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1
Sizemore, Grant. „Foraging quality of flooded agricultural fields within the Everglades Agricultural Area for wading birds (Ciconiiformes)“. [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0041288.
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2
Le, Bihan Guillaume. „Modèles hydrologiques régionaux pour la prévision distribuée des crues rapides : vers une estimation des impacts et des dommages potentiels“. Thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ECDN0011/document.
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Avec le développement des mesures de pluie à hautes résolutions spatiales et temporelles , l’utilisation de modèles hydrométéorologiques distribués est désormais envisagée pour anticiper les phénomènes de crue soudaine sur les petits bassins versants non jaugés. Toutefois les approches développées jusqu’ici se sont généralement concentrées sur l’évaluation des phénomènes hydrologiques, laissant de côté la question de leurs impacts, qui dépendent fortement de la configuration du terrain et des enjeux qui y sont présents. Ce travail de thèse a permis de développer et tester une méthode d’évaluation directe de ces impacts à partir des sorties d’un modèle pluie-débit sur un territoire limité. La démarche mise en oeuvre repose sur un travail préalable d’analyse du territoire permettant d’une part d’évaluer les emprises submergées dans une large gamme de débits par une approche hydraulique simplifiée, puis de construire des relations univoques débit-enjeux pour chaque bief de cours d’eau. Ces relations permettent de produire des cartes d‘enjeux potentiellement touchés ,pouvant être actualisées régulièrement en cours d’événement. Deux études des cas ont permis de réaliser une première évaluation des performances de cette approche, du point de vue de la qualité d’estimation des emprises inondées, et du point de vue des impacts estimés à l’échelle d’un événement grâce à la comparaison avec des données d’assurance. Finalement, ces travaux ont permis de confirmer le potentiel de la méthode, dont les performances semblent en adéquation avec l’objectif visé : obtenir rapidement une première hiérarchisation des impacts occasionnés par les crues soudaines à l’échelle d’un grand territoireWith the development of rainfall measurements at highspatial and temporal resolutions, the use of distributed hydrometeorological models is now considered to forecast flash floods on small and ungauged catchment areas. Current flashflood monitoring systems generally enable a real-time assessment of the potential flash-flood magnitudes. However they do not assess the potential impacts of flash-flood, which highly depends on the catchment areas configuration and on the importance of potentially affected assets. The purpose of this PhD research work was to develop and test a method which can be used to directly estimate the impacts of flash-floods, based on the outputs of a distributed rainfall-run off model. The approach is based on a prior analysis of the study area in order to assess the potential impact of different discharge levels on the flooded areas and to identify from geography database the associated buildings at risk. The aim is to build impact models on specific river reaches, using discharge versus impact graphs. The use of these impact models combined with a rainfall-run off model, has enabled us to compute maps of potential impacts, based on real time assessment of flood events updated every 15 minutes. This method was evaluated on two case studies looking at the accuracy and relevance of estimated impacts for each event – and comparing the outcomes to insurance losses data. This research work has helped to confirm the efficiency of this new combined method, which may become a useful tool to forecast large-scale effects of local impacts of flash-floods
3
Deshmukh, Chandrashekhar. „Greenhouse gases (CH4, CO2 and N2O) emissions from a newly flooded hydroelectric reservoir in subtropical South Asia : case of Nam Theun 2 reservoir, Lao PDR“. Toulouse 3, 2013. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2014/.
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L'augmentation de l'intérêt concernant la part des réservoirs hydroélectrique dans l'augmentation de la concentration atmosphérique des Gaz à Effet de Serre (GES) a amené à mesurer les émissions nettes d'un réservoir hydroélectrique, Nam Theun 2 (NT2) dans la région subtropicale de la République Démocratique Populaire du Laos, Asie. Ce travail est la premiêre évaluation de l'empreinte carbone des GES (c'est à dire : les émissions après ennoiement moins les émissions avant ennoiement) en relation avec la création d'un réservoir hydroélectrique. C'est le résultat d'une étude à grande échelle qui s'est déroulée pendant cinq ans (2008-2012). Nous avons tout d'abord quantifié les sources et les puits majeurs des GES des composants terrestres et aquatiques du paysage avant ennoiement (Mai 2008). Ensuite, à partir d'Avril 2009, cette étude similaire a été réalisée au niveau du réservoir, sa zone de marnage et son aval. C'est en Octobre 2009 que le réservoir hydroélectrique NT2 a, pour la première fois, atteint son niveau maximal et c'est huit mois plus tard, en Mars 2010, que les turbines ont fonctionnées pour la première fois. En se basant sur un suivi bimensuel et sur cinq missions de terrain couvrant toutes les saisons, les émissions des principaux GES (c'est à dire l'oxyde nitreux (N2O), le méthane (CH4) et le dioxyde de carbone (CO2)) ont été mesurées d'Avril 2009 à Décembre 2011. Les émissions ont été déterminées à la surface du réservoir (flux diffusifs et ébullitifs) ainsi que dans les sols de la zone de marnage, qui peut atteindre 370 km2 pour une surface totale de réservoir de 450 km2The identification and accurate quantification of sinks or sources of GHG has become a key challenge for scientists and policy makers groups working on climate change or global warming. The creation of a hydro-reservoir while damming a river for power generation converts the terrestrial ecosystems into aquatic ecosystem and subsequently decomposition of flooded terrestrial soil organic matter stimulates GHG productions and thereby emissions to atmosphere. Tropical or subtropical hydroelectric reservoirs are more significant sources of GHG than boreal or temperate one. The number of hydroelectric reservoirs continues to increase at fast pace specially in the tropical or sub-tropical regions which still hold significant amount of hydropower resources to be exploited. In this context, we study the subtropical hydroelectric Nam Theun 2 (NT2) Reservoir, a complex-structuraldesigned, created on the Nam Theun River in Laos PDR. The main aims of our study are to: (1) Study the GHG dynamics (CH4, N2O and CO2) in the reservoir and in the whole area of influence (downstream and drawdown areas), (2) explore the effectiveness of different methodology (eddy covariance, floating chamber, submerged funnel and thin boundary layer) to assess of GHG emission from a hydroelectric reservoir, (3) determine the environmental controls on the different emission terms; (4) attempt to determine the first net GHG budget of a subtropical hydroelectric reservoir
4
Deshmukh, Chandrashekhar. „Greenhouse gas emissions (CH4, CO2 and N2O) from a newly flooded hydroelectric reservoir in subtropical South Asia : The case of Nam Theun 2 Reservoir, Lao PDR“. Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00862380.
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L'augmentation de l'intérêt concernant la part des réservoirs hydroélectrique dans l'augmentation de la concentration atmosphérique des Gaz à Effet de Serre (GES) a amené à mesurer les émissions nettes d'un réservoir hydroélectrique, Nam Theun 2 (NT2) dans la région subtropicale de la République Démocratique Populaire du Laos, Asie. Ce travail est la première évaluation de l'empreinte carbone des GES (c'est à dire : les émissions après ennoiement moins les émissions avant ennoiement) en relation avec la création d'un réservoir hydroélectrique. C'est le résultat d'une étude à grande échelle qui s'est déroulée pendant cinq ans (2008-2012). Nous avons tout d'abord quantifié les sources et les puits majeurs des GES des composants terrestres et aquatiques du paysage avant ennoiement (Mai 2008). Ensuite, à partir d'Avril 2009, cette étude similaire a été réalisée au niveau du réservoir, sa zone de marnage et son aval. C'est en Octobre 2009 que le réservoir hydroélectrique NT2 a, pour la première fois, atteint son niveau maximal et c'est huit mois plus tard, en Mars 2010, que les turbines ont fonctionnées pour la première fois. En se basant sur un suivi bimensuel et sur cinq missions de terrain couvrant toutes les saisons, les émissions des principaux GES (c'est à dire l'oxyde nitreux (N2O), le méthane (CH4) et le dioxyde de carbone (CO2)) ont été mesurées d'Avril 2009 à Décembre 2011. Les émissions ont été déterminées à la surface du réservoir (flux diffusifs et ébullitifs) ainsi que dans les sols de la zone de marnage, qui peut atteindre 370 km2 pour une surface totale de réservoir de 450 km2.
5
Pohl, Reinhard. „Flood records in urban areas“. Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-160702.
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Even in urban areas reliable and precise information about possible floods and related water levels as well as inundation areas are needed to minimize potential damages. One main requirement for this issue is to correct the stage-discharge relations which are sometimes not available. This paper reconsiders the use of historical hydrologic data in urban areas which have fundamentally changed even concerning the river beds, cross sections and floodplain areas. By means of an historical approach the flood statistics has been updated with surprising results.
6
Chawawa, Nancy Elsie. „Why do smallholder farmers insist on living in flood prone areas? : understanding self-perceived vulnerability and dynamics of local adaptation in Malawi“. Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/31421.
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The Government of Malawi, through delegates from the Department of Disaster Management Affairs, has on several occasions advised smallholder farmers who live in flood prone areas to relocate to upland areas that are safe from floods. Smallholder farmers have refused to do so and continue to live in the flood prone areas despite experiencing on-going flooding. Smallholder farmers living in flood prone areas in Malawi insist that flash floods bring fertile soils from upland areas that enhance crop production in the flood prone areas. These fertile soils allow smallholder farmers to grow a variety of crops, fruits and vegetables throughout the year, some of which they sell. Within this context, my research critically explores how smallholder farmers perceive their vulnerability to floods and seeks to understand the factors and processes that motivate them to live in the flood prone areas. It also examines the realities and dynamics of local adaptation in the flood prone areas in Malawi through opportunities, challenges, barriers and limitations. The research uses 57 in-depth interviews, a household survey involving 227 households, participant observations and 12 focus group discussions with smallholder farmers. Findings show that firstly, smallholder farmers are not ready to abandon their land and relocate upland because floods are part of their lives and livelihood strategies. Secondly, that power dynamics at household and community levels based on gender roles and culture need to be understood and accounted for in local adaptation strategies in order to effectively enhance local adaptive capacity. Thirdly, that social networks and interdependence between the smallholder farmers living in flood prone areas and those living in upland areas play a significant role in the adoption of local adaptation strategies and adaptation to floods and droughts through temporary migration. This thesis reveals that the perception and extent of vulnerability to floods is dynamic and differentiated based on several factors. The thesis also reveals that local adaption is a complex process such that in some cases, the realities of power dynamics at both the household and community level affects local adaptive capacity to floods. Transformational adaptation that incorporates specific and contextual adaptation strategies is therefore recommended as one of the best approaches towards achieving successful adaptation to climate variability and resilience.
7
Fintling, Carolina. „Flood Risk Perception in Tanzania : A Case of Flood Affected Arean in Dar es Salaam“. Thesis, Stockholm University, Department of Human Geography, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-1387.
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The main objective of this study is to understand and asses flood risk perception among people living in Msimbazi Valley in Das es Salaam, Tanzania. Many of the people I have interviewed are experiencing flooding every year but it is rarely considered disastrous. Looked at individually they may not be disasters but cumulatively they may be. The rapid urbanisation, in this part of the world, forces people to live on hazardous but central land because of the livelihood opportunities available there. The government and the local communities are well aware of the risk of floods in the area and are considered as a serious threat to the families. People are still living in these areas because they find the benefits big enough to make up the risks.
8
Pung, H. K. „Flood routing techniques for fibre optic local area networks with arbitrartopology“. Thesis, University of Kent, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.332715.
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9
Cheng, Xiaotao. „Urban flood prediction and its risk analysis in the coastal area in China“. 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/148886.
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10
Anderson, Michelle Louise. „The edge effect lateral habitat ecology of an alluvial river flood plain /“. Diss., [Missoula, Mont.] : The University of Montana, 2009. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-10012008-134442/.
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11
Crick, M. J. „A physically based contributing area model for distributed flood forecasting in medium sizes catchments“. Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.375668.
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12
Pham, Hong Nga. „Flood risk assessment focusing on intangible vulnerability for rural floodplain area in Central Vietnam“. Kyoto University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/244499.
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13
Forbes, Brandon Tracy, und Brandon Tracy Forbes. „Evaluating the Sensitivity of Cross Section Positioning when Computing Peak Flow Discharge using the Slope-Area Computation in a Mountain Stream“. Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622854.
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The slope-area method is a commonly used and widely accepted technique for estimating peak flood flows in rivers where direct discharge measurements could not be obtained during the flood. The method makes multiple assumptions to simplify calculations which include assuming uniform flow conditions between surveyed cross sections, and that losses of energy in the reach occur only due to bank friction. Even though flows in nature do not always exhibit these simplified conditions, this method has been proven to provide adequate results when compared to direct measurements and thus, has become the go-to approach. To conduct a slope-area computation, the hydrologist needs to make multiple assumptions in the field based on experience, judgment, and published resources as guides. One of these assumptions is determining where to locate cross sections for the slope-area computation such that they sufficiently represent the cross-sectional area and slope of the channel. Traditional methods suggest to place the cross sections at breaks in the water surface slope. This research focuses on the variability of results of computed discharge values when cross sections are located at many different locations in the reach. What has been found is that many combinations of cross sections in the reach, including sections not located at the breaks in water surface slope, produce similar results when compared to the traditional methods. In fact, 121 of these combinations of cross sections produce peak discharge calculations within plus or minus five percent of the traditional methodology. What also was found was that variability in channel geometry goes unnoticed when using the traditional locating method, and losses due to expansion and contraction of flow area at locations which would not have been traditionally surveyed are occurring at multiple cross sections in the reach. The results suggest that reaches be evaluated for changes in geometry and not overlooked, so that the changes in shape, and subsequent losses in energy, be considered in the computation.
14
Qi, Xiaoling 1956. „Changes in riparian vegetation communities of the Gila Box, Arizona, an area subject to periodic floods“. Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/278470.
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The objective of this work is to estimate the effect of floods on the riparian vegetation communities of the Gila Box, Arizona, based on historical maps, satellite images, and GPS-referenced airborne video. The condition and extent of selected riparian vegetation communities in 1973, 1982, and 1991 are documented. Changes in riparian vegetation communities for the time period from 1973 to 1982 and from 1982 to 1991 are analyzed to assess the potential effect of floods that occurred in 1978 and 1983, respectively. The results indicate that the floods in 1978 and 1983 may have had an impact on the mesquite riparian community. The effect of floods on riparian vegetation is most apparent in the downstream portion of the Gila River. The information collected and presented in this work can be used to formulate effective management plans to the Gila Box area.
15
Hinds, Kris-An K. „Perceptions of Infrastructure, Flood Management, and Environmental Redevelopment in the University Area, Hillsborough County, Florida“. Scholar Commons, 2019. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7810.
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The University Area (UA), a low-income, unincorporated neighborhood in Hillsborough County, Florida, is a site of sustainable redevelopment by the local government and nonprofit organizations. Throughout the past decade, the transitions in local and state political climates have significantly impacted the residents’ ability to advocate for infrastructural and environmental improvement to the site. This thesis discusses the findings of a research project dedicated to exploring resident perspectives of stormwater management, infrastructure, and the redevelopment currently occurring the University Area. Drawing from theoretical concepts in political ecology, environmental justice, and the interplay of agency and structure, this research investigates the impacts of flooding on the UA’s residents and infrastructure; specifically, the ways it affects the population’s interaction with their environment. Data were collected using a mixed methods approach including participant observation; semi structured interviews with residents, developers, and community organization employees; ground truthing the area to verify the location of the stormwater drains present in a selection of the UA; a historical review of the area’s land use; and analysis of critical environmental justice databases. Findings indicate that flooding in the University Area is related to historical oppressive housing strategies against minority and low-income populations. Results found that flooding in UA is caused by a combination of faulty infrastructure (impervious surfaces and a subpar, unmaintained stormwater system), increasing rain events (climate change), and the lack of municipality support (power dynamics). The oppressive power dynamic present in the relationship between the residents and their respective property owners and the county municipality services exacerbates problems with flooding. Redevelopment plans in the University Area must address the effects of historical marginalization and disenfranchisement of the current residents with respect to housing segregation and lack of municipality support. Without these considerations, the cycle of disenfranchisement faced by the current residents of the UA will likely continue and worsen over time.
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Štěpánová, Markéta. „Vyhodnocení povodňové situace na vybrané části toku“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-265428.
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The thesis deals with an evaluation of flood situation at the area of the river Svitava in Brno throughout three different flows Q5, Q20 a Q100 and that proposes a possible solution for flood protection. Current state of the river stream is evaluated through hydraulic calculation combining 1D and 2D numerical modelling of flow rate with the use of HEC-RAS software.
17
Pohl, Reinhard. „Flood records in urban areas: Changes of the stage-discharge relations“. Technische Universität Dresden, 2009. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A28537.
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Even in urban areas reliable and precise information about possible floods and related water levels as well as inundation areas are needed to minimize potential damages. One main requirement for this issue is to correct the stage-discharge relations which are sometimes not available. This paper reconsiders the use of historical hydrologic data in urban areas which have fundamentally changed even concerning the river beds, cross sections and floodplain areas. By means of an historical approach the flood statistics has been updated with surprising results.
18
van, Schaik Florian. „Global satellite data as proxies for urbanization in flood prone areas“. Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-353425.
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Delta regions are typically characterized by their high population density, low elevation, and risk of flooding. Long term planning and preparation is needed to mitigate the adverse effects of floods. Disaster management planning and flood protection measures require information about urbanization patterns, but this information is lacking in many parts of the world. Global satellite data could potentially aid or replace local urbanization data in such data scarce areas. This master thesis assesses the suitability of two global satellite datasets to serve as proxies for urbanization in flood prone areas: the Global Human Settlement (data for 1975, 1990, 2000 and 2014) and stable Nighttime Lights data series (annual data, 1992-2013). The assessment is performed through comparison of spatial-temporal urbanization trends of the global datasets with a previous study performed in the Netherlands using detailed local data. These spatial-temporal trends involve the share or urban area that is situated in flood prone zones and the average inundation depth. Through analysis based on Geographic Information Systems it was found that the Global Human Settlement data series indicates a stable increase in the percentage of urban area in flood prone zones from 31.60% in 1975 to 36.54% in 2014. Potentially, this increase results from the flood protection measures installed between 1954 and 1997. The Nighttime Lights data series shows values of around 36% throughout its time period, with no clear increase or decrease. These values are on average 15-17% higher over the whole time series than the values found with the use of the local data. The Global Human Settlements dataset shows values for the average inundation depth from 1.47m in 1975 to 1.72m in 2014, similar to the local data. The increase could be explained by the fact that only areas with higher inundation depths are available for urbanization. The Nighttime Lights does not show a clear trend with values ranging from 1.52m to 1.70m and large annual variation. Overall, the suitability of the Global Human Settlement dataset is higher than the stable Nighttime Lights dataset for this study area as it shows values more similar to the local data and does not require prerequisite threshold analysis, which is the case for the Nighttime Lights data.
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Muvhali, Peter Sonndi. „Using sensor web technologies to help predict and monitor floods in urban areas“. Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5590.
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Includes abstract.Includes bibliographical references.
Since flooding is worldwide one of the most common natural disasters, a number of flood prediction and monitoring approaches have been used. A lot of research has been conducted on the prediction and monitoring of floods by using hydrological models. The problem is that current hydrological models do not offer Disaster Management officials or township residents with timely data and information. In South Africa, possible flood warnings are usually communicated by Disaster Management officials using traditional approaches such as loudspeakers, radio and Television (TV). Making calls to warn residents about the possible occurrence of floods by using such means are, however, neither sufficient nor effective. As the result of improved communication, sensor, software and computing capabilities, the use of sensor networks and sensor web for predicting and monitoring environment have been considered in recent years. In order for sensor data such as sensor measurements, sensor descriptions and alerts to be integrated, the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) introduced the Sensor Web enablement (SWE) standards and suggested different specifications with respect to the geospatial sensor web. The first implementation of the sensor web framework is available. In this research, the results of using the sensor web technologies for predicting and monitoring floods in the urban areas are presented. The aim of this research project is to illustrate how the sensor web technology can help in the prediction and monitoring of floods in the urban areas, particularly in the Alexandra Township (Greater Johannesburg) which has experienced floods each and every year. The focus of this research is on the incorporation of the sensor data into the sensor web technology. The data used as input to sensor web and the hydrological model was historical rainfall data from the South African Weather Service (SAWS). Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) free data from the internet was also used in this research.
20
Filípková, Monika. „Návrh protipovodňové ochrany na vybrané části toku“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-391938.
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The master’s thesis deals with the hydraulic analysis of the water flow capacity for the flood flow on the river Litava in the river kilometres 11,550 – 18,315 using the HEC-RAS 5.0.5 specifically 1D-2D numerical model. On the basic of flood areas, depths and speeds the results were evaluated and subsequently was created own proposal flood protection.
21
Eriksson, Johanna. „Sensitivity analysis of pluvial flood modelling tools for dense urban areas : A case study in Lundby-Lindholmen, Gothenburg“. Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-80431.
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As a result of the global climate change, extreme precipitation is occurring more frequently which increases the risk of flooding, especially in urban areas. Urbanisation is widely discussed regarding urban flooding where an increase of impervious surfaces limits the infiltration and increases the surface runoff. Flooding events in urban areas are increasing around the world and can cause large damages on infrastructure and buildings, which makes the cities vulnerable. Urban flood models are an important tool for analysing the capacity of the drainage systems, to predict the extent of the events and to find optimal locations to implement measures to prevent damages from flooding. In this project, a sensitivity analysis in MIKE FLOOD, a coupled 1D-2D flood model developed by DHI is presented, where sewer- and surface systems are integrated. The aim with this project is to investigate how the result of a coupled flood model vary in relation to changes in input parameters. The sensitivity analysis is performed to evaluate how different parameters impact the model output in terms of water depth and variations in cost of flooded buildings, roads, rail- and tramways. The analysis is applied in a case study in Lundby-Lindholmen, Gothenburg city, Sweden. The results show that modelling without infiltration influenced the model output the most, with the largest increase both in terms of cost and water depth over the investigated area. Here the correlation between the initial water saturation and location of the applied pre-rain was highlighted. The model outputs were less sensitive to changes in surface roughness (expressed as Manning value) than without infiltration but did lead to measurable changes in surface water depth and distribution while the flood damage cost didn’t show any major changes. Additionally, the coupled flood model was evaluated in terms of handling changes in magnitudes of rain-events. Data indicates the shorter the return period, the smaller the flood propagation, as well as the flood damage cost decreases with shorter return periods. The data evaluated supports the use of this coupled model approach for shorter return periods in terms of flood propagation.
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Mullenite, Joshua. „Engineering Colonialism: Race, Class, and the Social History of Flood Control in Guyana“. FIU Digital Commons, 2018. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3800.
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Overabundance and scarcity of water are global concerns. Across the world’s low-lying coastal plains, flooding brought on by sea level rise acts as an existential threat for a multitude of people and cultures while in desert (and increasingly non-desert) regions intensifying drought cycles do the same. In the decades to come, how people manage these threats will have important implications not only for individual and cultural survival, but also for questions of justice. Recent research on flooding and flood management probes the histories of survival, and adaptation in flood threatened regions for insights into emergent flood-related crises. However, scholars have thus far overemphasized the technical aspects of how engineered flood control systems functioned, overlooking both the specific social, political, and economic contexts within which past practices emerged and the social worlds that they helped create. This dissertation examines the social, economic, and political histories of flood control projects in the South American country of Guyana in order to understand the long lasting social, political, and environmental impacts of colonial-era projects.
To do this, I utilized archival data collected from the National Archives in London, UK, historical newspaper articles collected through online newspaper databases, press release statements from Guyana’s major political parties, and unstructured and semi-structured interviews with residents from coastal Guyana. These data were imported and analyzed using qualitative data analysis software in order to make connections across spatial and temporal scales.
The key finding of the dissertation is that, in Guyana, flood control engineering has historically played multiple social, political, and economic roles beyond the functional explanations assumed in many present environmental management discourses. Colonial engineering projects served as a way to protect colonizers from economic crises and social upheaval and were not just a means for protecting the coast from flooding. Additionally, the dissertation found that these projects were key to creating the racial geographies that helped to protect colonialism in its final years and which continue to shape coastal life today. Finally, the dissertation found that, after the end of colonialism, flood engineering projects were incorporated into larger projects of racialized regime survival.
23
Pohl, Reinhard. „Updating flood records using historic water profiles“. Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-160722.
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The statistical evaluation of flood records requires long data series to extrapolate reliable peak discharges and related recurrence intervals. Often the records are extended with historical information concerning the water level. As the distribution functions are usually fitted to the discharge values historic stage-discharge-relations must be found to convert these values.
Regarding the Elbe river at the Dresden gauge the history of a water course and its morphology is investigated. Using the former flow cross sections water profile calculations are carried out yielding different stage-discharge-curves for each historic period. Checking the flood stages since 1501 A.D. and the related peak discharges, resulted in reduced discharge values. The new peak discharge values allow an update of the flood records as well as recurrence periods and lead to the result that e.g. the 2002 flood seems to have a recurrence period three times longer than it was assumed up to now.
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Pohl, Reinhard. „Updating flood records using historic water profiles“. Technische Universität Dresden, 2008. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A28538.
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The statistical evaluation of flood records requires long data series to extrapolate reliable peak discharges and related recurrence intervals. Often the records are extended with historical information concerning the water level. As the distribution functions are usually fitted to the discharge values historic stage-discharge-relations must be found to convert these values.
Regarding the Elbe river at the Dresden gauge the history of a water course and its morphology is investigated. Using the former flow cross sections water profile calculations are carried out yielding different stage-discharge-curves for each historic period. Checking the flood stages since 1501 A.D. and the related peak discharges, resulted in reduced discharge values. The new peak discharge values allow an update of the flood records as well as recurrence periods and lead to the result that e.g. the 2002 flood seems to have a recurrence period three times longer than it was assumed up to now.
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Gonzalez-Ramirez, Noemi. „Simulating Flood Propagation in Urban Areas using a Two-Dimensional Numerical Model“. Scholarly Repository, 2010. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/648.
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A two-dimensional numerical model (RiverFLO-2D) has been enhanced to simulate flooding of urban areas by developing an innovative wet and dry surface algorithm, accounting for variable rainfall, and recoding the model computer program for parallel computing. The model formulation is based on the shallow water equations solved with an explicit time-stepping element-by-element finite element method. The dry-wet surface algorithm is based on a local approximation of the continuity and momentum equations for elements that are completely dry. This algorithm achieves global volume conservation in the finite element, even for flows over complex topographic surfaces. A new module was implemented to account for variable rainfall in space and time using NEXRAD precipitation estimates. The resulting computer code was parallelized using OpenMP Application Program Interface, which allows the model to run up to 5 times faster on multiple core computers. The model was verified with analytical solutions and validated with laboratory and field data. Model application to the Malpasset dam break and Sumacarcel flooding event show that the model accurately predicts flood wave travel times and water depths for these numerically demanding real cases. To illustrate the predictive capability of the enhanced model, an application was made of the city of Sweetwater flooding in Miami-Dade County, FL caused by the Hurricane Irene. The simulation starts with dry bed and rainfall is provided by NEXRAD estimates. Integrating NEXRAD rainfall estimates, developing a novel dry-wet area algorithm and parallelizing RiverFLO-2D code, this dissertation presents a proof of concept to accurately and efficiently predict floods in urban areas, identifying future improvements along this line of research.
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Mousavi, Moghaddam Seyedali. „Inundation mapping of urban areas in case of severe rainfall events using HEC-RAS“. Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021.
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The current study investigates the potential of HEC-RAS (2D) in simulating urban inundation patterns in case of sever rainfall scenarios expected in the Ferrara and Rimini cities in Italy. HEC-RAS is one to most known and used hydraulic model for river application, however, its rainfall module is relatively new and sparsely investigated. Comparison of different mesh sizes (10, 25 and 50m) indicated no significant difference in model performance. However, a significant difference was observed in simulation time. Inundation maps were obtained for 5, 20 and 100-year rainfall events. HEC-RAS model outputs are compared against ground evidence and detailed outputs obtained with other modelling scheme: filling-and-spilling algorithm and a two-dimensional (2D) hydraulic numerical model (jn Rimini). For both Ferrara and Rimini case studies, overall index of agreement between HEC-RAS and filling-and-spilling models is up to 88%, while the similarity (i.e., flood area index) between HEC-RAS and 2D hydraulic model simulation at Rimini is equal to 0.64. In general, this study provides addition insights concerning HEC-RAS potential and limitations for identifying pluvial flood-hazard spots across large urban environments.
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Kemna, Stephen Paul 1963. „Some geomorphic models of flood hazards on distributary flow areas in southern Arizona“. Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/192032.
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The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) uses a method for evaluating flood hazards on alluvial fans that assumes an equal chance of flooding along a radial arc across the fan surface. In southern Arizona there are distributary flow areas (alluvial fans) that do not conform with FEMA's assumption. Thirty-nine sample sites were chosen from the Basin and Range physiographic province in southern Arizona. These sites were classified into five categories of flood hazard; A, B, C, D, and E. The classification scheme is based on the potential randomness of flooding across each site. A method is proposed for locating the primary diffluence (apex) of a distributary flow area. Texture curve analysis is used to locate distributary flow areas on the piedmont plain. Two alternative methods, topologic analysis and a multiple regression model, are presented for evaluating flood hazards on distributary flow areas in southern Arizona. Only eight of the sample sites studied strictly conformed with FEMA's assumption of an equal probability of flooding along a radial arc across the fan surface. The topologic analysis may be used to determine if the FEMA method is appropriate for a given site. A multiple regression model provides rough predictions of the degree of flood hazard based on morphometric and hydrologic variables.
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Leandro, Jorge. „Advanced modelling of flooding in urban areas : integrated 1D/1D and 1D/2D models“. Thesis, University of Exeter, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/41949.
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The research presented in this Thesis aims at defining the strengths and weaknesses of an Improved 1D/1D model when compared with a more accurate 1D/2D model. Although both coupled-models (sewer/surface) solve the St.\ Venant equations in both layers, the latter uses a higher approximation (2D two-dimensional) on the surface layer. Consequently, the 1D/1D model is computationally more efficient when compared to the 1D/2D model, however there is some compromise with the overall accuracy. The hypothesis is that "The inundation extent of urban flooding can be reproduced by 1D/1D models in good agreement with the 1D/2D models if the results are kept within certain limits of resolution and under certain conditions". The Thesis starts by investigating ways of improving an existing 1D/1D model to rival the more accurate 1D/2D model. Parts of the 1D/1D model code are changed and new algorithms and routines implemented. An innovative GIS tool translates the 1D output-results into 2D flood-inundation-maps enabling a thorough comparison between the two models. The methodology assures the set-up of two equivalent models, which includes a novel algorithm for calibrating the 1D/1D model vs.\ the 1D/2D model results. Developments are tested in two distinctly different case studies of areas prone to flooding. The conclusion is that the 1D/1D model is able to simulate flooding in good agreement with the 1D/2D model; however, it is found that features such as topography, density of the urbanised areas and rainfall distribution may affect the agreement between both models. The work presented herein is a step forward in understanding the modelling capabilities of the analysed coupled-models, and to some extent may be extrapolated to other models. Research is growing in urban flooding and this work may well prove to be a strong foundation basis for future research.
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Riaukaitė, Živilė. „Šilutės rajono užliejamų teritorijų naudojimas“. Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2014~D_20140616_102528-60358.
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Darbas parengtas nustatant esamą situaciją užliejamose teritorijose. Tyrimo metu nustatyta, kad ūkininkauti tokiose vietose nėra lengva, nes yra taikomi apribojimai. Nustatyta, kad taikant šiuolaikines GIS technologijas būtų galima palengvinti ūkininkavimą, išskiriant vietas, kuriose palankiau ūkininkauti. Iškeltiems tyrimo uždaviniams pasiekti, buvo atlikta anketinė apklausa ir erdvinė duomenų analizė.
Tyrimo tikslas – išanalizuoti Šilutės rajono užliejamų teritorijų ūkinio naudojimo tikslingumą ir numatyti perspektyvas.
Tyrimo objektas – Šilutės rajono užliejamos teritorijos, išsamiau tirti trys vasaros polderiai: Uostadvario, Vorusnės, Pakalnės.
Tyrimo uždaviniai:
1. Nustatyti esamą užliejamų teritorijų žemės naudojimą.
2. Aptarti duomenų, reikalingų erdvinei analizei atlikti, surinkimo ir naudojimo ypatumus.
3. Naudojant ArcGIS erdvinės duomenų analizės metodus, įvertinti žemės vertės variaciją erdvėje.
4. Įvertinti kaimo plėtros priemonių taikymą užliejamoms teritorijoms.
Siekiant nustatyti Šilutės rajono užliejamų teritorijų ūkinio naudojimo tikslingumą ir perspektyvas buvo panaudoti šie metodai: anketinės apklausos, matematinės statistikos metodai, GIS duomenų erdvinė analizė. Tyrimas atliktas siekiant pademonstruoti, kaip šiuolaikinėmis GIS technologijomis galime daug tiksliau ir efektyviau įvertinti žemės vertės variaciją erdvėje bei žemės naudojimą. Polderiai išanalizuoti atliekant anketinę apklausą bei panaudojant ArcGIS 10.0 programą atlikta erdvinė duomenų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]The work was done by determining the current situation of flooded areas. During the research it was found that farming in such areas is not easy because of the restrictions. It was found that the application of modern GIS technology to facilitate farming, highlighting areas where favored. Raised by the study was carried out to achieve the objectives of a survey and analysis of spatial data. The goal of research is to analyze farm usage expediency and perspectives of flooded areas in Šilutės district. The object of survey is territories of flooded areas in Šilutės district, three summer polders were analyzed more comprehensively: Uostadvaris, Vorusnė, Pakalnė. Objectives of the survey: 1. To set the current land use of flooded areas. 2. To discuss the data necessary to perform spatial analysis, collection and usage. 3. To evaluate the variation of the value of land space using the ArcGIS Spatial data analysis methods. 4. Summarize applications measures of rural developments for flooded areas. The following methods: logical thinking, statistical clustering, comparison and analysis of GIS data were used to identify farm usage expediency and perspectives of flooded areas in Šilutės district. The research was completed to demonstrate how modern GIS technology can more accurately and efficiently assess the value of the land distribution and usage. Polders were analyzed via the questionnaire survey, also by use of ArcGIS 10.0 program accomplished a spatial analysis of the data... [to full text]
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Reis, Ney Robinson Salvi dos. „Desenvolvimento de tecnologias como conjunto de ferramentas e suporte às atividades e pesquisas socioambientais na Amazônia brasileira: mobilidade e acessibilidade em áreas de várzea“. Universidade Federal do Amazonas, 2010. http://tede.ufam.edu.br/handle/tede/4232.
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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The intense search for new energy sources, as well as for the general availability and efficient use of those already existing, demands creative and rational answers to this difficult equation. In Brazil, Nature has been generous and furnished many options that are being gradually discovered, developed and made accessible to domestic and industrial uses. Society, Government, industry and academia join forces to go beyond the limits of current technologies in order to establish new relationships in the medium and long term. The natural gas and light oil 1970s and 1980s discoveries in the rainforest-covered Solimões sedimentary basin (Juruá and Urucu fields) raise the following question: how to make such a noble natural resource available to consumer centers, in an efficiently and economically sustainable fashion, ensuring the reliability and safety of operations and industrial facilities located in flooded areas with dense vegetation, under inhospitable conditions and in places very difficult to access? The construction of a complex pipeline network was the solution found suitable for transporting the natural gas and light oil produced in Urucu. These products present undeniable advantages if compared to diesel, currently used as the basis of the energy matrix in Manaus metropolitan region and its surroundings. As a result, another question emerges: how to operate, maintain and monitor areas under the influence of this infrastructure that stretches for 800 km along one of the fastestgrowing regions of Brazil in recent decades? These questions bring opportunities for discussions embracing the technological basis of the present academic work, which intends to examine the feasibility of a new locomotion concept for people, equipment and goods. A vehicle with environmental emphasis placed as part of its very first specifications, specially designed for inundated scenarios in Amazonia. Such a concept could help decision makers to plan operational activities by providing mobility and accessibility into sensitive areas of Amazonian floodplains. In addition, we expect that this innovative technology will benefit similar areas in Brazil, such as the flooded native pastures of the Pantanal of Mato Grosso state, which is difficult (or even impossible) to access using the conventional means of locomotion available today.
A busca cada vez mais intensa por novas fontes de energia, bem como a disponibilização e uso eficiente daquelas já existentes, faz com que a sociedade busque racionalizar esta difícil equação. No Brasil, a natureza foi generosa e nos deu muitas opções, que precisam e estão sendo paulatinamente descobertas, desenvolvidas e tornando-se acessíveis ao conjunto doméstico e industrial. Sociedade, governo, indústria e academia unem esforços para ir além das fontes e tecnologias correlatas já mapeadas, com o intuito de buscar novas relações de compromisso, numa visão de médio e longo prazo. As jazidas de gás natural e óleo leve descobertas no interior da Floresta Amazônica nas décadas de 70 e 80 trazem uma questão: como colocar tão nobre recurso natural à disposição dos centros consumidores de modo eficiente, econômico e sustentável, garantindo, ao mesmo tempo a confiabilidade e segurança das operações e instalações industriais necessariamente situadas em áreas alagadas de vegetação densa? A construção de uma complexa malha de dutos foi a solução indicada para transportar o gás natural produzido no município de Urucu-AM que apresenta inegáveis vantagens se comparado ao diesel, atualmente usado como base da matriz energética da cidade de Manaus e seu entorno. Diante disso, outra questão emerge: como operar, manter e monitorar ambientalmente as faixas de influências desta malha que atualmente conta com 800 km de dutos, mas que tende a se expandir junto com uma das regiões que mais tem crescido no Brasil nas últimas décadas? Tais questionamentos incitam oportunidades de desenvolvimentos tecnológicos, discussão da presente dissertação, qual seja, examinar e propor um novo conceito de locomoção (de pessoas, equipamentos e mercadorias), em locais de dificílimo acesso e condições inóspitas. Um veículo com ênfase ambiental que, desde as primeiras especificações, seja concebido para tais cenários e propicie aos responsáveis mantenedores de tal empreendimento condições de mobilidade e acessibilidade sustentáveis em regiões sensíveis da várzea amazônica. Por extensão, acreditamos que terrenos com condições de mobilidade similares também poderão se beneficiar desse estudo, tais como áreas alagadas e alagáveis do Pantanal do Centro-Oeste brasileiro, todas de difícil (e até impossível) acesso, se considerados os meios convencionais de locomoção disponíveis atualmente.
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Brito, Tainara Ramos da Rocha Lins de. „Modelagem hidrológica e hidráulica a partir de dados TRMM aplicada a análise de risco em áreas inundáveis: estudo de caso no município de Atalaia“. Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 2017. http://www.repositorio.ufal.br/handle/riufal/1755.
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This work consisted in the analysis of the off-line coupling of hydrological and hydraulic models from observed rainfall data and in the TRMM satellite precipitation intensity estimates in the Paraíba do Meio watershed (AL/PE), with the final objective the mapping of flooded areas and risk analysis of Atalaia-AL city, when considering the flood event occurred in 2010. The main computational programs used were: HEC-HMS in hydrological modeling and HEC-RAS in hydraulic modeling, in addition to their respective extensions integrated with ArcMap in the preprocessing stage, HEC-GeoHMS and HEC-GeoRAS. The results showed that the rainfall intensity data estimated by the TRMM satellite presented a good correlation with the rainfall data series, presenting values of 0.90 ("TRMM" x Postos) and 0.94 ("TRMM + Postos" x Postos). The hydrological model presented a good representation in relation to flood events in the Paraíba do Meio watershed, from data the flood occurred in 2000 and the flood of 2010. The validation of the model presented satisfactory results in the Atalaia post (39870000) in relation to the corrected satellite series ("TRMM + Postos"), evidencing with a Nash Sutcliffe coefficient - COE of 0.91. The hydraulic modeling was calibrated based on the Manning coefficient (n) adjustment for the banks and bottom of the channel, based on the ENGEMAP field markings and the peak flow recorded during the 2010 event by the fluviometric Atalaia post (39870000), already the model validation was done from the calibrated Manning coefficient (n) and the hydrograph generated in the hydrological simulation based on the corrected satellite series TRMM ("TRMM + Postos"). Thus, the mapping of the flooded areas made based on the 2010 flood data allowed a Risk Analysis in Atalaia city, based on the threat and vulnerability of the resident population in the riverine region to the occurrence of floods.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Este trabalho consistiu na análise do acoplamento “off-line” de modelos hidrológico e hidráulico a partir de dados de precipitação observada e nas estimativas de intensidade de precipitação do satélite TRMM em relação à bacia hidrográfica do rio Paraíba do Meio (AL/PE), tendo como objetivo final o mapeamento das áreas inundáveis e análise de risco do município de Atalaia-AL, ao considerar o evento de cheia ocorrido em 2010. Os principais programas computacionais empregados foram: o HEC-HMS na modelagem hidrológica e o HEC-RAS na modelagem hidráulica, além de suas respectivas extensões integradas ao ArcMap na etapa do pré-processamento, HEC-GeoHMS e HEC-GeoRAS. Os resultados mostraram que as intensidades pluviométricas estimadas pelo satélite TRMM apresentaram boa correlação com a série de dados dos pluviômetros, com valores de 0,90 (“TRMM” x Postos) e de 0,94 (“TRMM+Postos” x Postos). O modelo hidrológico demonstrou uma boa representatividade em relação a eventos de cheia na bacia, a partir de dados da cheia ocorrida em 2000 e da cheia de 2010. A validação do modelo hidrológico demonstrou resultados satisfatórios no posto Atalaia (39870000) para a série corrigida do satélite (“TRMM+Postos”), exibindo um coeficiente de eficiência de Nash Sutcliffe – COE – de 0,91. A modelagem hidráulica teve sua calibração baseada no ajuste do coeficiente de Manning (n) para as margens e fundo do canal, com base nas marcas de cheia levantadas em campo pela ENGEMAP e pela vazão de pico registrada no posto Atalaia (39870000) durante o evento de 2010, já a validação do modelo partiu do coeficiente de Manning (n) calibrado e do hidrograma gerado na simulação hidrológica a partir da série corrigida do satélite TRMM (“TRMM+Postos”). Por fim, o mapeamento das áreas inundadas, permitiu uma Análise de Risco no município de Atalaia baseada na análise da vulnerabilidade social e das ameaças às quais a população residente às margens do rio está exposta diante da ocorrência de eventos de inundação.
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Honda, Motoshi. „Relationships between flood frequency and riparian plant community structure in mountain streams of western Montana“. The University of Montana, 2008. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-05302008-155627/.
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Flooding is the dominant factor structuring riparian plant communities along large, low elevation streams, but it is less clear what role flooding plays in the structure and composition of riparian plant communities along mountain streams. In the first part of this study, I examined the influence of four environmental variables (flood frequency, microtopography, light availability, and soil texture) and spatial heterogeneity on riparian plant community structure in seven study areas along mountain streams in western Montana, USA. Multivariate and spatial statistics were used to determine the relative strength of each set of factors and their interactions in explaining riparian plant community structure. Flooding influenced vegetation characteristics by an indirect pathway through microtopography in all study areas, whereas the direct influence of flooding was found commonly only in three study areas. Other consistent direct influences included light (60%) and space (87%). Direct and indirect influences of flood frequency through microtopography, and the direct influences of light and vegetation patch structure should be included in predictive models of riparian plant community structure in mountain streams. Boundary analysis showed that microtopography was an important factor for boundary maintenance of riparian plant communities. In the second part of the study, the effective flood frequency was determined initially by partial Mantel tests between inundation extent associated with each flood frequency and plant communities, and the results were compared to floristic characteristics derived from DCA and Indicator Species Analysis. Flood frequencies ranging from one to eight years were most strongly associated with the understory and overall plant community structure, whereas overstory communities were influenced by both frequent (¡Ü 9 year) and large infrequent (¡Ý35 year) floods. Riparian plant communities in mountain streams are mostly influenced by frequent flooding but large floods are also important for maintaining spatial heterogeneity.
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Adjei-Darko, Priscilla. „Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems for Flood Risk Mapping and Near Real-time Flooding Extent Assessment in the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area“. Thesis, KTH, Geoinformatik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-205191.
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Disasters, whether natural or man-made have become an issue of mounting concern all over the world. Natural disasters such as floods, earthquakes, landslides, cyclones, tsunamis and volcanic eruptions are yearly phenomena that have devastating effect on infrastructure and property and in most cases, results in the loss of human life. Floods are amongst the most prevalent natural disasters. The frequency with which floods occur, their magnitude, extent and the cost of damage are escalating all around the globe. Accra, the capital city of Ghana experiences the occurrence of flooding events annually with dire consequences. Past studies demonstrated that remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) are very useful and effective tools in flood risk assessment and management. This thesis research seeks to demarcate flood risk areas and create a flood risk map for the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area using remote sensing and Geographic information system. Multi Criteria Analysis (MCA) is used to carry out the flood risk assessment and Sentinel-1A SAR images are used to map flood extend and to ascertain whether the resulting map from the MCA process is a close representation of the flood prone areas in the study area. The results show that the multi-criteria analysis approach could effectively combine several criteria including elevation, slope, rainfall, drainage, land cover and soil geology to produce a flood risk map. The resulting map indicates that over 50 percent of the study area is likely to experience a high level of flood. For SAR-based flood extent mapping, the results show that SAR data acquired immediately after the flooding event could better map flooding extent than the SAR data acquired 9 days after. This highlights the importance of near real-time acquisition of SAR data for mapping flooding extent and damages. All parts under the study area experience some level of flooding. The urban land cover experiences very high, and high levels of flooding and the MCA process produces a risk map that is a close depiction of flooding in the study area. Real time flood disaster monitoring, early warning and rapid damage appraisal have greatly improved due to ameliorations in the remote sensing technology and the Geographic Information Systems.
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Andersson, Evelina. „Flood modelling in urban areas : A comparative study of MIKE 21 and SCALGO Live“. Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-300466.
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Pluvial flooding originating from extreme rainfall is problematic and an increasing issue in Sweden. Higher requirements on adapting cities in urban areas to these challenges have been placed on both municipalities and the county administration. Thus, an increased need for water modelling, both in existing and planned areas have emerged. The Danish Hydrological Institute (DHI) has developed several models and tools to simulate floods and heavy rains, of which MIKE 21 is one. MIKE 21 is a dynamic model consisting of hydrological calculations in each cell, requiring modelling skills and long simulation time, but is proven to be a good and credible model. SCALGO Live, on the other hand, is a static tool simulated by raster-based algorithms and capable of giving fast results directly on the platform. However, compared to MIKE 21, SCALGO Live is not as evaluated nor is its use as widespread for simulating floods and heavy rain events. This study aims to investigate how inundation in twenty urban areas caused by cloudbursts is simulated in both programs to examine how well the result coming from SCALGO Live, is equivalent to the result from the MIKE 21-model. The comparison is made in both depth and spread using three comparative indexes, two statistical equations and one map, showing the extension of the inundation in both models. To make the models comparable, the model in MIKE 21 is made as equivalent as possible with SCALGO Live before simulation and the purpose is to investigate whether there is any type of area where the two different models are equivalent. The result shows that the flooded areas from SCALGO Live are in good agreement in most areas with the MIKE 21-model, but that the depth in the depression zones is somewhat overestimated, compared with the highest value in MIKE 21. The MIKE 21-model has a greater spread upstream, showing flowpaths if compared directly with the flooded areas from SCALGO Live, but if activating the flow accumulation tool in SCALGO Live, the differences are reduced but cannot be quantified in this study. The differences between the models increase with a higher resolution, longer flowpaths and a larger catchment, at least for the confined catchments. To conclude, SCALGO Live is best suited for smaller confined catchments where there are no long or complex flowpaths. SCALGO Live also works well at an early stage in the planning process and as a platform for combining detailed data and results. However, for the more complex areas, MIKE 21 is better suited, since various parameters can be considered.
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Liang, Jiayong. „Flood Mapping in Riverine and Coastal Urban Areas Using Multi-sensor Imagery and Multi-source Information“. The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1566165986747865.
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Muniz, Emerson de Oliveira. „Comportas abertas para o risco: análise geográfica da inundação brusca ocorrida em Areal, RJ, em 12 de janeiro de 2011“. Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 2013. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/1407.
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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Numa contemporaneidade na qual as estatísticas apontam o incremento dos chamados desastres naturais em todo o mundo, sobretudo em nações como o Brasil, onde o crescente adensamento populacional nas cidades faz delas as áreas preferenciais para a realização das catástrofes, especialmente quando marcadas pela desigualdade social e pela baixa capacidade institucional de prevenção e gerenciamento desses fenômenos. A presente pesquisa faz uma interpretação geográfica do evento de inundação brusca ocorrido na cidade de Areal – RJ no dia 12 de janeiro de 2011, diretamente vinculado à catástrofe socioambiental que se processou na Região Serrana do estado naquela data. A partir da experiência vivenciada pelo próprio autor como testemunha e vítima do desastre em Areal, o trabalho registra como o evento se processou no tempo e no espaço e discute numa proposta integradora as condicionantes físicas e socioinstitucionais relacionadas ao fato da cidade ter tido a quase totalidade de sua área urbana fortemente impactada pela inundação. Dentre as condicionantes analisadas ressalta-se a presença e a operação da barragem Morro Grande, um reservatório para aproveitamento hidrelétrico a montante e próximo da área urbana do município. Duas paisagens são consideradas na interpretação, a da bacia hidrográfica do rio Piabanha e a da área urbana do município de Areal, cidade localizada no curso médio do rio que dá nome à bacia. As interações natureza-sociedade na geração do desastre, o mapeamento da área urbana afetada no evento de 2011, a análise da capacidade político-institucional de resposta à crise e o ordenamento urbano de Areal no engendramento de riscos são aspectos averiguados na pesquisa. Com base na proposta de Libaut (1971), a metodologia obedeceu quatro etapas seqüenciadas e empregou técnicas de trabalho de campo, entrevistas e mapeamento da área inundada. A pesquisa conclui que o evento na cidade foi de grande porte, deflagrado por um contexto de exceção na dinâmica flúvio-meteorológica regional, mas amplificado por fatores ligados à própria espacialidade local.
At the present times, the statistics are aiming to the increase of those called “global nature disasters”, particularly in nations like Brazil where the population of small and big cities are in constant development which contribute in addition to, the weakness of the administration and management of the prevention of disasters like the one that occurred at the city of Areal- RJ on January 12, 2011. The present work made a geographical interpretation of that event that might be the cause for that sudden flood that covered the city, located near at the highlands region of Rio de Janeiro. From that self-experience as a witness and victim the author, present a friendly proposition to discuss the construction and operation of the Morro Grande, located near that urban area and used as a Hydroelectric Reservoir to the enhancement of the region. At this point there are multiple factors to be analyzed like the area between the rivers, the urban area, the interaction nature-society, description of the area affected, the capacity political-institutional to respond to these type of events. This work is in according with Libaut (1971), this work follow the four steps and technical of work on the field. Interviews and description of the area object of this work. The paper concludes that the event in the city was large, triggered by an exception in the context of river dynamics and regional weather, but amplified by factors related to spatiality own site.
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Nabinejad, Shima Verfasser], Holger [Akademischer Betreuer] [Schüttrumpf und Jürgen [Akademischer Betreuer] Jensen. „Flood risk management in coastal areas : the application of agent based modeling to include farmer-flood interaction / Shima Nabinejad ; Holger Schüttrumpf, Jürgen Jensen“. Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1220082759/34.
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Hartsfield, Samuel J. „Vegetation, Environmental Characteristics, and their Relationships: Variation within the Annually Flooded Riparian Zones of the John Day River Basin, Oregon“. PDXScholar, 2009. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1718.
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I hypothesized that vegetation and physical environmental characteristics would differ between the upper and lower extents of the annually flooded riparian zone on the John Day River, and that relationships between species and environmental variables would display differences between these two zones. Vegetation, environmental variables, and relationships between them were assessed for the entire annually flooded riparian zone, and for the proposed upper and lower zones. Data were collected from 60 one-square-meter quadrats: 30 in each the upper and lower zones. Sites were randomly selected and located so that flood duration was roughly equal at all sites within each zone.
34 plant species were encountered: 25 in the upper zone, 27 in the lower zone. Wetland obligate and facultative wetland species groups and eight individual species accounted for statistically different percentages ofquadrat cover between zones. ANOSIM analysis identified two statistically distinct vegetation communities between the two zones.
Soil texture averaged 75.85% sand and 20.81% fines. Sand ranged between 36.69% and 95.55%. Fines ranged between 2.54% and 58.84%. A horizon depths and fine soil particle concentrations were greater in the upper zone. Coarser soils with more sand and gravel dominated the lower zone. All enviromnental variables studied, except pH, were highly variable throughout the study area. ANOSIM analysis results suggest that the upper and lower zones have distinct, statistically different physical environments from each other.
Regression analyses relating species quadrat cover to physical environmental variables were performed for the total, upper, and lower riparian zones. Numerous differences were identified between the upper and lower riparian zones that the riparian scale analyses did not represent accurately. There were ten instances in which the zone scale analyses identified a relationship in either the upper or lower zone, while the corresponding riparian scale analysis failed to identify any relationship.
The results of this study indicate that vegetation and the physical environment are statistically different between the upper and lower zones on this river, and that relationships between a given plant species and environmental variable can vary between zones. Future research and management efforts should consider and address the potential for such between-zone variation.
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Rayhan, Israt [Verfasser]. „Assessing household vulnerability and coping strategies to floods : a comparative study of flooded and non-flooded areas in Bangladesh, 2005 / von Israt Rayhan“. 2008. http://d-nb.info/990934632/34.
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Kemna, Stephen Paul. „Some geomorphic models of flood hazards on distributary flow areas in southern Arizona“. 1990. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_e9791_1990_195_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.
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Hung, Wei-Chi, und 洪蔚齊. „The Route Planning in Flooded Areas Based on Indexing Techniques“. Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/aqm9b8.
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碩士國立臺灣海洋大學
資訊工程學系
103
The disaster brought by heavy rain has become more and more serious in Taiwan. In the past, a researcher has studied the problem of planning an unflooded path from the given origin to the destination, and proposed two approaches. The first one is called the Baseline approach. It mainly picks out the roads passing through flooded areas, and invokes the Dijkstra algorithm to determine the shortest path based on the remaining unflooded roads. The second proposed approach, called Cloud, utilizes the Google Maps routing planning service to get an initial shortest path. If the path passes through flooded areas, the system will identify nearby alternative roads and re-plan again. The main goal of this thesis is to improve the efficiency of the two existing approaches by using indexing techniques. For the Baseline approach, we consider the task of determining whether a road is flooded or not, and explore the possibilities of using roads or flooded areas to build indices, respectively. As to the Cloud approach, we consider the task of identifying the nearby alternative roads for a flooded road, and discuss two types of indices. The first one extends the road index constructed for the Baseline approach. The second one uses intersections to build the index. We have implemented these different indices, and performed a series of experiments to compare their performance. Experimental results show that the Cloud approach with indices is much more efficient than the Baseline approach with indices. The difference may be up to an order of magnitude when the road network is large. Besides, although the Cloud approach cannot always output a path without passing through flooded areas at the first time, it may achieve ninety percent of success rates if it is allowed to adjust its route up to three times.
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Chang, Line-Fang, und 張齡方. „Flood Damage Estimation for Residential Area“. Thesis, 2000. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/77415974459467734475.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
農業工程學研究所
88
The risk of flood damages increases as the population and economic development become much dense in a region. Damage assessment and risk analysis are important issues for flood damage mitigation other than hydrological and hydraulic studies. This thesis focuses on the regional damage assessment in residential area. The damages were estimated in three aspects: the common indoor assets, public utilities, and mobiles. A Depth-Damage Curve, based on the social-econmic data such as building characteristics, common indoor decorations, and common owned appliances, was built. The flood damages can be estimated under different return periods for risk study. A mapping scheme using census data was built to estimate buildings and residential area distributions. The ShijuCity in Taipei Metropolitan was used as a demonstration area in this thesis. A regional adjustment factor based on land values and the family expenses was also proposed to take the social economic differences among different regions into account.
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Wang, Qing-zong, und 王慶宗. „Exploration of flood management plans on constructions of flood facilities and developments of ashore urban areas - Case study of the flood management plan of Taipei Metropolitan Area“. Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/e89s54.
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碩士國立中央大學
土木工程學系在職專班
103
Abstract Due to the rapid population growth in Taipei Basin, residents are fighting for land with rivers, and building embankments is a reality that cannot be changed. The special landform of a basin and fighting for land with water increases potential risk. The uncertain effects of climate change are also disadvantageous to the basin’s future development, and will directly or indirectly impact the functionality and safety of flood prevention facilities. This paper examines the effect of past typhoon and flooding events, as well as the effectiveness of flood prevention facilities on economic development and population changes along the riverbank. After collecting data on typhoon and flooding events as well as the construction of flood prevention facilities through literature review, the paper summarizes the scope of flooding, flood levels at Taipei Bridge, construction of flood prevention facilities, Taipei’s flood prevention plan, and remediation of Keelung River. This paper then analyzes the correlation between the data, results are follows: the flood level at Taipei Bridge significantly declined from 1963 to 1986, but increased after 1986; the range of flooding in Taipei gradually decreased after 1963. Flood level rise and range of flooding are mainly affected by rainfall intensity, duration and distribution. To understand the effectiveness of flood prevention facilities, this paper examines the correlation between typhoon and flood disasters and the construction of flood prevention facilities, and IV also considers changes in riverway erosion and deposition, land subsidence, and land development. Changes in population along the riverbank are found through demographics websites, and the correlation with flood prevention facilities is found based on the timetable of flood prevention projects (1953, 1963, 1973, 1981, 1991, 2001, 2014). This paper further discusses economic development, flood prevention protection standards, disaster prevention and relief, and water control measures. The abovementioned analysis results are provided as a basis for future research, and for the public to understand past disasters and flood prevention facilities. Charts offer analysis of the effectiveness of flood prevention facilities. Finally, this paper can serve as reference for the formulation, review and evaluation of policies for flood prevention facilities.
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Olivia, Sisca, und Sisca. „Geographical Analysis as Determination of Flood Risk Area“. Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/63rzus.
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博士國立臺北科技大學
設計學院創意與永續建築研究外國學生專班
102
Flood map-making that produced by BNPB was delineated by four disaster management components: hazard, vulnerability, capacity, and risk. Flood map making is one of non-structural strategy in prevention/mitigation phase to reduce flood risk. In this study, we took flood prone area as our case study. We analyzed and compared the correlation between flood map and flood data history. However, flood factor has important role in flood process, both natural and human factors. We analyzed a case study based on the geographical condition: terrain and surface runoff. We believed that the often flood hazard area is the riskier area. Risk in disaster management is related to hazard, vulnerability, and capacity of area. It also related to amount of damage and loss, which is in economic matter. In this study, flood risk was not calculated in loss number, but determination flood risk area. Risk area in our concern is area that first flooding attack. The purpose of this study is to determine flood risk area, based on terrain and surface runoff. We analyzed and assessed the correlation of flood map and flood history in the last few years. Then, we used several maps and software as methodological tools. Sketch Up and AutoCAD were used to delineate flood inundation and flood risk area. HEC-HMS is used to calculate runoff volume of each land use. This study found that flooding first attack would impact to farming land use in north part, paddy field in west part, and east part of Napai. We delineated in four level risk areas. Flood inundation in farming area gives loss in economy and livelihood. However, flooding occurs in residential and public facility area give other ‘risk’ to human living. Research expecting result is to contribute giving information to government and stakeholder in flood disaster management strategies. By categorized flood risk area in detail, preparedness and mitigation strategies, damage and loss will be decreasing in the next flooding, also community do not have to evacuate every flooding come.
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Chen, jian-he, und 陳建合. „Integrated Flood Management Applied on Special Act for Flood Management at Flooding Area“. Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/12817136321793757395.
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碩士高苑科技大學
土木工程研究所
97
Early flood control management is mainly about engineering methods, including the construction of protecting embankments, river dredging, dike relocation and increasing the dike height. Due to the large amount of surface runoff into the river, the midstream and downstream often become more intense and often cause floods. The traditional flood control management often uses rapid drainage by the upstream and slow flow by the downstream; this will lead to the heavy load on downstream and causes flooding. Integrated flood management’s main consideration is to spread the risk of floods. The upstream and midstream use flood storage and detention method while the downstream uses flood separation, flood diversion, and storing floodwater. It can help the upstream to have slow drainage while the downstream has rapid outflow and reduce the loss of flooding as a whole. The integrated flood management protection baseline measures can be divided into flood control measures and. Response to flood control measures is often engineering methods and often apply non-engineering manners to the standard countermeasures to protect the baseline. This study aims at different types of floods such as, the inner water hazards, external water disasters and huge tide disasters to probe into the application of Integrated flood management. It takes Togang drainage system at Tainan county and Wuluo drainage system at Pingtang county as examples to provide specific conclusions and recommendations for follow-up and later related research.
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Chen, Hung-Fu, und 陳宏富. „Assessment of Flood Potential and Vulnerability in Landsubsidence Area“. Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/72314757607803640036.
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碩士國立交通大學
土木工程系所
104
Landsubsidence has become worse in southwest coastal areas of Taiwan; in which, Yunlin is one of the most severe subsidence county in Taiwan. Recently, the center of subsidence cone has gradually migrated inland. Under the global climate change, the subsidence not only increases the vulnerability of disaster, but also threatens more area with flood disasters. For allocating reasonable resources on improvement work, reducing the vulnerability, and decreasing flood disaster losses, therefore investigating the level of vulnerability in disaster areas is necessary. The study area is located in the Northern Yunlin Country. First, the observation data of rainfall and sea levels were collected. Data from Northern Yunlin coastal rainfall stations and Mailiau station are adopted for frequency analysis. Latin Hypercube sampling (LHS) method is later applied to produce samples of rainfall and sea level, which are treated as the external forcing and boundary condition of SOBEK 1D model. The simulation results are used to evaluate the distributions of channel peak water level, and to investigate the effect of rainfall and sea levels to channel water levels. To understand the relationship between the subsidence and flooding potential, we use the subsidence data by kriging method for spatial interpolation, creating contour maps of the subsidence. Combining the created contour map with the Northern Yunlin digital elevation model, we may produce a new digital elevation model. Levee protection levels based on 25 years channel water level probabilistic distribution are taken into account for evaluating the inundation area by SOBEK 1D2D model, taking account several flood return periods with different digital elevation model. The vulnerability index is added to simulation results, and used to evaluate the vulnerability for each town within the study area.
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Nguyen, Tan Hung. „Spatial Planning in Flood-prone Areas“. Phd thesis, 2019. https://tuprints.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/9266/1/Full%20Hung%20Nguyen%20Dissertation%20URN92661.pdf.
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The main aims of this study are to achieve a better knowledge of the flood-prone area challenges and possible measures for flood risk reduction scheme based on an interpretive research study of case studies through three phases. The first examined Can Tho City as a case study to identify processes as flood driving forces associated with natural and anthropogenic characteristics. The next phase was conducted by the expert in-depth interview to evaluate the responses to flood-related issues in chosen cities (Can Tho and Ho Chi Minh Cities) and to reveal current approaches of the management patterns embedded national and international policy schemes. The last used comparative research method to collect primary reflections through France and Germany flood mitigation scheme; and the European policy on flood risk management as well as international cooperation mechanism. The content analysis method was used to answer the research questions.
The study recognized some significant findings. First, both natural and anthropogenic groups of flood driving forces are on developing processes contributing negative impacts; and in combination, these exacerbate flood vulnerability. Second, the assessment on study sites frames the failures of authority’s responses regarding the current approach, constraints towards non-structural measure implementation, poor land use planning in flood risk contexts, and insufficient strategy on river basin as well as trans-boundary management. Third, European practices on spatial planning performed as the appropriate land use planning providing guidelines for adjusted directions of flood risk reduction policies in Vietnam context, primarily regulating on protecting existing and new development on flood-prone area use.
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Lin, Po-Chiang, und 林柏強. „Flood frequency analysis in ungauged areas“. Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/76647019350677392271.
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碩士國立臺灣海洋大學
河海工程學系
96
Considering the engineering safety and economy, the design discharge for water resources engineering is relied on the results of the flood frequency analysis. Since a large number of discharge records are needed in current frequency analysis methods, the methods are impracticable for watershed lacking of discharge records. For this reason, the objective of this study is to provide a suitable frequency analysis method for discharge in watershed lacking of enough hydrological records and to estimate the design discharge for agricultural water resources engineering. In this study, two flood frequency analysis schemes, namely, the index flood method coupled with L-moment method and the kinematic-wave-based geomorphologic instantaneous unit hydrograph (KW－GIUH) method using rainfall record as input, were applied to estimate the flood peak for different return periods. Hydrologic records from twenty-four watersheds in northern Taiwan were adopted to validate the proposed analytical procedure. The results indicate that the index flood method can provide accurate estimations for flood peak in low return period cases but causes apparent errors in high return period cases. On the contrary, the KW-GIUH model can have good estimations for flood peaks in high return period cases than those in low return period cases.
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CHENG, Chung-Cheng, und 鄭忠成. „Research of disaster enhancement for flood prevention in Kaohsiung area“. Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/05062659225977660103.
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碩士中華科技大學
土木防災工程研究所
100
Kaohsiung in the 2001-2010 continuously with the aftermath of Typhoon Trami, Typhoon Morakot, and Typhoons Fanapi, the people's property and caused economic losses of rainfall when rainfall exceeds flood control drainage system can bear, how can we avoid suffered damage? or design a program once and for all, regardless of how both the size of rainfall will not cause flooding, without affecting the lives of people, this should be present to be positive to think about. In this study, expert interviews and questionnaires to do a survey, these three typhoons (Trami, Morakot, Fanapi) a comparison of the flooding situation, to find hazard reasons, propose preventive measures, even if it is impossible to avoid flooding the circumstances, how disaster relief? Kaohsiung, the disaster prevention system currently available, how to be more sophisticated and more effective implementation of relief programs in order to flood disasters in the same time, the first time be able to evacuate people to protect life and property safety, and rescue of material goods and to avoid damage to the expansion, to do relief work. After the survey it shows that the resident believe the probability of flooding to Kaohsiung is very high. They generally think the probability still ordinary exists.But when the flood is happening,the area of mountainshould rethink planning the construction additional reservoir,the resident identity is not more than half . It shows that residents is opposed to build the reaervoir. But to solve the flooding ,the residents of Kaohsiung agree to increase the large flexible pump machines.They think that increasing the large flexible pump machines is efficacious.In fact,they think the most effective tools are to build detention pond in area in early peroid,and dredge the A-gon-dan low-lying reaervoir,andincrease the water storage capacity of changchinglake Lotus Pond. Since Hydraulic Engineering Bureau was established after the Kaohsiung City and country were merged,the opinions of flood prevention were identical.The requirement of buying large flexible pump machines from resident illustrated that the resident feel necessary and highly requested. The flood prevention units Kaohsiung shall settle the support mechanism and perform maneuvers with the volunteer groups and charities. Therefore, the units could effectively increase the efficency of relieveing flood while the floods occur. Keyword : Typhoon Trami, Typhoon Morakot, Typhoons Fanapi, Kaohsiung flood, flood prevention policy
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Tsai, Chi-Ting, und 蔡繼霆. „The Analysis of Study on Flood in Southern Taiwan Area“. Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/86994738189009952668.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
生物環境系統工程學研究所
103
Due to global warming, extreme climate change, the level in Southern Taiwan area is low and coastal area causes subsidence because of groundwater extraction when heavy rain come, for example, Typhoon and Plum rain season. Stream surge and over-flooding cause the heavy loss about property and life of residents. In conclusion of these flooding disaster reasons, it can be understood that the easiest flooding disaster reason is the problem of plan, design, control, and management. These drainage facilities are maintained not well, designed bad, under the standard of flood protection. And this problem is 36.36% (48/132). The secondary one , hard discharging of inner water, is 21.97% (29/132). It is because of low-lying and bad congenital conditions in Southern Taiwan area, extreme climate changes the weather patterns, short precipitation, short rainfall duration, rainfall centralization, high intensity, and the higher peak discharge, the areas can not deal with excessive flooding instantly. The inner water can not discharge smoothly because of drainage facilities hard-working , let the large-scale flooding happen. Comprehensive water management thinking, the core value is reducing the load of river. It can suffer larger flood events based on existing foundation. For the part of plan, the project embodiment of comprehensive water management strategy includes all the watershed , not part of rivers. And the strategies are flood mitigation, flood storage, and escaping.