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Malgwi, Mark Bawa, Jorge Alberto Ramirez, Andreas Zischg, Markus Zimmermann, Stefan Schürmann und Margreth Keiler. „A method to reconstruct flood scenarios using field interviews and hydrodynamic modelling: application to the 2017 Suleja and Tafa, Nigeria flood“. Natural Hazards 108, Nr. 2 (07.05.2021): 1781–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-021-04756-z.
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AbstractThe scarcity of model input and calibration data has limited efforts in reconstructing scenarios of past floods in many regions globally. Recently, the number of studies that use distributed post-flood observation data collected throughout flood-affected communities (e.g. face-to-face interviews) are increasing. However, a systematic method that applies such data for hydrodynamic modelling of past floods in locations without hydrological data is lacking. In this study, we developed a method for reconstructing plausible scenarios of past flood events in data-scarce regions by applying flood observation data collected through field interviews to a hydrodynamic model (CAESAR-Lisflood). We tested the method using 300 spatially distributed flood depths and duration data collected using questionnaires on five river reaches after the 2017 flood event in Suleja and Tafa region, Nigeria. A stepwise process that aims to minimize the error between modelled and observed flood depth and duration at the locations of interviewed households was implemented. Results from the reconstructed flood depth scenario produced an error of ± 0.61 m for all observed and modelled locations and lie in the range of error produced by studies using comparable hydrodynamic models. The study demonstrates the potential of utilizing interview data for hydrodynamic modelling applications in data-scarce regions to support regional flood risk assessment. Furthermore, the method can provide flow depths and durations at houses without observations, which is useful input data for physical vulnerability assessment to complement disaster risk reduction efforts.
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Erskine, Wayne D., Lisa M. Turner und Teresa A. Rose. „Sedimentological and geomorphological effects of the 1997 and 1998 flood sequence on the Lower Snowy River, Victoria“. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 128, Nr. 2 (2016): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rs16010.
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Three floods with flood peak ratios (peak discharge/mean annual flood) ranging between 0.65 and 5.35 occurred on the lower Snowy River in Victoria between June 1997 and August 1998. The June 1998 flood was the largest event downstream of the Rodger River junction where the flood peak ratio was >4. Pre- and post-flood investigations were carried out at the three Snowy River benchmarking sites in Victoria (McKillops Bridge, Sandy Point and Bete Bolong) to determine the impact of the floods on channel-boundary sediments and morphology. Few significant changes in graphic grain-size statistics for channel-boundary sediments were found at McKillops Bridge and Sandy Point. At Bete Bolong, there were many significant changes in the grain-size statistics of both the bed material and bank sediment. The variance and mean of a number of benchfull and bankfull channel morphologic parameters (width, area, mean depth, maximum depth, width‒maximum depth ratio) did not change significantly at McKillops Bridge and Sandy Point. At Bete Bolong, benchfull mean depth and area increased significantly due to bed degradation. Floods with a flood peak ratio of at least 4 are important for mobilising channel-boundary sediments and hence modifying channel morphology on the lower Snowy River.
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Zin, Win Win, Akiyuki Kawasaki, Georg Hörmann, Ralph Allen Acierto, Zin Mar Lar Tin San und Aye Myat Thu. „Multivariate Flood Loss Estimation of the 2018 Bago Flood in Myanmar“. Journal of Disaster Research 15, Nr. 3 (30.03.2020): 300–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2020.p0300.
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Flood loss models are essential tools for assessing flood risk. Flood damage assessment provides decision makers with critical information to manage flood hazards. This paper presents a multivariable flood damage assessment based on data from residential building and content damage from the Bago flood event of July 2018. This study aims to identify the influences on building and content losses. We developed a regression-based flood loss estimation model, which incorporates factors such as water depth, flood duration, building material, building age, building condition, number of stories, and floor level. Regression approaches, such as stepwise and best subset regression, were used to create the flood damage model. The selection was based on Akaike’s information criterion (AIC). We found that water depth, flood duration, and building material were the most significant factors determining flood damage in the residential sector.
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S.Ferreira, Carla, Sandra Mourato, Milica Kasanin-Grubin, António J.D. Ferreira, Georgia Destouni und Zahra Kalantari. „Effectiveness of Nature-Based Solutions in Mitigating Flood Hazard in a Mediterranean Peri-Urban Catchment“. Water 12, Nr. 10 (16.10.2020): 2893. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12102893.
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Urbanization alters natural hydrological processes and enhances runoff, which affects flood hazard. Interest in nature-based solutions (NBS) for sustainable mitigation and adaptation to urban floods is growing, but the magnitudes of NBS effects are still poorly investigated. This study explores the potential of NBS for flood hazard mitigation in a small peri-urban catchment in central Portugal, prone to flash floods driven by urbanization and short but intense rainfall events typical of the Mediterranean region. Flood extent and flood depth are assessed by manually coupling the hydrologic HEC-HMS and hydraulic HEC-RAS models. The coupled model was run for single rainfall events with recurrence periods of 10–, 20–, 50–, and 100–years, considering four simulation scenarios: current conditions (without NBS), and with an upslope NBS, a downslope NBS, and a combination of both. The model-simulation approach provides good estimates of flood magnitude (NSE = 0.91, RMSE = 0.08, MAE = 0.07, R2 = 0.93), and shows that diverting streamflow into abandoned fields has positive impacts in mitigating downslope flood hazard. The implementation of an upslope NBS can decrease the water depth at the catchment outlet by 0.02 m, whereas a downslope NBS can reduce it from 0.10 m to 0.23 m for increasing return periods. Combined upslope and downslope NBS have a marginal additional impact in reducing water depth, ranging from 0.11 m to 0.24 m for 10– and 100–year floods. Decreases in water depth provided by NBS are useful in flood mitigation and adaptation within the peri-urban catchment. A network of NBS, rather than small isolated strategies, needs to be created for efficient flood-risk management at a larger scale.
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Sayama, Takahiro, Koji Matsumoto, Yuji Kuwano und Kaoru Takara. „Application of Backpack-Mounted Mobile Mapping System and Rainfall–Runoff–Inundation Model for Flash Flood Analysis“. Water 11, Nr. 5 (08.05.2019): 963. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11050963.
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Satellite remote sensing has been used effectively to estimate flood inundation extents in large river basins. In the case of flash floods in mountainous catchments, however, it is difficult to use remote sensing information. To compensate for this situation, detailed rainfall–runoff and flood inundation models have been utilized. Regardless of the recent technological advances in simulations, there has been a significant lack of data for validating such models, particularly with respect to local flood inundation depths. To estimate flood inundation depths, this study proposes using a backpack-mounted mobile mapping system (MMS) for post-flood surveys. Our case study in Northern Kyushu Island, which was affected by devastating flash floods in July 2017, suggests that the MMS can be used to estimate the inundation depth with an accuracy of 0.14 m. Furthermore, the landform change due to deposition of sediments could be estimated by the MMS survey. By taking into consideration the change of topography, the rainfall–runoff–inundation (RRI) model could reasonably reproduce the flood inundation compared with the MMS measurements. Overall, this study demonstrates the effective application of the MMS and RRI model for flash flood analysis in mountainous river catchments.
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Godara, Rakesh K., Billy J. Williams und Eric P. Webster. „Texasweed (Caperonia palustris) Can Survive and Reproduce in 30-cm Flood“. Weed Technology 25, Nr. 4 (Dezember 2011): 667–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-11-00069.1.
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Texasweed is an annual broadleaf plant belonging to the Euphorbiaceae family and is an emerging problem in southern U.S. rice fields. Field studies were conducted in 2008 and 2009 to study the effect of flood depth on Texasweed survival and growth. The trearments were five flood depths: 0, 10, 15, 20, and 30 cm and two Texasweed growth stages: two- to three-leaf stage and four- to five-leaf stage. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized split-plot design with three replications. Flooding conditions were created by placing potted plants in 1.3 m by 0.7 m by 0.7 m polyvinyl chloride troughs. The effect of flood depth on Texasweed growth and fruit production was evaluated using ANOVA and regression analysis. Texasweed plants were able to survive in floods up to 30 cm; however, growth and fruit production were reduced. Increasing flood depths resulted in increased plant height and greater biomass allocation to stem. Texasweed plants produced adventitious roots and a thick spongy tissue, secondary aerenchyma, in the submerged roots and stem, which may play a role in its survival under flooded conditions. The recommended flood depth for rice in Louisiana is 5 to 10 cm. A 10-cm flood in the present study caused about 30 and 15% biomass reduction in two- to three-leaf and four- to five-leaf stage Texasweed, respectively. The results, thus, suggest that flooding alone may not be a viable option for Texasweed management in drill-seeded rice. However, appropriate manipulation of flooding could enhance the effectiveness of POST herbicides. This aspect needs further investigation.
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Brown, Kyle M., Crispin H. Hambidge und Jonathan M. Brownett. „Progress in operational flood mapping using satellite synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data“. Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 40, Nr. 2 (April 2016): 196–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133316633570.
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During flooding, operational tools for mapping flood extent and depth of water in flood-prone areas are required by those planning emergency response, including UK statutory agencies such as the Environment Agency. Satellite data have become a source of information to map and monitor floods, but many of the methods developed to process the data are unsuitable for accurate, near real-time production of flood information products. This paper describes a new semi-automated methodology developed to provide operational mapping of flood extent and flood depth using satellite synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data combined with light detection and ranging (LiDAR) elevation data. In this method, an analyst uses the flood boundary derived from 8 m spatial resolution satellite SAR data to estimate the flood surface elevation at points around a flooded area using a digital terrain model derived from LiDAR data. This method is compared to a simple satellite ‘SAR-only’ method for generating flood extent and alternative, automated methods of generating flood extent and depth that also used SAR and LiDAR. TerraSAR-X and SPOT 5 data were used from an area including the UK Somerset Levels which suffered a major flood event in February 2014. The new semi-automated method produced similar overall accuracy to the SAR-only method ( Po = 95.8% and Po = 95.3%, respectively), but was more accurate at mapping flood extent where large vegetation or other objects appeared in the satellite SAR data. The automated methods were relatively inaccurate (overall accuracy ranged from Po = 83.4% to Po = 88.8%), but were used to identify where further work on improving the semi-automated-elevation method could be carried out. In addition to the flood extent information provided by the semi-automated-elevation method, flood surface elevation data were produced that could be used to estimated flood depths and flood volumes. The accuracy of the flood elevation surface was tested using LiDAR data acquired of the water surface during the flooding (root mean square error = 0.152 m). The paper discusses progress towards operational flood monitoring using SAR and LiDAR remote sensing products.
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Əhmədov, F. Ş. ,., R. K. ,. Quliyev und R. Ü. Əbdüləzimov. „SEL VƏ DAŞQIN AXINLARINDA DAĞ ÇAYLARI MƏCRASININ YUYULMA DƏRİNLİYİNİN TƏYİNİ“. “Water Problems: science and technologies” 1, Nr. 1 (10.06.2021): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.30546/wtst.2020.1.82.
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Abstract. The article is dedicated to the determination of the wash depth of mountain rivers in floods and overflows. As well-known, hydrotechnical equipment is exposed to destructive damages of the floods and overflows. The undersurface of bridge basement and coast guards are washed away, the surface of drainage devices in water supply and dams (Düker) at river crossings are opened up. Therefore, the protection of the equipment against the destructive damage of the floods and overflows should be ensured. To this aim, first of all, the depth of the fortification of the equipment basement in riverbeds and the width through which the river can flow should be determined and the works of installing coast guards should be accordingly implemented. Since the flow regime of rivers due to floods in the course of mountain riverbeds dramatically changes, the width, depth, roughness and cross-sectional area of the riverbed also changes. To that reason, in the smallest case, calculation formulas includes the average width and wash depth of the riverbed in the course of the floods and overflows, average diameter of undersurface soils, the slope of the location of hydrotechnical structures, velocity due to the average diameter of the riverbed soils and so on. The article contains the analyses of theoretical and practical materials about the floods and overflows in mountain rivers. For the rivers flowing through the southern hills of Great Caucasus Mountains, the expressions for determining the riverbed parameters and hydrological parameters of rivers are used. According to the expressions, average width due to non-washing of the riverbed in floods in accordance with flood flow and slope of the studied part of the riverbed, the average depth of the riverbed crossing the flood, the average velocity of the flow and the wash depth in accordance with them are determined. basing on all these, the determining method of the wash depth of mountain riverbeds in floods have been worked out and determining the wash depth have been recorded. The studied methodology can be used in determining the riverbed parameters in floods and overflows. Keywords: Flood, riverbed deformation, mountain river, wash depth, average diameter of undersurface sediments, riverbed stability, flood velocity
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Qiao, Chen, Quanyi Huang, Tao Chen und Zhipeng Li. „Key Algorithms And Its Realization About Snowmelt Flood Disaster Model Based On Remote Sensing And GIS“. E3S Web of Conferences 53 (2018): 03058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185303058.
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Based on the remote sensing and GIS techniques, the relationships of the variables influencing the snowmelt flood such as the snow area, the snow depth, the air temperature, the precipitation, the land topography and land covers are analyzed and a prediction and damage assessment model for snowmelt floods is developed. This model analyzes and predicts the flood submerging range, flood depth, flood grade, and the damages of different underlying surfaces in the study area in a given time period based on the estimation of snowmelt amount, the snowmelt runoff, the direction and velocity of the flood. Then it was used to predict a snowmelt flood event in the Ertis River Basin in northern Xinjiang, China, during March and June, 2017 and to assess its damages including the damages of roads, transmission lines, settlements caused by the floods and the possible landslides using the hydrological and meteorological data, snow parameter data, DEM data and land use data. A comparison was made between the prediction results from this model and flood measurement and its disaster loss data, which suggests that this model performs well in predicting the strength and impact area of snowmelt flood and its damage assessment.
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Afifi, Chu, Kuo, Hsu, Wong und Ali. „Residential Flood Loss Assessment and Risk Mapping from High-Resolution Simulation“. Water 11, Nr. 4 (10.04.2019): 751. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11040751.
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Since the patterns of residential buildings in the urban area are small-sized and dispersed, this study proposes a high-resolution flood loss and risk assessment model to analyze the direct loss and risk impacts caused by floods. The flood inundation simulation with a fine digital elevation model (DEM) provides detailed estimations of flood-inundated areas and their corresponding inundation depths during the 2016 Typhoon Megi and 2017 Typhoon Haitang. The flood loss assessment identifies the impacts of both events on residential areas. The depth-damage table from surveys in the impacted area was applied. Results indicated that the flood simulation with the depth-damage table is an effective way to assess the direct loss of a flood disaster. The study also showed the effects of spatial resolution on the residential loss. The results indicated that the low-resolution model easily caused the estimated error of loss in dispersed residential areas when compared with the high-resolution model. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP), as a multi-criteria decision-making method, was used to identify the weight factor for each vulnerability factor. The flood-vulnerable area was mapped using natural and social vulnerability factors, such as high-resolution DEM, distance to river, distance to fire station, and population density. Eventually, the flood risk map was derived from the vulnerability and flood hazard maps to present the risk level of the flood disaster in the residential areas.
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Griesbaum, Luisa, Sabrina Marx und Bernhard Höfle. „Direct local building inundation depth determination in 3-D point clouds generated from user-generated flood images“. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 17, Nr. 7 (14.07.2017): 1191–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-17-1191-2017.
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Abstract. In recent years, the number of people affected by flooding caused by extreme weather events has increased considerably. In order to provide support in disaster recovery or to develop mitigation plans, accurate flood information is necessary. Particularly pluvial urban floods, characterized by high temporal and spatial variations, are not well documented. This study proposes a new, low-cost approach to determining local flood elevation and inundation depth of buildings based on user-generated flood images. It first applies close-range digital photogrammetry to generate a geo-referenced 3-D point cloud. Second, based on estimated camera orientation parameters, the flood level captured in a single flood image is mapped to the previously derived point cloud. The local flood elevation and the building inundation depth can then be derived automatically from the point cloud. The proposed method is carried out once for each of 66 different flood images showing the same building façade. An overall accuracy of 0.05 m with an uncertainty of ±0.13 m for the derived flood elevation within the area of interest as well as an accuracy of 0.13 m ± 0.10 m for the determined building inundation depth is achieved. Our results demonstrate that the proposed method can provide reliable flood information on a local scale using user-generated flood images as input. The approach can thus allow inundation depth maps to be derived even in complex urban environments with relatively high accuracies.
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Ohara, Miho, Naoko Nagumo, Badri Bhakta Shrestha und Hisaya Sawano. „Flood Risk Assessment in Asian Flood Prone Area with Limited Local Data – Case Study in Pampanga River Basin, Philippines –“. Journal of Disaster Research 11, Nr. 6 (01.12.2016): 1150–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2016.p1150.
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Disaster risk assessment is vital to determining needs for disaster countermeasures and promoting their implementation. However, it is difficult to conduct evidence-based risk assessment in flood-prone areas of Asia due to area-specific characteristics such as limited local data on natural and societal conditions and local lifestyles of persons who have adapted to frequent floods. This paper proposes basic flood risk assessment considering these characteristics and explores a case study conducted in a flood-prone area of the Pampanga River basin in the Republic of the Philippines to verify our method. We surveyed local household members as part of the study to understand local situations, finding that past flood damage cost little thanks to building structures adapted to frequent flooding and to local ways of protecting property during floods. We also found that the use of depth-damage curves developed for urban areas may overestimate anticipated damage expected in future floods when these curves are applied to flood-prone rural areas. For this reason, we propose a method of flood risk assessment for evaluating the societal impact on residents’ lives using observed thresholds of inundation depth by flood simulation, rather than using a method that estimates damage cost. Application of our proposal to the case study area confirmed its applicability and effectiveness in evidence-based planning for reducing flood risk.
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UMITSU, Masatomo. „FLOOD AND TSUNAMI FLOW IN RELATION TO THE LANDFORMS OF COASTAL AND ALLUVIAL LOWLANDS-CASE STUDY IN HAT YAI AND BANDA ACEH PLAINS“. Science and Technology Development Journal 12, Nr. 9 (15.05.2009): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v12i9.2288.
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Flood control is a very important issue of the environmental management in the alluvial and coastal plains. For the detail management, it is necessary to know the behavior of the flooding on the plains. Micro landforms of these plains are closely related to the flow and inundation depth of floods. Landforms of an alluvial plain are roughly classified into three units. alluvial fan, floodplain and delta. Landforms of these units are further classified into micro landforms as natural levee, flood basin, paleo-river channel, beach ridges and so on. The places on a higher micro landforms are generally flood free places or the places where the flood depth is shallow. On the contrary, flood water concentrate on the place of the lower micro-landforms as flood basin or back swamp and inundation depth is deep in the areas. Coastal areas as coastal plain or delta plain are subjected to the inundation by tidal surge or tsunami. Regional differences of the landforms of the coastal plain are also related to the difference of flood condition in a plain. Hazard map or risk map for the flood disasters should be taken the characteristics of micro landforms into consideration.
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Ignar, Stefan, Anna Maksymiuk-Dziuban, Dorota Mirosław-Świątek, Jarosław Chormański, Tomasz Okruszko und Paweł Wysocki. „Temporal variability of the selected flood parameters in the Biebrza River valley“. Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW. Land Reclamation 43, Nr. 2 (01.01.2011): 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10060-008-0099-x.
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Temporal variability of the selected flood parameters in the Biebrza River valley The paper presents the application of the hydrodynamic one-dimensional model of river flow based on St Venant equations for calculation of annual floods characteristics in the Lower Biebrza River Basin situated in the Northeast of Poland. This model was combined with the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) for determining of area of flooding, its mean depth and flood volume. The model was calibrated using measurements of flood extent and verified comparing calculated flood extent to satellite images. The water level values calculated with the numerical model of flood-flow for cross-sections were next used to determine the digital model of the floodwater table in the valley. Then, inundation extent maps and water depth maps were calculated for whole area of the valley by overlaying the DEM and water table layers. This procedure, flood simulations with the hydrodynamic model and GIS analysis for determinations of inundation extent, was repeated for each day of the analyzed period of 1966-2000. A set of each year maximum calculated areas of flooding with related mean water depths and flood volumes was created and it was submitted to the trend analysis in order to determine possible change tendencies. Statistical analysis of three above described time series of annual flood characteristics was conducted with the use of moving average technique and linear regression method. Moving averages were calculate in two variants: with time step of 5 years and of 10 years. Next, linear trends were calculated by linear regression method. The results indicate that the developed hydrodynamic model of river flow combined with the DEM was useful for the calculation of annual maximum floods in the Lower Biebrza Valley and their parameters. Analysis of calculated flood parameters variability within the analyzed time period of 1961-2000 show decreasing trends for investigated area. This means that results of climate changes are perceptible in investigated area and they form serious danger to riparian wetlands.
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Sy, Bocar, Corine Frischknecht, Hy Dao, David Consuegra und Gregory Giuliani. „Reconstituting past flood events: the contribution of citizen science“. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 24, Nr. 1 (08.01.2020): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-61-2020.
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Abstract. Information gathered on past flood events is essential for understanding and assessing flood hazards. In this study, we present how citizen science can help to retrieve this information, particularly in areas with scarce or no authoritative measurements of past events. The case study is located in Yeumbeul North (YN), Senegal, where flood impacts represent a growing concern for the local community. This area lacks authoritative records on flood extent and water depth as well as information on the chain of causative factors. We developed a framework using two techniques to retrieve information on past flood events by involving two groups of citizens who were present during the floods. The first technique targeted the part of the citizens' memory that records information on events, recalled through narratives, whereas the second technique focused on scaling past flood event intensities using different parts of the witnesses' bodies. These techniques were used for three events that occurred in 2005, 2009 and 2012. They proved complementary by providing quantitative information on flood extents and water depths and by revealing factors that may have contributed to all three flood events.
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Wazneh, H., F. Chebana und T. B. M. J. Ouarda. „Depth-based regional index-flood model“. Water Resources Research 49, Nr. 12 (Dezember 2013): 7957–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2013wr013523.
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O’Hara, R., S. Green und T. McCarthy. „The agricultural impact of the 2015–2016 floods in Ireland as mapped through Sentinel 1 satellite imagery“. Irish Journal of Agricultural and Food Research 58, Nr. 1 (11.10.2019): 44–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ijafr-2019-0006.
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Abstract The capability of Sentinel 1 C-band (5 cm wavelength) synthetic aperture radio detection and ranging (RADAR) (abbreviated as SAR) for flood mapping is demonstrated, and this approach is used to map the extent of the extensive floods that occurred throughout the Republic of Ireland in the winter of 2015–2016. Thirty-three Sentinel 1 images were used to map the area and duration of floods over a 6-mo period from November 2015 to April 2016. Flood maps for 11 separate dates charted the development and persistence of floods nationally. The maximum flood extent during this period was estimated to be ~24,356 ha. The depth of rainfall influenced the magnitude of flood in the preceding 5 d and over more extended periods to a lesser degree. Reduced photosynthetic activity on farms affected by flooding was observed in Landsat 8 vegetation index difference images compared to the previous spring. The accuracy of the flood map was assessed against reports of flooding from affected farms, as well as other satellite-derived maps from Copernicus Emergency Management Service and Sentinel 2. Monte Carlo simulated elevation data (20 m resolution, 2.5 m root mean square error [RMSE]) were used to estimate the flood’s depth and volume. Although the modelled flood height showed a strong correlation with the measured river heights, differences of several metres were observed. Future mapping strategies are discussed, which include high–temporal-resolution soil moisture data, as part of an integrated multisensor approach to flood response over a range of spatial scales.
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Qiao, C., Q. Y. Huang, T. Chen und Y. M. Chen. „STUDY ON SNOWMELT FLOOD DISASTER MODEL BASED ON REMOTE SENSING AND GIS“. ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W13 (05.06.2019): 709–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w13-709-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> In the context of global warming, the snowmelt flood events in the mountainous area of the middle and high latitudes are increasingly frequent and create severe casualties and property damages. Carrying out the prediction and risk assessment of the snowmelt flood is of great importance in the water resources management, the flood warning and prevention. Based on the remote sensing and GIS techniques, the relationships of the variables influencing the snowmelt flood such as the snow area, the snow depth, the air temperature, the precipitation, the land topography and land covers are analyzed and a prediction and damage assessment model for snowmelt floods is developed. This model analyzes and predicts the flood submerging range, flood depth, flood grade, and the damages of different underlying surfaces in the study area in a given time period based on the estimation of snowmelt amount, the snowmelt runoff, the direction and velocity of the flood. Then it was used to predict a snowmelt flood event in the Ertis River Basin in northern Xinjiang, China, during March and June, 2017 and to assess its damages including the damages of roads, transmission lines, settlements caused by the floods and the possible landslides using the hydrological and meteorological data, snow parameter data, DEM data and land use data. A comparison was made between the prediction results from this model and flood measurement and its disaster loss data, which suggests that this model performs well in predicting the strength and impact area of snowmelt flood and its damage assessment.</p>
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Cian, Fabio, Mattia Marconcini, Pietro Ceccato und Carlo Giupponi. „Flood depth estimation by means of high-resolution SAR images and lidar data“. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 18, Nr. 11 (19.11.2018): 3063–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-3063-2018.
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Abstract. When floods hit inhabited areas, great losses are usually registered in terms of both impacts on people (i.e., fatalities and injuries) and economic impacts on urban areas, commercial and productive sites, infrastructures, and agriculture. To properly assess these, several parameters are needed, among which flood depth is one of the most important as it governs the models used to compute damages in economic terms. This paper presents a simple yet effective semiautomatic approach for deriving very precise inundation depth. First, precise flood extent is derived employing a change detection approach based on the normalized difference flood index computed from high-resolution synthetic aperture radar imagery. Second, by means of a high-resolution lidar digital elevation model, water surface elevation is estimated through a statistical analysis of terrain elevation along the boundary lines of the identified flooded areas. Experimental results and quality assessment are given for the flood that occurred in the Veneto region, northeastern Italy, in 2010. In particular, the method proved fast and robust and, compared to hydrodynamic models, it requires sensibly less input information.
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Na, Seo Hyeon, Su Won Lee, Joo Won Kim und Seong Joon Byeon. „Mapping Urban Inundation Using Flood Depth Extraction from Flood Map Image“. Journal of Korean Society of Water Science and Technology 26, Nr. 6 (31.12.2018): 133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17640/kswst.2018.26.6.133.
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GebreEgziabher, Merhawi, und Yonas Demissie. „Modeling Urban Flood Inundation and Recession Impacted by Manholes“. Water 12, Nr. 4 (18.04.2020): 1160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12041160.
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Urban flooding, caused by unusually intense rainfall and failure of storm water drainage, has become more frequent and severe in many cities around the world. Most of the earlier studies focused on overland flooding caused by intense rainfall, with little attention given to floods caused by failures of the drainage system. However, the drainage system contributions to flood vulnerability have increased over time as they aged and became inadequate to handle the design floods. Adaption of the drainages for such vulnerability requires a quantitative assessment of their contribution to flood levels and spatial extent during and after flooding events. Here, we couple the one-dimensional Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) to a new flood inundation and recession model (namely FIRM) to characterize the spatial extent and depth of manhole flooding and recession. The manhole overflow from the SWMM model and a fine-resolution elevation map are applied as inputs in FIRM to delineate the spatial extent and depth of flooding during and aftermath of a storm event. The model is tested for two manhole flooding events in the City of Edmonds in Washington, USA. Our two case studies show reasonable match between the observed and modeled flood spatial extents and highlight the importance of considering manholes in urban flood simulations.
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Wang, Huiliang, Hongfa Wang, Zening Wu und Yihong Zhou. „Using Multi-Factor Analysis to Predict Urban Flood Depth Based on Naive Bayes“. Water 13, Nr. 4 (07.02.2021): 432. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13040432.
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With global warming, the number of extreme weather events will increase. This scenario, combined with accelerating urbanization, increases the likelihood of urban flooding. Therefore, it is necessary to predict the characteristics of flooded areas caused by rainstorms, especially the flood depth. We applied the Naive Bayes theory to construct a model (NB model) to predict urban flood depth here in Zhengzhou. The model used 11 factors that affect the extent of flooding—rainfall, duration of rainfall, peak rainfall, the proportion of roads, woodlands, grasslands, water bodies and building, permeability, catchment area, and slope. The forecast depth of flooding from the NB model under different rainfall conditions was used to draw an urban inundation map by ArcGIS software. The results show that the probability and degree of urban flooding in Zhengzhou increases significantly after a return period of once every two years, and the flooded areas mainly occurred in older urban areas. The average root mean square error of prediction results was 0.062, which verifies the applicability and validity of our model in the depth prediction of urban floods. Our findings suggest the NB model as a feasible approach to predict urban flood depth.
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Lee, Fong-Zuo, Jihn-Sung Lai, Yuan-Bin Lin, Kuo-Chun Chang, Xiaoqin Liu und Cheng-Chia Huang. „Prediction of Bridge Pier Scour Depth and Field Scour Depth Monitoring“. E3S Web of Conferences 40 (2018): 03007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184003007.
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In practice, it is a major challenge in real-time simulation and prediction of bridge pier scour depth, especially using 3-D numerical model. The simulation time spend too much to use 3-D numerical model simulation and inefficiently to predict bridge pier scour depth in real-time. With heavy rainfall during flood season in Taiwan, abundant sediment with flash flood from upstream watershed is transported to downstream river reaches and transportation time is limited within one day. The flood flow tends to damage bridge structures and affect channel stabilization in fluvial rivers. In addition, the main factors affecting the erosional depth around bridge piers and river bed stabilization are hydrological and hydrographic characteristics in river basin, the scouring and silting of river bed section near the bridge piers, the bridge geometry and protection works of bridge piers. Therefore, based on the observed rainfall data provided by the Central Weather Bureau and the hydrological conditions provided by the Water Resources Agency during flood event as the boundary condition, we develop an effective simulation system for scour depth of bridge piers. The scour depth at the bridge pier is observed by the National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering for model calibration. In this study, an innovative scour monitoring system using vibration-based Micro-Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) sensors was applied. This vibration-based MEMS sensor was packaged inside a stainless sphere with the proper protection of the full-filled resin, which can measure free vibration signals to detect scouring/deposition processes at the bridge pier. It has demonstrated that the measurement system for monitoring bridge scour depth evolution is quite successful in the field.
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Coulibaly, Gnenakantanhan, Babacar Leye, Fowe Tazen, Lawani Adjadi Mounirou und Harouna Karambiri. „Urban Flood Modeling Using 2D Shallow-Water Equations in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso“. Water 12, Nr. 8 (26.07.2020): 2120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12082120.
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Appropriate methods and tools accessibility for bi-dimensional flow simulation leads to their weak use for floods assessment and forecasting in West African countries, particularly in urban areas where huge losses of life and property are recorded. To mitigate flood risks or to elaborate flood adaptation strategies, there is a need for scientific information on flood events. This paper focuses on a numerical tool developed for urban inundation extent simulation due to extreme tropical rainfall in Ouagadougou city. Two-dimensional (2D) shallow-water equations are solved using a finite volume method with a Harten, Lax, Van Leer (HLL) numerical fluxes approach. The Digital Elevation Model provided by NASA’s Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) was used as the main input of the model. The results have shown the capability of the numerical tool developed to simulate flow depths in natural watercourses. The sensitivity of the model to rainfall intensity and soil roughness coefficient was highlighted through flood spatial extent and water depth at the outlet of the watershed. The performance of the model was assessed through the simulation of two flood events, with satisfactory values of the Nash–Sutcliffe criterion of 0.61 and 0.69. The study is expected to be useful for flood managers and decision makers in assessing flood hazard and vulnerability.
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Zhou, Xudong, Wenchao Ma, Wataru Echizenya und Dai Yamazaki. „The uncertainty of flood frequency analyses in hydrodynamic model simulations“. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 21, Nr. 3 (23.03.2021): 1071–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-1071-2021.
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Abstract. Assessing the risk of a historical-level flood is essential for regional flood protection and resilience establishment. However, due to the limited spatiotemporal coverage of observations, the impact assessment relies on model simulations and is thus subject to uncertainties from cascade physical processes. This study assesses the flood hazard map with uncertainties subject to different combinations of runoff inputs, variables for flood frequency analysis and fitting distributions based on estimations by the CaMa-Flood global hydrodynamic model. Our results show that deviation in the runoff inputs is the most influential source of uncertainties in the estimated flooded water depth and inundation area, contributing more than 80 % of the total uncertainties investigated in this study. Global and regional inundation maps for floods with 1-in-100 year return periods show large uncertainty values but small uncertainty ratios for river channels and lakes, while the opposite results are found for dry zones and mountainous regions. This uncertainty is a result of increasing variation at tails among various fitting distributions. In addition, the uncertainty between selected variables is limited but increases from the regular period to the rarer floods, both for the water depth at points and for inundation area over regions. The uncertainties in inundation area also lead to uncertainties in estimating the population and economy exposure to the floods. In total, inundation accounts for 9.1 % [8.1 %–10.3 %] of the land area for a 1-in-100 year flood, leading to 13.4 % [12.1 %–15 %] of population exposure and 13.1 % [11.8 %–14.7 %] of economic exposure for the globe. The flood exposure and uncertainties vary by continent and the results in Africa have the largest uncertainty, probably due to the limited observations to constrain runoff simulations, indicating a necessity to improve the performance of different hydrological models especially for data-limited regions.
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Pramono, Irfan, und Endang Savitri. „Flash flood in Arau watershed, West Sumatera: a mitigation study“. MATEC Web of Conferences 229 (2018): 03002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822903002.
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Flash flood often occurs in West Sumatera. In spite of heavy rain, flash floods are also caused by the landslide in the riverside that blocks the river as a natural dam. The natural dam can be broken at any time, depending on storage capacity. Flash flood occurs when the dam is broken. The aim of the research is to mitigate flash floods based on parameters influencing flood and landslide. The research was conducted in Arau watershed, West Sumatera. Parameters that have a direct proportion of floods are maximum daily rainfall, watershed shape, river gradient, drainage density, slope, and land cover. Parameters influencing landslides are antecedent soil moisture, slope, geologic type especially fault line, soil depth, and land cover. GIS is used to analyze the factors influencing flood and landslide spatially. The results show that more than 50% of the Arau watershed are slightly high and high vulnerability due to its natural condition. Furthermore, the locations of fault, especially in the riverside, should be noticed because this location could become a natural dam causing flash flood. In order to reduce flash flood impact, the natural dam should be opened as soon as possible.
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Song, Zhiqing, und Ye Tuo. „Automated Flood Depth Estimates from Online Traffic Sign Images: Explorations of a Convolutional Neural Network-Based Method“. Sensors 21, Nr. 16 (20.08.2021): 5614. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21165614.
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Flood depth monitoring is crucial for flood warning systems and damage control, especially in the event of an urban flood. Existing gauge station data and remote sensing data still has limited spatial and temporal resolution and coverage. Therefore, to expand flood depth data source taking use of online image resources in an efficient manner, an automated, low-cost, and real-time working frame called FloodMask was developed to obtain flood depth from online images containing flooded traffic signs. The method was built on the deep learning framework of Mask R-CNN (regional convolutional neural network), trained by collected and manually annotated traffic sign images. Following further the proposed image processing frame, flood depth data were retrieved more efficiently than manual estimations. As the main results, the flood depth estimates from images (without any mirror reflection and other inference problems) have an average error of 0.11 m, when compared to human visual inspection measurements. This developed method can be further coupled with street CCTV cameras, social media photos, and on-board vehicle cameras to facilitate the development of a smart city with a prompt and efficient flood monitoring system. In future studies, distortion and mirror reflection should be tackled properly to increase the quality of the flood depth estimates.
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Baky, Md Abdullah Al, Muktarun Islam und Supria Paul. „Flood Hazard, Vulnerability and Risk Assessment for Different Land Use Classes Using a Flow Model“. Earth Systems and Environment 4, Nr. 1 (05.12.2019): 225–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41748-019-00141-w.
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AbstractThis study is concerned with flood risk that can be assessed by integrating GIS, hydraulic modelling and required field information. A critical point in flood risk assessment is that while flood hazard is the same for a given area in terms of intensity, the risk could be different depending on a set of conditions (flood vulnerability). Clearly, risk is a function of hazard and vulnerability. This study aims to introducing a new approach of assessing flood risk, which successfully addresses this above-mentioned critical issue. The flood risk was assessed from flood hazard and vulnerability indices. Two-dimensional flood flow simulation was performed with Delft3D model to compute floodplain inundation depths for hazard assessment. For the purpose of flood vulnerability assessment, elements at risk and flood damage functions were identified and assessed, respectively. Then, finally flood risk was assessed first by combining replacement values assessed for the elements and then using the depth–damage function. Applying this approach, the study finds that areas with different levels of flood risk do not always increase with the increase in return period of flood. However, inundated areas with different levels of flood depth always increase with the increase in return period of flood. The approach for flood risk assessment adopted in this study successfully addresses the critical point in flood risk study, where flood risk can be varied even after there is no change in flood hazard intensity.
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Botelho, Michelle R., und Justine E. Vanden Heuvel. „Preliminary Assessment of the Impact of Current Flooding Practices on Nonstructural Carbohydrate Concentrations of Cranberry“. HortTechnology 16, Nr. 2 (Januar 2006): 277–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.16.2.0277.
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American cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) production sites are often flooded for pest control and crop harvest. However, little is known about how this practice affects vines. A survey was conducted in Massachusetts over a 3-year period to determine the effect of spring, fall, and winter floods on total nonstructural carbohydrate concentration (TNSC) of cranberry uprights of four cultivars. With a few exceptions, TNSC generally was unaffected or increased during the course of the 1-month “late water” flood held from mid-April to mid-May. The 48-hour “flash” flood, held in mid- to late May, generally had little effect on vine TNSC. Fall “harvest” floods, which ranged in duration from 3 to 27 days, often resulted in a decrease in TNSC, with greater decreases in TNSC occurring in early fall floods compared to late fall floods. Decreases in TNSC during the harvest flood were as great as 42%. “Winter” floods had little effect on TNSC. Path coefficient analysis indicated that flood duration, date of application, water temperature, and dissolved oxygen concentration all impacted vine TNSC during the flood, while floodwater depth had little effect. Water clarity (i.e., light penetration to the vines during the flood) also appeared to have little impact. Due to the frequent observation of TNSC decline during fall flooding, it is possible that yield potential of cranberry vines is reduced by current flooding practices.
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Löwe, Roland, Julian Böhm, David Getreuer Jensen, Jorge Leandro und Søren Højmark Rasmussen. „U-FLOOD – Topographic deep learning for predicting urban pluvial flood water depth“. Journal of Hydrology 603 (Dezember 2021): 126898. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.126898.
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Chen, Nengcheng, Shuang Yao, Chao Wang und Wenying Du. „A Method for Urban Flood Risk Assessment and Zoning Considering Road Environments and Terrain“. Sustainability 11, Nr. 10 (14.05.2019): 2734. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11102734.
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Floods have been severely threatening social development worldwide. The occurrence of floods has multiple factors, and the flood risk considering road environments needs comprehensive analysis from meteorology, underlying surface, and urban road network. Thus, this study proposes an integrated method and constructs a road risk zoning model (RRZM). In the RRZM, submerged depth was obtained by the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) model, and the degree of road importance was obtained by the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method. These two parts were used to characterize road vulnerability. Then the flood risk grade was evaluated based on the optimized artificial neural network (ANN). Finally, the results of flood risk assessment were obtained by road vulnerability and flood risk grade. The RRZM was applied to the Chang-Zhu-Tan Urban Agglomeration (CZTUA), China. The results showed that the spatial distributions of flood risk and the extent of road damage varied remarkably in different cities. Changsha was the most sensitive city to floods in the CZTUA. The flood risk zones were classified into six levels, and the vulnerable road sections identified from the risk zones at level 6 in the maps carried more traffic volume than others. By comparing with existing methods, it was found that the RRZM effectively reflected the spatial characteristics of flood risk considering road environments. It provides a new perspective for urban flood risk assessment and disaster response decision-making.
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McBean, Edward A., Jack Gorrie, Michael Fortin, John Ding und Ralph Moulton. „Flood Depth—Damage Curves By Interview Survey“. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 114, Nr. 6 (Januar 1988): 613–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9496(1988)114:6(613).
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Pistrika, Aimilia, George Tsakiris und Ioannis Nalbantis. „Flood Depth-Damage Functions for Built Environment“. Environmental Processes 1, Nr. 4 (01.11.2014): 553–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40710-014-0038-2.
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Al Amin, Muhammad Baitullah, Reini Silvia Ilmiaty und Ayu Marlina. „Flood Hazard Mapping in Residential Area Using Hydrodynamic Model HEC-RAS 5.0“. Geoplanning: Journal of Geomatics and Planning 7, Nr. 1 (07.07.2020): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/geoplanning.7.1.25-36.
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The flood hazard rating is one of the essential variables in flood risk analysis. The identification of flood-prone areas urgently requires information about flood hazard zones. This research explains the method to develop flood hazard map by using hydrodynamic modeling in the residential areas. The hydrodynamic model used in this research is HEC-RAS 5.0, which can simulate the one- and two-dimensional flow regimes. The study area is Bukit Sejahtera and Tanjung Rawa residences located in Palembang City with a total area of about 200 ha, where the Lambidaro River was frequently overflowing caused flood inundation in the area. There are five indicators of flood hazard being analyzed, i.e., 1) flood depth, 2) flow velocity, 3) energy head, 4) flow force, which is the result of multiplication between flood depth and the square of flow velocity, and 5) intensity, which is the result of multiplication between flood depth and the flow velocity. The simulation results show that the flood hazard rating in the study area ranges from high to low level. The zones with a high flood hazard rating are dominated by the area around or near to the river, whereas the further zones have a moderate and low level of flood hazard rating. The flood depth indicator has a more significant influence than the flow velocity on the flood hazard level in the study area. This research is expected can contribute to the development of flood map and flood control methods in advance.
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Meyer, Mikaela R., und David R. Johnson. „Variability of Best-Estimate Flood Depth Return Periods in Coastal Louisiana“. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 7, Nr. 5 (14.05.2019): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse7050145.
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Estimates of surge-based flood depth exceedance curves are useful to inform flood risk management strategies. Estimated return periods associated with flood depth exceedances naturally vary over time, even under assumptions of stationarity, due to the irreducible randomness associated with storm events as new observations accrue with each passing year. We empirically examine the degree to which best-estimates of coastal Louisiana floodplains have changed over time and consider implications for risk management policies. We generate variation in estimated 100-year flood depths by truncating a historical data set of observed tropical cyclones to end in years ranging from 1980 to 2016, adopting three procedures for updating various inputs to an existing flood risk model using the truncated data set to identify which factors are most important in driving variation in risk estimates over time. The landscape used for modeling hydrodynamics is kept constant, allowing us to isolate the impacts of randomness in storm occurrence from other factors. Our findings indicate that the 100-year floodplain extent has substantially expanded in populated areas since 1980 due to these effects. Due to the low frequency at which flood maps are updated, it is possible that thousands of coastal residents are misclassified as being outside of the 100-year floodplain relevant to flood insurance rates and other regulations.
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Yang, Shun-Nien, und Li-Chiu Chang. „Regional Inundation Forecasting Using Machine Learning Techniques with the Internet of Things“. Water 12, Nr. 6 (31.05.2020): 1578. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12061578.
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Natural disasters have tended to increase and become more severe over the last decades. A preparation measure to cope with future floods is flood forecasting in each particular area for warning involved persons and resulting in the reduction of damage. Machine learning (ML) techniques have a great capability to model the nonlinear dynamic feature in hydrological processes, such as flood forecasts. Internet of Things (IoT) sensors are useful for carrying out the monitoring of natural environments. This study proposes a machine learning-based flood forecast model to predict average regional flood inundation depth in the Erren River basin in south Taiwan and to input the IoT sensor data into the ML model as input factors so that the model can be continuously revised and the forecasts can be closer to the current situation. The results show that adding IoT sensor data as input factors can reduce the model error, especially for those of high-flood-depth conditions, where their underestimations are significantly mitigated. Thus, the ML model can be on-line adjusted, and its forecasts can be visually assessed by using the IoT sensors’ inundation levels, so that the model’s accuracy and applicability in multi-step-ahead flood inundation forecasts are promoted.
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Othman, Faridah, Noor Farahain Muhammad Amin, Lau Mi Fung und Alaa Eldin Mohamed Elamin. „Utilizing GIS and Infoworks RS in Modelling the Flooding Events for a Tropical River Basin“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 353-356 (August 2013): 2281–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.353-356.2281.
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The large-scale atmospheric circulations and anomalies have been shown to have asignificant impact on seasonal weather over many parts of the world including Malaysia. Malaysia is located in the South East Asia with Southwest and Northeast Monsoons, experiences numerous flooding from year 1926 to 2012.Flood has become a regular disaster in Malaysia which happens every year in different states especially during the northeast monsoon. In December 2006 and January 2007, the Northeast Monsoon brought heavy rain through series of continuous extreme storms that caused devastating floods in the southern region of Peninsular Malaysia particularly to Kota Tinggi, Johor. The storms had occurred in two separate phases in late December 2006 and early January 2007 with atotal precipitation in four days exceeding twice of the monthly rainfall in which some places recorded a higher number. Johor River originates from Mt. Gemuruh and flows through the southeastern part of Johor and finally into the Straits of Johor. The 2006 average rainfall return period is 50-years while the 2007 gives more than 100-years return period. The objective of this study is to perform a flood simulation of the river basin using InfoWorks RS. The rainfall and stream flow data have been used as the hydrological input for the model. There are over 140 nodes representing the cross section throughout the length of the river. From the study, the main finding from the flood mapping process is that the simulated flood depth and flood risk map. Comparison between the simulated flood depth and observed flood depth has been done and shown a reasonable agreement.
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Martínez-Gomariz, Eduardo, Edwar Forero-Ortiz, María Guerrero-Hidalga, Salvador Castán und Manuel Gómez. „Flood Depth‒Damage Curves for Spanish Urban Areas“. Sustainability 12, Nr. 7 (27.03.2020): 2666. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12072666.
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Depth‒damage curves, also known as vulnerability curves, are an essential element of many flood damage models. A relevant characteristic of these curves is their applicability limitations in space and time. The reader will find firstly in this paper a review of different damage models and depth‒damage curve developments in the world, particularly in Spain. In the framework of the EU-funded RESCCUE project, site-specific depth‒damage curves for 14 types of property uses have been developed for Barcelona. An expert flood surveyor’s opinion was essential, as the occasional lack of data was made up for by his expertise. In addition, given the lack of national standardization regarding the applicability of depth‒damage curves for flood damage assessments in Spanish urban areas, regional adjustment indices have been derived for transferring the Barcelona curves to other municipalities. Temporal adjustment indices have been performed in order to modify the depth‒damage curves for the damage estimation of future flood events, too. This study attempts to provide nationwide applicability in flood damage reduction studies.
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Arrighi, Chiara, Nicolas Huybrechts, Abdellatif Ouahsine, Patrick Chassé, Hocine Oumeraci und Fabio Castelli. „Vehicles instability criteria for flood risk assessment of a street network“. Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 373 (12.05.2016): 143–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-373-143-2016.
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Abstract. The mutual interaction between floods and human activity is a process, which has been evolving over history and has shaped flood risk pathways. In developed countries, many events have illustrated that the majority of the fatalities during a flood occurs in a vehicle, which is considered as a safe shelter but it may turn into a trap for several combinations of water depth and velocity. Thus, driving a car in floodwaters is recognized as the most crucial aggravating factor for people safety. On the other hand, the entrainment of vehicles may locally cause obstructions to the flow and induce the collapse of infrastructures. Flood risk to vehicles can be defined as the combination of the probability of a vehicle of being swept away (i.e. the hazard) and the actual traffic/parking density, i.e. the vulnerability. Hazard for vehicles can be assessed through the spatial identification and mapping of the critical conditions for vehicles incipient motion. This analysis requires a flood map with information on water depth and velocity and consistent instability criteria accounting for flood and vehicles characteristics. Vulnerability is evaluated thanks to the road network and traffic data. Therefore, vehicles flood risk mapping can support people's education and management practices in order to reduce the casualties. In this work, a flood hazard classification for vehicles is introduced and an application to a real case study is presented and discussed.
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Driver, Katie E., Kassim Al-Khatib und Amar Godar. „Bearded sprangletop (Diplachne fusca ssp. fascicularis) flooding tolerance in California rice“. Weed Technology 34, Nr. 2 (03.09.2019): 193–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wet.2019.86.
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AbstractBearded sprangletop is a problematic weed in California rice production. The objective of this research was to determine the response of two bearded sprangletop biotypes (clomazone-susceptible [S] and -resistant [R]) to flooding depth. A study was conducted in 2017 and 2018 at the California Rice Experiment Station in Biggs, CA, to evaluate the flooding tolerance of the two biotypes against 5-, 10-, and 20-cm continuous flooding depths. Plant emergence, plant height, panicles per plant, seed per panicle, 100-seed weight, and seed per plant data were collected. At the 5-cm flood depth, neither biotype was controlled, and the R biotype had 260% more emergence, produced 475% more panicles per plant, and 455% more seed per plant than the S biotype. With a 10-cm flood, only the R biotype survived flooding and produced more panicles per plant and seed per plant than any other flood depth–biotype combination evaluated. There was no emergence of either bearded sprangletop biotype at the 20-cm flood depth. Continuous flooding can still be used as a management tool to control bearded sprangletop; however, the depth of flooding appears to limit emergence of S biotypes at 5 cm and R biotypes at 10 cm, and completely inhibits growth of both biotypes at 20 cm. The results of this study indicate that clomazone-resistant bearded sprangletop is more likely to spread throughout the Sacramento Valley because this biotype can survive clomazone applications and can tolerate a standard 10-cm flood.
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Hooshyaripor, Farhad, Sanaz Faraji-Ashkavar, Farshad Koohyian, Qiuhong Tang und Roohollah Noori. „Annual flood damage influenced by El Niño in the Kan River basin, Iran“. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 20, Nr. 10 (17.10.2020): 2739–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-2739-2020.
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Abstract. Although many studies have explored the effect of teleconnection patterns on floods, few investigations have focused on the assessment of expected flood damage under such large-scale atmospheric signals. This study aims to determine the effect of the most emblematic teleconnection, El Niño, on the expected damage due to floods with short return periods in the Kan River basin, Iran. To determine the flood damage costs, the median of annual precipitation changes (ΔP) during El Niño conditions was used, although ΔP cannot necessarily be transferred to extreme values. Then the flooded area was determined under the increased rainfall due to El Niño for 5-, 10-, and 50-year return periods. The results showed that El Niño has increased the annual precipitation by 12.2 %. Flood damage assessment using damage–depth curves showed that the relative increase in expected damage during El Niño conditions is much higher for short return period floods than that for long return period floods. In general, a 12.2 % increase in the annual precipitation would increase the damage by 1671 % and 176 %, respectively, for the return periods of 5 and 10 years. However, in the case of a 50-year flood, this increased percentile decreased to 52 %. These results indicate the importance of small flood events in flood management planning during El Niño.
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Kim, Tae Hyung, Byunghyun Kim und Kun-Yeun Han. „Application of Fuzzy TOPSIS to Flood Hazard Mapping for Levee Failure“. Water 11, Nr. 3 (21.03.2019): 592. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11030592.
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This paper proposes a new approach to consider the uncertainties for constructing flood hazard maps for levee failure. The flood depth, velocity, and arrival time were estimated by the 2-Dimensional model and were considered as flood indices for flood hazard mapping. Each flood index predicted from the 2-D flood analysis based on several scenarios was fuzzified to reflect the uncertainties of the indices. The fuzzified flood indices were integrated using the Fuzzy TOPSIS (Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution), resulting in a single graded flood hazard map. This methodology was applied to the Gam river in South Korea and confirmed that the Fuzzy MCDM (Multiple Criteria Decision Making) technique can be used to produce flood hazard maps. The flood hazard map produced in this study compared with the current flood hazard map of MOLIT (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transports). This study found that the proposed methodology was more advantageous than the current methods with regard to the accuracy and grading of the flood areas, as well as in regard to an integrated single map. This report is expected to be expand upon other floods, including dam failure and urban flooding.
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Abdelkarim, Ashraf, und Ahmed F. D. Gaber. „Flood Risk Assessment of the Wadi Nu’man Basin, Mecca, Saudi Arabia (During the Period, 1988–2019) Based on the Integration of Geomatics and Hydraulic Modeling: A Case Study“. Water 11, Nr. 9 (11.09.2019): 1887. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11091887.
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This study aims to assess the impact of flash floods in the Wadi Nu’man basin on urban areas, east of Mecca, which are subjected to frequent floods, during the period from 1988–2019. By producing and analyzing the maps of the regions, an integrated approach to geomatics and hydraulic modelling is employed. The following maps are used: Flood-prone urbanity from 1988–2019, a flood risk map of Wadi Nu’man based on a risk matrix map, and a map of the proposed protection measures and alternatives in the study area. In order to achieve these goals, changes in the land use in the Wadi Nu’man basin were monitored by analyzing successive satellite images, taken by the US satellite, Landsat, in 1988, 1998, 2013, and 2019. Using a supervised classification, with the maximum likelihood method of ERDAS IMAGINE 2016, GIS was used in the production and analysis of soil maps, and geological and hydrological groups of drainage basins, as well as the hydrological model (HEC-HMS), were applied in calculating the hydrograph curve of the Wadi Nu’man basin. The flood water volumes and flow rates were estimated based on the SCS unit hydrograph, and the rain depth was analyzed and estimated for different periods. The hydraulic modeling program (HEC-RAS) was employed, when developing a two-dimensional model to calculate the speed, depth, and spread of the flood, in order to apply the risk matrix method. The recommendations based on this study give priority to the implementation of a flood prevention plan and the protection of infrastructure by maintaining the existing flood drainage facilities and establishing new drainage facilities to protect lives, property, and infrastructure.
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Gusyev, M. A., Y. Kwak, M. I. Khairul, M. B. Arifuzzaman, J. Magome, H. Sawano und K. Takeuchi. „Effectiveness of water infrastructure for river flood management – Part 1: Flood hazard assessment using hydrological models in Bangladesh“. Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 370 (11.06.2015): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-370-75-2015.
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Abstract. This study introduces a flood hazard assessment part of the global flood risk assessment (Part 2) conducted with a distributed hydrological Block-wise TOP (BTOP) model and a GIS-based Flood Inundation Depth (FID) model. In this study, the 20 km grid BTOP model was developed with globally available data on and applied for the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna (GBM) river basin. The BTOP model was calibrated with observed river discharges in Bangladesh and was applied for climate change impact assessment to produce flood discharges at each BTOP cell under present and future climates. For Bangladesh, the cumulative flood inundation maps were produced using the FID model with the BTOP simulated flood discharges and allowed us to consider levee effectiveness for reduction of flood inundation. For the climate change impacts, the flood hazard increased both in flood discharge and inundation area for the 50- and 100-year floods. From these preliminary results, the proposed methodology can partly overcome the limitation of the data unavailability and produces flood~maps that can be used for the nationwide flood risk assessment, which is presented in Part 2 of this study.
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Huang, Wei, Zhixian Cao, Minghai Huang, Wengang Duan, Yufang Ni und Wenjun Yang. „A New Flash Flood Warning Scheme Based on Hydrodynamic Modelling“. Water 11, Nr. 6 (11.06.2019): 1221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11061221.
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Flash flooding is one of the most severe natural hazards and commonly occurs in mountainous and hilly areas. Due to the rapid onset of flash floods, early warnings are critical for disaster mitigation and adaptation. In this paper, a flash flood warning scheme is proposed based on hydrodynamic modelling and critical rainfall. Hydrodynamic modelling considers different rainfall and initial soil moisture conditions. The critical rainfall is calculated from the critical hazard, which is based on the flood flow depth and velocity. After the critical rainfall is calculated for each cell in the catchment, a critical rainfall database is built for flash flood warning. Finally, a case study is presented to show the operating procedure of the new flash flood warning scheme.
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Drobnjak, Aleksandar, Nikola Zlatanović, Milutin Stefanović, Mileta Milojević und Milica Đapić. „Flood early warning system on the Đetinja river Basin in Serbia“. Water Practice and Technology 11, Nr. 2 (01.06.2016): 273–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2016.033.
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The Đetinja river basin, in Užice, western Serbia, is ungauged. Many torrential floods have occurred there over the past decades. In the city of Užice, there are no rainfall intensity gauges, and it is impossible to provide the data needed to monitor torrential floods or make a timely response, which is a precondition for successful defense from them. An early warning system for torrential floods was designed, with three key elements: measuring devices in the basin and river, a server application and a web-client application. A hydrologic study was made to assess multiple scenarios, focusing on the analysis of real data to determine alarm criteria for oncoming floods. Alarm criteria were proposed, based on analysis of previous floods and measurements. Using the direct relationship between runoff, rainfall depth and intensity, the alarm criteria are based on precipitation and river stage. There are three levels: the first level ‘warning’, the second ‘regular flood defense’, and the third ‘emergency flood defense’. The earliest possible warning is of great importance, due to the nature and speed of onset of the process. The system plays a key role in active flood control and prevention, by providing the lead time to secure and strengthen the flood defense system, thereby minimizing the adverse impacts of torrential floods.
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Lapointe, Michel, Brett Eaton, Steve Driscoll und Christian Latulippe. „Modelling the probability of salmonid egg pocket scour due to floods“. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 57, Nr. 6 (01.06.2000): 1120–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f00-033.
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Flood disturbance plays a key but complex role in structuring lotic ecosystems. Empirical models proposed here allow salmonid resource managers to quantify the probability of egg pocket scour during floods and to predict how the expected losses vary with flood strength and reach characteristics. The models are based on comparisons between published salmonid egg pocket depth criteria and statistics on the intensity and spatial distribution of scour and fill produced by three flood events of widely different magnitudes in three separate reaches of a gravel-cobble Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) river in the Saguenay region, Quebec. A simple substrate mobility index, based on reach-scale geomorphic characteristics and flood hydraulics, was shown to provide useful predictions (R2 up to 74%) of the fraction of the area of potential spawning zones undergoing flood scour greater than 30 cm. Any Atlantic salmon egg pockets present in these deeply scoured areas would be destroyed. The models also predict the distribution of fill (net rise in bed) potentially causing fry entombment at redds. The flood disturbance data suggest that average probability of scour of an Atlantic salmon egg pocket in the study reaches ranges from under 5% for frequent-recurrence spring floods to approximately 20% for an extreme, multicentenary-recurrence flood.
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Garrote, Julio, und Nestor Bernal. „On the Influence of the Main Floor Layout of Buildings in Economic Flood Risk Assessment: Results from Central Spain“. Water 12, Nr. 3 (01.03.2020): 670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12030670.
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Multiple studies have been carried out on the correct estimation of the damages (direct tangible losses) associated with floods. However, the complex analysis and the multitude of variables conditioning the damage estimation, as well as the uncertainty in their estimation, make it difficult, even today, to reach one single, complete solution to this problem. In no case has the influence that the topographic relationship between the main floor of a residential building and the surrounding land have in the estimation of flood economic damage been analysed. To carry out this analysis, up to a total of 28 magnitude–damage functions (with different characteristics and application scales) were selected on which the effect of over-elevation and under-elevation of the main floor of the houses was simulated (at intervals of 20 cm, between −0.6 and +1 metre). According to each of the two trends, an overestimation or underestimation of flood damage was observed. This pattern was conditioned by the specific characteristics of each magnitude–damage function, meaning that the percentage of damage became asymptotic from a certain flow depth value. In a real scenario, the consideration of this variable (as opposed to its non-consideration) causes an average variation in the damage estimation around 30%. Based on these results, the analysed variable can be considered as (1) another main source of uncertainty in the correct estimation of flood damage, and (2) an essential variable to take into account in a flood damage analysis for the correct estimation of loss.
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Smith, James A., Andrew J. Miller, Mary Lynn Baeck, Peter A. Nelson, Gary T. Fisher und Katherine L. Meierdiercks. „Extraordinary Flood Response of a Small Urban Watershed to Short-Duration Convective Rainfall“. Journal of Hydrometeorology 6, Nr. 5 (01.10.2005): 599–617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm426.1.
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Abstract The 9.1 km2 Moores Run watershed in Baltimore, Maryland, experiences floods with unit discharge peaks exceeding 1 m3 s−1 km−2 12 times yr−1, on average. Few, if any, drainage basins in the continental United States have a higher frequency. A thunderstorm system on 13 June 2003 produced the record flood peak (13.2 m3 s−1 km−2) during the 6-yr stream gauging record of Moores Run. In this paper, the hydrometeorology, hydrology, and hydraulics of extreme floods in Moores Run are examined through analyses of the 13 June 2003 storm and flood, as well as other major storm and flood events during the 2000–03 time period. The 13 June 2003 flood, like most floods in Moores Run, was produced by an organized system of thunderstorms. Analyses of the 13 June 2003 storm, which are based on volume scan reflectivity observations from the Sterling, Virginia, WSR-88D radar, are used to characterize the spatial and temporal variability of flash flood producing rainfall. Hydrology of flood response in Moores Run is characterized by highly efficient concentration of runoff through the storm drain network and relatively low runoff ratios. A detailed survey of high-water marks for the 13 June 2003 flood is used, in combination with analyses based on a 2D, depth-averaged open channel flow model (TELEMAC 2D) to examine hydraulics of the 13 June 2003 flood. Hydraulic analyses are used to examine peak discharge estimates for the 13 June flood peak, propagation of flood waves in the Moores Run channel, and 2D flow features associated with channel and floodplain geometry.
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Lindenschmidt, K. E., U. Herrmann, I. Pech, U. Suhr, H. Apel und A. Thieken. „Risk assessment and mapping of extreme floods in non-dyked communities along the Elbe and Mulde Rivers“. Advances in Geosciences 9 (26.09.2006): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-9-15-2006.
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Abstract. Assessing and mapping damage risk of floods for large river basins is still in its infancy. Damage risk is understood to be the combination of flood hazard and the vulnerability of communities to a flood of a particular return period. Risk is calculated and mapped for two communities in which dykes are not located for flood protection: Meissen on the Elbe River and Döbeln in the Mulde catchment. Different methodologies for the computation of flood depth and inundation extent of varying flood return periods (hazard) are compared. Exposure and relative damage to the flooding (vulnerability) based on land-use coverages of different scale are also compared and discussed. A property asset coverage completes the data requirements for the construction of the risk maps. Recommendations for continued research on risk assessments of large river basins conclude the study.