doses, and did not affect foraging at any dose. Thus, the ability of leptin to inhibit food deprivation-induced increases in ingestive behaviors differs based on foraging effort (energy expenditure) and the route of administration of leptin administration.
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Mahapatra, Mana, M. Selvaraj und Satya Parida. „Comparison of Immunogenicity and Protective Efficacy of PPR Live Attenuated Vaccines (Nigeria 75/1 and Sungri 96) Administered by Intranasal and Subcutaneous Routes“. Vaccines 8, Nr. 2 (06.04.2020): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8020168.
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Following the successful eradication of rinderpest, the World Organization of Animal Health (OIE) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) have set a goal to eradicate peste des petits ruminants (PPR) globally by 2030. Vaccination is being taken forward as the key strategy along with epidemiological surveillance to target vaccination efforts and eradicate the disease. PPR is highly contagious and is generally spread by aerosolized droplets and close contact. Currently, two live attenuated vaccines (Nigeria 75/1 and Sungri 96) are in use, and administered subcutaneously to prevent transmission of PPR and protect vaccinated animals. Though the target cells that support primary replication of PPR vaccine strains are largely unknown, it is hypothesized that the immune response could be intensified following intranasal vaccine delivery as this route mimics the natural route of infection. This study aims to compare the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the two currently available live attenuated PPR vaccines following subcutaneous and intranasal routes of vaccination in target species. Groups of five goats were vaccinated with live attenuated PPR vaccines (Nigeria 75/1 and Sungri 96) by either the subcutaneous or intranasal route, and 28 days later challenged intranasally with virulent PPR virus. All vaccinated animals regardless of vaccination route produced PPRV-specific antibodies post-vaccination. Following challenge, all goats were protected from clinical disease, and vaccination was considered to have induced sterilizing immunity. This study demonstrates that the intranasal route of vaccination is as effective as the subcutaneous route of vaccination when using available live attenuated PPR vaccines.
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Wang, Yingchao, Chen Yang und Hanpo Hou. „Risk management in perishable food distribution operations“. Industrial Management & Data Systems 120, Nr. 2 (05.10.2019): 291–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imds-03-2019-0149.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to predict or even control the food safety risks during the distribution of perishable foods. Considering the food safety risks, the distribution route of perishable foods is reasonably arranged to further improve the efficiency of cold chain distribution and reduce distribution costs. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses the microbial growth model to identify a food safety risk coefficient to describe the characteristics of food safety risks that increase over time. On this basis, with the goal of minimizing distribution costs, the authors establish a vehicle routing problem with a food safety Risk coefficient and a Time Window (VRPRTW) for perishable foods. Then, the Weight-Parameter Whale Optimization Algorithm (WPWOA) which introduces inertia weight and dynamic parameter into the native whale optimization algorithm is designed for solving this model. Moreover, benchmark functions and numerical simulation are used to test the performance of the WPWOA. Findings Based on numerical simulation, the authors obtained the distribution path of perishable foods under the restriction of food safety risks. Moreover, the WPWOA can significantly outperform other algorithms on most of the benchmark functions, and it is faster and more robust than the native WOA and avoids premature convergence. Originality/value This study indicates that the established model and the algorithm are effective to control the risk of perishable food in distribution process. Besides, it extends the existing literature and can provide a theoretical basis and practical guidance for the vehicle routing problem of perishable foods.
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Czaczkes, Tomer J., Christoph Grüter, Sam M. Jones und Francis L. W. Ratnieks. „Synergy between social and private information increases foraging efficiency in ants“. Biology Letters 7, Nr. 4 (16.02.2011): 521–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2011.0067.
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Insect societies integrate many information sources to organize collective activities such as foraging. Many ants use trail pheromones to guide foragers to food sources, but foragers can also use memories to find familiar locations of stable food sources. Route memories are often more accurate than trail pheromones in guiding ants, and are often followed in preference to trail pheromones when the two conflict. Why then does the system expend effort in producing and acquiring seemingly redundant and low-quality information, such as trail pheromones, when route memory is available? Here we show that, in the ant Lasius niger , trail pheromones and route memory act synergistically during foraging; increasing walking speed and straightness by 25 and 30 per cent, respectively, and maintaining trail pheromone deposition, but only when used together. Our results demonstrate a previously undescribed major role of trail pheromones: to complement memory by allowing higher confidence in route memory. This highlights the importance of multiple interacting information sources in the efficient running of complex adaptive systems.
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Kurpas, Monika, Kinga Wieczorek und Jacek Osek. „Ready-to-eat meat products as a source of Listeria monocytogenes“. Journal of Veterinary Research 62, Nr. 1 (30.03.2018): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2018-0007.
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AbstractIn 2015 in the European Union member states listeriosis caused 270 deaths. Food is the route of transmission in 99% of all human infection cases. Several studies from different countries have shown that the presence of Listeria monocytogenes in food can be as high as 58.3%. One of the most important ways to protect food from these microorganisms is to prevent the spread of the bacteria at processing plants at different stages of food production chain. The ability of L. monocytogenes to survive in extreme conditions and to form biofilms on various surfaces is a significant challenge for food safety. Removal of these bacteria from niches in processing plants is difficult and requires the use of sanitisers and precise equipment cleaning. The presence of L. monocytogenes in processing environment at slaughterhouses, deli meat factories or in retail may be a reason of cross-contamination. Proper hygienic systems applied by workers in food preparing places and knowledge about different routes of spreading of these bacteria may effectively decrease the risk of food contamination. Standardised legal regulations and control of meat product manufacture should be a fundamental way to protect food from L. monocytogenes contamination.
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Rifai, Lubna, und Fatima A. Saleh. „A Review on Acrylamide in Food: Occurrence, Toxicity, and Mitigation Strategies“. International Journal of Toxicology 39, Nr. 2 (04.02.2020): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1091581820902405.
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Acrylamide (AA) is a food contaminant present in a wide range of frequently consumed foods, which makes human exposure to this toxicant unfortunately unavoidable. However, efforts to reduce the formation of AA in food have resulted in some success. This review aims to summarize the occurrence of AA and the potential mitigation strategies of its formation in foods. Formation of AA in foods is mainly linked to Maillard reaction, which is the first feasible route that can be manipulated to reduce AA formation. Furthermore, manipulating processing conditions such as time and temperature of the heating process, and including certain preheating treatments such as soaking and blanching, can further reduce AA formation. Due to the high exposure to AA, recognition of its toxic effect is necessary, especially in developing countries where awareness about AA health risks is still very low. Therefore, this review also focuses on the different toxic effects of AA exposure, including neurotoxicity, genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, reproductive toxicity, hepatotoxicity, and immunotoxicity.
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Zhang, Haifang. „Research on the Development Route of Internationalization Brand of Sports Nutrition Food“. Advance Journal of Food Science and Technology 8, Nr. 2 (10.05.2015): 94–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.19026/ajfst.8.1471.
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Upadhyay, Ranjit Kumar. „Multiple attractors and crisis route to chaos in a model food-chain“. Chaos, Solitons & Fractals 16, Nr. 5 (Juni 2003): 737–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-0779(02)00410-1.
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Gormley, Ronan. „FLAIR-FLOW EUROPE: a dissemination route to the food industry and consumers“. Trends in Food Science & Technology 3 (Januar 1992): 103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0924-2244(92)90151-l.
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Rossen, Lauren M., Frank C. Curriero, Michele Cooley-Strickland und Keshia M. Pollack. „Food Availability en Route to School and Anthropometric Change in Urban Children“. Journal of Urban Health 90, Nr. 4 (08.02.2013): 653–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11524-012-9785-4.
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Wang, Xing, Ling Wang, Shengyao Wang, Jing-fang Chen und Chuge Wu. „An XGBoost-enhanced fast constructive algorithm for food delivery route planning problem“. Computers & Industrial Engineering 152 (Februar 2021): 107029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2020.107029.
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Shen, Miaoqing, Liwang Cui, Nancy Ostiguy und Diana Cox-Foster. „Intricate transmission routes and interactions between picorna-like viruses (Kashmir bee virus and sacbrood virus) with the honeybee host and the parasitic varroa mite“. Journal of General Virology 86, Nr. 8 (01.08.2005): 2281–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.80824-0.
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Viral diseases of honeybees are a major problem in apiculture, causing serious economic losses worldwide, especially in combination with varroa mites. To increase understanding of the relationship among viruses, mites and colony decline, the tripartite relationships among bees, viruses [Kashmir bee virus (KBV) and sacbrood virus (SBV)] and varroa mites have been investigated systematically. To develop an antibody-based test for KBV, two structural recombinant proteins were purified for polyclonal-antibody production. By using ELISA and RT-PCR, the presence of KBV and SBV was studied comparatively in different developmental stages and castes of bees. The results demonstrated that KBV may persist as a viral genome with extremely low levels of viral-capsid proteins and that KBV and SBV can co-infect honeybees. This study indicated the presence of KBV and SBV RNAs in both queens and eggs by RT-PCR, suggesting a route of transovarial transmission. Horizontal transmission is also very likely among adult bees and from adult workers to larvae through contaminated food resources, because both viruses have been detected in all developmental stages and food sources (brood food, honey, pollen and royal jelly). Furthermore, it was demonstrated that mites were another possible route of horizontal transmission, as both viruses were detected in mites and their saliva. This study, for the first time, detected co-occurrence of viruses in varroa, further underlining the importance of the mites in vectoring different bee viruses. Therefore, these results indicated that multiple infection routes exist for honeybee viral diseases.
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Bíró, Györgyi, János Tamás, János Borbély, Lili Mézes und Gergely Hunyadi. „Risk effects of the spread route of mycotoxins“. Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, Nr. I (05.10.2010): 90–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/i/8382.
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In Hungary the mycotoxin is a great problem, because there are many natural toxins in wheat and maize. These cereals can be found onconsiderable proportion of the country’s sowing area, and they are deterministic food for the population. The direct human and animalutilization of the contaminated cereals mean a serious risk in the food chain. In Hungary’s climate the soil is contaminated with pathogenmoulds, particularly Fusarium species, which increase by respective temperature and moisture content in cereals. The Fusarium candecrease the quality of the wheat in different ways: decrease the germination capability and cause visible discoloration and appearance ofmould, reduces the dry material and nutrient content of the grain. From the toxins produced by the Fusarium genus, the trichotecene (T-2,HT-2, deoxinivalenol, nivalenol, diacetoxyscxirpenol, Fusarenon-X) and the estrogenic zearalenon (F-2) are the most common in Hungary.The fumonisins (FB1, FB2, FB3) first identified in 1988, relatively newly discovered, are also important. Major proportion of mycotoxins in ahealthy organization is metabolized by the enzyme system of liver and intestinal bacteria. The toxicity is reduced or even leaves off.However, more toxic and biologically active compounds can be formed. For the reduction of mycotoxin-contamination several possibilitiesare available in the case of storage, processing and feeding.
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Camargo, Edina Maria de, Claudia Oliveira Alberico, Adalberto Aparecido Santos Lopes, Jasper Schipperijn und Rodrigo Siqueira Reis. „Characteristics of the built environment on GPS-determined bicycle routes used by adolescents“. Revista Brasileira de Atividade Física & Saúde 24 (29.07.2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.12820/rbafs.24e0106.
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The aim of this study was to identify the characteristics of the routes used for cycling according to gender on a sample of adolescents from the city of Curitiba, Brazil. The study was conducted in 2013 with 147 adolescents aged 12 to 17 years, who wore accelerometer and Global Positioning System receivers to assess physical activity and geographic locations. A total of 38 participants (50.0% girls) presented at least one bicycle route and were included in the analytic sample. A total of 386 routes were identified. Nearly all routes included public transportation facilities, plazas, and parcels with residential, retail, food or recreational land use (> 97.0%) while bike lanes/paths (62.7%) and Fitness Zones were less frequent (71.8%). Bus rapid transit (BRT) stations, parks and vacant lots were the least frequent feature in the routes (37.3%; 17.1%; and 7.5%, respectively). Routes used by girls had fewer vacant lots (3.9%; p = 0.001) and more residential, retail, food services, and recreational uses (99.6%; p = 0.003; 99.1%; p = 0.011; 98.7%; p = 0.030, respectively) than those used by boys. The findings suggest that the routes used by adolescents have mixed and diverse land use and girls ride along routes with greater bicycling and service infrastructure and less physical disorder than boys.
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Crist, Elisabeth A. „Mapping a Practice Route Through the Journal“. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 99, Nr. 9 (September 1999): 1041–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0002-8223(99)00243-6.
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Dwi Djayanti, Ranti, und Yani Iriani. „Optimization in Determining Routes of Goods Distribution Vehicle Using the Ant Colony Optimization Algorithm Method at PT XYZ“. Journal of Information Systems and Informatics 2, Nr. 1 (17.03.2020): 202–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.33557/journalisi.v2i1.62.
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PT XYZ is one of freight forwarding companies in Indonesia, which is located in the city of Bandung. This company has managerial functions related to Collecting, Processing, Transporting, Delivery, and Reporting. However, the fact is in the process of Transporting this company still uses a zoning system which is a shipping system that still divides tertiary areas and each of these areas uses one vehicle. One problem that arises is that companies want effective and efficient performance in the distribution system of goods with the minimum total transportation costs. However, the company does not know yet whether the company's shipping routes have been effective and efficient or not. The company has tertiary network distribution route that are 2 routes with a total distance of 143.4 Km and a total transportation cost of Rp 5,681,484 /month. This research aims to determine the optimal goods distribution route using the Ant Colony Optimization Algorithm method, which is the method of finding the shortest path following ant behavior in taking food to its nest. Based on the results of the research, it is obtained a total distance of 109.2 Km because it becomes 1 route and total transportation costs Rp 3,337,992 /month, then it is obtained optimal results with a difference in distance is 34.2 Km and a total transportation cost of Rp 2,343,492 /month using one vehicle.
Keywords: Optimization, Distribution, Ant Colony Optimization Algorithm
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Xu, Yue, Minxuan Liu, Chunxiang Li, Fengjie Sun, Ping Lu, Fanshuang Meng, Xinyu Zhao et al. „Domestication and Spread of Broomcorn Millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) Revealed by Phylogeography of Cultivated and Weedy Populations“. Agronomy 9, Nr. 12 (03.12.2019): 835. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9120835.
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Cultivated broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum L.), one of the most ancient crops, has long been an important staple food in the semiarid regions of Eurasia. Weedy broomcorn millet (Panicum ruderale (Kitag.) Chang comb. Nov.), the companion weed of cultivated broomcorn millet, is also widely distributed throughout Eurasia and can produce fertile offspring by crossing with cultivated broomcorn millet. The evolutionary and genetic relationships between weedy and cultivated broomcorn millets, and the explicit domestication areas and detailed spread routes of this cereal are still unclear. The genetic diversity and population structure of 200 accessions of weedy and cultivated broomcorn millets were explored to elucidate the genetic relationship between weedy and cultivated broomcorn millets, and to trace the explicit domestication areas and detailed spread routes of broomcorn millets by using 23 simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers. Our results show that the weedy populations in China may harbor the ancestral variations that gave rise to the domesticated broomcorn millet. The population structure pattern observed in the wild and domesticated broomcorn millets is consistent with the hypothesis that there may be at least two independent domestication areas in China for the cultivated broomcorn millet, the Loess Plateau and the Northeast China, with both following the westward spread routes. These two westward spread routes of cultivated broomcorn millet coincide exactly with the prehistoric Oasis Route and Steppe Route, respectively.
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Fanta, Solomon Workneh, und Satheesh Neela. „A review on nutritional profile of the food from enset“. Nutrition & Food Science 49, Nr. 5 (09.09.2019): 824–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/nfs-11-2018-0306.
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Purpose This paper is a systemic review on enset plant’s role in Ethiopian people’s life as the source of food. This paper aims to summarize the traditional processing and preparation methods of enset-based foods and their nutritional composition. Design/methodology/approach Available scientific articles were collected and reviewed for enset plant evaluation, description, enset plant’s role in Ethiopian people’s food security, post harvesting and traditional processing of enset plants, microbiology of the fermented enset foods, different foods reported from enset, nutritional profile of the three food from enset base (kocho, bulla and amicho) and other non-food applications of enset plant. Findings Enset plant has a predominant role in people living in the southern part of Ethiopia. This plant is drought-tolerant and provides many non-food applications. Harvesting of the enset plant, preparing for fermentation and food preparations follow the traditional route by using the indigenous knowledge and practices. Limited studies have been reported on the microbiology of the enset fermentation, but various types of microbes have been reported. In case of nutritional composition, foods from enset are reported to contain high carbohydrate and minerals content, such as calcium, potassium and zinc, but limited protein content; they are also the best source of the essential amino acids such as lysine and leucine. Limited data are available on vitamins, anti-oxidant and fatty acids profiles of enset-based foods. The existing data indicate variations, and the reasons for variability are discussed in this paper. Originality/value Scientific reviews on enset food nutrition profile and related issues are scarce; this paper will compile information about enset plant-based foods for researchers for their future research.