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Jawahar, I. M., Thomas H. Stone und Don Kluemper. „When and why leaders trust followers“. Career Development International 24, Nr. 7 (11.11.2019): 702–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cdi-03-2019-0078.
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Purpose Followers’ perceptions of leader trustworthiness affect their trust in the leader (Colquitt et al., 2007). However, because positive benefits of trust generally accrue when trust is reciprocated, examining when and why followers’ perceptions of leader trustworthiness elicit leader’s trust in followers may provide heuristic and practical value. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to examine if followers’ perceptions of leader trustworthiness elicit leaders’ trust in followers, casting follower’s perceptions of leader–member exchange (LMX) quality as a mediator and their perceptions of empowerment as moderating this mediated relationship. Design/methodology/approach Followers’ perception of leader trustworthiness was measured at Time 1, followers’ perceptions of empowerment and LMX were measured at Time 2 and leaders’ trust in followers was measured in Time 3. The authors tested the research model with data collected from 347 leader–follower dyads using the three time-lagged surveys as noted above. Findings Followers’ perceptions of leader trustworthiness and perceptions of empowerment interacted to influence followers’ perceptions of LMX quality, which in turn influenced leaders’ trust in followers. Thus, LMX mediated the trustworthiness–trust relationship and this mediated relationship became stronger at increasing levels of empowerment. Practical implications Being trusted by leaders is beneficial to followers. Training managers in behaviors that elicit employees’ perceptions of manager trustworthiness has the potential to accrue benefits to employees, managers and the organization. Originality/value This study is the first to demonstrate that followers’ perception of leader trustworthiness resulted in leaders trusting followers. In addition, the results support a mediating role for LMX and a moderating role for empowerment in the development of leader trust in the follower. Understanding when and why leaders trust followers offers important insights about development of trust between followers and leaders. The authors discuss implications for theory and practice.
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Qie, X., Y. Yu, C. Guo, P. Laroche, G. Zhang und Q. Zhang. „Some features of stepped and dart-stepped leaders near the ground in natural negative cloud-to-ground lightning discharges“. Annales Geophysicae 20, Nr. 6 (30.06.2002): 863–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-20-863-2002.
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Abstract. Characteristics of the electric fields produced by stepped and dart-stepped leaders 200 µs just prior to the return strokes during natural negative cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning discharges have been analyzed by using data from a broad-band slow antenna system with 0.08 µs time resolution in southeastern China. It has been found that the electric field changes between the last stepped leader and the first return stroke could be classified in three categories. The first type is characterized by a small pulse superimposed on the abrupt beginning of the return stroke, and accounts for 42% of all the cases. The second type accounts for 33.3% and is characterized by relatively smooth electric field changes between the last leader pulse and the following return stroke. The third type accounts for 24.7%, and is characterized by small pulses between the last recognizable leader pulse and the following return stroke. On the average, the time interval between the successive leader pulses prior to the first return strokes and subsequent return strokes was 15.8 µs and 9.4 µs, respectively. The distribution of time intervals between successive stepped leader pulses is quite similar to Gaussian distribution while that for dart-stepped leader pulses is more similar to a log-normal distribution. Other discharge features, such as the average time interval between the last leader step and the first return stroke peak, the ratio of the last leader pulse peak to that of the return stroke amplitude are also discussed in the paper.Key words. Meteology and atmospheric dynamics (atmospheric electricity; lightning) – Radio science (electromagnetic noise and interference)
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Kragt, Darja, und Hannes Guenter. „Why and when leadership training predicts effectiveness“. Leadership & Organization Development Journal 39, Nr. 3 (08.05.2018): 406–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/lodj-11-2016-0298.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to build and test an integrative model of leader identity as an important mechanism explaining why reactions to leadership training associate with leader effectiveness. It is proposed that this mediation relationship is conditional on leadership experience (i.e. time in a formal managerial role), such that it will be weaker for more experienced leaders because they already possess complex leadership-related knowledge and skills. Design/methodology/approach Hypotheses were tested using a sample of German managers (n=196) in formal leadership positions (i.e. with direct subordinates) across a range of industries. Data were collected using online questionnaires. The proposed first-stage mediation model was tested using the structural equation approach. Findings Leader identity was found to mediate the relationship between reactions to leadership training and leader effectiveness. This mediation was conditional upon leadership experience, such that the indirect effect only held for less, but not for more, experienced leaders. Research limitations/implications The findings should be interpreted with caution because all data are self-report and cross-sectional. Practical implications Leadership training for senior leaders should qualitatively differ (in terms of content and length) from that for novice leaders. Originality/value Leadership training can substantially improve managers’ ability to lead effectively. The present study is the first to establish leader identity as a motivational mechanism that explains this relationship. This is also the first study to test for the role of leadership experience in leader development.
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Huang, Da, Xiaolin Fan, Zhiyong Yu und Haijun Jiang. „On Multitracking of First-Order MASs with Adaptive Coupling Strength“. Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2020 (19.11.2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8897487.
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The problem of cluster consensus with multiple leaders is called multitracking. In this article, a sort of multitracking of first-order multiagent systems with adaptive coupling strength is studied by the application of adaptive strategy, and the delayed relation between various leaders and clusters is considered. To reach the clustered multitracking goal, a novel pinning-like control protocol with adaptive approach is designed according to the properties of network topology. In addition, the structure of the networked system is a weakly connected digraph. Some conditions are derived to ensure that the nodes in the same cluster reach the consensus via tracking their leader, while leaders will keep a delayed relation with the settled leader node as time goes on to form the required delay consensus.
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Miller, Beth. „The seminar leader as ‘a new baby’: teaching observation for the first time“. Infant Observation 14, Nr. 3 (Dezember 2011): 335–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13698036.2011.616306.
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Xiao, Qiu Yun, Zhi Hai Wu und Li Peng. „Fast Finite-Time Consensus Tracking of First-Order Multi-Agent Systems with a Virtual Leader“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 596 (Juli 2014): 552–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.596.552.
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This paper proposes a novel finite-time consensus tracking protocol for guaranteeing first-order multi-agent systems with a virtual leader to achieve the fast finite-time consensus tracking. The Lyapunov function method, algebra graph theory, homogeneity with dilation and some other techniques are employed to prove that first-order multi-agent systems with a virtual leader applying the proposed protocol can reach the finite-time consensus tracking. Furthermore, theoretical analysis and numerical simulations show that compared with the traditional finite-time consensus tracking protocols, the proposed protocol can accelerate the convergence speed of achieving the finite-time consensus tracking.
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Zhang, Caihong, Tairen Sun und Yongping Pan. „Neural Network Observer-Based Finite-Time Formation Control of Mobile Robots“. Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/267307.
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This paper addresses the leader-following formation problem of nonholonomic mobile robots. In the formation, only the pose (i.e., the position and direction angle) of the leader robot can be obtained by the follower. First, the leader-following formation is transformed into special trajectory tracking. And then, a neural network (NN) finite-time observer of the follower robot is designed to estimate the dynamics of the leader robot. Finally, finite-time formation control laws are developed for the follower robot to track the leader robot in the desired separation and bearing in finite time. The effectiveness of the proposed NN finite-time observer and the formation control laws are illustrated by both qualitative analysis and simulation results.
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Zhu, Zhihao, Yu Guo und Zhi Gao. „Distributed Coordinated Attitude Regulation Control for Multiple Spacecraft with Time-varying Uncertainties“. Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 29, Nr. 01 (04.04.2019): 2050018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126620500188.
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For multiple spacecrafts under the communication topology containing a spanning tree with the leader as the root, we investigate a distributed coordinated attitude regulation control problem of the spacecraft with unknown time-varying uncertainties and state-dependent disturbances. Aiming at solving the practical problem that the information of the leader may be only available to a subset of the followers, a novel class of distributed finite-time leaders’ state observer for each follower is proposed. Meanwhile, a new self-adjustment matrix is designed to reduce the overshoot of the system. In addition, an adaptive compensation term is designed to reject the impact of the time-varying inertia uncertainties and external state-dependent and state-independent disturbances. On the basis of the distributed finite-time observer, the self-adjustment matrix and the adaptive law, two distributed coordinated attitude regulation control laws are designed. With the first controller, the coordinated attitude regulation system is stable asymptotically, and with the second controller, the system is bounded stable. Both distributed coordinated attitude regulation controllers can guarantee that the follower spacecraft can track a common time-varying trajectory of the leader. Numerical simulation examples validate the effectiveness of the proposed controllers.
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Hodgkin, L. K., M. R. E. Symonds und M. A. Elgar. „Leaders benefit followers in the collective movement of a social sawfly“. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, Nr. 1796 (07.12.2014): 20141700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.1700.
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The challenges of maintaining cohesion while making collective decisions in social or aggregating insects can result in the emergence of a leader or leaders. Larval aggregations of the steel-blue sawfly Perga affinis forage nocturnally, and some larvae lead the aggregation on foraging trips more often than expected by chance. We investigated the relationship between these leader and follower roles by comparing the weight and growth of individual larvae with different roles. Our observations reveal no significant difference between the growth of leaders and followers, suggesting that the role of leadership may not provide direct foraging benefits. However, by experimentally manipulating the social structure of larval aggregations, we found that individuals within aggregations that comprise a mixture of leaders and followers enjoy higher growth rates than those in aggregations comprising a single behavioural type. These data demonstrate, for the first time, individual benefits to maintaining a balance of leader and follower roles within larval aggregations, and highlight the importance of considering the perspectives of both leaders and followers when investigating the evolutionary significance of this behavioural variation within animal groups.
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Huikko-Tarvainen, Sari, Pasi Sajasalo und Tommi Auvinen. „Just a leader? Leadership work challenges and identity contradiction experienced by Finnish physician leaders“. Journal of Health Organization and Management 35, Nr. 9 (18.06.2021): 195–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhom-10-2020-0421.
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PurposeThis study seeks to improve the understanding of physician leaders' leadership work challenges.Design/methodology/approachThe subjects of the empirical study were physician leaders (n = 23) in the largest central hospital in Finland.FindingsA total of five largely identity-related, partially paradoxical dilemmas appeared regarding why working as “just a leader” is challenging for physician leaders. First, the dilemma of identity ambiguity between being a physician and a leader. Second, the dilemma of balancing the expected commitment to clinical patient work by various stakeholders and that of physician leadership work. Third, the dilemma of being able to compensate for leadership skill shortcomings by excelling in clinical skills, encouraging physician leaders to commit to patient work. Fourth, the dilemma of “medic discourse”, that is, downplaying leadership work as “non-patient work”, making it inferior to patient work. Fifth, the dilemma of a perceived ethical obligation to commit to patient work even if the physician leadership work would be a full-time job. The first two issues support the findings of earlier research, while the remaining three emerging from the authors’ analysis are novel.Practical implicationsThe authors list some of the practical implications that follow from this study and which could help solve some of the challenges.Originality/valueThis study explores physician leaders' leadership work challenges using authentic physician leader data in a context where no prior empirical research has been carried out.
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Köppe, Christina, Jana Kammerhoff und Astrid Schütz. „Leader-follower crossover: exhaustion predicts somatic complaints via StaffCare behavior“. Journal of Managerial Psychology 33, Nr. 3 (09.04.2018): 297–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmp-10-2017-0367.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the direct and indirect crossover effects of leaders’ exhaustion on followers’ somatic complaints by testing leaders’ health-oriented behavior toward employees as a possible underlying mechanism. Design/methodology/approach A two-wave online study using data from different sources was conducted. In a sample of 106 leaders and followers, leaders were paired with one or two followers. Leaders rated their level of exhaustion at Time 1, and followers rated their leaders’ health-oriented leadership behavior (i.e. StaffCare behavior) and their own level of somatic complaints three months later (Time 2). Findings Results provided evidence of an indirect crossover effect from leaders’ exhaustion to followers’ somatic complaints through StaffCare behavior. There was no direct crossover effect. Practical implications Findings suggest that organizations should attend to leaders’ health as a means to allow for StaffCare behavior and thus protect employee health. Originality/value StaffCare behavior represents a new concept that focuses on health-related aspects of leadership. This is the first study to take an in-depth look at the question of how this leadership behavior is tied to crossover from leader exhaustion to follower health.
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Xia, Hong, Ting-Zhu Huang, Jin-Liang Shao und Jun-Yan Yu. „Formation Control of Second-Order Multiagent Systems with Time-Varying Delays“. Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/764580.
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A formation control problem for second-order multiagent systems with time-varying delays is considered. First, a leader-following consensus protocol is proposed for theoretical preparation. With the help of Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional, a sufficient condition under this protocol is derived for stability of the multiagent systems. Then, the protocol is extended to the formation control based on a multiple leaders’ architecture. It is shown that the agents will attain the expected formation. Finally, some simulations are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of our theoretical results.
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Dorneich, Michael C., Santosh Mathan, Patricia May Ververs und Stephen D. Whitlow. „An Evaluation of Real-Time Cognitive State Classification in a Harsh Operational Environment“. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 51, Nr. 4 (Oktober 2007): 146–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120705100401.
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This paper describes an evaluation conducted with a full platoon of 32 Soldiers at Aberdeen Proving Grounds' MOUT site in Aberdeen, MD. The objective was to assess the cognitive workload classification techniques driven by neuro-physiological (EEG) and physiological (ECG) sensors. In a first ever evaluation of real-time cognitive monitoring in the harsh operational environment, the assessment culminated in a three phase, 24-hour mission consisting of a coordinated Route Reconnaissance, a Cordon and Search of a village, and a Hasty Defense operation. Task load levels were manipulated by introducing unexpected and unplanned events requiring re-planning and extensive coordination by the leadership (high task load) as well as lulls in the activity in which part missions were executed flawlessly with little variations on the preplanned, well versed drill (low task load). Four leaders (Platoon Leader, Platoon Sergeant, Squad Leader 1, and Squad Leader 2) were equipped with sensors to measure and output cognitive state in real-time. The fused EEG and ECG workload classification approach reached 95% accuracy depending on the individual and the amount of data used to train the classifier. This level of success implies that Augmented Cognition workload assessment tools enable the ability to move beyond subjective workload rating scales, such as NASA TLX and Cooper Harper ratings, to more objective measurements of real-time cognitive state metrics in almost any conceivable operational environment.
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Xia, Hong, Ting-Zhu Huang, Jin-Liang Shao und Jun-Yan Yu. „Second-Order Leader-Following Consensus of Multiagent Systems with Time Delays“. Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/505434.
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This paper is concerned with a leader-following consensus problem of second-order multiagent systems with a constant acceleration leader and time-varying delays. At first, a distributed control protocol for every agent to track the leader is proposed; then by utilizing the Lyapunov-Razumikhin function, the convergence analysis under both fixed and switching interconnection topologies is investigated. For the case of fixed topology, a sufficient and necessary condition is obtained, and for the case of switching topology, a sufficient condition is derived under some assumptions. Finally, simulation examples are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the theoretical results.
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Yuni Masrifatin. „Prophetic Leadership Khulafaur Rosyidin“. EDUTEC : Journal of Education And Technology 2, Nr. 1 (30.09.2018): 30–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.29062/edu.v2i1.21.
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Leadership is a mandate and therefore, in an Islamic system, one must not demand a position. Leaders have a very important position for community groups, nation and state. A community, nation and state will not advance, safe and directed if there is no leader. Leaders become the key to success in a community, leaders who are able to provide a sense of security, peace, and able to realize the wishes of their people, that is what is considered a successful leader. Successful leaders are leaders who are loved by those they lead, so their minds are always supported, their orders are always followed and the people defend them without being asked first. The leadership figure that approaches this explanation is the leadership of the Prophet and his companions (Khulafaur Rasyidin). Abu Bakr was chosen to be the caliph to replace leadership after the Messenger of Allah was a blessing in itself, and this kind of privilege was given to him by Allah. Basically the companions of the Prophet are people who will inherit Islamic da'wah / treatise for all mankind, as well as being a leader for themselves with their exemplary example and the Islamic faith in carrying out the shari'ah of Allah Almighty and His Rasul, both through the book of Allah and the sunnah of the Messenger of Allah. In this paper, it will be discussed how the leadership progress in the Khulafaur Rosyidin period, as long as a leader, the problems faced as well as the progress that has been achieved in fighting for and expanding the Islamic territory, so that Islam can be glorious at that time.
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Zhao, Bin, und Yongqiang Guan. „Data-sampling controllability of multi-agent systems“. IMA Journal of Mathematical Control and Information 37, Nr. 3 (15.10.2019): 794–813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/imamci/dnz026.
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Abstract In this paper, we consider data-sampling controllability of multi-agent systems (MASs), where the interconnection topology is directed and weighted and the nodes have generic linear kinetic dynamics. First, the asynchronous data sampling protocols and synchronous data sampling protocols are proposed, respectively. Then the discussions focus on deriving the necessary and sufficient conditions for data-sampling controllability of MASs with a single leader and multiple leaders. The criteria for data-sampling controllability are derived in terms of recursions of matrix multiplication. For the single-leader situation, the asynchronous data-sampling controllability is equivalently transformed to be the output controllability of a discrete linear system. For the multiple-leader situation, the asynchronous data-sampling controllability is equivalently transformed to be the output controllability of a discrete time-delayed linear system. Finally, the synchronous data-sampling controllability is discussed as a special case of asynchronous data-sampling controllability. Two numerical examples are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the theoretical results.
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Novera, Halida, Yulianto Yulianto und Simon Sumanjoyo Hutagalung. „Gaya Kepemimpinan Perempuan dalam Peningkatan Kinerja Pegawai (Studi Kasus Pemimpin Daerah Kabupaten Tanggamus)“. Administrativa: Jurnal Birokrasi, Kebijakan dan Pelayanan Publik 2, Nr. 3 (28.12.2020): 293–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/administrativa.v2i3.44.
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Leadership style is important in an organization, if a leader can adapt his leadership style to the existing situations and conditions, it can affect the performance of his subordinates. In Tanggamus Regency currently led by a woman leader, namely Dewi Handajani, different from previous periods in this period the first time Tanggamus Regency was led by a woman. Therefore, this study aims to determine the leadership style of Tanggamus Regency regional leaders and whether this leadership style affects the performance of employees in Tanggamus Regency. The method used in this research is descriptive research method with a qualitative approach, data collection is done using interview and documentation techniques. The results showed that the leadership style used by the local leaders of Tanggamus Regency, namely the feminine leadership style tends to be transformational and the style applied is able to influence the improvement of employee performance in Tanggamus Regency.
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Shtovba, Serhiy, Olena Shtovba und Lyubov Filatova. „The current state of brand management research“. Bottom Line 33, Nr. 1 (30.09.2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bl-08-2019-0106.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify leaders and trends in branding research studies, undertaken during 2000-2019. Identification was made in the following categories: most popular subjects; most productive countries; most productive institutions; most productive scholars; most productive sources; most cited publications and most cited scholars. Design/methodology/approach Bibliometric analysis based on data from Scopus and Dimensions. Findings The majority of branding publications belong to business and management. The interest toward this research field, however, declines mostly in favor of cultural studies, psychology, sociology, etc. The majority of publications on branding are concentrated in the USA, UK and Australia. Griffith University has become a leader in the number of branding publications within 2000-2019. T C Melewar is a leader by the number of branding publications among scholars. Journal of Brand Management has been a leader among sources. Journal of Marketing is a leader by the number of the most cited papers. Research limitations/implications The authors analyze the automatically formed results on search query without human meddling. Originality/value For the first time, bibliometric analysis was carried out simultaneously upon the two bases – Scopus and Dimensions.
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Drouin, Nathalie, Ralf Müller, Shankar Sankaran und Anne Live Vaagaasar. „Balancing vertical and horizontal leadership in projects“. International Journal of Managing Projects in Business 11, Nr. 4 (03.09.2018): 986–1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmpb-01-2018-0002.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is twofold: to identify how horizontal leaders (within project teams) execute their leadership task in the context of balanced leadership; and to pinpoint scenarios that can occur when horizontal leaders are identified and empowered by the vertical leader (senior or project managers) and a project task is handed over to them to lead. This research is based on the concept of balanced leadership, which conceptualizes leadership as a dynamic, situation-dependent transition of leadership authority from a vertical leader (like a project manager) to a horizontal leader (a project team member) and back again, in order to contribute positively to a project’s success. Balanced leadership consists of five events (nomination, identification, empowerment, horizontal leadership and its governance, and transition). This paper focuses on the fourth event, and its specific aspect of leadership distribution between horizontal and vertical leader. This event begins when a team member(s) accepts the empowerment to assume the role of horizontal leader. This paper explicitly links the leadership style of the vertical leader based on Frame’s (1987) leadership styles and the nature of decisions taken by both the vertical and horizontal leaders to deliver the project. Design/methodology/approach The method used for this paper is the qualitative phase of a sequential mixed methods (qualitative-quantitative) study. Data were collected through case studies in four different countries, using a maximum variety sampling approach. Data collection was through interviews of vertical leaders (senior leaders who were often sponsors of projects or members of senior management or project managers) and horizontal leaders (team leaders or members) in a variety of industry sectors. Data analysis was done through initial coding and constant comparison to arrive at themes. Thematic analysis was used to gain knowledge about the split of leadership and decision-making authority between the horizontal and vertical leader(s). Findings The results show that for Canadian and Australian projects, a combination of autocratic and democratic leadership styles were used by vertical leaders. In the case of Scandinavian projects, a democratic leadership style has been observed. Linked to these leadership styles, the horizontal decision making is predominantly focused on technical decisions and to daily task decisions to deliver the project. Delegation occurs most of the time to one specific team member, but occasionally to several team members simultaneously, for them to work collaboratively on a given issue. Research limitations/implications The paper supports a deeper investigation into a leadership theory, by validating one particular event of the balanced leadership theory, which is based on Archer’s (1995) realist social theory. The findings from this paper will guide organizations to facilitate an effective approach to balancing the leadership roles between vertical and horizontal leaders in their projects. The findings can also be used to develop horizontal leaders to take up more responsibilities in projects. Originality/value The originality lies in the new leadership theory called balanced leadership, and its empirical validation. It is the first study on the leadership task distribution between vertical and horizontal leadership in projects. Its value is new insights, which allow practitioners to develop practices to find and empower the best possible leader at any given time in the project and academics to develop a more dynamic and, therefore, more realistic theory on leadership as it unfolds in projects.
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Abramauskienė, Jolanta, und Emilija Ozarovska. „Expression of Leadership Rudiments of Preschool Children in Musical Activities“. Pedagogika 126, Nr. 2 (05.06.2017): 143–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15823/p.2017.25.
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Aim of this work is to reveal expression of leadership rudiments of preschool children in musical activates. Used methods: Analysis of scientific literature and educational documents; quantitative questionnaire for parents and music educators; quantitative analysis of received documents. 43 music teachers and 66 parents of preschool children participated in this research. Analysis of scientific and methodical literature revealed that conception of leadership is ambiguous and it is a complex task to describe it. Any person, who has followers, can call himself a leader; therefore any person can become a leader or follower. One group can have more than one leader and they can engage in different activities and perform different functions. After performing analysis of research data, we can conclude, that musical activities influence development of children’s leaderships features. Child who is a leader always wants to sing solo in music hours, he wants to stand in first rows, other children like and respect the leader, ask him to give new ideas, ask his advice when making decisions. Analysis of research data also showed that teachers encounter certain problems while working with children who are leaders: exaggerated strive for attention, music teacher’s willingness to dedicate more time to child who is a leader. Teachers solve these problems by assigning objectives of music hour, solo and roles for shy children. Child, who is a leader, influences other children while thinking about the abilities of other children and assigning their role in group games, also he explains what is inappropriate in music activities and helps others improve.
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Albi, Giacomo, Mattia Bongini, Francesco Rossi und Francesco Solombrino. „Leader formation with mean-field birth and death models“. Mathematical Models and Methods in Applied Sciences 29, Nr. 04 (April 2019): 633–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218202519400025.
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We provide a mean-field description for a leader–follower dynamics with mass transfer among the two populations. This model allows the transition from followers to leaders and vice versa, with scalar-valued transition rates depending nonlinearly on the global state of the system at each time. We first prove the existence and uniqueness of solutions for the leader–follower dynamics, under suitable assumptions. We then establish, for an appropriate choice of the initial datum, the equivalence of the system with a PDE–ODE system, that consists of a continuity equation over the state space and an ODE for the transition from leader to follower or vice versa. We further introduce a stochastic process approximating the PDE, together with a jump process that models the switch between the two populations. Using a propagation of chaos argument, we show that the particle system generated by these two processes converges in probability to a solution of the PDE–ODE system. Finally, several numerical simulations of social interactions dynamics modeled by our system are discussed.
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Jisr, Rana. „The Next Step is Digital Leadership“. Journal of Contemporary Research in Business Administration and Economic Sciences 1, Nr. 2 (18.09.2021): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.52856/jcr311280120.
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The aim of this article is to shed light on the vital role of digital leaders in today’s businesses. Many firms have already grounded their partnership with digital transformation before the pandemic. Others sped up all efforts to implement digital capabilities due to COVID-19 for the first time for survival. So, we tried to show that a digital leader needs additional requirements to face the new challenges of working remotely. Furthermore, we think that good online communication skills with digital leaders draw a compelling composite picture of an effective working environment in a digital world.
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Talley, Linda, und Samuel Temple. „How leaders influence followers through the use of nonverbal communication“. Leadership & Organization Development Journal 36, Nr. 1 (02.03.2015): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/lodj-07-2013-0107.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to address the relationship between a leader’s use of nonverbal immediacy (specific hand gestures) and followers’ attraction to the leader. This study provides initial evidence that certain hand gestures are more effective than others at creating immediacy between leaders and followers. Design/methodology/approach – In an experimental study, participants (male=89; female=121) were shown one of three videos of an actor, as leader, using three positive hand gestures, three defensive hand gestures, and no hand gestures, which have not been previously operationalized (and were grouped arbitrarily by the experimenter). Three hypotheses were tested using a 3×2 ANOVA (by group and gender) for main and interactional effects. Findings – The independent variable, positive hand gestures (M=2.4), was perceived by participants as more immediate than the other two independent variables, defensive hand gestures (M=−19.2) or no hand gestures (M=−21.6). Analysis of data indicate that participants perceived leaders with no hand gestures and defensive hand gestures to be distant or non-immediate and the leader with positive hand gestures to be more immediate or attractive. Research limitations/implications – This study is limited as a pilot study establishing differences between specific hand gestures for the first time. Practical implications – The research provides initial evidence that the hand gestures arbitrarily defined as “positive” create more immediacy between the followers and the leader than usage of “negative” gestures and no gestures. Social implications – The current research can act as a motivator for leaders to fast forward relationships with followers through the use of specific hand gestures. Originality/value – The results suggest the possibility that some hand gestures are more effective than others.
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Buerhaus, Peter. „Leader Interview: A Nursing Shortage Like None Before“. Creative Nursing 6, Nr. 2 (Januar 2000): 4–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1078-4535.6.2.4.
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Our first Leader Interview is with Peter Buerhaus, RN, PhD, FAAN, an authority on nursing supply and demand who at the time was a nurse-economist at Harvard Nursing Research Institute, Boston. He is now associate dean of research at Vanderbilt University, Nashville. Among many others, he authored the article “Is Another Shortage Looming?” in a 1998 issue of Nursing Outlook (vol. 46, no. 3), which he discusses below. Creative Nursing Journal Board Member Carol Lindeman, RN, PhD, FAAN, conducted the interview.
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Huang, Mingyang, Chenglin Liu und Liang Shan. „Containment Control of First-Order Multi-Agent Systems under PI Coordination Protocol“. Algorithms 14, Nr. 7 (14.07.2021): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/a14070209.
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This paper investigates the containment control problem of discrete-time first-order multi-agent system composed of multiple leaders and followers, and we propose a proportional-integral (PI) coordination control protocol. Assume that each follower has a directed path to one leader, and we consider several cases according to different topologies composed of the followers. Under the general directed topology that has a spanning tree, the frequency-domain analysis method is used to obtain the sufficient convergence condition for the followers achieving the containment-rendezvous that all the followers reach an agreement value in the convex hull formed by the leaders. Specially, a less conservative sufficient condition is obtained for the followers under symmetric and connected topology. Furthermore, it is proved that our proposed protocol drives the followers with unconnected topology to converge to the convex hull of the leaders. Numerical examples show the correctness of the theoretical results.
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Walpola, Ramesh L., Romano A. Fois, Andrew J. McLachlan und Timothy F. Chen. „Enhancing generational change in patient safety attitudes through peer leadership“. BMJ Simulation and Technology Enhanced Learning 2, Nr. 3 (22.06.2016): 87–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjstel-2016-000111.
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BackgroundDespite peer-led teaching demonstrating benefits in patient safety education, few studies have evaluated these programmes from the perspective of peer leaders.ObjectiveTo evaluate the impact of peer leader participation in a patient safety education workshop in improving their patient safety attitudes.Participants34 final year pharmacy student peer leaders.MethodsAn interactive peer-led patient safety workshop was delivered to 249 first year pharmacy students. Peer leaders' attitudes were assessed 2 months prior to and immediately after peer leader training; and immediately after and 1 month following the workshop. Using a validated patient safety attitudinal survey, repeated measures analysis of variance and pairwise comparisons were used to evaluate changes in four key attitudes over time: being quality improvement focused; internalising errors; questioning more senior healthcare professionals' behaviours; and attitudes towards the open disclosure of errors.ResultsCompared to baseline, peer leaders' attitudes towards open disclosure significantly improved immediately following the workshop (p=0.010) and were sustained after 1 month (p=0.028). Attitudes towards being quality improvement focused also improved significantly 1 month after the workshop (p=0.003).ConclusionsParticipation in a peer-led patient safety education programme benefits both students and peer leaders, enabling further mastery of concepts and enhancing generational change in patient safety practices.
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Ahmed, Ishfaq, Wan Khairuzzaman Wan Ismail und Salmiah Mohamad Amin. „Guanxi network and leader member exchange“. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Administration 6, Nr. 1 (01.04.2014): 64–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/apjba-05-2013-0048.
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Purpose – This study investigated how leader-member relation and guanxi association create an impetus for creative work involvement (CWI) through feeling of energy (FE). The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – A total of 239 Malaysian-Chinese employees occupying various designations in 23 manufacturing organizations were questioned at two points of time. At the first instance, they responded for guanxi network (GN) and leader member exchange associations; and at the second instance, for their FE and creative involvement. Findings – Structural equation modeling analysis showed that social exchange relations (GN and leader member exchange) positively predicted employees' FE which resulted in increased level of CWI. Social implications – This study adds value to the existing literature on guanxi association and signifies that such values are not boundary restricted. Malaysian-Chinese also experience guanxi associations and its impact on their job outcomes. Originality/value – This study covers an unexplored role of GN in improving employees' level of energy and CWI; and mediation of leader-member exchange in the association of GN and energy.
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Thuan, Le Cong. „Motivating follower creativity by offering intellectual stimulation“. International Journal of Organizational Analysis 28, Nr. 4 (12.12.2019): 817–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijoa-06-2019-1799.
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Purpose The purposes of this paper are first to resolve the inconsistent relationship between leader intellectual stimulation and follower creativity by investigating a promising moderator and then to examine the role of follower creative ability and job autonomy as mediating mechanisms linking leader intellectual stimulation with follower creativity. Design/methodology/approach A time-lagged study was undertaken to gather data from employees working in the information technology sector in Vietnam (N = 415). This study used structural equation modeling (SEM) to analyze the gathered data. Findings This study found a positive direct relationship between leader intellectual stimulation and follower creative performance. Moreover, the follower proactive personality moderated this direct relationship. Furthermore, the results illustrated that follower creative ability and job autonomy partially mediated the positive effect of leader intellectual stimulation on follower creativity. Originality/value This is one of the first studies to investigate the moderating role of follower proactive personality in resolving the inconsistent relationship between leader intellectual stimulation and follower creativity. Moreover, with using follower creative ability and job autonomy as mediating mechanisms, this study provides evidence that leader behaviors have a partially indirect association with follower creativity through follower abilities and work characteristics.
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Tordeux, Antoine, Guillaume Costeseque, Michael Herty und Armin Seyfried. „From Traffic and Pedestrian Follow-the-Leader Models with Reaction Time to First Order Convection-Diffusion Flow Models“. SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics 78, Nr. 1 (Januar 2018): 63–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/16m110695x.
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Afsar, Bilal, und Asad Shahjehan. „Linking ethical leadership and moral voice“. Leadership & Organization Development Journal 39, Nr. 6 (17.07.2018): 775–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/lodj-01-2018-0015.
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Purpose The study of ethical leadership has emerged as an important topic for understanding the effects of leadership in organizations. Theoretically, there is a relationship between ethical leadership and followers’ ethical behaviors but empirically, little attention has been given. The purpose of this paper is to examine how ethical leadership relates to employee’s moral voice through trust in the leader, leader−follower value congruence and moral efficacy. Design/methodology/approach The authors used a time-lagged research design, collecting multi-source data from 364 employees and their immediate supervisors, working in construction companies in Pakistan. Findings On the basis of an interactional approach, this study found that there was an interaction between ethical leadership, trust in the leader and leader−follower value congruence that affected moral voice, such that ethical leadership had the strongest positive relationship with moral voice when both trust and leader−follower value congruence were higher; and moral efficacy mediated the effect that this three-way interaction between ethical leadership, trust in the leader and leader−follower value congruence had on moral voice. Originality/value This is one of the first studies to examine the role of ethical leadership in promoting employees’ voice behavior using a time-lagged research design, particularly in construction industry.
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Ren, Shuang, und Ying Zhu. „Context, self-regulation and developmental foci“. Personnel Review 46, Nr. 8 (06.11.2017): 1977–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pr-10-2015-0273.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate why managerial leaders engage in leader self-development (SD) vis-à-vis China’s transition process and what domains of leadership competencies are enhanced. It aims to investigate leader SD as an interaction between self-regulation and the confluence of multiple contexts experienced simultaneously by these managerial leaders within China’s transition. Design/methodology/approach This paper adopts a two-phase exploratory sequential mixed-method design. The absence of empirical research on leader SD in China led to a qualitative approach in the initial stage. Focus groups were first conducted to establish the relevance of the focal construct in a holistic and elaborative way. In-depth interviews were then undertaken to capture the richness of the phenomenon through meaningful contextualization and to identify themes as representative of issues faced by participants. Seven themes emerged from this process, which, through consultation with the relevant literature, were operationalized in the second stage to generate a survey for hypothesis testing. Findings The combination of insights from qualitative and quantitative studies highlights the dynamic and interactive nature of leader SD as a product of contextual and personal influences in China. The influential mechanisms connecting personal and contextual enablers and SD are in the cognitive processing of developmental needs and personal responsibility. Chinese managerial leaders who take the initiative to assess their own developmental needs and assume responsibility for their development are more likely to undertake SD. The developmental activities focus primarily on technical leadership competencies. Research limitations/implications A competency perspective to development may not address fully complexities involved in leader development. Also developing leadership competencies is an ongoing process. Due to limited time and fund, this paper did not take a time perspective to investigate both the immediate and long-term outcomes of leader SD. Practical implications SD is an emerging strategy that has the potential to address the shortage of managerial leadership competencies. The analysis of the self-regulatory process explains the mediating dynamism underlying different domains of leader SD. Recruitment focusing on people with a relatively higher degree of self-regulation thus increases the potential for organizations to staff themselves with employees aware of, and prepared for, SD organization would like to take place. It is also advisable that organizations make efforts to create a learning environment in general. Originality/value This mixed-method approach provides a multi-layered investigation that ultimately adds rigor and relevance to the research findings. It is this analysis of the complex web of economic, social and cultural contexts existing in China, and applying them to social cognitive theory as an explanatory platform, that underpins the originality of the study.
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Norman, Steven M., James Avey, Milan Larson und Larry Hughes. „The development of trust in virtual leader–follower relationships“. Qualitative Research in Organizations and Management: An International Journal 15, Nr. 3 (19.07.2019): 279–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/qrom-12-2018-1701.
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Purpose Responding to calls to examine trust beyond the scope of the objectivist paradigm, the purpose of this paper is to qualitatively examine the trust relationship between leaders and followers in virtual work settings. Based on results, trust was operationalized based on extant theory (e.g. ability, honesty, integrity, benevolence; Mayer et al., 1995). Given the high degree of technology mediated communication prevalent in the workplace today, it was interesting that the authors also found evidence for followers’ perceptions of a leader’s level of media savvy (adeptness at using appropriate media dependent on the message being sent) as a salient phenomenon that appears to influence followers’ trust of their leaders in a virtual work environment. Other variables that influenced leader–follower trust relationships also emerged, including leader and follower personal characteristics, depth of relationship and time. These variables and their relationships are discussed in consideration of the existing trust literature with specific consideration of the context of virtual interactions. Implications and future directions are also discussed. Design/methodology/approach The paper opted for an exploratory study using the open-ended approach of grounded theory, utilizing open-ended survey data from 137 working professionals (after data cleaning and eliminating incomplete responses). This study was an inductive, theory-building effort focused on analyzing participants’ views of their own experiences in interacting with their leaders in a virtual work environment. The authors utilize methods of grounded theory research that guide a researcher to recognize the theory that emerges from the data (Locke, 2002; Strauss and Corbin, 1998), which included microanalysis and open coding, followed by axial and select coding. Findings The authors found evidence for followers’ perceptions of a leader’s level of media savvy as a salient phenomenon that appears to influence followers’ trust of their leaders in a virtual work environment. Other variables that influenced leader–follower trust relationships also emerged, including leader and follower personal characteristics, depth of relationship and time. Research limitations/implications With any qualitative study, there are limitations to the generalizability of the sample to other populations. Although the authors developed considerable evidence to support the proposed relationships offered here, the authors are working with what is still a new and unexplored context: the virtual world. Perhaps the leader’s media communication skills moderate or otherwise impact the relationships found here and as supported by Mayer et al. (1995) and Mayer and Gavin (2005). Therefore, it would be of interest to examine possible differences in trust of the leaders by manipulating the media through which leaders communicate with their followers. Practical implications Given the findings, the authors believe the leader can communicate positively on follower development in a virtual setting, subsequently enhancing follower trust levels. The implications are also apparent on a much smaller scale: the relationships between leaders and followers. One common theme was that leaders should not completely eliminate face-to-face interaction in order to first develop and then maintain trust in a virtual work environment. This indicates the necessity for managers to not only develop a technical competence with computer technologies, but also the ability to render an appropriateness judgment in terms of what messages are most appropriate for what medium. Social implications Given the popularity of virtual settings, much interpersonal communication is now electronically mediated. However, even with the expansion of the virtual context, the authors still know little about how various forms of technology mediated communication by affect leader–follower relationships. Therefore, it is of interest to researchers and practitioners to examine the impact of virtual settings on interactions and relationships, specifically between the leader and follower. Originality/value This paper fulfills an identified need to study leadership in varied contexts, in this case the virtual workplace. Relatively few research papers have examined this context, thus creating originality and value.
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Ma, Long, Shicheng Wang, Haibo Min, Shouyi Liao und Zhiguo Liu. „Distributed Attitude Consensus for Multiple Rigid Spacecraft under Jointly Connected Switching Topologies“. Journal of Control Science and Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2540914.
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We study the distributed leader-following attitude consensus problem for multiple rigid spacecraft with a single leader under jointly connected switching topologies. Two cases are considered, where the first case is with a static leader and the second case is with a dynamic leader. By constructing an auxiliary vector and a distributed observer for each follower spacecraft, the controllers are designed to drive all the attitudes of the follower spacecraft to the leader’s, respectively, for both of the two cases, though there are some time intervals in which the communication topology is not connected. The whole system is proved to be stable by using common Lyapunov function method. Finally, the theoretical result is illustrated by numerical simulations.
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Qu, Xing-Long, Zhi-Gang Cao, Yi-Fen Mu und Xiao-Guang Yang. „Repeated Sequential Prisoner's Dilemma: The Stackleberg Variant“. Asia-Pacific Journal of Operational Research 32, Nr. 01 (Februar 2015): 1540009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217595915400096.
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We study the Stackleberg variant of the repeated Sequential Prisoner's Dilemma (SPD). The game goes in two stages, and the two players, the leader and the follower, are asymmetric in both stages. In the first stage of the game, the leader chooses a strategy (for the repeated SPD of the second stage), which is immediately known to the follower. In the second stage, they play repeated SPD: In each round the follower moves after observing the leader's action. Assuming complete rationality, we find some extraordinary properties of this model. (i) The (subgame perfect) equilibrium payoff profile is unique, which lies on the corner of the region predicted by classical folk theorems: It is best for the leader and at the same time worst for the follower, (ii) the leader has simple optimal strategies that are one-step memory and stationary. These features are in great contrast with classical results, where either uniqueness cannot be guaranteed and equilibrium strategies are often quite complicated, or bounded rationality is required. Although full cooperation, i.e., the outcome is always (cooperate, cooperate), is not attainable in our model, at least a half of the optimal social welfare can be guaranteed. We also do a non-equilibrium analysis which makes the usual equilibrium analysis more convincing.
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Ismoyo, Thomas Ulun. „Kepemimpinan: Usaha Pemberdayaan Pemimpin Baru Menuju Pertumbuhan Organisasi Berkelanjutan“. Humaniora 4, Nr. 2 (31.10.2013): 811. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/humaniora.v4i2.3509.
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“Leadership is the capacity and the willingness to rally men and women to a common purpose. But it also a character which inspires confidence.” These are the words uttered by Bernard Montgomery, a British Field Marshal, when asked what leadership meant to him. From his quote, he reveals the importance of the role of a leader in any organization. A leader will direct and at the same time emit confidence to his followers. In life, human beings are the main catalyst for the world’s living history. The same applies to any organization. Human is the most important agent that creates, develops and keeps the whole institution running smoothly. However not everyone is capable of leadership. One needs a competent characteristic and various qualifications to execute the role. The organization must first make an effort and sizeable attention to attract such personnel who can make a valuable contribution to the organization. One of the effort may be to establish a leadership development program. With the specific objective of producing more competent leaders, it needs special leader who can guide, influence, and develop people within the organization. Leadership development becomes a serious task for any organization because its fate and future lies on the capability of its new leaders. Leadership development in every organization is both personal and communal. Personal because there is an individual effort to progress and improve himself so that he will finally be trusted to lead in the organization. However this personal progression needs a support system and a structure that supports and facilitate every type of personality to become a dependable leader. This macro support system is communal in characteristic.
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Conway, Kyle, und Maude Duguay. „Energy East and Dakota Access: Pipelines, Protest, and the Obstacles of Mutual Unintelligibility“. Journal of Canadian Studies 53, Nr. 1 (28.02.2019): 27–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jcs.2017-0075.
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This comparative article examines the controversies surrounding the Energy East pipeline in New Brunswick and the Dakota Access Pipeline in North Dakota. It analyzes four key texts, one from an Indigenous leader and one from an elected or business leader in each place. It employs a heuristic tool that describes speakers’ frames as “scenes of thought” to discover the assumptions underpinning each group’s worldview about (1) the actors involved in the controversies and (2) their spatial and temporal relationships to each other. Two pictures emerge. The first is of two groups—Native and non-Native leaders—with incommensurable perspectives on the continuity (or discontinuity) of time and space. From within their worldviews, the other group’s arguments appeared unconvincing or incomprehensible. The second is of two modes of engagement, shaped by Canadian and US approaches to securing consent for resource extraction, that prompted different forms of interaction between Indigenous peoples and the companies that wanted to lay pipeline across their land.
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Wauters, Bram. „Turnout Rates in Closed Party Leadership Primaries: Flash and Fade Out?“ Government and Opposition 50, Nr. 2 (22.01.2014): 218–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/gov.2013.45.
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The organization of primaries in which all party members can participate is increasingly used by political parties to select their leader. We focus here on one of the consequences of these procedures – participation rates. Based on general participation theories (mobilization theory, instrumental motivation theory and learning theory) in combination with insights into the introduction and functioning of leadership primaries, we expect that the first time a party organizes leadership primaries, participation rates will be high, but that they will decline gradually afterwards. We have focused on direct member votes for the selection of party leaders in Belgium, Israel and Canada. Our results show that participation rates are not influenced by how many times such a contest is held in a party (only first-time participation tends to be higher), but mainly by how competitive the contest is.
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FERNÁNDEZ-ZEPEDA, JOSÉ ALBERTO, und JUAN PAULO ALVARADO-MAGAÑA. „ANALYSIS OF THE AVERAGE EXECUTION TIME FOR A SELF-STABILIZING LEADER ELECTION ALGORITHM“. International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 19, Nr. 06 (Dezember 2008): 1387–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054108006340.
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This paper focuses on the self-stabilizing leader election algorithm of Xu and Srimani [10] that finds a leader in a tree graph. The worst case execution time for this algorithm is O(N4), where N is the number of nodes in the tree. We show that the average execution time for this algorithm, assuming two different scenarios, is much lower than O(N4). In the first scenario, the algorithm assumes an equiprobable daemon and it only privileges a single node at a time. The average execution time for this case is O(N2). For the second case, the algorithm can privilege multiple nodes at a time. We eliminate the daemon from this algorithm by making random choices to avoid interference between neighboring nodes. The execution time for this case is O(N). We also show that for specific tree graphs, these results reduce even more.
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BORDOGNA, CLELIA M., und EZEQUIEL V. ALBANO. „PHASE TRANSITIONS IN A SOCIAL IMPACT MODEL FOR OPINION FORMATION“. International Journal of Modern Physics C 17, Nr. 03 (März 2006): 409–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183106008479.
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A model for opinion formation in a social group, based on the Theory of Social Impact developed by Latané, is studied by means of numerical simulations. Interactions among the members of the group, as well as with a strong leader competing with the mass media, are considered. The model exhibits first-order transitions between two different states of opinion, which are supported by the leader and the mass media, respectively. The social inertia of the group becomes evident when the opinion of the leader changes periodically. In this case two dynamic states are identified: for long periods of time, the group follows the changes of the leader but, decreasing the period, the opinion of the group remains unchanged. This scenery is suitable for the ocurrence of dynamic phase transitions.
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Enwereuzor, Ibeawuchi K., Busayo A. Adeyemi und Ike E. Onyishi. „Trust in leader as a pathway between ethical leadership and safety compliance“. Leadership in Health Services 33, Nr. 2 (13.03.2020): 201–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/lhs-09-2019-0063.
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Purpose Although a great number of studies have established the important role of leadership in workplace safety, it appears researchers are yet to consider the role that trust in leaders could play between ethical leadership and safety compliance within healthcare. To address that imbalance, this study aims to investigate the relationship between ethical leadership and safety compliance, with trust in the leader as the mediator. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected in three time periods from 237 hospital staff nurses (76.8 per cent women and 23.2 per cent men). Ordinary least squares regression-based path analysis using PROCESS for statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) macro was used to test the hypotheses. Findings Results showed that ethical leadership was positively related to trust in a leader but was not related to safety compliance. In addition, trust in leader was positively related to safety compliance and also mediated the positive relationship between ethical leadership and safety compliance. Research limitations/implications The data were collected within healthcare organisations in a few localities in Nigeria, making it difficult to generalise the findings beyond the current sample let alone the entire country or even continent. Practical implications The findings imply that ethical leadership may not be directly effective in improving the safety compliance of subordinate nurses unless such a leader first develops a trust-based relationship with the subordinates. Originality/value The current study builds on and extends the burgeoning research in the area of leadership and employee outcome by investigating not only the direct relationship between ethical leadership and safety compliance but also incorporating trust in a leader as a mediator of this relationship.
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Stasiak, Andrzej. „TOUR LEADERS AND TOUR GUIDES IN THE ERA OF EXPERIENCE ECONOMY“. Folia Turistica 54 (31.03.2020): 99–127. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.0514.
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Purpose. The aim of the article is to apply selected elements of the experience economy theory in the domain of tourism, with particular consideration of tour leader and tour guides services. The author's intention is to present the general theoretical outline of this conception, emphasize the specificity and particularity of tourist experiences, as well as to define the role of leaders and guides in creating them. In the second part of the article, the author discusses, in detail, the most important tools and the rules of conscious and purposeful staging of tourist experiences by leaders and guides (application aspect). Method. The article is based on a review of literature (Polish and foreign scientific publications), the results of the author's earlier research on tourist experiences, as well as his substantial professional experience (as a courier, course leader and examiner). Theoretical deliberations have been illustrated with the results of participant, covert and uncontrolled observation of several tourist events organised by a major Polish tour-operator. Findings. Based on the discussion, it can be concluded that: 1) tourist experience differs considerably from "ordinary" market experience, because it is, at the same time, the essence and the sense of travelling ; 2) the tour leaders' role should be, among others, care for the desired form of the trip participants' ultimate experience; 3) storytelling still remains the main tool for creating tourist experience; 4) staging tourist experiences is a kind of art, governed by specific rules. Research and conclusions limitations. Due to the theoretical nature of the deliberations and the limited range of the author's own studies, the theses presented in the article require empirical verification on a larger sample. The article may initiate a discussion on supplementing the theoretical basis of the tour leader's (guide's) instruments with selected elements of the experience economy conception, and may become an inspiration to undertake even more detailed research on conscious staging of tourist experiences by tour leaders and tour guides. Practical implications. The article presents a set of well-defined, detailed rules of effectively creating exceptional, unique tourist experiences. These recommendations should prove useful in the everyday work of tour leaders and guides. Originality. This article is the first publication in Polish or even among world literature on the subject, which presents an attempt to adapt elements of the experience economy theory to the issues of tour leader and tour guide work. Type of paper. The article presents both – theoretical concepts and empirical studies.
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Qin, Hongde, Xiaojia Li und Yanchao Sun. „Distributed Adaptive Coordinated Control of Multiple Euler–Lagrange Systems considering Output Constraints and Time Delays“. Complexity 2021 (18.05.2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5594053.
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In this paper, we mainly investigate the coordinated tracking control issues of multiple Euler–Lagrange systems considering constant communication delays and output constraints. Firstly, we devise a distributed observer to ensure that every agent can get the information of the virtual leader. In order to handle uncertain problems, the neural network technique is adopted to estimate the unknown dynamics. Then, we utilize an asymmetric barrier Lyapunov function in the control design to guarantee the output errors satisfy the time-varying output constraints. Two distributed adaptive coordinated control schemes are proposed to guarantee that the followers can track the leader accurately. The first scheme makes the tracking errors between followers and leader be uniformly ultimately bounded, and the second scheme further improves the tracking accuracy. Finally, we utilize a group of manipulator networks simulation experiments to verify the validity of the proposed distributed control laws.
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Himakalasa, Adsadang, und Suttida Wongkaew. „Optimal Control through Leadership of the Cucker and Smale Flocking Model with Time Delays“. Complexity 2021 (30.08.2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5545551.
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The Cucker and Smale model is a well-known flocking model that describes the emergence of flocks based on alignment. The first part focuses on investigating this model, including the effect of time delay and the presence of a leader. Furthermore, the control function is inserted into the dynamics of a leader to drive a group of agents to target. In the second part of this work, leadership-based optimal control is investigated. Moreover, the existence of the first-order optimality conditions for a delayed optimal control problem is discussed. Furthermore, the Runge–Kutta discretization method and the nonlinear conjugate gradient method are employed to solve the discrete optimality system. Finally, the capacity of the proposed control approach to drive a group of agents to reach the desired places or track the trajectory is demonstrated by numerical experiment results.
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Wu, Long-Zeng, Yijiao Ye, Xuan-Mei Cheng, Ho Kwong Kwan und Yijing Lyu. „Fuel the service fire“. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 32, Nr. 5 (16.04.2020): 1755–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-06-2019-0534.
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Purpose Drawing from self-determination theory, this study aims to examine the effect of leader humor on frontline hospitality employees’ service performance and proactive customer service performance (PCSP) via harmonious passion (HP) for work with employee neuroticism as the moderating mechanism. Design/methodology/approach This study controlled for the nested effect and tested all the hypotheses with Mplus 7.0 using a time-lagged three-wave survey of 232 Chinese supervisor–subordinate dyads. Findings The results indicated that leader humor promotes frontline hospitality employees’ service performance and PCSP by enhancing their HP. Furthermore, neuroticism was shown to strengthen the direct impact of leader humor on employee HP and its indirect impact on employee service performance and employee PCSP through HP. Originality/value First, this research contributes to the leader humor literature through exploring its impact on the service performance and PCSP of frontline hospitality employees. Second, this research develops a new framework to explain the leader humor-employee service outcomes relationship using self-determination theory. Finally, the focus on the moderating role of neuroticism helps to explain the “when” question of leader humor.
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Miller*, Stephen, und Ralph Scorza. „Performance of Pillar and Upright Form Peach Trees Grown in a Central Leader or Multiple Leader Orchard System at Various Planting Densities“. HortScience 39, Nr. 4 (Juli 2004): 815A—815. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.815a.
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Peach trees with a pillar (P) (columnar) or upright (UP) growth habit were planted at four in-row spacings (1.5, 2.0, 4.0, and 6.0 m) in 1999 and trained to a central leader or multiple leader system to evaluate their performance in an orchard environment. A standard (S) form peach cultivar (`Harrow Beauty') was included for comparison. In this replicated study using a split-split-split plot design, one-half of the trees were summer pruned (SP) 6 weeks before harvest in each growing season from 2001 to 2003. Growth habit, tree spacing, and SP had a significant effect on tree growth and time necessary for dormant pruning. Growth habit and spacing also affected time required to summer prune. Total pruning time for all growth habits was significantly greater for SP trees compared to non-SP trees. Cumulative yields per tree were greater for UP and S habit trees than P trees over the first four seasons. Per tree yields increased as the in-row spacing increased but were decreased slightly by SP. UP trees consistently produced larger size fruit than P or S trees. Potential yields per ha and pruning times based on projected best tree spacings will be presented. UP form trees provide a good transition for growers going from low-density to high-density peach systems, with significant advantages in yield and fruit quality.
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Cheng, Zhongtao, Mao Su, Lei Liu, Bo Wang und Yongji Wang. „A Coordination Law for Multiple Air Vehicles in Distributed Communication Scenarios“. Journal of Advanced Transportation 2020 (04.07.2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1810962.
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This paper proposes a consensus-based guidance methodology for multiple air vehicles to arrive at the same spot cooperatively. First, based on the Lyapunov stability theory, a guidance law with only one control parameter is proposed, and the exact expression of total flight time can be obtained with a control parameter equal to one. Then, a two-step guidance scheme, which can achieve a finite-time consensus of the flight time, is built upon the Lyapunov-based guidance law. In the first step, on account of the information exchange between the air vehicles through an undirected and connected communication topology, a time-varying control parameter is designed to reduce the disparities of the flight time. After the consensus of the flight time, the control parameter will remain constant at one, and simultaneous arrival can be achieved. Besides, the guidance strategy is applied in a leader-follower case that one of the vehicles cannot receive information from the others and acts as the leader. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated with simulations.
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Ketchie, Delmer O., und Eugene D. Fairchild. „607 PB 249 THE EFFECT OF PRUNING ON FRUIT SET OF `ANJOU' PEAR TREES“. HortScience 29, Nr. 5 (Mai 1994): 519b—519. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.519b.
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Five different pruning techniques were begun in 1990 on Anjou pear trees to determine their effect on fruit set: (1) unpruned; (2) central leader, (3) central leader modified to Verner method; (4) stubbed into 2- to 4-year-old wood first year and then developed to central leader; and (5) mold-and-hold. Half of each treatment was spread, the other half not spread. Half of each of the combination training and spreading were tipped back to the first fruit bud at cluster bud time. The trees were 9 years old and on OHXF97 rootstock. The unpruned trees had the highest yield, 81 Kgm/tree. The other treatments ranged between 52 and 58 Kgm/tree. Regardless of pruning treatment, the spread trees out yielded the non-spread trees by 16 Kgm/uee.. There was essentially no difference between trees tipped in the spring and those that were not tipped.
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Katz, Maya Balakirsky. „On the Master-Disciple Relationship in Hasidic Visual Culture: The Life and Afterlife of Rebbe Portraits in Habad, 1798–2006“. IMAGES 1, Nr. 1 (2007): 55–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187180007782347683.
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AbstractScholarship on Hasidism typically utilizes literary source material of the dynastic leaders and their top disciples, while the more typical master/disciple relationship has escaped attention. Hasidic movements have produced, distributed, and voraciously consumed visual portraits of their leaders throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The most visually productive Hasidic community is the Belarusian HabadLubavitch, which has produced images of five of its seven generations of leaders. Indeed, portraits of its leaders have been integral to the development of Habad both in Eastern Europe and its post-Shoah rejuvination in the United States. This paper begins with Habad's visual history from the 1880s release of portrait paintings of the first and third Habad leaders in the effort to establish a unified group identity at a time of factionalism. The survey then moves to Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn, the sixth Rebbe of Habad, who rallied his followers with the medium of photography. Photography became a central component of his leadership in the 1930s and 1940s. The study then moves to the seventh and last Habad leader, Menachem Mendel Schneerson, who expanded the use of visual culture in Habad and used his own image to forge a post-Shoah group identity around a distinctly American leader who was also the spiritual repository of the six preceding Russian leaders. Schneerson's image production and reproduction began to model American celebrity culture in the early 1970s as part of a public campaign to inaugurate the Messianic Age. This broad dissemination of Schneerson's image inadvertantly created an elastic Schneerson portrait, whose reflexivness, in some respects, transcended its subject.
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Dohrn, Stephanie, Yvette P. Lopez und Gilles Reinhardt. „Leadership Succession and Performance: An Application to College Football“. Journal of Sport Management 29, Nr. 1 (Januar 2015): 76–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2013-0211.
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This article examines the impact of leader succession on organizational performance. We argue that both time and size of program are critical factors that need to be considered to appropriately determine the impacts of the leader succession on performance. We focus our analysis on the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) and examine the effect of performance-related coaching firings on on-field performance (win-loss percentage, Sagarin rating, Sagarin rank) and financial performance (team revenue). We cluster teams into three categories based on revenue and analyze team performance following leader succession after the first, second, and fourth year following the change. While most studies in this area report findings consistent with vicious cycle theory or ritual scapegoating, our findings offer primary support for common sense theory and ritual scapegoating, contingent on time and the size of the program as determined by team revenue.
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Gu, Mengqi, und Guo-Ping Jiang. „On the Controllability of Discrete-Time Leader-Follower Multiagent Systems with Two-Time-Scale and Heterogeneous Features“. Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (20.03.2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8893051.
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This paper investigates the controllability of discrete-time leader-follower multiagent systems (MASs) with two-time-scale and heterogeneous features, motivated by the fact that many real systems are operating in discrete-time. In this study, singularly perturbed difference systems are used to model the two-time-scale heterogeneous discrete-time MASs. To avoid the ill-posedness problem caused by the singular perturbation parameter when using the classical control theory to study the model, the singular perturbation method was first applied to decompose the system into two subsystems with slow-time-scale and fast-time-scale feature. Then, from the perspective of algebra and graph theory, several easier-to-use controllability criteria for the related MASs are proposed. Finally, the effectiveness of the main results is verified by simulation.