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1
SINGH, A. K., MUKESH KUMAR und S. MITRA. „Carbon footprint and energy use in jute and allied fibre production“. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 88, Nr. 8 (21.08.2018): 1305–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v88i8.82579.
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The study examines carbon and energy footprints of jute, kenaf, sunnhemp and flax fibre production systems. Energy productivity was lowest in flax fibre production as compared to other fibre crops. Flax fibre production consumed more chemical fertilizer, diesels, pesticides and seed energy in comparison to other fibre crops. The carbon footprints of the all fibres crops did not differ significantly and were in the order of 566, 520, 445 and 423 kg CO2-eq/tonne of fibre for jute, flax, kenaf and sunnhemp, respectively. The carbon based sustainability index for jute (2.27) and kenaf (2.07) were highest due to better carbon use efficiency. Sustainability index of flax was negative (-0.67) due to higher carbon emission. Fertilization and fibre processing contributed most to GHG emissions. Overall, the carbon footprint of bast fibres was 20–50% lower than that of synthetic/artificial fibres.
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DIMMOCK, J. P. R. E., S. J. BENNETT, D. WRIGHT, G. EDWARDS-JONES und I. M. HARRIS. „Agronomic evaluation and performance of flax varieties for industrial fibre production“. Journal of Agricultural Science 143, Nr. 4 (August 2005): 299–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859605005277.
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Flax fibre for industrial purposes differs from that for linen production, although the agronomic factors that influence fibre development and which factors are most important for industrial fibre production have still to be defined. A description of variations in the performance of fibre flax varieties is also necessary as current guidance relates to the European market rather than the UK. Field trials were sown in 2002 and 2003 at the Henfaes Research Centre in north Wales, investigating 29 and 26 varieties, respectively, of European fibre flax and dual-purpose flax varieties. In 2002 a nitrogen treatment was included in the trial with two treatments, 40 kg/ha and 80 kg/ha. Varieties were evaluated for 20 agronomic and fibre production variables, and the differences between the varieties were analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and principal components analysis (PCA). The higher nitrogen rate was found to increase crop lodging, although some varieties were found to be more susceptible than others. Environment had a strong influence on crop success, with some varieties showing more year to year stability than others. PCA allowed those varieties that were the highest yielding, highest fibre producers and showed the best stability across the 2 years to be identified. Understanding the agronomic results presented and discussed here is important if fibre flax production is to become economically viable in the UK.
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Tchana Toffe, Gilles, Sikiru Oluwarotimi Ismail, Diogo Montalvão, Jason Knight und Guogang Ren. „A Scale-up of Energy-Cycle Analysis on Processing Non-Woven Flax/PLA Tape and Triaxial Glass Fibre Fabric for Composites“. Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 3, Nr. 4 (01.11.2019): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmmp3040092.
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In the drive towards a sustainable bio-economy, a growing interest exists in the development of composite materials using renewable natural resources. This paper explores the life cycle assessment of processing of Flax fibre reinforced polylactic acid (PLA), with a comparison of glass fibre triaxial fabric in the production process. The use of hydrocarbon fossil resources and synthetic fibres, such as glass and carbon, have caused severe environmental impacts in their entire life cycles. Whereas, Flax/PLA is one of the cornerstones for the sustainable economic growth of natural fibre composites. In this study, the manufacturing processes for the production of Flax/PLA tape and triaxial glass fibre were evaluated through a gate-to-gate life cycle assessment (LCA). The assessment was based on an input-output model to estimate energy demand and environmental impacts. The quality of the natural hybrid composite produced and cost-effectiveness of their LCA was dependent on their roving processing speeds and temperature applied to both the Flax/PLA tape and triaxial glass fabrics during processing. The optimum processing condition was found to be at a maximum of 4 m/min at a constant temperature of 170 °C. In contrast, the optimum for normal triaxial glass fibre production was at a slower speed of 1 m/min using a roving glass fibre laminating machine. The results showed that when the Flax and PLA were combined to produce new composite material in the form of a flax/PLA tape, energy consumption was 0.25 MJ/kg, which is lower than the 0.8 MJ/kg used for glass fibre fabric process. Flax/PLA tape and glass fibre fabric composites have a carbon footprint equivalent to 0.036 kg CO2 and 0.11 kg CO2, respectively, under the same manufacturing conditions. These are within the technical requirements in the composites industry. The manufacturing process adopted to transform Flax/PLA into a similar tape composite was considerably quicker than that of woven glass fibre fabric for composite tape. This work elucidated the relationship of the energy consumptions of the two materials processes by using a standard LCA analytical methodology. The outcomes supported an alternative option for replacement of some conventional composite materials for the automotive industry. Most importantly, the natural fibre composite production is shown to result in an economic benefit and reduced environmental impact.
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Bledzki, Andrzej Korneliusz, Marta Lucka, Abdullah Al Mamun und Janusz Michalski. „Biological and electrical resistance of acetylated flax fibre reinforced polypropylene composites“. BioResources 4, Nr. 1 (20.11.2008): 111–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.4.1.111-125.
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Flax fibre reinforced polypropylene composites were fabricated using a high speed mixer followed by injection moulding. Prior to composite production, the fibre was modified by acetylation in the presence of perchloric acid. The effect of acetylation of the fibre was assessed on the basis of moisture resistance and dielectric properties of the resulting composites. It was found that the moisture absorption and swelling properties of the composites were reduced respectively to 60% and 30% due to acetylation. Two different types of biocide were mixed with untreated flax fibre, and the samples were exposed to decay fungi for up to 3 months along with control polypropylene. The composites with acetylated fibres showed good protection against fungi, and biocide had less effect on biological resistance. The dielectric properties of the flax-polypropylene composites were also estimated as a function of aging period. The composites with modified fibre showed more improvement in dielectric properties compared to the composites with untreated fibres. The mechanical properties were investigated for those composites. Tensile and flexural strengths of composites were found to be increased following acetylation due to modification, and strength properties of both untreated and acetylated flax fibre reinforced polypropylene composites decreased with respect to aging period. The Charpy impact strengths of composites were found to increase with increasing aging periods.
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Irvine, R. B., J. McConnell, G. P. Lafond, W. E. May, G. Hultgreen, A. Ulrich, K. Stonehouse, S. Chalmers und F. C. Stevenson. „Impact of production practices on fiber yield of oilseed flax under Canadian prairie conditions“. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 90, Nr. 1 (01.01.2010): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps08233.
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Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) cultivars commonly grown in western Canada have been developed primarily for seed production. These cultivars tend to be shorter, have lower fibre content, and have lower above-ground biomass than cultivars developed specifically for fibre production. Linseed production is the dominant flax product in western Canada and fibre is a co-product of oilseed production. The objectives of these studies were to evaluate the effects of northern European fibre flax production practices under western Canadian soil and climatic conditions. A number of cultivars in narrow band and solid-seeded planting geometries to determine if they had similar responses. When flax was planted at recommended seeding rates for linseed production, seed and fibre yields were not affected by planting geometry. Increasing the seeding rate from 40 to 120 kg ha-1 did not affect seed yield regardless of location or seeding date. Even though fibre content was not affected by seeding rate, higher seeding rates increased stem numbers, decreased stem size, reduced the variability in stem size and increased fibre yield. Delaying planting until the end of May increased fibre yields by an average of 35% with no corresponding decrease in seed yield. Since the relative seed and fibre yield responses of a wide range of cultivars were similar with solid seed and narrow band planting geometries, plant breeders can effectively select for higher fibre producing lines using narrow band seed openers using row spacings up to 30 cm apart. Key words: Linseed, row spacing, seeding rate, cultivar, fibre, fibre
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Bolton, James. „The Potential of Plant Fibres as Crops for Industrial Use“. Outlook on Agriculture 24, Nr. 2 (Juni 1995): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072709502400204.
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At some time in the future, fibres produced on agricultural land will contribute significantly to the world fibre supply. Such fibres might come from residues or from dedicated fibre crops harvested annually. Dedicated fibre crops will become a reality sooner if agriculture can produce fibres more competitively than forestry. New markets for plant fibre may also help the farmer. Long-fibre crops (flax, hemp, kenaf) have particular promise providing that production costs are competitive with those for Third World fibres, or that a technological edge in processing can be established.
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Horne, M. R. L., D. Waldron, J. L. Harwood und R. J. Harwood. „The Production and Extraction of Flax-Fibre for Textile Fibres“. Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy 4, Nr. 2 (01.06.2010): 98–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbmb.2010.1073.
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Möhl, Claudia, Timo Weimer, Metin Caliskan, Tom Hager, Stephan Baz, Hans-Jürgen Bauder, Thomas Stegmaier, Werner Wunderlich und Götz T. Gresser. „Flax Fibre Yarn Coated with Lignin from Renewable Sources for Composites“. Polymers 14, Nr. 19 (27.09.2022): 4060. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14194060.
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The present experimental work analyses the potential of lignin as a matrix for materials made from renewable resources for composite components and the production of hybrid semi-finished products by coating a flax fibre yarn. Natural fibres, due to their low density, in combination with lignin can be a new renewable source for lightweight products. For this purpose, the extrusion process was adapted to lignin as a matrix material for bio-based composites and coating of natural fibre yarns. A commercial flax yarn is the basis for the lignin coating by extrusion. Subsequently, the coated flax yarn was characterised with regard to selected yarn properties. In order to produce composite plates, the lignin-coated flax yarn was used as warp yarn in a bidirectional fabric due to its insufficient flexibility transversely to the yarn axis. The commercial flax yarn was used as weft yarn to increase the fibre volume content. The tensile and flexural properties of the bio-based composite material were determined. There was a significant difference in the mechanical properties between the warp and weft directions. The results show that lignin can be used as matrix material for bio-based natural fibre composites and the coating of natural fibre yarns is an alternative to spun hybrid yarns.
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Graupner, Nina, Karl-Heinz Lehmann, David E. Weber, Hans-Willi Hilgers, Erik G. Bell, Isabel Walenta, Luisa Berger et al. „Novel Low-Twist Bast Fibre Yarns from Flax Tow for High-Performance Composite Applications“. Materials 14, Nr. 1 (29.12.2020): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14010105.
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The use of natural fibres for components subjected to higher mechanical requirements tends to be limited by the high price of high-quality semi-finished products. Therefore, the present study deals with the development of more cost-effective staple fibre yarns made from flax tow. In the subsequent processing stage, the yarns were processed into quasi-unidirectional (UD) fabrics. The results of the fibre characterisation along the process chain have shown that no significant mechanical fibre damage occurs after slivers’ production. Fibres prepared from yarns and fabrics show comparable characteristics. The yarns were processed to composites by pultrusion to verify the reinforcement effect. The mechanical properties were comparable to those of composites made from a high-quality UD flax roving. The fabrics were industrially processed into composite laminates using a vacuum infusion and an autoclave injection process (vacuum injection method in an autoclave). While impact strength compared to a reference laminate based on the UD flax roving was achieved, tensile and flexural properties were not reached. An analysis showed that the staple fibre yarns in the fabric show an undulation, leading to a reorientation of the fibres and lower characteristic values, which show 86–92% of the laminate made from the flax roving. Hybrid laminates with outer glass and inner flax layers were manufactured for the intended development of a leaf spring for the bogie of a narrow-gauge railroad as a demonstrator. The hybrid composites display excellent mechanical properties and showed clear advantages over a pure glass fibre-reinforced composite in lightweight construction potential, particularly flexural stiffness.
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Kwiatkowska, Edyta, Małgorzata Zimniewska, Patrycja Przybylska und Barbara Romanowska. „Effect of Drought Stress on Quality of Flax Fibres“. Materials 16, Nr. 10 (15.05.2023): 3752. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16103752.
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Global warming has led to a change in climatic conditions. Since 2006, drought has contributed to a reduction of food production and other agriculture-based products in many countries. The accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has caused some changes in the composition of fruits and vegetables, making them less nutritious. To analyse this situation, a study was conducted on the effect of drought on the quality of fibres provided by the main fibre crops in Europe, namely flax (Linum usitatissimum). The experiment consisted of growing flax under controlled comparative conditions with designed different irrigation levels, such as 25%, 35% and 45% field soil moisture. Three varieties of flax were grown in 2019, 2020 and 2021 in the greenhouses of the Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants in Poland. Fibre parameters, such as linear density, length and strength, were evaluated according to relevant standards. In addition, scanning electron microscope images of the cross-section and longitudinal view of the fibres were analysed. The results of the study indicated that deficiency of water during the flax growing season resulted in lowering of fibre linear density and tenacity.
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Дударєв, І. М., und А. В. Хомич. „LOW-QUALITY FLAX STRAW BIOMASS HARVESTING FOR SUBSEQUENT USE AS FUEL: A REVIEW“. СІЛЬСЬКОГОСПОДАРСЬКІ МАШИНИ, Nr. 48 (31.10.2022): 15–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.36910/acm.vi48.779.
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Unfavorable conditions for flax growing, harvesting and dew-retting are the reason for the low-quality flax biomass production. This biomass cannot be processed for fiber or other purposes. Therefore, flax straws are burned in the fields or are used as fertilizer by plowing into the soil, which are not good solutions for the environment and subsequent cultivation operations. The limit values of quality properties of fibre flax stem, flax straw and retted straw for their processing are summarized, which can be used to determine the suitability of flax straw biomass for processing or burning. Low-quality flax biomass is inexpensive, ecofriendly and renewable, it can be used as solid fuel for heating greenhouses or buildings located near the field where the flax is grown. Various techniques of fibre flax and oilseed flax harvesting are presented in the article. The technique of low-quality flax harvesting is recommended, which include flax pulling out or flax cutting, flax threshing, flax straw windrow forming, flax straw natural drying on the field in natural way, flax bale forming, flax bale transporting, flax bale burning. This harvesting technology can be used for low-quality fibre flax and oilseed flax. Flax straw biomass can be baled into three bale types: small rectangular bales, big round bales, and big square bales The main requirements for fuel flax biomass bales are recommended. The boiler for burning flax straw bales must be chosen taking into account the shape and size of the bales. For the efficient operation of boilers, it is necessary to take into account the recommended values of bale bulk density and moisture content of flax biomass.
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Struhala, Karel, Zuzana Stránská und Jiří Sedlák. „LCA of Fibre Flax Thermal Insulation“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 824 (Januar 2016): 761–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.824.761.
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This paper brings readers a study of Life-Cycle Assessment of thermal insulation panels made of the stems of fibre flax. This study uses cradle-to-gate system boundaries, which means that only growing and harvesting of flax and subsequent processing and manufacturing of the insulation material are included in the assessment. Transport between the facilities is also included, because it has significant impact on the results - the production facility is located in Czech Republic, but thanks to the costs main components (fibre flax stems and chemical additives) are grown or produced in various countries around the globe. The paper shows that production of such insulation material has environmental impacts comparable with other insulation materials. Conclusion of the paper includes discussion about share of individual parts of the production process (growing, harvesting, transport, processing and manufacturing) on the overall results and recommendations of changes that would lead to decrease the overall environmental impacts.
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Brodowsky, Hanna M., Anne Hennig, Michael Thomas Müller, Anett Werner, Serge Zhandarov und Uwe Gohs. „Laccase-Enzyme Treated Flax Fibre for Use in Natural Fibre Epoxy Composites“. Materials 13, Nr. 20 (13.10.2020): 4529. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13204529.
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Natural fibres have a high potential as reinforcement of polymer matrices, as they combine a high specific strength and modulus with sustainable production and reasonable prices. Modifying the fibre surface is a common method to increase the adhesion and thereby enhance the mechanical properties of composites. In this study, a novel sustainable surface treatment is presented: the fungal enzyme laccase was utilised with the aim of covalently binding the coupling agent dopamine to flax fibre surfaces. The goal is to improve the interfacial strength towards an epoxy matrix. SEM and AFM micrographs showed that the modification changes the surface morphology, indicating a deposition of dopamine on the surface. Fibre tensile tests, which were performed to check whether the fibre structure was damaged during the treatment, showed that no decrease in tensile strength or modulus occurred. Single fibre pullout tests showed a 30% increase in interfacial shear strength (IFSS) due to the laccase-mediated bonding of the coupling agent dopamine. These results demonstrate that a laccase + dopamine treatment modifies flax fibres sustainably and increases the interfacial strength towards epoxy.
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Komlajeva, Ļubova, und Aleksandrs Adamovičs. „Genetic Resources Of Flax In Latvia“. Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 2 (05.08.2015): 290. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2011vol2.983.
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Flax is cultivated on small areas in Latvia. Flax gives dual-purpose production – fibre and seeds. Latvian flax has a high fibre and seed quality. The quantity of flax fibre and seed yield depends on many factors. Several qualitative and quantitative traits, such as technical stem length, resistance to lodging, vegetation period, yield of straw and seeds, fibre and oil content and quality were evaluated. For the further development of Latvian economy flax varieties and hybrids of Latvian origin are an important goal. Fibre flax varieties 'Blue di Riga', 'Priekuļu 665', 'Ošupes 30' and breeding lines 'S-64-17-93' and 'L11-11/11-94' are valuable material containing a qualitative and quantitative indicators of variety. 92 Latvian accessions of flax hybrids have been evaluated, and 12 accessions with the best seed and straw yield have been selected for further DNA analysis. This will simplify and accelerate the selection of new valuable hybrids that will provide particular advantages in agriculture. The genetic analysis of DNA determines the kinship and diversity of flax varieties and breeding lines which can be used further in flax breeding.
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Khan, Saif Ullah, Mahadev Bar, Philippe Evon, Laurent Labonne und Pierre Ouagne. „Development of 100% Linseed Flax Yarns with Improved Mechanical Properties and Durability for Geotextiles Applications“. Fibers 10, Nr. 12 (23.11.2022): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fib10120102.
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Due to the ever-growing demand for bast fibres for technical and garment textiles, complementary sources to textile flax, whose cultivation in western Europe cannot really be extended, need to be proposed. In this study, the interest in harvesting and processing linseed flax straw is studied for geotextile applications. The main critical stages of fibre-to-yarn production for geotextiles were investigated. Different dew retting levels as well as different all-fibre extraction processes were investigated to achieve this objective. It was demonstrated that the fibres extracted from linseed flax stems subjected to 12 weeks of dew retting using breaking rollers, thresher and a breaking card exhibited the most suitable morphological and mechanical properties. The optimal fibres were converted into 100% linseed flax yarns using a flyer spinning machine, and the mechanical properties as well as the biodegradability of the linseed yarns were evaluated to understand their potential as geotextiles. These linseed flax yarns were further coated with linseed oil or chitosan to enhance their durability. It was observed that the linseed oil coating better preserved the yarn’s integrity and mechanical properties over time, and it permitted doubling their service life potential.
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Verstraete, Sofie, Bart Buffel, Dharmjeet Madhav, Stijn Debruyne und Frederik Desplentere. „Short Flax Fibres and Shives as Reinforcements in Bio Composites: A Numerical and Experimental Study on the Mechanical Properties“. Polymers 15, Nr. 10 (09.05.2023): 2239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15102239.
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The complete flax stem, which contains shives and technical fibres, has the potential to reduce the cost, energy consumption and environmental impacts of the composite production process if used directly as reinforcement in a polymer matrix. Earlier studies have utilised flax stem as reinforcement in non-bio-based and non-biodegradable matrices not completely exploiting the bio-sourced and biodegradable nature of flax. We investigated the potential of using flax stem as reinforcement in a polylactic acid (PLA) matrix to produce a lightweight, fully bio-based composite with improved mechanical properties. Furthermore, we developed a mathematical approach to predict the material stiffness of the full composite part produced by the injection moulding process, considering a three-phase micromechanical model, where the effects of local orientations are accounted. Injection moulded plates with a flax content of up to 20 V% were fabricated to study the effect of flax shives and full straw flax on the mechanical properties of the material. A 62% increase in longitudinal stiffness was obtained, resulting in a 10% higher specific stiffness, compared to a short glass fibre-reinforced reference composite. Moreover, the anisotropy ratio of the flax-reinforced composite was 21% lower, compared to the short glass fibre material. This lower anisotropy ratio is attributed to the presence of the flax shives. Considering the fibre orientation in the injection moulded plates predicted with Moldflow simulations, a high agreement between experimental and predicted stiffness data was obtained. The use of flax stems as polymer reinforcement provides an alternative to the use of short technical fibres that require intensive extraction and purification steps and are known to be cumbersome to feed to the compounder.
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SANKARI, H. „Bast fibre content, fibre yield and fibre quality of different linseed genotypes“. Agricultural and Food Science 9, Nr. 1 (01.01.2000): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.5645.
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Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) grown for seed does not compete well with flax in fibre yield, but as a by-product of seed production its stems could be used in non-woven products. With the aim of discovering suitable linseed genotypes to be cultivated for dual-purpose use in Finland, Finnish linseed cv. Helmi was compared with ten other linseed genotypes and one flax cultivar for stem yield, bast fibre content in stem, stem length and diameter and bast fibre yield. In addition, breaking tenacity and elongation at break of the fibres were determined. The experiments were carried out in 1996B1997 at the Agricultural Research Centre (MTT) in Jokioinen, Finland (latitude 60o49'N). Bast fibre content in stem averaged 16.9% and breeding line Bor 18 had significantly higher bast fibre content than cv. Helmi. Bast fibre yield averaged 301 kg dry matter ha-1. Compared with cv. Helmi, breeding lines Bor 15 and Bor 18 and cvs. Flanders and Gold Merchant produced significantly higher fibre yield. The median for breaking tenacity varied among the genotypes between 41 and 67 cN/tex and the median for elongation at break between 3.5 and 6.8%. Finnish breeding line Bor 18 is recommended for cultivation as dual-purpose linseed in Finland. ;
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Novikov, E. V., N. V. Basova und A. V. Bezbabchenko. „ANALYSIS OF ECONOMIC INDICATORS FOR OIL FLAX PROCESSING“. Agricultural Machinery and Technologies 12, Nr. 4 (27.09.2018): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2073-7599-2018-12-4-35-40.
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Oil flax grows in many countries of the world. Fibre production on its basis can significantly increase the profitability of flax-growing farms. At the present stage, taking into account the real possibilities of the national economy, for its effective development it is necessary to introduce advanced technologies. Cur-rently, processing enterprises may choose among different technological equipment lines to process oil flax into fibre and thus get additional profit. (Research purpose) The determination of a technologically and economical-ly effective line for oil flax processing. (Materials and methods) The main materials for calculation were represent-ed by the indicators of production capacity, the average annual value of fixed as-sets, the amount of money spent on salaries and wages, etc. The main research method is the balance method that allows making a plan in the form of a balance sheet that takes into account the sources of inputs and the requirements for these inputs. (Results and discussions) The authors have considered low-cost lines for oil flax processing into short fibre on the basis of disintegrators of various brands (from domestic and foreign producers), offered characteristics of the fibre obtained in the lines, and analyzed technical and economic indicators of various technologi-cal lines under different conditions, and the payback period of capital expenditures for different oil flax acreages. (Conclusions) The authors have determined that the most effective is the pro-cessing of oil flax from an area of at least 1000 hectares, with a throughput capaci-ty of raw materials of at least 1000 kg/h and a distance of the transportation of straw rolls to a processing site of 50 km. They have also obtained technological and economic data that can be used in the organization of oil flax processing into marketable fibre.
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Pecenka, Ralf, Carsten Lühr und Hans-Jörg Gusovius. „Design of Competitive Processing Plants for Hemp Fibre Production“. ISRN Agronomy 2012 (24.07.2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/647867.
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Despite an annually growing demand for natural fibres accompanied by worldwide increasing fibre prices as well as long tradition and experience in fibre processing, the production facilities for hemp and flax fibres are very limited in Europe. At present, the lack of modern harvesting and economic processing technologies seem to be the greatest obstacles for hemp fibre producers under the changing conditions of international raw material markets. Therefore, detailed investigations of all process stages of hemp fibre processing have been carried out at the Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering (ATB). A novel hemp processing line has been developed, installed, and tested at industrial scale in the last 3 years. Investigations regarding optimum plant layout have shown that a straw throughput of approximately 4 t h−1 is required for economic fibre production for all new processing lines at currently high straw prices of more than 150 € t−1. Throughputs in the range from 4 to 6 t h−1 showed a favourable relation between profit and investment cost. At throughputs higher than 6 t h−1, the profit per ton processed straw can be further increased. But investment and straw logistic cost increase at these high-throughput levels often much faster.
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Vinogradova, T. A., T. A. Kudryashova und N. N. Koziyakova. „EVALUATION OF FIBRE FLAX VARIETIES BY QUALITY UNIFORMITY OF LONG FIBER WHEN PROCESSING FLAX STRAW“. Vestnik of Ulyanovsk state agricultural academy 230, Nr. 3 (59) (23.09.2022): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.18286/1816-4501-2022-3-89-96.
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When processing flax straw of fiber flax varieties of different selection and quality under production conditions of flax-cultivating and flax-processing enterprises of the Russian Federation, one of the important properties characterizing technological value of fibrous products is quality uniformity of long fiber. It was established that the range of data variation is 2 numbers and practically does not depend on the quality of flax straw when comparing average number of long fiber obtained from entire set of flax straw batches of the studied fiber flax varieties. The number variability of long fiber was expressed by variation coefficient of 5.3–5.9%. The analysis carried out on uniformity trait of long fiber number for each variety along entire flax straw quality assessment scale allowed to identify varieties with "absolute" and "high” uniformity. Varieties with "absolute" uniformity include those varieties which havevariation coefficient (V) equal to 0; "high" uniformity - varieties for which variation coefficient did not exceed 2.0% in the number of long fiber. Among the first group, there were mainly varieties of domestic selection, such as: Universal, Aleksandrit, A 93, A 29, Tomskiy 18, Lenok, Caesar, Surskiy, as well as Dashkovskiy variety of Belarusian selection (flax straw numbers 0.50; 0.75; 1.00, 1.50, 1.75, 2.00). The possibility of obtaining long fiber with a "high" uniformity was recorded among flax straw of 1.25; 1.50; 2.50 numbers of such varieties as Mogilevskiy 2, Agata, Escalina, Lira, Sofia (foreign selection) Caesar, Alexandrit, Leader, Impulse, Lenok, Tost, Tomskiy 18 (varieties of domestic origin).
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Mat Daud, Siti Zubaidah, Faizal Mustapha und Zuraimy Adzis. „Lightning strike evaluation on composite and biocomposite vertical-axis wind turbine blade using structural health monitoring approach“. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 29, Nr. 17 (29.01.2018): 3444–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x17754259.
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Lightning damages to wind turbine blades increase as the size of wind turbine becomes larger. The damages are quite serious since it contributes to high cost of repairs and loss of electric power production. Since natural plant fibres receive attention nowadays due to low density and high specific strength, the usage of natural fibre to replace synthetic fibre in fabricating the turbine blade will promote a green renewable material. As the application of biocomposite for wind turbine blade has been explored, the effect of lightning strike damage has been required for further test investigation. This article explores the comparative results of performing lightning strike damage testing on composite (fibreglass) and biocomposite (flax fibre) wind turbine blades with protective metal mesh materials. The damage assessments were performed using visual non-destructive inspection methods and piezoelectric sensor as part of structural health monitoring. From the result, it is found that fibreglass blade experienced larger damage area compared to flax fibre blade based on the visual test conducted.
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Gruzdevienė, Elvyra, und Zofija Jankauskienė. „The Diversity Of Weeds In Organic Linseed And Flax Crop“. Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 2 (05.08.2015): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2011vol2.974.
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The flax is grown in the world for many years. The area of linseed in the world is much more than that of fibre flax. The seeds of ecologically grown linseed have high value as the row material for food, medicine, fodder, oil production. The cold pressed oil and seeds of ecologically grown linseed are especially popular in EU, Canada and USA. The quality of the finished linen product is often dependent upon growing conditions and harvesting techniques. The organic textile trend is starting to develop worldwide, while in Lithuania it is still almost non-existent. Therefore, the chance for Lithuanian farmers appears to export the ecological seed and fiber, not only use them in local market. Lithuanian farmers are in luck for the advices how to grow flax in ecological way. Therefore, in 2007- 2009 some investigations were carried out at the Upytė Experimental Station of the Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry (Panevėžys district, Lithuania). The results of our investigation showed that it is possible to grow and harvest fibre flax and linseed in organic farms without any pesticides. The incidence of weeds is one of the biggest problems in organic growing of flax and linseed.
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La Rosa, Angela Daniela, und Stergios Goutianos. „Benefits and Opportunities of Reusing Waste Rotor Blades Materials from a Life Cycle Perspective“. Key Engineering Materials 919 (11.05.2022): 270–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-yzl390.
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The present Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) intends to investigate the environmental benefit of using natural fibres and/or recyclable epoxy resins for future manufacturing of small/medium wind turbine blades to handle thermoset polymer composites that are designed to be recyclable at the end of life”). LCA comparison of a modelled blade based on flax fibres reinforced recyclable epoxy resin and a traditional blade made of glass fibres and non recyclable epoxy resin is presented. In the production phase the environmental impacts of the flax fibre reinforced recyclable epoxy resin composite blade are higher than the blade based on glass fibre epoxy composite mainly due to the higher amount of epoxy resin necessary to satisfy the design criteria of the blade e.g. fatigue and deflection. The end of life is significative as the environmental impacts are reduced by the recycling and recovery of the fibres and the resin, being the resin more significative.
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KARAM HUSAIN, Y. P. MALIK, R. I SRIVASTAVA und RITt J PANDEY. „Production technology and industrial uses of dual purpose linseed (Linum usitatissimum): An overview“. Indian Journal of Agronomy 54, Nr. 4 (10.10.2001): 374–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.59797/ija.v54i4.4811.
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Flax (I-inum usitatjssimum L.) is a rabi crop of India, grown both for seed and fibre since very long fine. The variet- ies, which are grown for seed and fibre both, are known as dual purpose linseed. In India, oil flax is under cultivation in 16 states, While dual purpose linseed is being grown in few pockets. AS climatic conditions Of the country does not suit much for the cultivation Of fibre flax, but dual purpose linseed varieties like 'Gaurav', 'Jeevan', 'Nagarkot', 'Shikha', 'Rashmi', 'Meera', and 'Parvati' may be grown in Himachal Pradesh, some districts of Punjab, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, Tawa command area of Madhya Pradesh and Kota command area of Rajasthan. A good crop Of dual purpose linseed can be obtained by sowing of these varieties under irrigated situation (2-3 irrigations) during last week of October to mid November using 50-60 kg seed/ha at a row distance of 20 cm, fertilizer application of 60-90 kg N + 13.2- 17.6 kg P + 25-33.3 kg Wha along with need based plant protection measures. Development of improved varieties having quality fibre with good seed yield, refining agro-techniques, proper post-harvest technologies especialiy retting and scutching techniques along with the testing Of quality standards and suitable government policies are essential for the promotion of this crop in India.
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Stramkale, Veneranda, Aldis Stramkalis, Ļubova Komlajeva, Māra Selecka, Māra Vikmane und Arturs Stalažs. „EVALUATION OF LATVIAN FLAX VARIETIES BY SEED YIELD AND QUALITY“. Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 1 (03.08.2015): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2009vol1.1116.
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Flax cultures give dual-purpose production – flax fibre and seeds. Flax varieties adapted to local climate conditions have breeded but up to now the profound research of its quality was not carried out. In our investigation we analysed flax varieties of Latvia selection for seed yield and quality in comparison with standard varieties ‘Vega 2’ and ‘Lirina’. In Latgale Agricultural Scientific Centre 10 Latvian flax varieties are cultivated and seed yield, 1000-seed weight, seed oil content (extracted by hot pressing method) and fatty acid content in flax seed oil (detected with gas chromatography method) have evaluated. Seed yields of fibre flax Latvian varieties are significantly higher in comparison with standard variety ‘Vega’. All analysed seed samples have high oil content (27- 47%) and there is high percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids in oil (linoleic acid 10,6-16,9%, linolenic acid 54,7-62,1%). There is little difference in 1000-seed weight, content of oil in seeds, percentage of linoleic, linolenic, oleic, palmitic and stearic acid in oil between fibre flax and oil seed flax varieties. The difference between the varieties is more influential. Flaxes seeds from Latvian varieties are in high quality and can be used for food, medical and technical purposes.
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Möhl, Claudia, Timo Weimer, Metin Caliskan, Stephan Baz, Hans-Jürgen Bauder und Götz T. Gresser. „Development of Natural Fibre-Reinforced Semi-Finished Products with Bio-Based Matrix for Eco-Friendly Composites“. Polymers 14, Nr. 4 (11.02.2022): 698. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14040698.
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Increasing resource consumption and a growing amount of textile waste increase the importance of a circular economy and recycling in the fashion and apparel industry. Environmentally friendly bio-based composites made from cellulosic fibres obtained from textile waste, and polymers based on renewable raw materials present a possible solution. In this study, the development of textile semi-finished products based on medium-to-long cotton and flax fibres obtained from textile waste in combination with a bio-based thermoplastic matrix for lightweight applications is investigated. For the production of natural fibre-polylactide hybrid yarns, fibre slivers with improved fibre orientation and blending are produced. Subsequently, quasi-unidirectional woven fabrics are produced and consolidated into bio-based composites. Textile and mechanical properties of hybrid yarns as well as bio-composites are analysed with regard to the influence of fibre length, fibre distribution in the yarn, yarn structure and fibre volume content. The results show that the production of bio-based semi-finished products can be a potential way for upcycling textile waste.
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Merta, Ildiko, Ana Mladenovič, Janez Turk, Aljoša Šajna und Alenka Mauko Pranjić. „Life Cycle Assessment of Natural Fibre Reinforced Cementitious Composites“. Key Engineering Materials 761 (Januar 2018): 204–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.761.204.
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Three cementitious composites containing different natural fibres (flax, hemp and sea-grass) were evaluated from an environmental perspective by means of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method applying the cradle-to-gate approach. The environmental impact of these composites was compared to that of cementitious composites reinforced with conventional synthetic polyacrilonitrile (PAN) fibres. The functional unit was the production of one cubic meter of cementitious composites ready-for-use. The results show that generally the environmental footprint of composite with synthetic fibres is bigger than the footprint of the composites with added natural fibres. Exceptions may only be the impacts on eutrophication and freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity, which are significantly affected by cultivation of crops. Flax and hemp cultivation is associated with emissions to soil and water. For this reason, the composite mixture with flax fibres has a significantly greater impact on eutrophication and freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity than the composite mixture with synthetic fibres. A cementitious composite mixture with sea-grass shows the lowest impacts in all impact categories. The entire life cycle of the studied composites was not included in this research since the life cycle of natural fibre composites is not straightforward and is highly dependent on the durability of the fibres within the matrix.
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Ramakrishnan, KarthikRam, Mikko Hokka, Essi Sarlin, Mikko Kanerva, Reijo Kouhia und Veli-Tapani Kuokkala. „Experimental investigation of the impact response of novel steelbiocomposite hybrid materials“. EPJ Web of Conferences 183 (2018): 02040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201818302040.
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Recent developments in the production of technical flax fabrics allow the use of sustainable natural fibres to replace synthetic fibres in the manufacture of structural composite parts. Natural fibre reinforced biocomposites have been proven to satisfy design and structural integrity requirements but impact strength has been identified as one of their limitations. In this paper, hybridisation of the biocomposite with a metal layer has been investigated as a potential method to improve the impact resistance of natural fibre composites. The impact response of biocomposites made of flax-epoxy is investigated experimentally using a high velocity particle impactor. A high-speed camera setup was used to observe the rear surface of the plates during impact. Digital Image Correlation (DIC) of the high speed camera images was used for full-field strain measurement and to study the initiation and propagation of damage during the impact. The different modes of damage in the hybrid laminate were identified by postimpact analysis of the section of the damaged composite plate using optical microscopy. The study shows the difference in impact response for different material combinations and configurations. The hybrid construction was shown to improve the impact resistance of the flax composite.
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Arslanoglu, Şahane Funda, Soner Sert, Hasan Alp Şahin, Selim Aytaç und Ayman El Sabagh. „Yield and Yield Criteria of Flax Fiber (Linum usititassimum L.) as Influenced by Different Plant Densities“. Sustainability 14, Nr. 8 (14.04.2022): 4710. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14084710.
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Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is mostly grown in temperate climate conditions. The rising demand for natural fibres other than cotton has re-introduced flax cultivation in to the agenda. This situation has necessitated the acceleration of flax production research in Turkey. The purpose of this research is to discover the best seeding density for flax fibre cultivation. The trials were carried out with the Rolin flax variety at the coordinates 41°21′53″ N and 36°11′17″ E, during the winter seasons of 2018–2019 and 2019–2020, at densities of 500, 750, 1000, 1250, 1500, 1750, and 2000 plant m−2, by using a random block design. According to the results obtained from analysis of variance, where all these charectors examined viz, years, densities, year and density interaction were found statistically significant (p < 0.01). The highest straw, fiber and seed yields per decare were measured at 2000 plant m−2 density, while as the lowest values were determined at 500 plant m−2 density. However In the interaction of year and density, the highest plant height and technical length were measured in the first year at 1750 plant m−2 density at 102.7 cm and 80.2 cm, respectively. Similarly the highest straw yield (764 kg da−1), fiber yield (198.6 kg da−1) and seed yield (133.9 kg da−1) were measured in the first year at 2000 plant m−2 density. Adequate rainfall during the rapid development stage of winter flax in April-May boosted plant height, technical length, straw, seed, and fibre yield. Although the yields were low during the second year, which was dry. While the positive significant correlation (**; p < 0.01) was found between plant density and plant height (r = 0.907 **), straw yield per decare (r = 0.981 **), seed yield per decare (r = 0.973 **), fiber yield per decare (0.978 **), technical length (r = 0.828; * p < 0.05), negative significant correlation (p < 0.01) was found between plant density and the number of secondary branches (r = −0.955 **), stem diameter (−0.955 **) and plant seed weight (r = −0.923 **). According to the data recorded in two-years. It was observed that for high straw, fiber and seed yield, 2000 plant m−2 density was appropriate for cultivating flax fiber during the winter growing period in mild climate conditions.
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Lisson, S. N., und N. J. Mendham. „Agronomic studies of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) in south-eastern Australia“. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 40, Nr. 8 (2000): 1101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea00059.
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This paper reports on field agronomy studies into flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) conducted in Tasmania, Australia from 1994 to 1997. These studies investigated the performance of selected cultivars, and responses to sowing date, plant density and irrigation. The work formed part of a feasibility study assessing the potential of fibre hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) and flax as sources of fibre for the Australian newsprint industry. Two cultivar evaluation trials were conducted at the University of Tasmania Farm, Cambridge, in Tasmania’s south-east. One of these included 7 European and Australian flax cultivars, and the other, 4 mucilage linseed cultivars. The European flax cultivars yielded significantly more stem and bark fibre than the Australian flax cultivars. Of the former group, Ariane (841 g/m 2 ) and Marina (883 g/m 2 ) performed the best in terms of stem yield production, while Viking had comparable bark yields to these 2 cultivars. With the exception of cv. Kreola (543 g/m 2 ), which produced comparable stem yields to the Australian flax cultivars, the linseed cultivars were short and produced relatively low stem yields. Interestingly, seed yields (149–194 g/m 2 ) were not superior to those for the flax cultivars (156–218 g/m 2 ). While offering little dual-purpose seed/fibre potential, they may supply a future niche market for seed production. Three other trials were conducted to investigate the response of flax to seeding rate and sowing date, and the interactions between seeding rate, sowing date and irrigation availability. Autumn sowings of flax gave higher yields of both stem and seed compared with winter and spring sowings. Reasonable stem and seed yields were achieved from dryland cropping of flax. However, good results from such rainfed crops in Tasmania will depend on autumn sowing and good rainfall during winter and spring seasons. There were clear yield benefits from irrigation between early November and January, when the amount and distribution of rainfall was poor. The selection of an optimum seeding rate will depend on the sowing date and involve a compromise between maximising yield and minimising potential losses from lodging. The decreased occurrence of lodging with winter and spring sowings in this study, suggests that later sowings can accommodate higher seeding rates.
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Вerezovsky, Yu, T. Kuzmina, N. Lialina, M. Yedynovych und O. Lobov. „TECHNICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS FOR PRODUCING FIBRE FROM BAST CROPS“. INMATEH Agricultural Engineering 60, Nr. 1 (30.04.2020): 137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.35633/inmateh-60-16.
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The paper is devoted to solving problems related to developing scientific bases for resource-saving technologies in bast crops complex processing. The work contains theoretical and experimental research in processing flax and hemp raw materials. The work objective is to find ways to improve the production conditions for processing bast fibre plants and to solve the problems of ameliorating the qualitative and quantitative bast fibre characteristics by improving the technological features of stem material processing and structural design application to the joint connections of the devices for processing bast-fibre raw materials. The paper also analyses current trends in the flax and hemp processing industry development, investigates the technical and technological features of processing bast-fibre crop stems and assesses the directions for increasing their processing efficiency.
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Berezovsky, Yuri, Tetiana Kuzmina und Tatyana Mazievich. „Influence of the oil flax eco-brand on the development of safe production“. Scientific Horizons 23, Nr. 12 (29.12.2020): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.48077/scihor.23(12).2020.65-73.
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In modern competitive environment, eco-branding constitutes one of the main prerequisites for the effective development of the country's economy. In an unstable economic situation, the reformatting of Ukrainian society is too inert, while the problems are growing rapidly, which is undoubtedly exploited by dishonest players in the consumer goods market. This study considers the lines of development of Ukrainian and world commodity markets, pointing to the need to develop the market of environmentally friendly products based on oil flax, improving the quality of flax-containing products due to the use of advanced technologies and innovative equipment. The research methodology included the monographic method, comparison, analysis, mathematical planning, and graphic method. It is determined that the main prerequisite for sustainable development of the country in the context of economic globalisation, limited resources, and technology development is the use of eco-branding. To increase the efficiency of processing of fibrous material, a method of processing oilseed flax has been developed, which allows expanding the range of processing products of oilseed flax and to create waste-free technology. A method for obtaining the same type of fibre from bast-fibre crops has been developed, which makes it possible to process oil flax stalks. Prospects for the use of the presented technical and technological developments can contribute to the modernisation of the light industry, its further development, expansion of the Ukrainian market, increase jobs and attract highly qualified specialists in the field, increase the competitiveness of Ukrainian products on the world market
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Yinghua, Tian, Liu Xiaolan, Zheng Xiqun und Wang Lu. „Production of efficient enzymes for flax retting by solid state fermentation with Aspergillus niger“. International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology 26, Nr. 3 (27.05.2014): 212–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcst-04-2013-0035.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study the optimum culture condition of flax-retting enzyme, and applying the enzyme liquors to retting. In addition to research the structure of flax stem in enzyme retting using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Design/methodology/approach – The influence of cultural parameters such as moisture level, temperature, incubation time and inoculum size were evaluated with respect to polygalacturonase and xylanase yield. The structure of flax stem was revealed by SEM. Findings – The flax was retted by dilute enzyme liquors (polygalacturonase/25 U/ml, xylanase/1 U/ml), and 24-h retting period was obtained. The SEM studies revealed the removal of a large amount of non-cellulosic gummy material of flax stem in enzyme retting. Originality/value – First, flax-retting enzyme containing higher-yield polygalacturonase, lower-yield xylanase and no cellulose was yielded by SSF. Second, the composition of enzyme could meet flax retting and no damage cellulosic fibre. Finally, only low-cost wheat bran, citrus peel powder and mineral salt were employed in substrate, which could reduce the overall cost of enzyme production and flax retting.
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Md. Tahir, Paridah, Amel B. Ahmed, Syeed O. A. SaifulAzry und Zakiah Ahmed. „Retting process of some bast plant fibers and its effect on fibre quality: A review“. BioResources 6, Nr. 4 (05.09.2011): 5260–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.6.4.5260-5281.
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Retting is the main challenge faced during the processing of bast plants for the production of long fibre. The traditional methods for separating the long bast fibres are by dew and water retting. Both methods require 14 to 28 days to degrade the pectic materials, hemicellulose, and lignin. Even though the fibres produced from water retting can be of high quality, the long duration and polluted water have made this method less attractive. A number of other alternative methods such as mechanical decortication, chemical, heat, and enzymatic treatments have been reported for this purpose with mixed findings. This paper reviews different types of retting processes used for bast plants such as hemp, jute, flax, and kenaf, with an emphasis on kenaf. Amongst the bast fibre crops, kenaf apparently has some advantages such as lower cost of production, higher fibre yields, and greater flexibility as an agricultural resource, over the other bast fibres. The fibres produced from kenaf using chemical retting processes are much cleaner but low in tensile strength. Enzymatic retting has apparent advantages over other retting processes by having significantly shorter retting time and acceptable quality fibres, but it is quite expensive.
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Kandemir, Ali, Thomas R. Pozegic, Ian Hamerton, Stephen J. Eichhorn und Marco L. Longana. „Characterisation of Natural Fibres for Sustainable Discontinuous Fibre Composite Materials“. Materials 13, Nr. 9 (04.05.2020): 2129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13092129.
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Growing environmental concerns and stringent waste-flow regulations make the development of sustainable composites a current industrial necessity. Natural fibre reinforcements are derived from renewable resources and are both cheap and biodegradable. When they are produced using eco-friendly, low hazard processes, then they can be considered as a sustainable source of fibrous reinforcement. Furthermore, their specific mechanical properties are comparable to commonly used, non-environmentally friendly glass-fibres. In this study, four types of abundant natural fibres (jute, kenaf, curaua, and flax) are investigated as naturally-derived constituents for high performance composites. Physical, thermal, and mechanical properties of the natural fibres are examined to evaluate their suitability as discontinuous reinforcements whilst also generating a database for material selection. Single fibre tensile and microbond tests were performed to obtain stiffness, strength, elongation, and interfacial shear strength of the fibres with an epoxy resin. Moreover, the critical fibre lengths of the natural fibres, which are important for defining the mechanical performances of discontinuous and short fibre composites, were calculated for the purpose of possible processing of highly aligned discontinuous fibres. This study is informative regarding the selection of the type and length of natural fibres for the subsequent production of discontinuous fibre composites.
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Easson, D. Lindsay, und Roisin Molloy. „Retting — a Key Process in the Production of High Value Fibre from Flax“. Outlook on Agriculture 25, Nr. 4 (Dezember 1996): 235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072709602500405.
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In recent years Increasing attention has been paid to the possibility of Introducing a larger area of industrial crops into agriculture in Western Europe. Flax growing played an important role In agriculture in the past, but re-introducing it today will depend not just upon finding markets which are higher volume and more stable than high street fashions, but also upon re-learning key processes In the handling of the crop. Foremost amongst these is retting. Traditional retting methods remain as much an art as a science, but biotechnology and biochemistry are increasingly being used to open new possibilities which could allow flax to be retted under a wider range of climates and fibre to be extracted cleanly for an increasingly diverse range of valuable markets.
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BENNETT, S. J., D. WRIGHT und G. EDWARDS-JONES. „The importance of time of spraying, desiccant type and harvest time on industrial fibre production from stand-retted fibre flax (Linum usitatissimum)“. Journal of Agricultural Science 145, Nr. 6 (23.03.2007): 565–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859607007010.
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SUMMARYEven and successful retting of flax through application of a desiccating herbicide and stand-retting is a major constraint to increasing its incorporation in industrial products. With the release of a new form of glyphosate based on the isopropylamine (IPA) salt with biactivator (Roundup Biactive, Monsanto Ltd), a field trial was planted using three flax varieties with differing levels of ease of desiccation at the Henfaes Research Centre, University of Wales Bangor in 2004. The crop was sprayed at four different times of maturity: mid-point of flowering plus 7 days (MPF+7), MPF+14, MPF+21 or MPF+28 using two different herbicide treatments; Roundup Biactive (Monsanto PLC) or Roundup Biactive+Restore (40% ammonium sulphate, AmegA Sciences PLC). Fibre quality was assessed following retting and the ease of decortication was measured. The highest fibre yields were obtained from the MPF+28 spray date, and from the Biactive herbicide treatment. Although lower yields were recorded with the Biactive+Restore treatment, the stems were easier to decorticate. It is suggested that an early sowing date and the use of the IPA salt-based glyphosate with biactivator, and careful monitoring of the crop during the retting process, contributed to the early and successful harvest from the MPF+28 plots, allowing mature seeds as well as fibre to be harvested from the flax plants.
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Monzón, Mario, Rubén Paz, Martí Verdaguer, Luis Suárez, Pere Badalló, Zaida Ortega und Noelia Diaz. „Experimental Analysis and Simulation of Novel Technical Textile Reinforced Composite of Banana Fibre“. Materials 12, Nr. 7 (07.04.2019): 1134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12071134.
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The use of natural fibres allows reducing environmental impact, due to their natural renewable origin and the lower energy needed for their production and processing. This work presents the mechanical characterization of a newly developed technical textile, with banana fibre treated by enzymes, comparing experimental results with numerical simulation based on the definition of the unit cell at micromechanical level. The experimental test shows that the composite with the fabric of banana fibre presents worse mechanical behaviour than the one with commercial flax fibre. The presence of wool, necessary for producing the yarn, reduces the mechanical properties of the banana textile. The numerical simulation had an acceptable error compared with the experimental results, with a global average error of 9%, showing that the predictive modelling based on the multiscale method is suitable for the design process of this kind of composite.
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Mochalov, L. V., und V. G. Drozdov. „TECHNOLOGICAL FEATURES OF AUTOMATIC CONTROL OF LONG FIBRE PRODUCTION“. Technologies & Quality, Nr. 1 (2020): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.34216/2587-6147-2020-1-47-3-6.
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Machines for producing flax fibre as automatic control objects are described in this article. Versions of control of drying machine by control of amount of supplied heat, intensity of replacement of spent drying agent with fresh one, change of drying agent speed in drying region, change of material movement speed in drying space are considered. It is shown that what is the most rational way of controlling the moisture of retted straw is the way that uses a closed control system with negative feedback. The block diagram of the automatic drying control system that acts on the control object, in this case on the dryer, through the actuator, in order to reduce the amount of humidity deviation depending on the amount and the sign of deviation, is developed.
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FOSTER, R., H. S. POONI und I. J. MACKAY. „The potential of selected Linum usitatissimum crosses for producing recombinant inbred lines with dual-purpose characteristics“. Journal of Agricultural Science 134, Nr. 4 (Juni 2000): 399–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859699007753.
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The success of Linum usitatissimum as a commercial crop depends on its value for seed/oil (linseed) and/or fibre/straw production (flax). In the present study we evaluated nine linseed × linseed and two linseed × flax crosses for their potential to produce recombinant inbred lines (RILs) that give higher yields for dual-purpose (high seed–high fibre) traits. Analysis of the early generations indicated that while all crosses segregated for seed weight, straw weight, capsule weight and total plant weight, some crosses lacked the necessary genetic diversity to produce superior RILs. The performance of F3 families supported this conclusion as only two crosses were identified which had adequate potential to produce improved RILs with high seed and straw/fibre yields. The four most heterotic crosses identified in a previous experiment showed little potential for transgressive recombinants, although the best of these RILs would make better dual-purpose varieties compared to existing cultivars. Genotypic correlations were generally positive and should increase the chances of extracting RILs producing both high seed/oil and straw/fibre yields.
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Yang, Fei, Fei-hu Liu und Gordon Rowland. „Effects of diurnal temperature range and seasonal temperature pattern on the agronomic traits of fibre flax (Linum usitatissimum L.)“. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 93, Nr. 6 (November 2013): 1249–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps2013-103.
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Yang, F., Liu, F.-h. and Rowland, G. 2013. Effects of diurnal temperature range and seasonal temperature pattern on the agronomic traits of fibre flax ( Linum usitatissimum L.). Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 1249–1255. Three cultivars of fibre flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), Viking, Argos and Ariane, were used to study the effect on various agronomic traits of diurnal temperature ranges (DIF) and seasonal temperature patterns (STP) applied throughout the crop growth period. Diurnal temperature ranges were set at 5, 10 and 15°C with the same daily mean temperature and accumulated growing degree days (GDDa), under a parabolic STP. Seasonal temperature patterns were set following parabolic, anti-parabolic and quasi-horizontal configurations with DIF set at 10°C. The results showed that DIF or cultivar had a significant influence on the biomass, plant height (PH), stem diameter (SD), length of technical stem (LTS), weight of technical stem (WTS), fibre weight (FW), fibre content (FC) and seed weight per pot (SWp). Seasonal temperature pattern also had a significant influence on these traits except for WTS and FW. Significant interactions were observed between DIF and cultivar, affecting all traits with the exception of FW, and between STP and cultivar, affecting biomass, PH, SD and WTS. Diurnal temperature range set at 10°C was optimal for biomass, PH, SD, LTS, WTS, and FW, while DIF set at 5°C benefited FC and SWp. Among the different STP configurations, anti-parabolic pattern was optimal for biomass, PH, SD, LTS and FC, and the quasi-horizontal pattern best fit SWp. In conclusion, the combination of DIF set at 10°C and anti-parabollic STP provided the most favorable temperature conditions for fibre flax growth, which is the situation with winter flax production in Yunnan, China.
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Ouali, Ahmed Amine, Roman Rinberg, Lothar Kroll, Wolfgang Nendel, Aleksandr Todorov und Holger Cebulla. „Natural Fibre Reinforced Bioplastics - Innovative Semi-Finished Products for Series Production“. Key Engineering Materials 742 (Juli 2017): 255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.742.255.
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The development of innovative bio-based composites with efficient manufacturing processes is the purpose of the current project C4 in the framework of the Excellence Cluster MERGE EXC 1075, funded by DFG (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft). Efficiency in terms of mass-production, reproducibility and flexibility requires the performance of successive steps in the manufacture of semi-finished and final bio-based products. About bio-based materials, natural fibres composite (NFC) prepregs have been recently investigated as a potential cost-efficient semi-finished product. By means of continuous production processes, prepreg rolls can be manufactured with unidirectional natural fibres (flax) fabrics as reinforcement and thermoplastic biopolymers films as matrix. The used natural fibre non-crimp fabrics are made of high twisted yarns. For a better impregnation and higher stiffness properties, non-crimp fabrics with non-twisted yarns, which have been lastly developed by natural fibres suppliers, represent an appropriate solution. A second suitable option is the substitution of the biopolymer films, whose impermeability does not facilitate the release of humidity from the natural fibres while the impregnation, by produced low cost thermoplastic spunlace fabrics with a higher permeability and lower reachable surface weights. With these material developments and innovative process optimizations suitable to natural fibres, NFC prepreg properties tend to be improved. From prepregs to finished parts can be implemented by discontinuous processes, with compression molding and back-injection molding, or by continuous processes, with devices gathering several stages such as cutting, stacking, points welding, pre-heating and back injection molding. By stacking, a multi-axial orientation of prepregs can be performed in order to optimize the placement of reinforcing yarns according to the possible load path of future products. The mechanical properties profile of the combination of non-crimp natural fibres fabrics with thermoplastic films or thermoplastic spunlace fabrics has been here studied in detail with press-engineered samples and has confirmed the potential as an alternative to glass fibre-reinforced composite.
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Mierziak, Justyna, Wioleta Wojtasik, Anna Kulma, Magdalena Żuk, Magdalena Grajzer, Aleksandra Boba, Lucyna Dymińska, Jerzy Hanuza, Jakub Szperlik und Jan Szopa. „Overexpression of Bacterial Beta-Ketothiolase Improves Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) Retting and Changes the Fibre Properties“. Metabolites 13, Nr. 3 (17.03.2023): 437. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo13030437.
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Beta-ketothiolases are involved in the beta-oxidation of fatty acids and the metabolism of hormones, benzenoids, and hydroxybutyrate. The expression of bacterial beta-ketothiolase in flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) results in an increase in endogenous beta-ketothiolase mRNA levels and beta-hydroxybutyrate content. In the present work, the effect of overexpression of beta-ketothiolase on retting and stem and fibre composition of flax plants is presented. The content of the components was evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and biochemical methods. Changes in the stem cell walls, especially in the lower lignin and pectin content, resulted in more efficient retting. The overexpression of beta-ketothiolase reduced the fatty acid and carotenoid contents in flax and affected the distribution of phenolic compounds between free and cell wall-bound components. The obtained fibres were characterized by a slightly lower content of phenolic compounds and changes in the composition of the cell wall. Based on the IR analysis, we concluded that the production of hydroxybutyrate reduced the cellulose crystallinity and led to the formation of shorter but more flexible cellulose chains, while not changing the content of the cell wall components. We speculate that the changes in chemical composition of the stems and fibres are the result of the regulatory properties of hydroxybutyrate. This provides us with a novel way to influence metabolic composition in agriculturally important crops.
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Ravindra B. Malabadi, Kiran P. Kolkar und Raju K. Chalannavar. „Industrial Cannabis sativa: Role of hemp (fiber type) in textile industries“. World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences 16, Nr. 2 (30.11.2023): 001–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjbphs.2023.16.2.0450.
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This review paper highlights the importance and role of hemp fibre in textile industries. In recent years, there has been a resurgence of interest in hemp as a sustainable and versatile textile fibre in fashion and textile industry. Hemp is a sustainable and environmental friendly crop that can provide valuable raw materials to a large number of industrial applications. Hemp fibre is very strong compared with other natural fibres such as cotton, flax and nettle. The cultivation of hemp has significantly less environmental impact compared to cotton. The industrial hemp contains primary and secondary fibres of which the primary fibres are utilisable for the textile end use. Hemp has been the mostly blended with cotton and synthetic fibres due to barriers in the industrial process of the production of full hemp-based textiles. Hemp clothing is stronger and more durable than cotton clothing and does not deform as easily. Apparel made from hemp merges easily with dyes and does not discolour easily. Hemp has outstanding antibacterial properties that surpass those of cotton and also any other natural fibre. Hemp textile fibre is hypoallergenic and has natural antimicrobial properties, making it an excellent choice for individuals with sensitive skin. However, despite its many benefits, hemp is still relatively expensive in India compared to other cellulosic fibres such as cotton, linen, and rayon etc. Hemp has a great cultural and historical value in India because it has been grown and used here for thousands of years. This cultural history can be conserved and honoured by using hemp in the fashion and textile business.
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Chen, Li Na, Fan Rong Kong und Rui Chao Xu. „Comparative Study on Mechanical Properties of Jutecell, Cotton and Bamboo Fiber Knitted Fabrics 20“. Advanced Materials Research 627 (Dezember 2012): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.627.33.
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In order to have a better understanding and using of the new type of regenerated flax fiber –Jutecell, Mechanical properties of three kinds of fabrics which knitted by Jutecell, cotton and bamboo fiber were tested, focusing on the stretching, bursting, abrasion-resistant and anti-pilling properties, through the comparison and analysis of the three kinds of fabrics, the results shown that: The strength of Jutecell fabric is the best, followed by regenerated bamboo fiber, natural cotton fibre is the worst. The stretching, bursting and abrasion-resistant of the fabrics knitted by Jutecell yarn are all better than that of the cotton and bamboo fiber knitted fabrics; but its anti-pilling performance is poor, a appropriate measure must be taken in the production process to reduce the pilling phenomenon of clothes made by Jutecell yarns.
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Kim, N. K., S. Dutta und D. Bhattacharyya. „Heat and smoke production of flax fibre reinforced composites under horizontal and vertical orientations“. Composites Part B: Engineering 178 (Dezember 2019): 107467. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107467.
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Ponazhev, V. P. „EFFICIENCY OF CREATION AND REPRODUCTION METHODS OF FIBRE FLAX SEEDS IN PRIMARY SEED BREEDING“. Vestnik of Ulyanovsk state agricultural academy 230 (25.09.2021): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18286/1816-4501-2021-3-119-125.
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The research was carried out on in the laboratory of breeding technologies of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Center of Bast Crops” (Tver region) in 2014-2017. The purpose of the research is to develop more advanced methods for creating updated (original) fiber flax seeds based on selection of plants according to a new trait - the length (compactness) of the inflorescence, as well as their subsequent reproduction at initial stages of primary seed production. It was found that initial testing on morphological traits, followed by removal of plants that did not fit the inflorescence length typicality interval, increased the yield of updated seeds for Alpha variety by 2.5 times, for Rosinka variety by 1.5 times in comparison with the control variant. The selection of plants by inflorescence length provided better uniformity in terms of the main variety trait - fiber content in the stem, which was characterized by a coefficient of variation of 3.1 - 4.7%, versus 4.2 - 5.4% in the control, as well as a significant reduction of labor costs. It was revealed that the updated seeds created on the basis of fiber flax selection according to a new trait retained their productive properties at the level of the control variant. Sowing with a row spacing of 6.25 cm is the most effective for further reproduction of updated seeds at the initial stage of seed production. In comparison with the wide-row (22.5 cm) sowing method, it provided an increase of seed yield by 0.29 t / ha, or by 30.2%, while maintaining high sowing and varietal conditions. With narrow and wide-row sowing methods of fiber flax, the most important morphophysiological parameter - the seed strength, was equal.
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Aleshkina, S. V., und A. T. Vasyukova. „POSSIBILITIES OF FLAX FLOUR AND FLAX SEEDS APPLICATION FOR DEVELOPMENT OF FLOUR CONFECTIONERY PRODUCTS“. AGRO-INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGIES OF THE CENTRAL RUSSIA 2, Nr. 24 (Juni 2022): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.24888/2541-7835-2022-24-21-30.
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The article is devoted to the study of flax seed flour for flour confectionery products. The goal of the study is to carry out a comparative assessment of the quality of flax flour and flax seed with wheat flour for use in technologies of flour confectionery products. Flax flour is 1.7 times more rich in protein, 32 times more in fat but 2 times less in carbohydrates. However, it has almost 8 times as much dietary fibre, which characterises it as a functional product. Flax meal is also dif-ferentiated from wheat flour by its vitamin composition. This is especially true for the B vitamins. Of fat-soluble vitamins - vitamin K should be noted. Of the micronutrients a great saturation of potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, copper, selenium and phosphorus. The amino acid composition favourably distinguishes flax meal from the highest grade of wheat flour by the presence of a high concentration of the essential amino acids: arginine, valine, leucine, lysine, me-thionine, threonine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, histidine and isoleucine. A comparative analysis of the chemical composition of two types of flour: high-grade wheat flour and linseed flour shows the potential possibility to use linseed flour for the production of flour confectionery products made of shortbread dough, which can be recommended as functional foodstuffs.
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Isaacs, Nigel. „Konka Board: a cement-pumice-tow sheathing board“. Architectural History Aotearoa 18 (08.12.2021): 108–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/aha.v18i.7373.
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Konka board was a New Zealand invention which combined cement, pumice and flax fibre ("tow") into a fibre-cement board, replacing the imported asbestos-cement sheet. Sold soon after manufacture, Konka, it could be nailed or screwed, and over time it hardened. A waterproof plain or stucco plaster finish provided a resilient, borer proof, fireproof, low maintenance house. Three patents created the Konka system – 34,845 for the fibre-reinforced board, 37,354 for the stud and support system into which a concrete grout was poured to lock the panels in place, and finally 52,50 for metal strips to ensure a smooth final plaster surface. A waterproofing additive in the plaster provided the final part of the system.The company quickly setup a national series of agents, with manufacturing ultimately occurring in Wanganui, Gisborne, Christchurch and Timaru. Patent 34,845 was challenged in 1927, with the Privy Council finding in 1930 that it was invalid, opening the way for similar products to be made. The development in the 1930s of NZSS 95 Model Building By-law allowed Konka to be used nationally, without further evidence as to its performance. However, competitor other products were also included e.g. Excell, Rotorua, Thermax, Duro, Wangan, Walasco and the asbestos based Fibrolite.Konka survived until the 1960s, when flax production was in decline, the high labour costs and manufacturing time meant it was no longer competitive. Even so, in a twist of fate it was a Konka style approach which led to cellulose fibre replacing asbestos in fibre-cement sheeting. In the twenty-first century, Konka could even be considered a desirable product – a natural fibre reinforced, composite sheet.
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Deykun, I. M., und D. M. Skladannyy. „Optimization the cellulose production process from flax fibre with the formalization of the optimality criteria“. Bìoresursi ì prirodokoristuvannâ 10, Nr. 1-2 (2018): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/bio2018.01.017.
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