Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Flamme incidente“
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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Flamme incidente"
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Tunc¸, M. M., und A. Karakas¸. „Three-Dimensional Formulation of the Radiant Heat Flux Variation on a Cylinder Engulfed in Flames“. Journal of Heat Transfer 107, Nr. 4 (01.11.1985): 949–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3247526.
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A three-dimensional formulation is used to determine the incident radiant heat flux on a cylinder surface which is engulfed in flames. For an axisymmetric horizontal pool fire of a specified flame shape, effective flame radiation temperature and a gray flame absorption coefficient, this analysis computes the variation of the incident radiant heat flux along the length and around the circumference of the tank portrayed as a cylinder, engulfed in flames. The radiant flux density from the flame to the cylinder becomes maximum toward the center of the pool and decreases markedly toward the edges. The points which are receiving the maximum amount of radiation heat flux around the circumference of the cylinder are also determined.
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CRETA, F., und M. MATALON. „Propagation of wrinkled turbulent flames in the context of hydrodynamic theory“. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 680 (01.06.2011): 225–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.157.
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We study the propagation of premixed flames in two-dimensional homogeneous isotropic turbulence using a Navier–Stokes/front-capturing methodology within the context of hydrodynamic theory. The flame is treated as a thin layer separating burnt and unburnt gases, of vanishingly small thickness, smaller than the smallest fluid scales. The method is thus suitable to investigate the flame propagation in the wrinkled flamelet regime of turbulent combustion. A flow-control system regulates the mean position of the flame and the incident turbulence intensity. In this context we study the individual effects of turbulence intensity, turbulence scale, thermal expansion, hydrodynamic strain and hydrodynamic instability on the propagation characteristics of the flame. Results are obtained assuming positive Markstein length, corresponding to lean hydrocarbon–air or rich hydrogen–air mixtures. For stable planar flames we find a quadratic dependence of turbulent speed on turbulence intensity. Upon onset of hydrodynamic instability, corrugated structures replace the planar conformation and we observe a greater resilience to turbulence, the quadratic scaling being replaced by scaling exponents less than one. Such resilience is also confirmed by the observation of a threshold turbulence intensity below which the propagation speed of corrugated flames is indistinguishable from the laminar speed. Turbulent speed is found to increase and later plateau with increasing thermal expansion, this affecting the average flame displacement but not the mean flame curvature. In addition, turbulence integral scale is also observed to affect the propagation of the flame with the existence of an intermediate scale maximizing the turbulent speed. This maximizing scale is smaller for corrugated flames than it is for planar flames, implying that small eddies that will be unable to significantly perturb a planar front could be rather effective in perturbing a corrugated flame. Turbulent planar flames, and more so corrugated flames, were observed to experience a positive mean hydrodynamic strain, which was explained in terms of the overwhelming mean contribution of the normal component of strain. The positive straining causes a decrease in the mean laminar propagation speed which in turn can decrease the turbulent speed. The effect of the flame on the incident turbulent field was examined in terms of loss of isotropy and vorticity destruction by thermal expansion. The latter can be mitigated by a baroclinic vorticity generation which is enhanced for corrugated flames.
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Shanbhogue, Santosh J., Michael Seelhorst und Tim Lieuwen. „Vortex Phase-Jitter in Acoustically Excited Bluff Body Flames“. International Journal of Spray and Combustion Dynamics 1, Nr. 3 (September 2009): 365–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/175682709789141528.
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This paper describes an experimental study of the effect of acoustic excitation on bluff body stabilized flames, specifically on the flow field characteristics. The Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) instability of the shear layer is excited due to the incident acoustics. In turn, the KH instability imposes a convecting, harmonic excitation on the flame, which leads to spatially periodic flame wrinkling and heat-release oscillations. Understanding the factors influencing these heat release oscillations requires an understanding of the generation, convection, and dissipation of these vortical disturbances. Phase locked particle image velocimetry was carried out over a range of conditions to characterize the vortical dynamics. It was found that the vortex core location exhibits “phase jitter”, manifested as cycle-to-cycle variation in flame and vorticity field at the same excitation phase. Phase jitter is shown to be a function of separation point dynamics, downstream convection time, and amplitude of acoustic excitation. It leads to fairly significant differences between instantaneous and ensemble averaged flow fields and, in particular, the decay rate of the vorticity in the axial direction.
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Butler, B., C. Teske, D. Jimenez, J. O'Brien, P. Sopko, C. Wold, M. Vosburgh, B. Hornsby und E. Loudermilk. „Observations of energy transport and rate of spreads from low-intensity fires in longleaf pine habitat – RxCADRE 2012“. International Journal of Wildland Fire 25, Nr. 1 (2016): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf14154.
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Wildland fire rate of spread (ROS) and intensity are determined by the mode and magnitude of energy transport from the flames to the unburned fuels. Measurements of radiant and convective heating and cooling from experimental fires are reported here. Sensors were located nominally 0.5 m above ground level. Flame heights varied from 0.3 to 1.8 m and flaming zone depth varied from 0.3 to 3.0 m. Fire ROS derived from observations of fire transit time between sensors was 0.10 to 0.48 m s–1. ROS derived from ocular estimates reached 0.51 m s–1 for heading fire and 0.25 m s–1 for backing fire. Measurements of peak radiant and total energy incident on the sensors during flame presence reached 18.8 and 36.7 kW m–2 respectively. Peak air temperatures reached 1159°C. Calculated fire radiative energy varied from 7 to 162 kJ m–2 and fire total energy varied from 3 to 261 kJ m–2. Measurements of flame emissive power peaked at 95 kW m–2. Average horizontal air flow in the direction of flame spread immediately before, during, and shortly after the flame arrival reached 8.8 m s–1, with reverse drafts of 1.5 m s–1; vertical velocities varied from 9.9 m s–1 upward flow to 4.5 m s–1 downward flow. The observations from these fires contribute to the overall understanding of energy transport in wildland fires.
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Bradley, D., G. A. Chamberlain und D. D. Drysdale. „Large vapour cloud explosions, with particular reference to that at Buncefield“. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 370, Nr. 1960 (13.02.2012): 544–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2011.0419.
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This paper first briefly surveys the energy releases in some major accidents. It then examines the analyses of the explosion at the Buncefield fuel storage site in the UK, one of the most intense accidental explosions in recent times. This followed the release of approximately 300 tonnes of winter-grade gasoline, when a 15 m high storage tank was overfilled for about 40 min before ignition of the resulting flammable mixture. The ensuing explosion was of a severity that had not been identified previously in a major hazard assessment of this type of facility. It was therefore imperative to investigate the event thoroughly and develop an understanding of the underlying mechanisms to inform future prevention, mitigation and land-use planning issues. The investigation of the incident was overseen by the Buncefield Major Incident Investigation Board. A separate Explosion Mechanism Advisory Group examined the evidence and reported on the severity of the explosion. It concluded that additional work was necessary and recommended that a two-stage project be initiated, phase 1 of which has been completed. The analyses of the damage and the derivation of explosion over-pressures are described. Possible explosion mechanisms and the evidence for them at Buncefield are discussed, in the light of other major incidents. Mechanisms that are reviewed include high-speed turbulent combustion, quasi-detonations, fully developed detonations, the generation of fireballs, flame instabilites, radiative heat transfer and aspects of two-phase burning. Of particular importance is the acceleration of turbulent flames along the line of trees and hedgerows. A number of conclusions are drawn and suggestions made for further research.
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Bakka, Marit Sigfrid, Erling Kristian Handal und Torgrim Log. „Analysis of a High-Voltage Room Quasi-Smoke Gas Explosion“. Energies 13, Nr. 3 (29.01.2020): 601. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13030601.
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During an air separation unit shut-down in a methanol production plant, a stop signal was sent to the control cabinet of a synchronous motor for a booster compressor. The control cabinet stopped magnetizing the rotor, while the system logic ensured that the power circuit breakers for the start reactor coils were opened, in order to be ready for the next start-up. Unintentionally, the circuit breaker was still connected (i.e., power was let through the reactors for a prolonged time period), which led to extensive overheating. Subsequently, the central control room received an unaddressed sub-station smoke alarm, and plant operators were sent out to locate the possible source of smoke. The accessible rooms were searched, and traces of smoke were confirmed. The Emergency Response Organization (ERO) was mustered and, through inspection, the Emergency Response Team (ERT) realized that the smoke originated from a ground floor high-voltage room. Fire hoses were arranged for fire extinguishing, and the ERT withdrew to wait for the room to be electrically isolated. About one minute after briefly opening the only set of doors to the high-voltage room, flames were observed, and a quasi-smoke gas explosion violently forced both door blades open and released a substantial fire ball. Personnel had been in the risk zone shortly before the explosion, but luckily no personnel were hit by the slamming door blades or the emerging flames. The incident revealed several learning points related to improper maintenance, ambiguous smoke alarm, lack of flame detectors in the high-voltage room, insufficient risk understanding and training regarding electrically related fire incidents, and the absence of an automatic fire suppression system. In plants processing hydrocarbons, the safety focus regarding hydrocarbon fire and explosion risk is paramount. However, risks related to electrical accidents and compartment fire dynamics (e.g., backdraft and smoke gas explosion) should also be given proper attention.
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Umbare, R. B., M. E. Bansude, S. M. Kadavkar und C. R. Dode. „A prospective study of medicolegal autopsies to establish profile of burn deaths“. IP International Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicological Sciences 6, Nr. 3 (15.09.2021): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijfmts.2021.021.
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Burns injuries have been a one of the major cause of concern since prehistoric time to the present era of modern medicine. Burn is considered to be the commonest cause of unnatural death in India.Burns are injuries produced by application of dry heat such as flame, radiant heat or some heated solid substance like metal or glass to the body. Dry heat, application of hot bodies, licking by flames resulting in simple burns causes local injury to the body. Moist heat leading to scalds, corrosive poisons resulting in corrosive burns. Electric spark, discharges, flashes and lightning leads to electric burns.Present study aim to know the magnitude of burn deaths in the region of southern marathwada region. Two years prospective study was conducted at Government Medical College Latur. Study of medico legal autopsies to establish the profile of burn deaths was carried out. In the present study, it is found that burns are commonly found in female (72.04%) than in females. Housewives (43.52%) were common victims followed by works (9.80%). Most of the incidences took place in morning hours (45.53%). Most common place of incidence was house (83%). Kerosene (57.63%) was the most common accelerant used to cause burn. If percentage of burn increases, the survival period decreases and vice versa. Most common alleged manner of death was accident (53, 6%).
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Dong, G., B. Fan, M. Gui und B. Li. „Numerical simulations of interactions between a flame bubble with an incident shock wave and its focusing wave“. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 223, Nr. 10 (29.06.2009): 2357–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544062jmes1467.
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The numerical investigations of interactions between a flame bubble with an incident shock wave (IW) and its focusing wave (FW) in a reactive CH4—O2—N2 mixture are presented. The time-dependent, two-dimensional axisymmetric, reactive Navier—Stokes equations, with detailed chemical mechanisms, are employed to simulate the multiple shock—flame interactions process. The effects of the IW Mach number and chemical reactivity of mixture on flame structure and evolution are examined. The results of simulations show that the initial flame bubble can interact with IW, bow wave (BW), reflected BW, and FW in sequence. For the weak IW case, the repeated shock—flame interactions produce multiple Richtmyer—Meshkov (RM) instabilities that lead to the convolved flame with vortex structures, and the chemical heat release does not play a major role. While for the strong IW case, the multiple RM instabilities lead to the highly distorted flame with the complex vortices structures of large magnitude. With the lower reactive mixture, the instability process is the major mechanism for shock—flame interaction, while the chemistry only plays a minor role. However, with the higher reactive mixture, the distorted flame expands rapidly and finally forms the large-scale combustion through the interaction with FW. Both instability and chemical heat release play the important mechanisms in this case. The combustion acceleration in the highly reactive mixture can produce the stronger overpressure and the higher propagation speed of complex FW because of the chemi-acoustic interaction effect.
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Gobato, Ricardo, und Manuel Simões Filho. „ALTERNATIVE METHOD OF RGB CHANNEL SPECTROSCOPY USING A CCD READER“. Ciência e Natura 39, Nr. 2 (23.05.2017): 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2179460x25617.
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Spectroscopy is a technique for collecting physicochemical data through the transmission, absorption or reflection of incident radiant energy in a sample. Our work is used in common low cost and easy access devices that have a CCD reader. Our idea is a set of devices, such as a cell phone, which contains an optical CCD reader, where these equipment materials, materials, compounds, simplifying the image obtained by these optical devices. As filming obtained by optical CCD reader theses hardware, form decoded and separated into their quantified RGB color channels. Our initial technique consists of the analysis of the pixels of the images of primary light sources, such as: the sun, incandescent lamps, fire, candle flames, matchestick flame, wood combustion, etc. We conclude that it is possible to do a spectroscopic analysis using our technique.
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Dou, Huating. „Effect of Coating Application on Chilling Injury of Grapefruit Cultivars“. HortScience 39, Nr. 3 (Juni 2004): 558–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.3.558.
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The effects of grapefruit cultivar and coating type on chilling injury (CI) incidence were examined. The shellac coating widely used for exported citrus resulted in the lowest CI incidence in white `Marsh' grapefruit stored for 2 months at 4 °C and 92% ± 3% relative humidity compared with nonwaxed fruit or fruit waxed with either carnauba or polyethylene waxes. The order of coating performance for reducing CI was shellac > carnauba > polyethylene > nonwaxed fruit. For `Flame' little difference of coating type on CI was detected after 2 months of storage. Overall, CI incidence was high in fruit of the cultivars harvested from September to December, low in February, and high again after March but was generally higher in white `Marsh' seedless grapefruit than `Ruby Red', `Rio Red', or `Flame'. However, little difference of cultivar on CI incidence was found among the `Ruby Red', `Rio Red', and `Flame' grapefruit except the October harvest in which CI was higher in `Ruby Red' than in `Rio Red' and `Flame' grapefruit. These studies suggest that the coating and cultivar should be considered in the postharvest management of CI in commercial packing.
Dissertationen zum Thema "Flamme incidente"
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Wang, Aijuan. „Experimental and numerical investigation of the confinement effect on the impinging flame in a compartment“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bourges, INSA Centre Val de Loire, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021ISAB0002.
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Le phénomène de flamme de diffusion impactant une paroi est fréquent dans les scénarios d’incendie en milieu clos. Celui-ci peut entraîner à avoir des conséquences désastreuses en termes de vie humaine et de biens matériels. En effet, lorsqu'une flamme incidente se produit dans un compartiment, elle peut augmenter le risque de propagation du feu de celui-ci vers une autre pièce à travers une explosion de fumée représentant une menace pour les personnes pié-gées. Afin d’apporter des éléments de compréhension sur le comportement de ce type de flamme, de nombreuses études ont réalisé. Celles-ci se sont intéressées sur des flammes impac-tant un plafond en milieu ouvert ou semi-confiné. Cependant il y a peu, voire aucuns travaux qui se sont penchés sur l’étude du comportement d’une flamme incidente dans un compartiment confiné sous ventilé. Dans l’objectif d’apporter des éléments de compréhension en lien avec l’effet du confinement sur la dynamique d’une flamme impactant un plafond, une étude expé-rimentale et numérique est réalisée dans le cadre de cette thèse.L’ensemble des données a été obtenu à l’aide d’un dispositif expérimental représentant un appartement d’étudiant à échelle réduite.Le banc d'essai est un compartiment représentant une maquette d’appartement à petite échelle (1 :10). La conception et dimensionnement a été réalisée sur la base des lois de simili-tudes. Les niveaux de confinement ont été définis en fonction des ouvertures de l’enceinte et du débit calorifique potentielle. A partir de ces deux paramètres, le niveau de confinement peut être associé à la richesse de l’enceinte. Pour cela, huit débits caloriques différents ainsi que cinq possibilités d’ouvertures ont été proposés. À partir des expériences réalisées avec les huit débits calorifiques et les cinq configurations d’ouvertures, l'effet de confinement sur la dynamique d’une flamme impactant un plafond a été effectué en se basant sur les paramètres physico-chimiques, tels que l'extension de la flamme, l'oscillation de la flamme, la distribution de la température et l'analyse des gaz.De plus, grâce à la modélisation numérique de la flamme impactant le plafond à l’aide du code CFD : Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS), il a été possible d’apporter des éléments supplé-mentaires dans l’analyse des écoulements réactifs associée à l’interaction flamme paroi en fonc-tion du niveau de confinement. Le choix des modèles numériques a été effectué à partir d’une étude préliminaire visant à justifier la fiabilité et la précision du modèle numérique à reproduire les données expérimentales ainsi que des évolutions obtenues à partir de corrélations empiriques obtenues dans les littératures.A partir des analyses réalisées dans cette étude, il est possible de fournir des éléments de décisions lors de la conception et la mise en place de détecteurs d'incendie au plafond dans un compartiment et également d’aider à une meilleure estimation de la probabilité de propagation du feu lors d'un incendie de compartiment par le biais d’une explosion de fumée riche en gaz imbrûlésThe phenomenon of diffusion impinging flame is common in industrials, leading to disas-trous consequences in terms of life and property. When impinging flame occurs in a compart-ment, it may enhance the risk of fire propagation and pose a greater threat to trapped people. Lots of studies dealt with flame impinging an unconfined or confined ceiling while little work focused on the impinging flame in a confined compartment. With the objective of providing understanding related to the confinement effect on the impinging flame in a compartment, both experimental and numerical studies carried out to build up the framework of this thesis. A compartment model representing a reduced scale (1:10) student compartment was uti-lized based on the scaling law such that a test bench with suitable instrumentations for carrying out measurements was developed. Configurations of five confinement levels were constructed by the condition of windows and door in the compartment and heat release rate (HRR) was var-ied between 0.5 kW and 18.6 kW. Through series of experiments, the confinement effect on the dynamics of flame impinging a ceiling was addressed with physicochemical parameters, such as flame extension, flame oscillation, temperature distribution and gas analysis. In addition, on account of the numerical modeling of flame impinging a ceiling using the CFD code: Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS), it was possible to provide additional elements in the analysis of reactive flows associated with the flame-wall interaction as a function of the confinement level. The choice of numerical models was made on the basis of a preliminary study aimed at justifying the reliability and precision of the numerical modelling in reproducing the experimental data as well as the empirical correlations obtained in the literatures. From the analyzes in this study, it is possible to provide guidance for fire safety engineering in the field of fire risk assessment and fire protection design of buildings
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Anderson, Anne Lee. „Assessment of thermal radiation arithmetic's for jet flames : A study involving generic calculation methods concerning radiation from jet flames with the purpose to determine the safety distance for flame effects“. Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-67173.
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Jet flames are commonly used as flame effects in pyrotechnical shows, and are also a possible risk in industries that uses pressurised flammable gas. For these users it is important to make fire safety engineering calculations to minimise the risks. This project focus on jet flames that are used in pyrotechnic shows where, e.g. it is important to determine the safety distance to the audience. Up to now most studies made concerning jet flames regards jet flames in subsonic regiments, whilst there is a lack of studies concerning sonic jet flames and mathematical formulations for radiation from these cases are limited. This makes pre-determination of temperatures, safety distances, flame heights etc. a challenge. Based on information found, and assumptions when needed, calculations of the safety distance were made.
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Souché, Isabelle. „Diagnostics de flammes premelangees oxycombustibles a la pression atmospherique (t, oh, h, flux thermique) : incidence d'additifs et du gainage sur leurs proprietes“. Poitiers, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987POIT2264.
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Souché, Isabelle. „Diagnostics de flammes prémélangées oxycombustibles à la pression atmosphérique (T, OH, H, flux thermique) incidence d'additifs et du gainage sur leurs propriétés /“. Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37610015m.
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Manrique, P. C., und E. M. Castillo-Cabezudo. „Comment on “postoperative pain and flare-ups: Comparison of incidence between single and multiple visit pulpectomy in primary molars”“. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/622637.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBücher zum Thema "Flamme incidente"
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Wiles, Kate, und Catherine Nelson-Piercy. Pre-eclampsia and related disorders. Herausgegeben von Norbert Lameire und Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0296_update_001.
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Pre-eclampsia is a pregnancy-specific condition diagnosed by new-onset hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks’ gestation. The incidence of pre-eclampsia means that it is both the most prevalent cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) in pregnancy and the commonest glomerular disease in the world. This chapter outlines the diagnosis and management of pre-eclampsia. Particular emphasis is given to the post-partum disease course as this is when a specialist nephrology opinion may be sought. HELLP (haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelets) syndrome is a variant of severe pre-eclampsia. The most important differential diagnoses of HELLP syndrome are the thrombotic microangiopathies. Pregnancy can act as a trigger for both for new disease and flare of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and haemolytic uraemic syndrome. AKI is a common complication of acute fatty liver of pregnancy. The diagnosis and supportive management of this condition are considered.
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Pilkington, Clarissa, und Liza McCann. Paediatric polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0125.
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Juvenile polymyositis and dermatomyositis are inflammatory myopathies that affect muscle. Dermatomyositis also affects skin, and can have many extramuscular manifestations. Inflammatory myopathies are uncommon in childhood, with dermatomyositis occurring more than polymyositis. For this reason, published research has concentrated on juvenile dermatomyositis. The spectrum of disease severity ranges from mild cases that can recover completely without treatment, to multisystem inflammation that can be fatal. Treatments have improved over the decades, reducing mortality from 30% before the era of steroids, to less than 1% in the present day. Juvenile cases of dermatomyositis differ from those seen in adulthood, without tendency for associated malignancy, and a far greater incidence of calcinosis. Calcinosis can be deposited as small calcinotic lumps or as sheets of calcinosis. It is very difficult to treat and causes extensive morbidity, and depending on where the calcinosis is deposited, it can cause severe disability or even death. Over the last decade, international collaborative work has concentrated on developing disease activity and assessment tools for both adult and juvenile forms of myositis. This will enable more subjective study of these rare diseases in multinational cohort studies, and enable clinical trials to investigate drug treatments. This work led to the first international double-blind placebo controlled trial of treatment in both adults and children with dermatomyositis (using rituximab as the drug). Further international collaboration has led to the development of core outcome variables, a definition of disease flare, and ongoing work on classification criteria.
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Pilkington, Clarissa, und Liza McCann. Paediatric polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0125_update_002.
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Juvenile polymyositis and dermatomyositis are inflammatory myopathies that affect muscle. Dermatomyositis also affects skin, and can have many extramuscular manifestations. Inflammatory myopathies are uncommon in childhood, with dermatomyositis occurring more than polymyositis. For this reason, published research has concentrated on juvenile dermatomyositis. The spectrum of disease severity ranges from mild cases that can recover completely without treatment, to multisystem inflammation that can be fatal. Treatments have improved over the decades, reducing mortality from 30% before the era of steroids, to less than 1% in the present day. Juvenile cases of dermatomyositis differ from those seen in adulthood, without tendency for associated malignancy, and a far greater incidence of calcinosis. Calcinosis can be deposited as small calcinotic lumps or as sheets of calcinosis. It is very difficult to treat and causes extensive morbidity, and depending on where the calcinosis is deposited, it can cause severe disability or even death. Over the last decade, international collaborative work has concentrated on developing disease activity and assessment tools for both adult and juvenile forms of myositis. This will enable more subjective study of these rare diseases in multinational cohort studies, and enable clinical trials to investigate drug treatments. This work led to the first international double-blind placebo controlled trial of treatment in both adults and children with dermatomyositis (using rituximab as the drug). Further international collaboration has led to the development of core outcome variables, a definition of disease flare, and ongoing work on classification criteria.
Buchteile zum Thema "Flamme incidente"
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Oweis, Nader, und Jason Hadjuk. „Incident Command System“. In The Path of Flames, 57–68. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003168010-6.
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Coppola, Damon P., und Brad Milliken. „Incident Command (IC) Role in Coordination (Logistics and Politics)— International Perspective“. In The Path of Flames, 69–86. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003168010-7.
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Fujimori, T., M. Murayama, J. Sato, H. Kobayashi und T. Niioka. „Flame-Holding Behind a Wedge by Incident Shock Waves“. In Fluid Mechanics and Its Applications, 95–110. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5432-1_8.
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Moiemen, Naiem, und Ammar Allouni. „Incidence and epidemiology“. In Burns (OSH Surgery), 1–8. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199699537.003.0001.
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Burns is a global injury with devastating outcomes. Over 95% of burns occurs in low-income countries. The incidence is particularly significant in vulnerable groups. Scalds are the commonest injuries in toddlers, followed by contact burns while flame burns are less than 10%. The commonest injury in preschool children is scald followed by contact then flame burns. Flame burns are the commonest in older children over the age of 9 years. The incidence of burns in the elderly is rising especially in high-income countries as the life expectancy increases, however the outcome in this group is still unsatisfactory. Non-accidental burns of children, elderly and vulnerable adults require collaborative managements between different agencies to insure safeguarding vulnerable patients. Although health and legislations has dramatically reduced the number of burns injuries in fire disasters, terrorist attacks has become the commonest source of mass casualties.
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WICKER, MARCUS. „INCIDENT WITH NATURE, LATE“. In A Flame Called Indiana, 113–15. Indiana University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/jj.2458931.50.
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Murray, Chris. „‘From Those Flames No Light’“. In China from the Ruins of Athens and Rome, 195–220. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198767015.003.0007.
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The Second Opium War concluded in 1860 with Anglo-French forces looting and sacking the Summer Palace at Yuanmingyuan. Commentators such as Victor Hugo delighted that these incidents occurred under the leadership of Lord Elgin, whose father instigated the Parthenon Sculptures controversy. Memoirists and journalists show that the Summer Palace incident was divisive: looting posed a threat to military discipline, and the wanton destruction occasioned a debate over whether Britain was civilized or barbaric. To some, the melancholy victory evoked the Aeneid. Inevitably debates over repatriation of Summer Palace treasures have invoked discussion of the Parthenon Sculptures. Yet commentators like artist Ai WeiWei show that sculptures that the Chinese Communist Party made emblematic of National Humiliation are not really Chinese and were probably not removed by Europeans. Chinese efforts to retrieve the sculptures demonstrate that modern China, like Victorian Britain, reaches to the cultural past for stability amidst bewildering change.
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Ezell, Margaret J. M. „Of Pride“. In The Poems and Prose of Mary, Lady Chudleigh, 261–67. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195083606.003.0045.
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Abstract Among the numerous Vices incident to Mankind, and in which they are unhappily immers’d, there is none they have a stronger Propensity to, and which they more willingly indulge, than Pride,and none for which they have a less Appearance of Reason. ‘Tis strange that depending Where Light, as glorious as Meridian Day, Did all around its lustrous Beams display, And where Delights, for Mortals much too high, Did them with unexhausted Joys supply, They sunk to Realms of Darkness and Despair. No Light but that of livid Flames was there; A pale, a dismal, melancholy Sight: All there was Horror, all did there affright, And there they still must live, excluded from Delight. This dang’rous MischiefI with Care will shun, Will never be by haughty Thoughts undone. My self I know, and by that Knowledge taught, My Soul have to a humble Temper wrought.
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Voltolina, Debora, Giacomo Cappellini, Tiziana Apuani und Simone Sterlacchini. „Simulating wildland surface fire behaviour to support emergency management“. In Advances in Forest Fire Research 2022, 367–74. Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-2298-9_58.
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The recent upsurge in the incidence of extreme wildfire events, the expected impact of climate change on the frequency and severity of fires, and the progressive expansion of wildland-urban interface areas highlight the tangible need for improvement in our ability to predict, mitigate and manage the growing risk to which communities are exposed. The aim of this research is to contribute to deepen the knowledge on the spatial simulation of complex dynamics of wildland surface fire behaviour through the development and validation of a spatially distributed predictive model for the simulation of wildland surface fire spread intended for operational purposes. Given the position of one or more ignition points, the developed model allows to (i) obtain near real time dynamic estimates of the geo-environmental variables that control the fire spread, (ii) compute the direction and intensity of the maximum rate of fire spread in heterogeneous environments, and (iii) simulate the surface fire spread using agent-based models. The final aim is to provide competent authorities with timely information on the expected evolution of the flame front to optimise decision-making processes. The model, developed under synthetic conditions, is then applied to case studies recorded in the territory of the Autonomous Region of Sardinia, that offers institutional information on the ignition location, the evolution of the flame front, and the completed fire suppression activities, which are implemented in the model as well. Overall, the model showed a promising predictive capacity evaluated in quantitative terms of morphological matching between the observed and predicted fire spread patterns, returning more accurate results in areas with less complex morphologies and dominated by herbaceous rather than shrubby fuels. The model also made it possible to obtain accurate simulations in rapid processing times, compatible with its operational application as a tool for optimising and planning fire risk prevention and mitigation strategies and policies as well as fire management activities. Future research will be addressed at improving the predictive capacity of the model and estimating the propagation of the parametric uncertainty of the geo-environmental variables within the model.
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Pilkington, Clarissa, und Liza McCann. „Paediatric polymyositis and dermatomyositis“. In Oxford Textbook of Rheumatology, 1021–32. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0125_update_003.
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Juvenile polymyositis and dermatomyositis are inflammatory myopathies that affect muscle. Dermatomyositis also affects skin, and can have many extramuscular manifestations. Inflammatory myopathies are uncommon in childhood, with dermatomyositis occurring more than polymyositis. For this reason, published research has concentrated on juvenile dermatomyositis. The spectrum of disease severity ranges from mild cases that can recover completely without treatment, to multisystem inflammation that can be fatal. Treatments have improved over the decades, reducing mortality from 30% before the era of steroids, to less than 1% in the present day. Juvenile cases of dermatomyositis differ from those seen in adulthood, without tendency for associated malignancy, and a far greater incidence of calcinosis. Calcinosis can be deposited as small calcinotic lumps or as sheets of calcinosis. It is very difficult to treat and causes extensive morbidity, and depending on where the calcinosis is deposited, it can cause severe disability or even death. Over the last decade, international collaborative work has concentrated on developing disease activity and assessment tools for both adult and juvenile forms of myositis. This will enable more subjective study of these rare diseases in multinational cohort studies, and enable clinical trials to investigate drug treatments. This work led to the first international double-blind placebo controlled trial of treatment in both adults and children with dermatomyositis (using rituximab as the drug). Further international collaboration has led to the development of core outcome variables, a definition of disease flare, and ongoing work on classification criteria.
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Pilkington, Clarissa, und Liza McCann. „Paediatric polymyositis and dermatomyositis“. In Oxford Textbook of Rheumatology, 1021–32. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0125_update_004.
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Juvenile polymyositis and dermatomyositis are inflammatory myopathies that affect muscle. Dermatomyositis also affects skin, and can have many extramuscular manifestations. Inflammatory myopathies are uncommon in childhood, with dermatomyositis occurring more than polymyositis. For this reason, published research has concentrated on juvenile dermatomyositis. The spectrum of disease severity ranges from mild cases that can recover completely without treatment, to multisystem inflammation that can be fatal. Treatments have improved over the decades, reducing mortality from 30% before the era of steroids, to less than 1% in the present day. Juvenile cases of dermatomyositis differ from those seen in adulthood, without tendency for associated malignancy, and a far greater incidence of calcinosis. Calcinosis can be deposited as small calcinotic lumps or as sheets of calcinosis. It is very difficult to treat and causes extensive morbidity, and depending on where the calcinosis is deposited, it can cause severe disability or even death. Over the last decade, international collaborative work has concentrated on developing disease activity and assessment tools for both adult and juvenile forms of myositis. This will enable more subjective study of these rare diseases in multinational cohort studies, and enable clinical trials to investigate drug treatments. This work led to the first international double-blind placebo controlled trial of treatment in both adults and children with dermatomyositis (using rituximab as the drug). Further international collaboration has led to the development of core outcome variables, a definition of disease flare, and classification criteria.
Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Flamme incidente"
1
Lima, R. S., und C. P. Bergmann. „Phase Transformations on Flame Sprayed Alumina“. In ITSC 1996, herausgegeben von C. C. Berndt. ASM International, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc1996p0765.
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Abstract Flame-sprayed coatings of alumina were produced by an oxyacetylene flame spray system in order to study the phase transformations that occurs on alumina during the spraying. The X-ray diffraction pattern of the alumina powder to be sprayed, showed the main presence of the stable phase alpha alumina and an impurity probably resulting from the process of purification of alumina. For as-sprayed coatings, phase changes occur. The X-ray diffraction pattern shows the presence of the stable form alpha alumina, but also the metastable form gamma alumina and amorphous alumina. True density measurements were done using a helium pycnometer, as an aid to observe the phase transformations. The density of the powder to be sprayed was 3.98 g/cm3 and the density of the as-sprayed coatings was 3.62 g/cm3. This change of density is linked to the phase transformation during spraying. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the incident particles was made after 1 second of deposition onto glass substrates in order to observe the degree of melting of the incident particles, by analyzing their profiles (degree of flattening).
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Rajendram Soundararajan, Preethi, Daniel Durox, Guillaume Vignat, Antoine Renaud, Jérôme Beaunier und Sébastien Candel. „Comparison of Flame Describing Functions Measured in Single and Multiple Injector Configurations“. In ASME Turbo Expo 2022: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2022-80577.
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Abstract Recent investigations of combustion instabilities in annular systems indicate that considerable insight may be gained by using information gathered in single-sector experiments. Such experiments are, for example, employed to measure flame describing functions (FDFs), which represent the flame response to incident perturbations. These data may be used in combination with low-order models to interpret instabilities in multiple injector annular systems. It is known, however, that the structure and dynamical behavior of an isolated flame do not necessarily coincide with those of a flame placed in an annular environment with neighboring side flames. It is then worth analyzing effects that may be induced by the difference in lateral boundary conditions and specifically examining the extent to which the FDF data from single-segment experiments portrays the dynamical response of the flame in the annular environment. These issues are investigated with a new setup, named TICCA-Spray, that comprises a linear arrangement of three injectors. The central flame is surrounded by two identical side flames in a rectangular geometry with key dimensions, side-wall separation, and spacing between injectors identical to those of the annular system MICCA-Spray. The describing function of the central flame is determined with techniques recently developed in single sector experiments (SICCA-Spray). The FDFs obtained in the two configurations are compared for two swirler types having different swirl numbers and pressure drops. The effect of the swirl direction of the neighboring injectors is also explored by operating with co- and counter-swirl combinations. Differences between FDFs determined in the two test facilities, sometimes modest and in other cases less negligible, are found to depend on the flames’ spatial extension and interactions. The general inference is that the FDFs measured in a single-injector combustor are better suited if the flame-wall interaction is weak, and provided that the area is equivalent to that of a single sector of an annular combustor. Nonetheless, using a multi-injector system would be more appropriate for a more precise FDF determination.
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Granovskiy, Andrei, Mikhail Kostege, Vladislav Krupa und Sergey Rudenko. „Through Flow Flange-to-Flange Turbine and Diffuser Analysis“. In ASME Turbo Expo 2012: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2012-68284.
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At the present time an important aspect of power generation in combined cycle power plants is to keep part load performance of heavy duty gas turbines sufficiently high. Therefore it is a matter of importance to ensure the aerodynamic alignment between the turbine and exhaust diffuser, allowing potential increase in both turbine efficiency and diffuser pressure recovery. The benefit of such alignment could be noticed at numerical analysis accuracy of part-load conditions in particular due to the change in gas flow angle downstream of the turbine and resulting in an incidence on the diffuser struts. This incidence, in its turn, often causes local flow separation and an associated loss increase. This paper presents an integrated approach of the turbine and diffuser aerodynamic design by means of use of a single 3D Navier-Stokes CFD model. This model explores an automatic interface between the turbine and diffuser calculation domains. Furthermore, whilst gas turbine part load performance has been improved thanks to last stage turbine blade redesign, the above-mentioned integrated turbine & diffuser numerical modelling was used as working instrument to reach the optimal solution in terms of flange-to-flange efficiency in a broad operation range. Following test results, comparison against the numerical prediction fully proved the validity of chosen analytical approach.
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Fan, Luming, Bruno Savard, Benoît Fond, Antoine Durocher, Jeffrey Bergthorson, Spencer Carlyle und Patrizio Vena. „Mechanisms Leading to Stabilization and Incomplete Combustion in Lean CH4/H2 Swirling Wall-Impinging Flames“. In ASME Turbo Expo 2023: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2023-104140.
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Abstract In gas turbines, confined highly turbulent flames unavoidably propagate in the vicinity of a relatively cool combustor liner, affecting both the local flame structure and global operation of the combustion system. In our recent work, we demonstrated, using simultaneous [OH] × [CH2O] PLIF and stereo-PIV, that lean CH4/H2 flames at a high Karlovitz number can present a highly broken structure near wall, highlighted by a diffuse CH2O cloud which suggests local quenching and incomplete oxidation. Such high Karlovitz numbers were achieved using an inclined plate, which substantially extended the lean flammability of the low swirl flames. Yet, how a cooled wall acting as a heat sink played a conducive role in stabilizing high Ka flames remains unanswered. In addition, the origin of the CH2O cloud is also unclear. Hence, in this work, we look to better understand the stabilization mechanisms for lean and ultra-lean flames on the same configuration, and how they may change with a parametric variation of plate incident angle, plate-nozzle distance, and bulk velocity up to the critical values that lead to flame blow off. The results show that the impinging swirling flow creates a low speed region that helps hold the flame, while the wall prevents mixing with ambient cold air. The production of diffuse CH2O, which indicates the occurrence of local quenching, is associated with a mean strain rate K beyond the extinction strain rate Ke. For CH4 flames, most of the reaction zones reside within |K|/Ke < 1; for 70% H2 flames at ϕ = 0.4, the reaction zones are highly broken and scattered in a large area where |K|/Ke < 8, the interspace of which is fully filled by CH2O. In other words, high H2 fraction flames appear to be more robust to persistent strain rate, thus extending their stability envelope. However, these flames can subsist as highly broken flames featuring strong incomplete combustion.
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Mendoza, Eduardo, Jean-pierre Cooper, John W. Evangelista, Margaret Auerbach und Özer Arnas. „On Demand Thermal Protection (ODTP): A New Approach for Designing Garments Exposed to Flash Flame Incidents“. In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-87999.
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Soldiers, first responders and other high risk occupations such as power line technicians are routinely exposed to dangerous situations where severe burn injuries are possible. Standard flame resistant (FR) fabrics provide minimal burn protection when exposed to a flash flame incident. As a result, improvement in thermal protection is desperately needed and remains an ongoing subject of research and development. A simplified one dimensional physical model composed of a muscle layer, skin/fat layer, air gap(s) and fabric layer(s) is used to model heat transfer entering the body covered by a garment that is exposed to a flash flame. Heat transfer within the skin and muscle layers is modeled by combined conduction, metabolic heat generation and blood perfusion by a recently developed modification to the heat equation termed the bio-heat equation. Boundary conditions include a fixed temperature (core body temperature) at the inside of the muscle layer and combined convection and radiation from the flame on the outside of the fabric. The heat equation is solved by discretizing the domain in one dimension and using a finite volume approach to derive the finite difference equations. This model is an initial step to be used to provide an assessment of common FR garments with respect to both comfort in ambient conditions and protection during a flash flame. It also provides for parametric analysis to determine ideal thermo-physical properties, fabric thicknesses and layering for better protection during flash flame incidents. Estimates for time to burn injury from the numerical model is presented with experimental results using live mannequin flame tests (ASTMF-1930), standard vertical flame tests (ISO-17492) and a non-standard flame test with combined convection and radiation heat fluxes up to 85 kW/m2. The main effort of this study revolves around an initial working design for a dynamic garment termed On Demand Thermal Protection (ODTP). The primary focus of the design is the development of a thermistor circuit embedded in a protective garment to act as an electric sensor for rapidly deploying the necessary thermal protection that is needed as predicted by the numerical model instantaneously in the event of a flash flame incident. An initial prototype is being developed with a focus on designing the thermistor circuit to mechanically actuate protective components in a flash-flame environment. Concepts include rapidly releasing a pressurized flame retardant fluid through vinyl tubing sewn into a garment and deploying a protective barrier around the face and neck when the thermistor circuit detects a sudden change in heat transfer. A summary of the prototype along with experimental testing to date compared to the theoretical predictions from the model described above is presented.
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Kim, Kyu Tae, Karthik Kashinath und Simone Hochgreb. „Effects of Nonuniform Reactant Stoichiometry on Combustion Instability“. In ASME 2011 Turbo Expo: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2011-45097.
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This paper analyzes the forced response of swirl-stabilized lean-premixed flames to acoustic forcing in a laboratory-scale stratified burner. The double-swirler, double-channel annular burner was specially designed to generate acoustic velocity oscillations and radial fuel stratification at the inlet of the combustion chamber. Temporal oscillations of equivalence ratio along the axial direction are dissipated over a long distance, and therefore the effects of time-varying fuel/air ratio on the flame response are not considered. Simultaneous measurements of inlet velocity and heat release rate oscillations were made using a hot wire anemometer and photomultiplier tubes with narrowband OH*/CH* interference filters. Time-averaged CH* chemiluminescence intensities were measured using an intensified CCD camera. Results show that flame stabilization mechanisms vary depending on stratification ratio for a constant global equivalence ratio. For a uniformly premixed condition, an enveloped M-shaped flame is observed. For stratified conditions, however, a dihedral V-flame and a detached flame are developed for outer stream and inner stream fuel enrichment cases, respectively. Flame transfer function (FTF) measurement results indicate that a V-shaped flame tends to damp incident flow oscillations, while a detached flame acts as a strong amplifier relative to the uniformly premixed condition. The phase difference of FTF increases in the presence of stratification. More importantly, the dynamic characteristics obtained from the forced stratified flame measurements are well correlated with unsteady flame behavior under limit-cycle pressure oscillations. The results presented in this paper provide insight into the impact of nonuniform reactant stoichiometry on combustion instabilities, which has not been well explored to date.
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Chen, Linghong, Zhenyan Pan, Kefa Cen, Kunzan Qiu und Gerard Grehan. „Laser-Induced Emission of Ultrafine Particulates Evolved by Pulverized Coal Pyrolysis“. In ASME 2011 Power Conference collocated with JSME ICOPE 2011. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2011-55449.
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The importance of on line measurement of ultrafine particulates in pulverized coal flames is mainly due to the detection of ultrafine particulate in the effluent for pollution control, and the quantification of fuel burnout in real time within a boiler for improved understanding of the flame heat transfer soot modeling as well. A method has been investigated using laser-heated emission within an O2-free flame which provides a continuous in situ measurement of ultrafine particles during high-temperature pulverized coal pyrolysis. Bituminous coal particles are entrained by nitrogen along the centerline of a laminar flow flat flame burner, where a hydrogen-air flame under fuel-rich condition is used as a heat source. The temperatures of the hydrogen flame were measured by a finite-wire silica-coated Platinum-Rhodium type B Thermocouple. Volatiles released during the coal pyrolysis form a cloud of ultrafine particles at high temperature. A pulse laser sheet introduced to the flame heats the ultrafine particles to incandescent temperatures. The time-resolved laser-induced emission signals with different incident laser-pulse fluences were evaluated. The volume faction of ultrafine particles was associated with the peak value of the signals, and the mean particle size characterized by a time constant of the exponential signal decay. A strong dependence of the characteristic peak value and emission time constant during laser-heated particle cooling from the measured coal particle class could be determined. Specialties in signal evaluation due to residence time in the hydrogen flame for two sizes of coal particles are discussed.
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Kannan, Palaniappan, und Abdul Aziz Abri. „Incident Learning: Addressing the Functional Safety Life Cycle Requirements in PDO“. In SPE Conference at Oman Petroleum & Energy Show. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/200118-ms.
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Abstract The complete lifecycle of Safety Instrumented Functions (SIFs) in process industry should be well managed to achieve the right level of risk reduction. The lifecycle phases in accordance to IEC60511 can be broadly divided in to Analysis, Realization and Operation. Normally, the main focus is on the Analysis phase wherein Safety Integrity Levels(SILs) are determined, Probability of Failure on Demand (PFD) is calculated to arrive at the optimum design, and Safety Requirement Specification is developed for detailed design. However, the rest of the phases in the lifecycle are not addressed with the same vigor. The lesser attention given to later phases of safety lifecycle worsen the PFD calculated in design phase and keeps safety systems vulnerable to failures. When failures become certain, incidents happen and can lead to catastrophic effects. During a vessel level high-high (LZHH) demand in PDO, the inlet valves (two in series) failed to close leading to carry over of liquid hydrocarbon to the flare stack that led to liquid release from flare in a form of fire balls. The incident investigation revealed that even though required risk reduction levels were achieved in design by installing two valves in series, the rest of the Safety Instrumentation lifecycle phases were not rigorously adhered to resulting in the incident. In this paper the Authors endeavor to present various actions taken by PDO in order to make sure that what is designed, is operated and maintained as intended and in the process fulfilling the SIF lifecycle requirements.
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Golub, Eugene, Joshua Greenfeld, Robert Dresnack, F. H. Griffis und Louis Pignataro. „Safe Separation Distances: Natural Gas Transmission Pipeline Incidents“. In 1998 2nd International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc1998-2004.
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The paper discusses a methodology to define safety implications of and damages that have resulted from gas transmission pipeline failures where fire and/or explosions have occurred. The records of the National Transportation Safety Board were examined to determine the area that was burned and/or impacted by a resulting explosion. The impacted area was then correlated with the physical parameters of the pipeline to see if a relationship existed. The parameters considered included the pipe diameter, the operating pressure at the point of release, the volume of material released, the maximum radius burned by the fire, the height of the flame and the maximum distance effected by the resulting explosion (if one occurred). Two strong correlations were found between the operating pressure in the pipe and the area burned in the incident for the two cases, with and without an explosion taking place. These results may be used to define a safe separation distance for a natural gas transmission pipeline.
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Gullikson, E., D. Stearns, S. Baker, E. Spiller, J. Bjorkholm und J. Taylor. „Scattering from normal incidence EUV optics“. In Optical Fabrication and Testing. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oft.1998.otud.2.
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The path to high resolution leads to shorter wavelengths. In the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) spectral region, imaging systems are possible using normal incidence reflective optics. As the diffraction limit is reduced, the errors in the optical surfaces often limit performance. Figure errors with a spatial period ranging from the size of the mirror down to about a tenth of the mirror size limit the resolution. Finish errors or roughness on a shorter length scale leads to non-specular scattering. Scattering will reduce the throughput of an optical system by removing light from the image. In addition, light scattered within the field of view (flare) can reduce the contrast of the image. For a lithographic imaging system this will reduce the process latitude. As the wavelength of light is reduced, the total integrated scatter increases as 1/λ2, which places a much more stringent demand on optical finish.
Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Flamme incidente"
1
Kerber, Steve, und Robin Zevotek. Fire Service Summary Report: Study of Residential Attic Fire Mitigation Tactics and Exterior Fire Spread Hazards on Firefighter Safety. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, November 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/pxtq2256.
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Attic fires pose many hazards for the fire service. When a fire occurs in an attic, it is common it goes unnoticed/reported until smoke or flames are visible from the outside of the structure. Because they take longer to detect, attic fires are more dangerous for firefighters and residents. In a fire situation, the attic ventilation system, which is designed to reduce moisture accumulation by drawing fresh air low from the eaves and exhausting moisture laden warm air near the peak, create an optimal fire growth and spread situation by supplying oxygen to the fire and exhausting hot gases. An estimated 10,000 residential attic fires are reported to U.S. fire departments each year and cause an estimated 30 civilian deaths, 125 civilian injuries and $477 million in property loss. The location of the attic creates several difficulties for the fire service. Firefighters must decide whether to fight the fire from inside the structure, from the outside or a combination of the two. This the decision is complicated by the constant hazard of ceiling collapse, which has the potential to rapidly deteriorate conditions in the living spaces. A piece of gypsum board may fall or be pulled from the ceiling making the relatively clear and cool conditions in the living space change very quickly endangering firefighters executing a search and rescue operation as part of their life safety mission. Further complicating the decision are the hazards associated with roof structure collapse, creating deadly conditions for firefighters operating on and under the roof. Structural collapse accounted for 180 firefighter deaths between 1979 and 2002 of which one-third occurred in residential structures . Many of these incidents involved a roof falling on firefighters or firefighters falling through the roof during firefighting operations on attic fires. The purpose of this study is to increase firefighter safety by providing the fire service with scientific knowledge on the dynamics of attic and exterior fires and the influence of coordinated fire mitigation tactics from full-scale fire testing in realistic residential structures.
2
Kerber, Steve, und Robin Zevotek. Study of Residential Attic Fire Mitigation Tactics and Exterior Fire Spread Hazards on Firefighter Safety Released. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, November 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/lihb1439.
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Attic fires pose many hazards for the fire service. When a fire occurs in an attic, it is common it goes unnoticed/reported until smoke or flames are visible from the outside of the structure. Because they take longer to detect, attic fires are more dangerous for firefighters and residents. In a fire situation, the attic ventilation system, which is designed to reduce moisture accumulation by drawing fresh air low from the eaves and exhausting moisture laden warm air near the peak, create an optimal fire growth and spread situation by supplying oxygen to the fire and exhausting hot gases. An estimated 10,000 residential attic fires are reported to U.S. fire departments each year and cause an estimated 30 civilian deaths, 125 civilian injuries and $477 million in property loss. The location of the attic creates several difficulties for the fire service. Firefighters must decide whether to fight the fire from inside the structure, from the outside or a combination of the two. This the decision is complicated by the constant hazard of ceiling collapse, which has the potential to rapidly deteriorate conditions in the living spaces. A piece of gypsum board may fall or be pulled from the ceiling making the relatively clear and cool conditions in the living space change very quickly endangering firefighters executing a search and rescue operation as part of their life safety mission. Further complicating the decision are the hazards associated with roof structure collapse, creating deadly conditions for firefighters operating on and under the roof. Structural collapse accounted for 180 firefighter deaths between 1979 and 2002 of which one-third occurred in residential structures . Many of these incidents involved a roof falling on firefighters or firefighters falling through the roof during firefighting operations on attic fires. The purpose of this study is to increase firefighter safety by providing the fire service with scientific knowledge on the dynamics of attic and exterior fires and the influence of coordinated fire mitigation tactics from full-scale fire testing in realistic residential structures.