Thematische Bibliographien / Foam lifetimes

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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Foam lifetimes“

Autor: Grafiati

Veröffentlicht am 25. Mai 2024

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Foam lifetimes"

Briceño-Ahumada, Zenaida, Alesya Mikhailovskaya und Jennifer A. Staton. „The role of continuous phase rheology on the stabilization of edible foams: A review“. Physics of Fluids 34, Nr. 3 (März 2022): 031302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0078851.

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Foams play an essential role in food. They contribute to the texture, aroma, and mouthfeel of a product; potentially reduce calories; and visually inspire the consumer. Understanding factors that control foam structure and bubble lifetimes is, therefore, of considerable interest. This review focuses on the effect of the continuous phase rheology for bubbly systems with an emphasis on edible foams. We review common biopolymers used to alter the rheology of the continuous phase of food foams and discuss potential mechanisms responsible for the production and stabilization of such systems. Variations to the matrix (i.e., foamulsions and oil-based foams) and the addition of gelling particles are also considered. This review emphasizes the necessity for fine control over the mechanical properties of the continuous phase to achieve the desired sensorial attributes and foam stability in food products. However, the dynamics of viscoelastic food foams are poorly understood due to their complex nature. We, therefore, discuss rheological studies on model foams and provide future directions for research that is in keeping with current trends and challenges in the food industry and culinary arts.

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Szekrényesy, T., K. Liktor und N. Sándor. „Characterization of foam stability by the use of foam models 1. Models and derived lifetimes“. Colloids and Surfaces 68, Nr. 4 (November 1992): 267–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-6622(92)80212-k.

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Linul, Petrică, Radu Bănică, Oana Grad, Emanoil Linul und Nicolae Vaszilcsin. „Highly Electroconductive Metal-Polymer Hybrid Foams Based on Silver Nanowires: Manufacturing and Characterization“. Polymers 16, Nr. 5 (23.02.2024): 608. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16050608.

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Due to their electroconductive properties, flexible open-cell polyurethane foam/silver nanowire (PUF/AgNW) structures can provide an alternative for the construction of cheap pressure transducers with limited lifetimes or used as filter media for air conditioning units, presenting bactericidal and antifungal properties. In this paper, highly electroconductive metal-polymer hybrid foams (MPHFs) based on AgNWs were manufactured and characterized. The electrical resistance of MPHFs with various degrees of AgNW coating was measured during repeated compression. For low degrees of AgNW coating, the decrease in electrical resistance during compression occurs in steps and is not reproducible with repeated compression cycles due to the reduced number of electroconductive zones involved in obtaining electrical conductivity. For high AgNW coating degrees, the decrease in resistance is quasi-linear and reproducible after the first compression cycle. However, after compression, cracks appear in the foam cell structure, which increases the electrical resistance and decreases the mechanical strength. It can be considered that PUFs coated with AgNWs have a compression memory effect and can be used as cheap solutions in industrial processes in which high precision is not required, such as exceeding a maximum admissible load or as ohmic seals for product security.

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Arabadzhieva, Dimi, Plamen Tchoukov und Elena Mileva. „Impact of Adsorption Layer Properties on Drainage Behavior of Microscopic Foam Films: The Case of Cationic/Nonionic Surfactant Mixtures“. Colloids and Interfaces 4, Nr. 4 (13.11.2020): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/colloids4040053.

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Aqueous mixtures of cationic hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC) and nonionic pentaethyleneglycol monododecyl ether (C12E5) are investigated. Adsorption layer properties are systematically studied within a wide concentration range for a 1:1 molar ratio of the surfactants. Surface tension and dilatational rheology measurements are conducted by profile analysis tensiometry. The interfacial data are juxtaposed to drainage kinetics and stability results for microscopic foam films, investigated by microinterferometric thin liquid film instrumentation. The obtained results give experimental evidence of synergistic interactions in the studied solutions, as compared to the corresponding single surfactant systems. Specific runs of dynamic and equilibrium surface tension curves are registered against the total surfactant quantity; the surface dilatational elasticities for the mixtures are systematically higher. A clear correlation is established between adsorption layer performance and foam film characteristics. The maxima of the film lifetimes are well outlined, and the respective values are shifted towards lower overall concentrations. The reported results substantiate the key role of the adsorption layers, and the surface dilatational properties in particular, for foam film drainage kinetics and stability. The well-expressed synergy observed in adsorption layer and foam film properties suggests the substantial benefits of using mixed surfactant systems in the design and fine-tuning of foam systems for innovative applications.

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Czakaj, Agnieszka, Emmanouil Chatzigiannakis, Jan Vermant, Marcel Krzan und Piotr Warszyński. „The Influence of the Surface Chemistry of Cellulose Nanocrystals on Ethyl Lauroyl Arginate Foam Stability“. Polymers 14, Nr. 24 (09.12.2022): 5402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14245402.

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Guanidine-based surfactant ethyl lauroyl arginate (LAE) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) form complexes of enhanced surface activity when compared to pure surfactants. The LAE-CNC mixtures show enhanced foaming properties. The dynamic thin-film balance technique (DTFB) was used to study the morphology, drainage and rupture of LAE-CNC thin liquid films under constant driving pressure. A total of three concentrations of surfactant and the corresponding mixtures of LAE with sulfated (sCNC) and carboxylated (cCNC) cellulose nanocrystals were studied. The sCNC and cCNC suspension with LAE formed thin films, with stability increasing with surfactant concentration and with complex rheological properties. In the presence of LAE, the aggregation of CNC was observed. While the sCNC aggregates were preferentially present in the film volume with a small fraction at the surface, the cCNC aggregates, due to their higher hydrophobicity, were preferentially located at film interfaces, forming compact layers. The presence of both types of aggregates decreased the stability of the thin liquid film compared to the one for the LAE solution with the same concentration. The addition of CNC to LAE was critical for foam formation, and foam stability was in qualitative agreement with the thin films’ lifetimes. The foam volume increased with the LAE concentration. However, there was an optimum surfactant concentration to achieve stable foam. In particular, the very resistant foam was obtained with cCNC suspensions that formed the interfaces with a complex structure and rheology. On the other hand, at high LAE concentrations, the aggregates of CNC may exhibit antifoaming properties

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Peralta, Alexander, Frederick Just-Agosto, Basir Shafiq und David Serrano. „Innovative vibration technique applied to polyurethane foam as a viable substitute for conventional fatigue testing“. Journal of the Mechanical Behaviour of Materials 21, Nr. 3-4 (01.12.2012): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jmbm-2011-0013.

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AbstractLifetime prediction using three-point bending (TPB) can at times be prohibitively time consuming and costly, whereas vibration testing at higher frequency may potentially save time and revenue. A vibration technique that obtains lifetimes that reasonably match those determined under flexural TPB fatigue is developed. The technique designs the specimen with a procedure based on shape optimization and finite element analysis. When the specimen is vibrated in resonance, a stress pattern that mimics the stress pattern observed under conventional TPB fatigue testing is obtained. The proposed approach was verified with polyurethane foam specimens, resulting in an average error of 4.5% when compared with TPB.

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SUN, QICHENG, LIANGHUI TAN und GUANGQIAN WANG. „LIQUID FOAM DRAINAGE: AN OVERVIEW“. International Journal of Modern Physics B 22, Nr. 15 (20.06.2008): 2333–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979208039514.

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Liquid foams are concentrated dispersions of gas bubbles in a small amount of surfactant solution, which are perpetually out of equilibrium systems. The process of liquid draining through networks of Plateau borders in a fresh foam is so-called foam drainage, as a result of both gravitational and capillary forces, which has great effect on the stability of foams. From the view of foam physics and dynamics, this paper briefly introduces foam structure and major lifetime limiting factors of foam. The substantial progress on the theory of drainage, measuring techniques for liquid fractions, drainage in both one dimension and two dimensions, and drainage in microgravity circumstances are overviewed throughout. Remaining tasks are discussed and a multiscale methodology for foam drainage is proposed for future investigations.

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AbdelKader, Atef. „The effect of cell boundary on 2D foam“. MATEC Web of Conferences 192 (2018): 01011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819201011.

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We have studied the effect of cell boundary on 2D foam, with particular attention to perfect arrays of identical bubbles, and those containing only a single defect with time. We have also examined the effect of the wetness of the foam, observing the stability of two-dimensional foam comprising bubble rafts constrained to a fixed area of liquid surface. Perfectly six-fold coordinated foam appear to be unstable against loss of cohesion, but the lifetime to breakage of the perfect foam increases systematically with changing the cell boundaries. Foams containing a single defect are stable against such breakage due to the elastic stress fields around it.

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Yilixiati, Subinuer, Ewelina Wojcik, Yiran Zhang und Vivek Sharma. „Spinodal stratification in ultrathin micellar foam films“. Molecular Systems Design & Engineering 4, Nr. 3 (2019): 626–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8me00102b.

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We report the discovery and analysis of spinodal stratification, a hitherto unreported mechanism underlying drainage and rupture of micellar foam films, that presents unexplored opportunities for understanding and controlling the stability, lifetime and properties of ubiquitous foams.

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Zimnyakov, Dmitry, Marina Alonova, Ekaterina Ushakova, Olga Ushakova, Anna Isaeva und Elena Isaeva. „Dynamic Light Scattering by Foamed Polymers during Preparation of Scaffold Prototypes: Events Statistics Analysis versus Evaluation of Correlation Time in Data Interpretation“. Photonics 8, Nr. 12 (03.12.2021): 549. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics8120549.

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Polylactide foaming as the key stage in laboratory preparation of highly porous biocompatible matrices used as scaffold prototypes was monitored based the effect of dynamic light scattering in expanding polylactide foams. Intensity fluctuations of scattered laser radiation in the course of foam expansion were analyzed using ensemble-averaged estimates of the speckle lifetime within a running window in the time domain. It was found that, in contrast to the commonly used correlation time of intensity fluctuations, the values of the average speckle lifetime are invariant with respect to the type of dynamics of phase fluctuations of partial components in scattered radiation. This makes it possible to relate this parameter to microscopic mobility of interphase boundaries in the foam in the absence of a priori information on the law of motion relating these boundaries at the microscopic level. The proposed approach in combination with the developed phenomenological model describing the relationship between the average speckle lifetime and the current values of the foam volume, as well as its first-time derivative made it possible to interpret the features of foam structure formation.

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Dissertationen zum Thema "Foam lifetimes"

Tran, Hoai-Phuong. „Foamability of Oil Mixtures“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUS117.

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La formation de mousse dans les mélanges d’huiles est un problème courant, par exemple dans les boîtes de vitesses de moteurs électriques. Des agents anti-mousses peuvent être utilisés, mais il est important de comprendre comment se forme la mousse. Les liquides purs ne forment pas de mousse en raison de la courte durée de vie des films liquides, où aucun effet ne s’oppose aux interactions attractives de van der Waals. Toutefois, l’effet permettant d’augmenter les temps de vie des films liquides dans les mélanges d'huiles, et en l'absence d’autres effets stabilisants connus, n'a pas été expliqué. Cette thèse propose un mécanisme à l’origine de cette augmentation. Nous avons mesuré le temps de vie de mousses dans des mélanges binaires dont la composition et la taille des bulles varient. Des expériences sur des bulles uniques formées à la surface d’un bain liquide ont permis de mesurer l’épaisseur du film liquide au moment de sa rupture. Nous démontrons que l’effet stabilisant est dû aux différences de concentration des espèces entre le volume et l’interface avec l’air : le liquide de tension de surface la plus faible a une concentration légèrement supérieure à l’interface et joue ainsi le rôle d’un tensioactif. Nous montrons ensuite comment ces différences de concentration sont reliées aux non-linéarités des variations de la tension de surface du mélange avec sa composition et quelles sont les conséquences sur le temps de vie des films liquides. Enfin, la rhéologie de surface de ces systèmes est plus simple que celle des films de savon et nous proposons une description quantitative de la formation, du drainage et de la rupture des films liquides
Foaming in oil mixtures is a common problem, for example in electric motor gearboxes. Anti-foaming agents can be used, but it is important to understand how foam forms. Pure liquids do not form foams because of the short life of liquid films, where there is no effect against attractive van der Waals interactions. However, the effect at the origin of increased lifetimes of liquid films in oil mixtures, in the absence of other known stabilizing effects, has not been explained. This thesis proposes a mechanism for this increase. We have measured the lifetime of foams in binary mixtures of varying composition and bubble size. Experiments on single bubbles formed on the surface of a liquid bath allowed us to measure the thickness of the liquid film at the time of its rupture. We demonstrate the stabilizing effect is due to differences in species concentration between the volume and the interface with air: the liquid with the lowest surface tension has a slightly higher concentration at the interface and thus acts as a surfactant. We then show how these concentration differences are related to the non-linearities of the variations of the surface tension of the mixture with its composition and what are the consequences on the lifetimes of liquid films. Finally, we show that the surface rheology of these systems is simpler than that of soap films and propose a quantitative description of the formation, drainage and breakup of liquid films

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Townsend, Benjamin William. „Characterization and Lifetime Performance Modeling of Acrylic Foam Tape for Structural Glazing Applications“. Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35233.

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This thesis presents the results of testing and modeling conducted to characterize the performance of 3Mâ ¢ VHBâ ¢ structural glazing tape in both shear and tension. Creep rupture testing results provided the failure time at a given static load and temperature, and ramp-to-fail testing results provided the ultimate load resistance at a given rate of strain and temperature. Parallel testing was conducted on three structural silicone sealants to compare performance. Using the time temperature superposition principle, master curves of VHB tape storage and loss moduli in shear and tension were developed with data from a dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA). The thermal shift factors obtained from these constitutive tests were successfully applied to the creep rupture and ramp-to-fail data collected at 23Â°C, 40Â°C, and 60Â°C (73Â°F, 104Â°F, and 140Â°F), resulting in master curves of ramp-to-fail strength and creep rupture durability in shear and tension. A simple linear damage accumulation model was then proposed to examine the accumulation of wind damage if VHB tape is used to attach curtain wall glazing panels to building facades. The purpose of the model was to investigate the magnitude of damage resulting from the accumulation of sustained wind speeds that are less than the peak design wind speed. The model used the equation derived from tensile creep rupture testing, extrapolated into the range of stresses that would typically be generated by wind loading. This equation was applied to each individual entry in the data files of several real wind speed histories, and the fractions of life used at each entry were combined into a total percentage of life used. Although the model did not provide evidence that the established design procedure is unsafe, it suggested that the accumulation of damage from wind speeds below the peak wind speed could cause a VHB tape mode of failure that merits examination along with the more traditional peak wind speed design procedure currently recommended by the vendor.
Master of Science

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CAMPOS, MARIA C. A. „Espalhamento inelastico de eletrons no sup(12) C“. reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2001. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10947.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:45:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:04:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 07541.pdf: 9270192 bytes, checksum: 625d1a8ce146718eee35be24d9a360a3 (MD5)
Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

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Weldon, John. „The text doesn’t stop at the end of the page (or does it?) : an exploration of how the novel form responds to digital interactivity through the cross-sited novel ‘Once in a lifetime’“. Thesis, 2014. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/28813/.

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Change is a constant of storytelling, in terms of both form and content. Many scholars and commentators have argued, however, that the effects currently being wrought on fiction texts as a result of the influence of digital technology and interactivity are the most monumental that storytelling has undergone since the invention of moveable type in the mid-1400s. Writers have wrestled with ways to include digital technology in their work since its introduction in the late 1960s. It has been used as subject matter and as a tool to shape, contain and present their work to readers. This experimentation was accelerated in the 1980s following the development of hyperfiction. Web 2.0 and the birth of interactive social media have seen an increased focus among scholars on the ways and means by which digital interactivity has and will impact on storytelling and reading. This leads to an often-polarising debate and one which ranges in tone from apocalyptic to euphoric in response to the question of how long-form narrative in particular will fare as a result. As a storyteller writing a novel set in a contemporary context, I became aware of the possible use-value of social media, in the form of the blog, to deliver content – in this case, inner monologue. Those sections of the novel concerned with self-reflection thereby transformed from what was originally a Socratic/Seinfeldian internal dialectic, framed through the use of second person, into something more akin to the sort of content that might be found on a blog. It was only a short step from there to a consideration of how social media might be used in the form of the work as well as in its content. This then led to an exploration of how this might change the nature of what was written, how it was read and the effects on the relationship between reader, author and character. Through the medium of what became the cross-sited, interactive fiction ‘Once in a Lifetime’ (comprising the novel ‘Once in a Lifetime’ and the blogs Note to Elf and Hot Seat) I attempted to create a scenario whereby the effects that the incorporation of iii digital interactivity into both the narrative and the form of a novel might affect the work and the relationships between writer, reader and characters. I wished to explore whether the introduction of interactivity to the novel might allow for the novel form to move beyond the page. Would the story continue to grow in cyberspace with input from readers, or would the novel form prove more resistant to such intervention?

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Bücher zum Thema "Foam lifetimes"

Veszely, Beata. 62 lifetimes: (texts from the Daily racing form). Rosendale, New York: Women's Studio Workshop, 1996.

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Lifetime encyclopedia of letters. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice-Hall, 1992.

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Meyer, Harold E. Lifetime encyclopedia of letters. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice Hall, 1996.

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Lifetime encyclopedia of letters. 3. Aufl. Paramus, NJ: Prentice Hall Press, 2001.

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Lifetime encyclopedia of letters. Paramus, N.J: Prentice Hall Press, 1998.

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Isaac Asimov. Isaac Asimov's treasury of humor: A lifetime collection of favorite jokes, anecdotes, and limericks with copious notes on how to tell them and why. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1991.

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National Cancer Institute (U.S.), Hrsg. Mammograms Not just once, but for a lifetime, Breast Cancer and Mammography Education Materials, From the National Cancer Institute, July 1998, (FORM). [S.l: s.n., 1998.

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Gasparini, Evel. Il matriarcato slavo. Herausgegeben von Marcello Garzaniti und Donatella Possamai. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-8453-999-1.

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This book on Slavic matriarchy is the result of the studies and researches that Evel Gasparini carried out over the span of his lifetime. Intrigued by the possibility of a close link between the collective ownership of the land and the ancient agricultural-matriarchal substrate of Slav culture, Gasparini launched on the titanic enterprise of analysing the archaeological and historical sources of early Slavic civilisation. Basing himself on a concept of culture elaborated in the ethnological field, he brought to light certain contradictions in the application of the Indo-European paradigm to Slavic culture and identified a series of elements illustrating the matriarchal substrate. Exploiting an uncommon knowledge of cultural anthropology and profound linguistic competencies, in this book Gasparini maps out a complex panorama ranging from the economy to the social structure and from the religious traditions to music and dance. Out of print for some time, the book is now proposed in a new, more convenient form, complete with an appendix on Finns and Slavs – which was originally intended as another chapter in the book but was then left out – a detailed preface by Gasparini's disciple Remo Faccani, and a bibliography of the scholar's oeuvre edited by Donatella Possamai.

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Imprint Training of the Newborn Foal: A Swift, Effective Method for Permanently Shaping a Horse's Lifetime Behavior. Western Horseman, 2003.

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Adams, Frank. Poetry Is a Lifetime in the Form of Lyrics: 7 Lyrics for 7 Years of My Life. Independently Published, 2017.

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Buchteile zum Thema "Foam lifetimes"

Wischmann, K. B. „Polyurethane Foam Component Lifetimes“. In Polymeric Materials for Corrosion Control, 341–48. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1986-0322.ch030.

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Coons, J. E., T. S. Stephens, R. Mooday, A. L. Graham und W. P. Steckle. „The Mechanical Characterization and Stress Relaxation of a Filled Silicone Foam“. In Ageing Studies and Lifetime Extension of Materials, 467–72. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1215-8_50.

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Tate, Philip C. Miller, Sina Talal, Christopher J. Page und R. Keith Scarrow. „Accelerated Compression Set at Elevated Temperature in Rigid Polymer Foams“. In Ageing Studies and Lifetime Extension of Materials, 81–86. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1215-8_7.

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Herrmann, Tayla, Anna Zimmerer, Claus Lang-Koetz und Jörg Woidasky. „The Climate Impact of the Usage of Headphones and Headsets“. In Sustainable Production, Life Cycle Engineering and Management, 7–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-29294-1_2.

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AbstractBased on disassembly studies, a life cycle assessment of the climate impact of the wireless over-ear headphone model Jabra Evolve2 85 (without charging station) is conducted regarding the life cycle phases of manufacturing, packaging, distribution, use and disposal. The total weight of all components is 280.7 g. The materials can be categorized into polymers (61.7%), metals (20.9%), circuit boards (4.8%), Li-ion battery (4.6%), foam (3.5%), cables (3.0%) and unidentifiable polymers (1.7%). The functional unit is defined as the wireless audio transmission through a stereo headphone over its lifetime. The lifecycle assessment results in a global warming potential of 12.17 kg CO2-Eq with a contribution of the manufacturing phase of 81.2%, based on an assumed lifetime of 2,600 using hours. In the context of a sensitivity analysis, a repair scenario of a battery replacement of the over-ear headset is modelled. Assuming a doubled lifetime, the global warming potential per hour is reduced from 4.7 g CO2-Eq/h to 2.4 g CO2-Eq/h.

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Marissa, M. Reigel, und Mark D. Fowley. „Extending the Lifetime of Mixer Paddles Used in the Production of a Low-Level Radioactive Cementitious Waste Form“. In Processing and Properties of Advanced Ceramics and Composites VII, 309–20. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119183860.ch30.

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Gandor, Malin, Nicolas Jäckel, Lorenz Käser, Alexander Schlie, Ingo Stierand, Axel Terfloth, Steffen Toborg, Louis Wachtmeister und Anna Wißdorf. „Architectures for Dynamically Coupled Systems“. In Model-Based Engineering of Collaborative Embedded Systems, 95–124. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62136-0_5.

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AbstractDynamically coupled collaborative embedded systems operate in groups that form, change, and dissolve—often frequently—during their lifetime. Furthermore, the context in which collaborative systems operate is a dynamic one: systems in the context may appear, change their visible behavior, and disappear again. Ensuring safe operation of such collaborative systems is of key importance, while their dynamic nature poses challenges that do not occur in “classical” system design. This starts with the elicitation of the operational context against which the system will be designed—requiring capture of its dynamic nature—and affects all other design phases as well. Novel development methods are required, enabling engineers to deal with the challenges raised by dynamicity in a manageable way. This chapter presents methods that have been developed to support engineers in this task. The methods cover different viewpoints and abstraction levels of the development process, starting at the requirements viewpoint, and glance at the functional and technical design, as well as verification methods for the type of systems envisioned.

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„Beyond Form“. In A Lifetime Is a Promise to Keep, 88–92. Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/jj.7762623.41.

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Simon, Jonathan. „Project Exile : Race, the War on Crime, and Mass Imprisonment“. In Governing Through Crime, 141–76. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195181081.003.0006.

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Abstract America since the 1980s has created a historically unique penal form that some sociologists and criminologists have called “mass imprisonment” (Garland 2001b). The term is meant to point to three distinctive features of imprisonment in the United States: its scale, its categorical application, and its increasingly warehouse-like or even waste management–like qualities (Feeley & Simon 1992). All three are inevitably relative features. Prison was once an aberrational experience for all segments of the com- munity, even those with the highest levels of imprisonment. If present trends continue, nearly one in 15 Americans born in 2001 will serve time in prison during their lifetimes (6.6 percent of that birth cohort). Broken down by race and gender, the odds are even more daunting: one in three black men, one in seven Hispanic men, and one in 17 white men will go to prison in their lifetime, given current trends (Bonczar 2003). The odds of an African American man going to prison today are higher than the odds he will go to college, get married, or go into the military.

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Wolf, Douglas A. „Disability-free Life Trends at Older Ages“. In New Models for Managing Longevity Risk, 34–56. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192859808.003.0003.

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Longevity risk, which typically refers the problem of people outliving their assets, can be viewed as both an aggregate and an individual-level issue. A related issue is that of ‘active life,’ an individual-level phenomenon, or ‘active life expectancy’ (ALE), an aggregate phenomenon. During their lifetimes, members of a particular population may alternate between ‘active’ and ‘disabled’ status; the average amount of time spent in the ‘active’ state is, for the cohort, its ALE. ALE does not appear to have consequences for aggregate longevity risk, but it may have major implications at the individual level. A transition from active to disabled status may signal a shorter-than-expected remaining lifetime, with implications for the speed at which one should draw down one’s assets. Moreover, those with severe care needs but lacking access to family-provided care and long-term care insurance may find that they need to draw down their assets in order to achieve eligibility for Medicaid-funded care services. Indeed, Medicaid and family-provided elder care can be viewed as a particular form of ‘public-private partnership’ for sharing the risks of late-life care needs.

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Whiteman, C. David. „Atmospheric Scales of Motion and Atmospheric Composition“. In Mountain Meteorology. Oxford University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195132717.003.0010.

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Weather phenomena occur over a very broad range of scales of space and time, from the global circulation systems that extend around the earth’s circumference to the small eddies that cause cigarette smoke to swirl and mix with clear air. Each circulation can be described in terms of its approximate horizontal diameter and lifetime. Large-scale weather systems, such as hemispheric wave patterns called Rossby waves, monsoons, high and low pressure centers, and fronts, are called synopticscale weather systems. Temperature, humidity, pressure, and wind measurements collected simultaneously all over the world are used to analyze and forecast the evolution of these systems, which have diameters greater than 200 km (125 mi) and lifetimes of days to months. Mesoscale weather events include diurnal wind systems such as mountain wind systems, like breezes, sea breezes, thunderstorms, and other phenomena with horizontal scales that range from 2 to 200 km (1 to 125 mi) and lifetimes that range from hours to days. Mesoscale meteorologists use networks of surface- based instruments, balloon-borne sounding systems, remote sensing systems (e.g., radar, lidar, and sodar), and aircraft to make observations on these scales. Microscale meteorology focuses on local or small-scale atmospheric phenomena with diameters below 2 km (1 mi) and lifetimes from seconds to hours, including gusts and turbulence, dust devils, thermals, and certain cloud types. Microscale studies are usually confined to the layer of air from the earth’s surface to an altitude where surface effects become negligible (approximately 1000 feet or 300 m at night and 5000 feet or 1500 m during the day). A fourth and less rigorously defined term, the regional scale, denotes circulations and weather events occurring on horizontal scales from 500 to 5000 km (310 to 3100 mi). The regional scale is thus smaller than synoptic scale, but larger than mesoscale. The term is often used to describe events that occur within more or less homogeneous physiographic provinces (e.g., the Pacific Northwest region). Major mountain ranges impact the weather on the synoptic scale. They anchor large-scale pressure systems in the Northern Hemisphere, cause low and high pressure weather systems to form, and produce large-scale seasonal wind systems in Asia and North America.

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Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Foam lifetimes"

Luque, Jorge, und David R. Crosley. „Electronic transition moment in the nitric oxide β band system“. In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1993.mtt.2.

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Fluorescence emission scans have been made of bands of the NO ß-system (B2Π-X2Π) following laser excitation of v′ = 0, 1, 2, 3, and 7. Time dependent decays furnished the radiative lifetimes for these levels. The band intensities were used together with calculated Franck-Condon factors and r-centroids to derive an empirical electronic transition moment which varies with internuclear distance. The functional form agrees well with that deduced from an analysis of chemiluminescent spectra of several bands,1 and with lifetime trends measured here and previously.2

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Maslo, Anis, Edvin Škaljo, Mujo Hodžić und Aljo Mujčić. „Mechanical Reliability and Lifetime of Optical Fibers After 20 Years of Use“. In 2023 International Workshop on Fiber Optics on Access Networks (FOAN). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/foan59927.2023.10328099.

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Song, Young Sik, Sang Hak Lee, Byoung Hee Park, Soo Hyeok Kim, Won Sang Hwang und Dug Young Kim. „Cholesterol efflux monitoring in macrophage form cells by using fluorescence lifetime imaging“. In SPIE BiOS, herausgegeben von Daniel L. Farkas, Dan V. Nicolau und Robert C. Leif. SPIE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2078996.

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Rico-Jimenez, Jose D., Michael J. Serafino, Xi Chen, Sebina Shrestha, Wihan Kim, Brian L. Walton, Brian E. Applegate und Javier A. Jo. „Automatic detection of macrophages/foam cells in coronary atherosclerotic plaques based on fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) (Conference Presentation)“. In Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications of Light in Cardiology 2018, herausgegeben von Guillermo J. Tearney, Kenton W. Gregory und Laura Marcu. SPIE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2288606.

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Goudar, Vishwa, und Miodrag Potkonjak. „Power constrained sensor sample selection for improved form factor and lifetime in localized BANs“. In the conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2448096.2448101.

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Chalumeau, Alain, und Antoine Felix-Henry. „Water Absorption Effect on Syntactic Foam Thermal Insulation of a Flexible Pipe“. In 25th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2006-92495.

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Thermal insulation of a flexible pipe for deepwater applications is generally obtained by spiraling syntactic foam extruded tapes around the pipe core, in between two thermoplastic sheaths. As water tightness of the insulating annulus can frequently not be guaranteed, water absorption and the effect on thermal properties of insulating material have to be determined, so as to be taken into account for Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient calculation of the flexible pipe. It is required to demonstrate the overall suitability of a specific insulating material for a given application. The first part of this paper describes accelerated fresh water absorption tests and subsequent thermal conductivity measurements, conducted on polypropylene syntactic foam filled with glass micro-spheres. Based on test data in the 50°C–100°C temperature range, a prediction model has been established to calculate water absorption for service life as long as 20 years. A relationship between thermal conductivity variation and water content has been demonstrated, so that thermal conductivity of material exposed to water can be calculated versus temperature and time of exposure, for design purpose. The second part describes the full scale thermal tests that have been performed by Technip, in order to compare the measured thermal properties and heat losses of the flexible pipes in vertical or horizontal positions, with the computer calculations. Finally, based on lab test ageing and full scale tests on non aged flexible pipe, Technip is able to predict the full thermal behaviour during all the lifetime of the pipe.

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Díaz, Paola Monterroso, und Narasimhan Rajaram. „Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging of NADH and FAD in Ex Vivo Young and Old Mouse Cortical Tissue“. In Optical Molecular Probes, Imaging and Drug Delivery. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/omp.2023.om2e.2.

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Young and old murine cortical tissue in fresh, snap frozen, and DMSO-preserved form were investigated with two-photon microscopy. Shorter mean NADH and FAD lifetimes were found in old cortical tissue compared to young.

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Wanasinghe, Sachithra T., und Aaron Rury. „Room Temperature Narrowing of Organic Polaritons in Fabry-Perot Cavity“. In Frontiers in Optics. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/fio.2022.jtu4a.89.

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Polaritons form when molecular excitons strongly couple to the cavity photon in a Fabry-Perot (FP) resonator. Our studies suggest narrowing near the exciton-photon resonance can be observed in organic microcavities towards extended polariton lifetimes.

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Yamanaka, Yuta, Takahiro Umemoto, Ryuji Ikeda, Naoki Okajima, Takayuki Sakurai und Tetsushi Okamoto. „Deterioration of Corona Armor Tape by Partial Discharge and its Lifetime Evaluation for Form-wound Rotating Machine“. In 2023 IEEE Electrical Insulation Conference (EIC). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eic55835.2023.10177341.

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Boyce, L., und C. C. Bast. „A Thermal Fatigue Model for Probabilistic Lifetime Strength of Propulsion System Components“. In ASME 1993 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/93-gt-239.

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This paper describes the development of methodology for a probabilistic material strength degradation model, that provides for quantification of uncertainty in the lifetime material strength of structural components of aerospace propulsion systems subjected to a number of diverse random effects. The model has most recently been extended to include thermal fatigue. The discussion of thermal fatigue, in the context of probabilistic material strength degradation, is the central feature of this paper. The methodology, for all effects, is embodied in two computer programs, PROMISS and PROMISC. These programs form a “material resistance” model that may be used in the aerospace structural reliability program, NESSUS or in other applications. A probabilistic material strength degradation model for thermal fatigue and other relevant effects, in the form of a postulated randomized multifactor interaction equation, is used to quantify lifetime material strength. Each multiplicative term in the model has the property that if the current value of an effect equals the ultimate value, then the lifetime strength will be zero. Also, if the current value of an effect equals the reference value, the term equals one and lifetime strength is not affected by that particular effect. Presently, the model includes up to four effects that typically reduce lifetime strength: high temperature, mechanical fatigue, creep and thermal fatigue. Statistical analysis of experimental data for Inconel 718 obtained from the open literature and laboratory reports is also included in the paper. The statistical analysis provided regression parameters for use as the model’s empirical material constants, thus calibrating the model specifically for Inconel 718. Model calibration was carried out for four variables, namely, high temperature, mechanical fatigue, creep and thermal fatigue. Finally, using the PROMISS computer program, a sensitivity study was performed with the calibrated random model to illustrate the effects of mechanical fatigue, creep and thermal fatigue, at about 1000 °F, upon random lifetime strength.

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Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Foam lifetimes"

Perren, Will, Nick Reed, Ben Simpson und Kostas Kourantidis. PPR2020 - Automated Vehicle Safety Assurance - In-use Safety and Security Monitoring - Task 5: Outcome Reporting. TRL, Juni 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.58446/qlpq9096.

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This report discusses the potential uses of in-use vehicle data to generate aggregated data to calculate Safety Performance Indicators (SPIs) and track safety performance of Automated Vehicles (AVs) throughout their deployment lifetime. The two primary benefits of collecting this data are to provide a feedback loop to AV Manufacturers and Operators to improve their safety performance as well as compare the safety of AVs more broadly against conventional driving and other transport modes. This work identifies a set of SPIs that can be recorded using in-vehicle data and other available data sets that can form the basis of a monitoring process that can be improved over time. It also discusses how the likely data sets should be processed and analysed to provide fair and accurate comparisons to conventional driving. Based on this work, a high-level process for outcome reporting by an In-Use Regulator has been proposed.

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Sultan, Maheen, und Pragyna Mahpara. Countering Backlash in the Implementation of Bangladesh's Domestic Violence Act. Countering Backlash and Institute of Development Studies, August 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/backlash.2023.004.

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Domestic violence rates are high in Bangladesh in spite of laws such as the Nari o Shishu Nirjatan Domon Ain and the DVPPA 2010. According to data from the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, almost three in every five women (57.7%) have experienced some form of physical, sexual, or emotional violence in their lifetime. While the formulation and enactment of the DVPPA in 2010 was an achievement for the government, especially the Ministry of Women and Children Affairs that proposed it and the coalition for domestic violence known as the Citizens Initiative against Domestic Violence (CIDV) that championed it, subsequent experience of implementation has been less positive. This policy briefing outlines details, key messages and recommendations from research into the implementation of the DVPPA conducted in 2022 by the BRAC Institute of Governance and Development (BIGD), BRAC University, as part of the “Countering Backlash: Reclaiming Gender Justice” programme hosted at the Institute of Development Studies, funded by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) programme, and supported by the Swedish Government.

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EGR Cooler Fouling Reduction: A New Method for Assessment in Early Engine Development Phase. SAE International, März 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/022-01-0589.

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High pressure EGR provides NOx emission reduction even at low exhaust temperatures. To maintain a safe EGR system operation over a required lifetime, the EGR cooler fouling must not exceed an allowable level, even if the engine is operated under worst-case conditions. A reliable fouling simulation model represents a valuable tool in the engine development process, which validates operating and calibration strategies regarding fouling tendency, helping to avoid fouling issues in a late development phase close to series production. Long-chained hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas essentially impact the fouling layer formation. Therefore, a simulation model requires reliable input data especially regarding mass flow of long-chained hydrocarbons transported into the cooler. There is a huge number of different hydrocarbon species in the exhaust gas, but their individual concentration typically is very low, close to the detection limit of standard in-situ measurement equipment like GC-MS. Therefore, a new measurement and analysis approach has been developed, where the exhaust gas is guided to a metal foam collector, in which HC`s are deposited. The probe is then analyzed in a suited thermogravimetrical system (TGA) in nitrogen atmosphere, temperature range 25°C to 650°C. Analyzing the TGA curve, HC concentration data for 6 different boiling temperature ranges are obtained, provided to an adapted 1-d fouling simulation model. Using these data along with further input parameters like cooler geometry, gas temperature, pressure, flow, particle size distribution and coolant temperature, the simulation model has proven as a suitable tool to predict the fouling and identify engine settings for fouling reduction.

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