Thematische Bibliographien / Fine spatial scale

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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Fine spatial scale“

Autor: Grafiati

Veröffentlicht am 28. Juni 2021

Zuletzt aktualisiert am 18. Februar 2022

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Fine spatial scale"

Inglis, D. W. F., und T. W. Choularton. „Fine scale spatial variations in wet deposition“. Atmospheric Research 55, Nr. 2 (Oktober 2000): 139–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-8095(00)00062-4.

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Plue, Jan, Geertrui Goyens, Marc Van Meirvenne, Kris Verheyen und Martin Hermy. „Small-scale seed-bank patterns in a forest soil“. Seed Science Research 20, Nr. 1 (02.11.2009): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960258509990201.

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AbstractThe forest seed bank has been demonstrated to vary spatially at scales from 2 to 10 m. To our knowledge, the fine-scale spatial structure, i.e. < 2 m, has not been studied before. This study aims to make a thorough investigation of fine-scale spatial structure. Soil samples (128) were collected from each of five 2.1 m × 2.1 m plots, using a combined systematic (64) and random design (64). This allowed investigation of the fine-scale spatial structure of individual species–plot combinations using indicator-variograms. Our results indicated that over half of all species recorded in a particular plot were spatially structured. Remarkably, the presence of spatial structure seemed independent of species frequency. Visualization of the spatial structure showed an irregular spatial pattern, i.e. seed clusters that were randomly distributed in space. Spatial dependence occurred over small distances, possibly suggesting that a significant proportion of seeds was deposited near the mother plant. We conclude by presenting the relevance and implications of small-scale spatial seed-bank patterning for seed-bank sampling.

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DICK, CHRISTOPHER W. „New interpretations of fine-scale spatial genetic structure“. Molecular Ecology 17, Nr. 8 (19.03.2008): 1873–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.2008.03728.x.

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Brunett, B. A., J. M. Van Scyoc, N. R. Hilton, J. C. Lund, R. B. James und T. E. Schlesinger. „Fine-scale spatial response of CdZnTe radiation detectors“. IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 46, Nr. 3 (Juni 1999): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/23.775521.

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Hulleman, J., und A. H. J. Oomes. „Spatial Causality in Bilateral Symmetry Detection“. Perception 26, Nr. 1_suppl (August 1997): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/v970179.

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We studied the influence of spatial scale on the detection of vertical and horizontal bilateral symmetry. The causality principle in scale - space theory states that increasing the spatial scale in a representation can only result in a decrease of structure. Consequently, a pattern can be random on the fine scale and symmetric on the coarse scale, never the reverse. Stimuli were bilaterally symmetric or random patterns, black-and-white on a grey background, with a circular aperture. The minimal scale was systematically varied and stimuli ranged from conventional noise patterns, through Dalmatian texture, to cow-like patterns. Observers had to judge whether a briefly presented pattern was ‘symmetric’ or ‘random’. Symmetric patterns resulted in a high accuracy (95%) with no influence of scale, and reaction times with a small linear decrease for increasing scale. Random patterns yielded an accuracy increasing from 70% at the smallest scale to 95% at the middle scales. Reaction times showed a similar pattern: largest at the smallest scales and decreasing to values equal to the symmetric condition at the middle scales. Results were similar for vertical and horizontal bilateral symmetry, though the effect for small scales in the random condition was more pronounced in the horizontal case. We conclude that bilateral symmetry is processed at multiple scales with coarse structures available slightly earlier than fine ones. The dramatic decrease of performance for fine-scale patterns is due to the causality effect; random patterns are judged as symmetric when the smallest scale information is not (yet) available.

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Carter, Neil H., Binoj K. Shrestha, Jhamak B. Karki, Narendra Man Babu Pradhan und Jianguo Liu. „Coexistence between wildlife and humans at fine spatial scales“. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109, Nr. 38 (04.09.2012): 15360–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1210490109.

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Many wildlife species face imminent extinction because of human impacts, and therefore, a prevailing belief is that some wildlife species, particularly large carnivores and ungulates, cannot coexist with people at fine spatial scales (i.e., cannot regularly use the exact same point locations). This belief provides rationale for various conservation programs, such as resettling human communities outside protected areas. However, quantitative information on the capacity and mechanisms for wildlife to coexist with humans at fine spatial scales is scarce. Such information is vital, because the world is becoming increasingly crowded. Here, we provide empirical information about the capacity and mechanisms for tigers (a globally endangered species) to coexist with humans at fine spatial scales inside and outside Nepal’s Chitwan National Park, a flagship protected area for imperiled wildlife. Information obtained from field cameras in 2010 and 2011 indicated that human presence (i.e., people on foot and vehicles) was ubiquitous and abundant throughout the study site; however, tiger density was also high. Surprisingly, even at a fine spatial scale (i.e., camera locations), tigers spatially overlapped with people on foot and vehicles in both years. However, in both years, tigers offset their temporal activity patterns to be much less active during the day when human activity peaked. In addition to temporal displacement, tiger–human coexistence was likely enhanced by abundant tiger prey and low levels of tiger poaching. Incorporating fine-scale spatial and temporal activity patterns into conservation plans can help address a major global challenge—meeting human needs while sustaining wildlife.

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Pinel-Alloul, Bernadette, und Didier Pont. „Spatial distribution patterns in freshwater macrozooplankton: variation with scale“. Canadian Journal of Zoology 69, Nr. 6 (01.06.1991): 1557–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z91-219.

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The spatial heterogeneity of four macrozooplankton species (Skistodiaptomus oregonensis, Mesocyclops edax, Diaphanosoma brachyurum, and Daphnia sp.) was investigated over different scales, (fine and coarse scales: 2–40 m; lake-size scale: 10–380 m) in a small Canadian Shield lake. Values for the log s2: log [Formula: see text] relationships were established for the different scales and compared. Spatial analysis methods (space-constrained clustering analysis, spatial autocorrelation, and variogram modelling) were used for describing the surface distribution patterns observed on the whole-lake transect. The study demonstrated that spatial heterogeneity occurs on both the fine and coarse scales. Maximal spatial heterogeneity was observed on the vertical axis (depth) rather than on the horizontal axis. Macrozooplankton patchiness scales in Lake Cromwell correspond to whole-lake scale patterns for M. edax and D. brachyurum, and to fine-scale patterns for S. oregonensis and Daphnia spp. Our results confirm the general trend of interspecific variations in patch sizes of freshwater macrozooplankton. Distribution of the invertebrate predators Chaoborus spp. is inversely related to the large-scale gradient of D. brachyurum. Multiple regression analysis showed that several physical (water temperature, oxygen, wind direction) and biological (chlorophyll a) factors, in addition to mean population abundance, were correlated with macrozooplankton heterogeneity on the fine scale.

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Ciavarella, Constanze, und Neil M. Ferguson. „Deriving fine-scale models of human mobility from aggregated origin-destination flow data“. PLOS Computational Biology 17, Nr. 2 (11.02.2021): e1008588. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008588.

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The spatial dynamics of epidemics are fundamentally affected by patterns of human mobility. Mobile phone call detail records (CDRs) are a rich source of mobility data, and allow semi-mechanistic models of movement to be parameterised even for resource-poor settings. While the gravity model typically reproduces human movement reasonably well at the administrative level spatial scale, past studies suggest that parameter estimates vary with the level of spatial discretisation at which models are fitted. Given that privacy concerns usually preclude public release of very fine-scale movement data, such variation would be problematic for individual-based simulations of epidemic spread parametrised at a fine spatial scale. We therefore present new methods to fit fine-scale mathematical mobility models (here we implement variants of the gravity and radiation models) to spatially aggregated movement data and investigate how model parameter estimates vary with spatial resolution. We use gridded population data at 1km resolution to derive population counts at different spatial scales (down to ∼ 5km grids) and implement mobility models at each scale. Parameters are estimated from administrative-level flow data between overnight locations in Kenya and Namibia derived from CDRs: where the model spatial resolution exceeds that of the mobility data, we compare the flow data between a particular origin and destination with the sum of all model flows between cells that lie within those particular origin and destination administrative units. Clear evidence of over-dispersion supports the use of negative binomial instead of Poisson likelihood for count data with high values. Radiation models use fewer parameters than the gravity model and better predict trips between overnight locations for both considered countries. Results show that estimates for some parameters change between countries and with spatial resolution and highlight how imperfect flow data and spatial population distribution can influence model fit.

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Ji, Q., S. Barr, P. James und D. Fairbairn. „A GEOSPATIAL ANALYSIS FRAMEWORK FOR FINE SCALE URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE NETWORKS“. ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4 (19.09.2018): 291–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-291-2018.

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Abstract. Understanding the spatial connectivity of urban infrastructure networks that connect assets to buildings is important for the fine-scale spatial analysis and modelling of the resource flows within cities. However, rarely are spatially explicit representations of infrastructure networks available for such analysis. Further, an appropriate database system is the core of development of an infrastructure assets information and management platform, capable of handling the wide range of data for infrastructure system modelling and analysis. In this paper, we develop a geospatial simulation and analysis framework, which is capable of generating fine-scale urban infrastructure networks and storing the network instances in a hybrid database system for further modelling and analysis needs. We demonstrate the use of this platform by simulating the entire-city electricity distribution network for the city of Newcastle upon Tyne. Validation of the resulting network is performed using the network layout diagram from the local power company. The heuristically derived network was found to have a 91% spatial accuracy.

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E., Santi, Tarantino C., Amici V., Bacaro G., Blonda P., Borselli L., Rossi M., Tozzi S. und Torri D. „Fine-scale spatial distribution of biomass using satellite images“. Journal of Ecology and The Natural Environment 6, Nr. 2 (28.02.2014): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/jene2013.0416.

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Dissertationen zum Thema "Fine spatial scale"

Madsen, Matthew David. „Measurement of Fine Spatial Scale Ecohydrologic Gradients in a Pinyon-Juniper Ecosystem“. DigitalCommons@USU, 2008. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/24.

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With the dramatic expansion of pinyon-juniper woodlands over the last century, improved understanding of how these woodlands modify infiltration properties is needed, in order for land managers to make informed decisions on how to best manage their specific resources. However, current methods for measuring soil infiltration are often limited by low sample sizes and high experimental error, due to constraints associated with remote, non agricultural settings. This thesis first presents a scheme for automating and calibrating two commercially available infiltrometers, which allows collection of a large number of precise unsaturated infiltration measurements in a relatively short period of time. Secondly, a new method to precisely determine saturated hydraulic conductivity from small intact soil cores collected in the field is demonstrated. This method removes bias due to measurement error using a multiple head linear regression approach. Finally, hundreds of fine spatial scale measurements of soil sorptivity, unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, saturated hydraulic conductivity, soil water content, and other soil descriptive measurements along radial line transects extending out from the trunk of juniper (Juniperus osteosperma) and pinyon pine (Pinus edulis) trees. Within the subcanopy of these trees, interactions among litter material, root distributions, and hydrophobic soil significantly influence ecohydrologic properties by limiting and redirecting infiltration below the soil surface. Consequently, hydrophobicity appears to be a mechanism that promotes survival of woody vegetation in arid environments, through decreasing evaporation rates from the soil surface. We further demonstrate how differences in unsaturated infiltration and soil water content between the subcanopy and intercanopy zones are not discrete. Unsaturated infiltration was significantly lower within the subcanopy than in the intercanopy, and increased by eight-fold across a gradient extending outward from near the edge of the canopy to approximately two times the canopy radius. This gradient was not strongly related to soil moisture. In the intercanopy, increasing structural development of biological soil crust cover beyond this gradient was positivity correlated with infiltration capacity. Consequently, these results indicate that the spatial location of the trees should be considered in the assessment and modeling of woody plant and biological soil crust influence on infiltration capacity in a pinyon-juniper ecosystem.

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Scholtz, Olivia Ingrid. „Inter-continental patterns in the fine-scale spatial ecology of rain forest termites“. Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/293.

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In this thesis I describe fine-scale spatial patterns in rain forest termites, from the colony to the assemblage level, sampled from one hectare plots in Central African and South East Asian lowland rain forest. By so doing the ecological interactions that structure this functionally important and abundant soil community were identified. The African termite assemblage, dominated by soil-feeding termites, saturated the upper soil profile (collected from 90% of soil pits). In contrast termites were collected from <50% of soil pits in Asia, with this difference reflecting the lower species densities and abundances of soil-feeding termites in Asian forests. Territoriality and inter-specific competition was shown to be important between colonies of soil-feeding species in the African plot. The termite assemblages were spatially associated with several environmental properties. However these could not explain the spatial patterns in the functional components of the assemblages. Wood-feeding termites were highly patchily distributed, due to the heterogeneous nature of their food material, but also due to possible competitive interactions for this. Humus-feeding termites were homogenously structured, due to the continuous nature of soil as their feeding and nesting material. True soil-feeding termites, unique to the African assemblage, were heterogeneously distributed despite the equally continuous nature of their feeding and nesting material. This structure may arise from facilitative interactions, such as co-operative defence against ant predation which may be intense in African systems, or through the transfer of soil material at different stages of decomposition. Competition for space is apparent in both regions, both at the colony level among soil-feeding genera, and between aggregations of functional groups. Positive and negative biotic interactions, operating at various spatial and functional scales, appear to be important in influencing how assemblage composition is spatially structured. If indeed facilitation is important in maintaining the taxonomic and functional diversity in termite assemblages, it would be valuable to confirm the mechanism(s) that drives this (i.e. predation and/or food transfer), as these may then influence ecosystem stability.

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Burrell, Jennifer L. „The Development and Utilization of Fine-scale Methods to Track Neighborhood ChangesCase Study of Youngstown, Ohio“. Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1562369777781882.

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Mackay, Jane Louise. „The extraction of urban land cover information from fine spatial scale earth observation data“. Thesis, University of Leeds, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.410960.

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Squires, Robert Berry. „A Longitudinal Comparison of Fine Scale Environmental Risk Factors and Waterborne Bacterial Presence in Haiti“. Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1529494397372641.

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Cobbold, Stephanie M. „The Role of Fine-Scale Habitat Associations in Structuring Spider Assemblages: Determinants of Spatial Patterns In Community Compostion“. DigitalCommons@USU, 2012. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/1206.

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Elucidating the ecological determinants of community structure and how they vary spatially has a long history in ecology, but there still is no consensus on the mechanisms behind diversity patterns. The primary objective of this dissertation was to focus on spider assemblages to investigate how the fine-scale habitat associations of organisms may drive their community composition at larger scales. Research was conducted in the Bear River Mountains, Utah, in an attempt to elucidate the potential role of species-microhabitat associations in driving three well-known patterns of community composition that have typically been investigated at broad scales: 1) elevation gradients of species diversity, 2) the response of species assemblages to neighboring habitat structure and 3) community composition at the edges of habitat patches. Slope aspect was a significant predictor of spider density and species richness when communities were compared at the same elevation, suggesting that fine-scale topographic variables may play an important role in shaping elevational patterns of species composition. Cursorial spider composition was strongly linked to site temperature only, whereas differences across web spider assemblages significantly increased with dissimilarities in woody plant cover and temperature. The study on the effects of neighboring habitat structure revealed markedly reduced cursorial spider densities in shrubs without surrounding structure, and more cursorial species in control shrubs, whereas web spiders lacked any significant response to treatments. These contrasting responses indicate that data should be collected at larger spatial extents for mobile species, and that mobility may mediate the outcome of surrounding habitat modifications on the local composition of communities. In the last study, I focused on communities in which the edge-dwelling spiders Theridion and Dictyna strongly differed in terms of concealment and substrate generalization and found that microhabitat choice may affect the sensitivity of species to habitat geometry, a characteristic associated with habitat fragmentation. This work suggests that a better understanding of the links between the biological traits of species and their fine-scale environmental requirements may help uncover the mechanisms behind spatial patterns of community composition at larger scales.

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Sullivan, Timothy J. Jr. „A Fine-scale Analysis of Spatial and Temporal Population Genetic Patterns in the Yellow Perch (Perca flavescens)“. University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1364396992.

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Corrales, Duque Carolina. „Population Genetic Structure of Black Grouse (Tetrao tetrix) : From a Large to a Fine Scale Perspective“. Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för ekologi och genetik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-150117.

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Black grouse (Tetrao tetrix) is a bird species with a lek mating system found in the Palearctic boreal taiga. It is assumed that it has a continuous distribution along Scandinavia and Siberia, whereas in Central Europe it has declined during the last decades. The primary objective of this thesis was to obtain a deeper understanding of the history, systematic classification and the genetic structure of black grouse on different geographical scales using microsatellites and control region mtDNA sequences (CR). I determined how much the mating system, habitat fragmentation and historical population processes have influenced the partitioning of genetic diversity in this species. Phylogeographical results are consistent with a demographic population expansion, and the patterns of postglacial dispersal suggest that a glacial refugium was located somewhere in central Asia, and from there black grouse spread out to Europe following the retreat of glacial ice sheets. I suggest that the two European black grouse subspecies, T. t. Tetrix and T. t. britannicus correspond to only one subspecies: T. t. tetrix, and that this lineage has diverged from T.t. viridanus, a subspecies found in Kazakhstan. The British population is significantly divergent from the remaining Eurasian samples for microsatellites but it is not for mtDNA. Therefore, they should regard as a separate Management Unit and not as a subspecies. Furthermore, British black grouse occur in three independent genetic units, corresponding to Wales, northern England/southern Scotland and northern Scotland. There was also genetic structure within Sweden. Habitat fragmentation is the main cause of population genetic structure in southern Swedish black grouse. In contrast, low levels of genetic differentiation and high connectivity were found in northern Sweden due to female-biased dispersal. On a finer geographical scale, I found genetic differences between leks due to a mixture of related and unrelated individuals within leks. However, mean relatedness values hardly differed from zero. Some leks were similar to one another and I interpret this as a result of variation in local reproductive success and philopatry. These factors would cause genetic structuring but this by itself would not reveal that kin selection is operating within black grouse leks.

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Brown, Jason K. „Spatial Distribution of Freshwater Mussels (Unionidae) in Ohio Brush Creek Watershed, Southern Ohio“. Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1289590778.

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Benard, Rebecca Balogh. „Causes and consequences of spatial aggregation for seedling establishment of a long-lived desert perennial shrub (Chrysothamnus nauseosus: Asteraceae) : interaction between intrinsic properties of individuals and fine-scale environmental heterogeneity /“. For electronic version search Digital dissertations database. Restricted to UC campuses. Access is free to UC campus dissertations, 2005. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.

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Bücher zum Thema "Fine spatial scale"

Raspini, Federico, Francesca Cigna, Sandro Moretti und Nicola Casagli, Hrsg. Advanced Terrain Mapping of the Gioia Tauro Plain Calabria Region, Italy. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6655-022-8.

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In the framework of the Terrafirma project, Persistent Scatterers Interferometry (PSI) has be used for mapping land subsidence at basin scale in Gioia Tauro plain (Italy). The investigated area is built over unconsolidated fine-grained sediments, where the increasing groundwater demands for irrigation have caused the natural sediment consolidation to progressively accelerate. Both historical (1992-2001; ERS1/2 images) and recent (2002-2006; ENVISAT images) scenarios are analyzed to solve the spatial variability and temporal evolution of ground displacements affecting the plain. The results show deformation rates as high as 10-12 mm/yr in 1992-2007, with highest velocities occurred between 1992 and 2000 within the central part of the basin, in the area of Rizziconi (5 km ESE of Gioia Tauro). The outcomes of this PSI study could support the future improvement of groundwater management and the implementation of best strategies for land use planning and sustainable use of groundwater resources.

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Bogdanović, Jelena. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190465186.003.0007.

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The conclusion summarizes the major findings that reveal the canopy as a spatial and symbolic unit of sacred space. The creation and framing of sacred space in Byzantine-rite churches was achieved by the means of a canopy on multiple levels and scales. By featuring canopies as essential architectural and ontological constructs in the Byzantine church, the study calls for wider discussions about the additive and modular design processes in the Byzantine domain and beyond. The book claims that such a design was based on a canopy as a spatial unit and diagrammatic architectural parti. It emphasizes the fine merging of the total design of Byzantine churches within canopies, inclusive of their form and associated values. Canopies uncover the diagrammatic reasoning behind their tectonics and creation, which in turn alter how we perceived the aesthetics, spirituality, and meaning of Byzantine churches, as evidenced in Byzantine reasoning about space and the frame.

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Marshall, Kristin N., und Phillip S. Levin. When “sustainable” fishing isn’t. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808978.003.0017.

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This chapter highlights conflicts created by fishing at levels generally thought to be sustainable. Sustainable seafood has been defined as providing food today without affecting the ability of future generations to obtain food. But this straightforward definition belies the complexity of sustainability. Models suggest that even under low levels of fishing there can be large impacts on ecosystem attributes, and thus the small reductions from sustainable harvest levels that have been advocated as a win-win solution do not necessarily lead to ecosystem benefits. Second, a case study of herring fisheries and harvest by indigenous peoples in Haida Gwaii reveals that what is regarded to be a sustainable commercial herring harvest can degrade human wellbeing. A potential solution may be spatial management that creates trade-offs on finer spatial scales, and satisfies more ecological and cultural needs.

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Brophy, Philip. Parties in Your Head. Herausgegeben von John Richardson, Claudia Gorbman und Carol Vernallis. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199733866.013.0021.

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This article appears in theOxford Handbook of New Audiovisual Aestheticsedited by John Richardson, Claudia Gorbman, and Carol Vernallis. The sound of nightclubs and club music has transformed spatial scale, frequency range, and volume levels in film soundtracks for the past twenty-five years. Across this period, spatialization is intensified, the soundtrack gets noiser, and characterization favors unbalanced psychological states. Consequently, an aural “Other” becomes progressively encoded and registered. The texture of recorded sound on film becomes affected by non-cinematic aurality, responding to approaches to microphone placement in pop music, and the role that psycho-acoustics play in shaping psychological drama. Discussion ensues to audit the noise inside the addled heads of characters in a selection of films which exemplify this transformative audiovision in cinema:Scorpio Rising, Vinyl, Scarface, Blue Velvet, La Vie Nouvelle, andIrréversible.

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Oklopcic, Zoran. An Isomorphic Pluriverse. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799092.003.0009.

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The task of Chapter 9 is to outline the vista beyond the Vattelian imaginary of sovereign equality. Instead of embracing one of its already existing alternatives, this chapter confronts the wagers, the assumptions, and the commitments that separate the most influential, but thus far mutually indifferent, five; but also a set of more basic images that they continue to share with the Vattelian imaginary even as they insist they have left it behind. One of the important tasks of these images, as this chapter hopes to show, is reconciliation—between infinite responsiveness and bounded power, between asymptotic orientation and situational equilibrium, between spatial scale and temporal pace, between the stability of structures and the dignity of transformations. To move beyond in this context is to ask: Can those pairs be reconciled differently? And more importantly: what for?

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Pernet, Bruno, Hrsg. Larval Feeding: Mechanisms, Rates, and Performance in Nature. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786962.003.0007.

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Larvae of many marine invertebrates must capture and ingest particulate food in order to develop to metamorphosis. These larvae use only a few physical processes to capture particles, but implement these processes using diverse morphologies and behaviors. Detailed understanding of larval feeding mechanism permits investigators to make predictions about feeding performance, including the size spectrum of particles larvae can capture and the rates at which they can capture them. In nature, larvae are immersed in complex mixtures of edible particles of varying size, density, flavor, and nutritional quality, as well as many particles that are too large to ingest. Concentrations of all of these components vary on fine temporal and spatial scales. Mechanistic models linking larval feeding mechanism to performance can be combined with data on food availability in nature and integrated into broader bioenergetics models to yield increased understanding of the biology of larvae in complex natural habitats.

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Busuioc, Aristita, und Alexandru Dumitrescu. Empirical-Statistical Downscaling: Nonlinear Statistical Downscaling. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.770.

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This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Climate Science. Please check back later for the full article.The concept of statistical downscaling or empirical-statistical downscaling became a distinct and important scientific approach in climate science in recent decades, when the climate change issue and assessment of climate change impact on various social and natural systems have become international challenges. Global climate models are the best tools for estimating future climate conditions. Even if improvements can be made in state-of-the art global climate models, in terms of spatial resolution and their performance in simulation of climate characteristics, they are still skillful only in reproducing large-scale feature of climate variability, such as global mean temperature or various circulation patterns (e.g., the North Atlantic Oscillation). However, these models are not able to provide reliable information on local climate characteristics (mean temperature, total precipitation), especially on extreme weather and climate events. The main reason for this failure is the influence of local geographical features on the local climate, as well as other factors related to surrounding large-scale conditions, the influence of which cannot be correctly taken into consideration by the current dynamical global models.Impact models, such as hydrological and crop models, need high resolution information on various climate parameters on the scale of a river basin or a farm, scales that are not available from the usual global climate models. Downscaling techniques produce regional climate information on finer scale, from global climate change scenarios, based on the assumption that there is a systematic link between the large-scale and local climate. Two types of downscaling approaches are known: a) dynamical downscaling is based on regional climate models nested in a global climate model; and b) statistical downscaling is based on developing statistical relationships between large-scale atmospheric variables (predictors), available from global climate models, and observed local-scale variables of interest (predictands).Various types of empirical-statistical downscaling approaches can be placed approximately in linear and nonlinear groupings. The empirical-statistical downscaling techniques focus more on details related to the nonlinear models—their validation, strengths, and weaknesses—in comparison to linear models or the mixed models combining the linear and nonlinear approaches. Stochastic models can be applied to daily and sub-daily precipitation in Romania, with a comparison to dynamical downscaling. Conditional stochastic models are generally specific for daily or sub-daily precipitation as predictand.A complex validation of the nonlinear statistical downscaling models, selection of the large-scale predictors, model ability to reproduce historical trends, extreme events, and the uncertainty related to future downscaled changes are important issues. A better estimation of the uncertainty related to downscaled climate change projections can be achieved by using ensembles of more global climate models as drivers, including their ability to simulate the input in downscaling models. Comparison between future statistical downscaled climate signals and those derived from dynamical downscaling driven by the same global model, including a complex validation of the regional climate models, gives a measure of the reliability of downscaled regional climate changes.

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Chapin, F. Stuart, Mark W. Oswood, Keith van Cleve, Leslie A. Viereck und David L. Verbyla, Hrsg. Alaska's Changing Boreal Forest. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195154313.001.0001.

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The boreal forest is the northern-most woodland biome, whose natural history is rooted in the influence of low temperature and high-latitude. Alaska's boreal forest is now warming as rapidly as the rest of Earth, providing an unprecedented look at how this cold-adapted, fire-prone forest adjusts to change. This volume synthesizes current understanding of the ecology of Alaska's boreal forests and describes their unique features in the context of circumpolar and global patterns. It tells how fire and climate contributed to the biome's current dynamics. As climate warms and permafrost (permanently frozen ground) thaws, the boreal forest may be on the cusp of a major change in state. The editors have gathered a remarkable set of contributors to discuss this swift environmental and biotic transformation. Their chapters cover the properties of the forest, the changes it is undergoing, and the challenges these alterations present to boreal forest managers. In the first section, the reader can absorb the geographic and historical context for understanding the boreal forest. The book then delves into the dynamics of plant and animal communities inhabiting this forest, and the biogeochemical processes that link these organisms. In the last section the authors explore landscape phenomena that operate at larger temporal and spatial scales and integrates the processes described in earlier sections. Much of the research on which this book is based results from the Bonanza Creek Long-Term Ecological Research Program. Here is a synthesis of the substantial literature on Alaska's boreal forest that should be accessible to professional ecologists, students, and the interested public.

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Lefroy, Ted, Allan Curtis, Anthony Jakeman und James McKee, Hrsg. Landscape Logic. CSIRO Publishing, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643103559.

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In 2005, researchers from four Australian universities and CSIRO joined forces with environmental managers from three state agencies and six regional catchment management authorities to answer the question: 'Can we detect the influence of public environmental programs on the condition of our natural resources?' This was prompted by a series of national audits of Australia's environmental programs that could find no evidence of public investment improving the condition of waterways, soils and native vegetation, despite major public programs investing more than $4.2 billion in environmental repair over the last 20 years. Landscape Logic describes how this collaboration of 42 researchers and environmental managers went about the research. It describes what they found and what they learned about the challenge of attributing cause to environmental change. While public programs had been responsible for increase in vegetation extent, there was less evidence for improvement in vegetation condition and water quality. In many cases critical levels of intervention had not been reached, interventions were not sufficiently mature to have had any measurable impact, monitoring had not been designed to match the spatial and temporal scales of the interventions, and interventions lacked sufficiently clear objectives and metrics to ever be detectable. In the process, however, new knowledge emerged on disturbance thresholds in river condition, diagnosing sources of pollution in river systems, and the application and uptake of state-and-transition and Bayesian network models to environmental management. The findings discussed in this book provide valuable messages for environmental managers, land managers, researchers and policy makers.

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Fensholt, Rasmus, Cheikh Mbow, Martin Brandt und Kjeld Rasmussen. Desertification and Re-Greening of the Sahel. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.553.

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In the past 50 years, human activities and climatic variability have caused major environmental changes in the semi-arid Sahelian zone and desertification/degradation of arable lands is of major concern for livelihoods and food security. In the wake of the Sahel droughts in the early 1970s and 1980s, the UN focused on the problem of desertification by organizing the UN Conference on Desertification (UNCOD) in Nairobi in 1976. This fuelled a significant increase in the often alarmist popular accounts of desertification as well as scientific efforts in providing an understanding of the mechanisms involved. The global interest in the subject led to the nomination of desertification as focal point for one of three international environmental conventions: the UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), emerging from the Rio conference in 1992. This implied that substantial efforts were made to quantify the extent of desertification and to understand its causes. Desertification is a complex and multi-faceted phenomenon aggravating poverty that can be seen as both a cause and a consequence of land resource depletion. As reflected in its definition adopted by the UNCCD, desertification is “land degradation in arid, semi-arid[,] and dry sub-humid areas resulting from various factors, including climate variation and human activities” (UN, 1992). While desertification was seen as a phenomenon of relevance to drylands globally, the Sahel-Sudan region remained a region of specific interest and a significant amount of scientific efforts have been invested to provide an empirically supported understanding of both climatic and anthropogenic factors involved. Despite decades of intensive research on human–environmental systems in the Sahel, there is no overall consensus about the severity of desertification and the scientific literature is characterized by a range of conflicting observations and interpretations of the environmental conditions in the region. Earth Observation (EO) studies generally show a positive trend in rainfall and vegetation greenness over the last decades for the majority of the Sahel and this has been interpreted as an increase in biomass and contradicts narratives of a vicious cycle of widespread degradation caused by human overuse and climate change. Even though an increase in vegetation greenness, as observed from EO data, can be confirmed by ground observations, long-term assessments of biodiversity at finer spatial scales highlight a negative trend in species diversity in several studies and overall it remains unclear if the observed positive trends provide an environmental improvement with positive effects on people’s livelihood.

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Buchteile zum Thema "Fine spatial scale"

Yang, Jian. „Suitable Spectral Mixing Space Selection for Linear Spectral Unmixing of Fine-Scale Urban Imagery“. In High Spatial Resolution Remote Sensing, 187–200. Boca Raton, FL : Taylor & Francis, 2018.: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429470196-9.

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Stoddart, James A. „Historecognition and Fine-Scale Spatial Genetic Structure in Sessile Benthic Invertebrates“. In Invertebrate Historecognition, 111–25. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1053-2_9.

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Bogar, Laura M., und Kabir G. Peay. „Processes Maintaining the Coexistence of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi at a Fine Spatial Scale“. In Biogeography of Mycorrhizal Symbiosis, 79–105. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56363-3_4.

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García, Michel, Denis Allard, David Foulon und Sylvie Delisle. „Fine Scale Rock Properties: Towards the Spatial Modeling of Regionalized Probability Distribution Fuctions“. In Geostatistics Banff 2004, 579–89. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-3610-1_59.

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Madritch, Michael, Jeannine Cavender-Bares, Sarah E. Hobbie und Philip A. Townsend. „Linking Foliar Traits to Belowground Processes“. In Remote Sensing of Plant Biodiversity, 173–97. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33157-3_8.

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AbstractAbove- and belowground systems are linked via plant chemistry. In forested systems, leaf litter chemistry and quality mirror that of green foliage and have important afterlife effects. In systems where belowground inputs dominate, such as grasslands, or in ecosystems where aboveground biomass is frequently removed by burning or harvesting, foliar traits may provide important information regarding belowground inputs via exudates and fine-root turnover. Many, if not most, of the plant traits that drive variation in belowground processes are also measurable via remote sensing technologies. The ability of remote sensing techniques to measure fine-scale biodiversity and plant chemistry over large spatial scales can help researchers address ecological questions that were previously prohibitively expensive to address. Key to these potential advances is the idea that remotely sensed vegetation spectra and plant chemistry can provide detailed information about the function of belowground processes beyond what traditional field sampling can provide.

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Costa, Rafael, und Helga A. G. de Valk. „Socio-spatial Disparities in Brussels and its Hinterland“. In The Urban Book Series, 271–91. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64569-4_14.

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AbstractBrussels’ urban and suburban landscape has changed considerably since the 1980s. The consolidation of socioeconomic fractures inside the city, a reinforcement of long-lasting disparities between the city and its prosperous hinterland, as well as the increasing diversification of migration flows—both high- and low-skilled—contributed to these disparities. Recent evolutions of these patterns, however, have not been investigated yet and therefore remain unknown. Besides, the extent to which segregation is primarily related to economic inequalities and to migration flows—or a combination/interaction between the two—so far has not been studied. This chapter offers a detailed overview of the socio-spatial disparities in the Brussels Functional Urban Area. Our analyses relied on fine-grained spatial data, at the level of statistical sections and of individualised neighbourhoods built around 100 m x 100 m grids. We analysed socioeconomic segregation measures and patterns, as well as their evolution between 2001 and 2011. Socioeconomic groups were defined based on individuals’ position with respect to national income deciles. In line with previous research, our results show very marked patterns of socioeconomic segregation in and around Brussels operating both at a larger regional scale and at the local level.

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Llaguno-Munitxa, Maider, und Elie Bou-Zeid. „Sensing the Environmental Neighborhoods“. In Proceedings of the 2020 DigitalFUTURES, 124–33. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4400-6_12.

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AbstractGiven the benefits of fine mapping of large urban areas affordably, mobile environmental sensing technologies are becoming increasingly popular to complement the traditional stationary weather and air quality sensing stations. However the reliability and accuracy of low-cost mobile urban technologies is often questioned. This paper presents the design of a fast-response, autonomous and affordable Mobile Urban Sensing Technology (MUST) for the acquisition of high spatial resolution environmental data. Only when accurate neighborhood scale environmental data is affordable and accessible for architects, urban planners and policy makers, can design strategies to enhance urban health be effectively implemented. The results of an experimental air quality sensing campaign developed within Princeton University Campus is presented.

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Liu, Xiaoxiao, und Stefania Bertazzon. „Fine Scale Spatio-Temporal Modelling of Urban Air Pollution“. In Geographic Information Science, 210–24. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45738-3_14.

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Fu, Wenxue, Jianwen Ma, Pei Chen und Fang Chen. „Remote Sensing Satellites for Digital Earth“. In Manual of Digital Earth, 55–123. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9915-3_3.

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Abstract The term remote sensing became common after 1962 and generally refers to nonintrusive Earth observation using electromagnetic waves from a platform some distance away from the object of the study. After more than five decades of development, humankind can now use different types of optical and microwave sensors to obtain large datasets with high precision and high resolution for the atmosphere, ocean, and land. The frequency of data acquisition ranges from once per month to once per minute, the spatial resolution ranges from kilometer to centimeter scales, and the electromagnetic spectrum covers wavebands ranging from visible light to microwave wavelengths. Technological progress in remote sensing sensors enables us to obtain data on the global scale, remarkably expanding humanity’s understanding of its own living environment from spatial and temporal perspectives, and provides an increasing number of data resources for Digital Earth. This chapter introduces the developments and trends in remote sensing satellites around the world.

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Wen, Hao, Pengcheng Gu, Yuchao Zhang, Shuai Zou und Patrik Schumacher. „A Generative Approach to Social Ecologies in Project [Symbios]City“. In Proceedings of the 2021 DigitalFUTURES, 13–25. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5983-6_2.

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AbstractThe following paper talks about the studio project [Symbios]City, which is developed as a design research project in 2020–2021 Schumacher’ studio on social ecology of the graduate program in Architectural Association’s design research lab. The project aims to create an assemblage of social ecologies through a rich but cohesive multi-authored urban district. The primary ambition is to generate an urban area with a characterful, varied identity, that achieves a balanced order between unity and difference avoiding both the sterile and disorienting monotony of centrally planned modernist cities and the (equally disorienting) visual chaos of an agglomeration of utterly unrelated interventions as we find now frequently. Through a thorough research process, our project evolves mainly out of three principles that are taken into consideration for the development of our project: topological optimization, phenomenology, and ecology. By “ecology”, we understand it as a living network of information exchange. Therefore, every strategy we employ is not merely about reacting to the weather conditions, but instead it is an inquiry into the various ways we can exploit the latter, a translation of the weather conditions into spatial and programmatic properties. [Symbios]City therefore aims at developing a multi-authored urban area with a rich identity that achieves a balance between the various elements. [Symbios]City began formally from topological optimization, developed based on studies on ecology, and concluded the design following our phenomenological explorations, aiming at a complex design project that unifies the perception of all scales of design: from the platform to the skyscrapers.

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Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Fine spatial scale"

Sgro, A. G. „Fine spatial scale simulations of relativistic electron beam penetration of an overdense plasma“. In The 33rd IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science, 2006. ICOPS 2006. IEEE Conference Record - Abstracts. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/plasma.2006.1706986.

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Adole, Tracy, Jadunandan Dash und Peter M. Atkinson. „RECENT trends in the land surface phenology of africa observed at a fine spatial scale“. In 2017 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2017.8127959.

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Caccetta, Peter, Simon Collings, Kass Hingee, Don McFarlane und Xiaoliang Wu. „Fine-Scale Monitoring of Complex Environments Using Remotely Sensed Aerial, Satellite, and Other Spatial Data“. In 2011 International Symposium on Image and Data Fusion (ISIDF). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isidf.2011.6024217.

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He, W., M. Tanahashi und T. Miyauchi. „Fine Scale Structure of High Reynolds Number Taylor-Couette Flow“. In ASME/JSME 2007 5th Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2007-37172.

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Direct numerical simulation (DNS) has been conducted to investigate turbulence transition process and fine scale structures in Taylor-Couette flow. Fourier-Chebyshev spectral methods have been used for spatial discretization and DNS are conducted up to Re = 12000. With the increase of Reynolds number, fine scale eddies are formed in a stepwise fashion. In relatively weak turbulent Taylor-Couette flow, fine scale eddies elongated in the azimuthal direction appear near the outflow and inflow boundaries between Taylor vortices. These fine scale eddies in the outflow and inflow boundaries are inclined at about −45/135 degree with respect to the azimuthal direction. With the increase of Reynolds number, the number of fine scale eddies increases and fine scale eddies appear in whole flow fields. The Taylor vortices in high Reynolds number organize lots of fine scale eddies. In high Reynolds number Taylor-Couette flow, fine scale eddies parallel to the axial direction are formed in sweep regions between large scale Taylor vortices. The most expected diameter and maximum azimuthal velocity of coherent fine scale eddies are 8 times of Kolmogorov scale and 1.7 times of Kolmogorov velocity respectively for high Reynolds Taylor-Couette flow. This scaling law coincides with that in other turbulent flow fields.

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Tanahashi, Mamoru, T. Hirayama, M. Shimura, T. Ueda und Toshio Miyauchi. „Direct measurement of coherent fine scale structure in turbulence by high spatial resolution dual-plane SPIV“. In Turbulence, Heat and Mass Transfer 6. Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium On Turbulence, Heat and Mass Transfer. Connecticut: Begellhouse, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/ichmt.2009.turbulheatmasstransf.2440.

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Rasera, Luiz Gustavo, Gregoire Mariethoz und Stuart N. Lane. „SPATIAL MODELING AND UNCERTAINTY ASSESSMENT OF FINE SCALE SURFACE PROCESSES BASED ON COARSE TERRAIN ELEVATION DATA“. In GSA Annual Meeting in Seattle, Washington, USA - 2017. Geological Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2017am-307284.

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Sato, M., M. Tanahashi und T. Miyauchi. „Particle Dispersion in Fine Scales of Homogeneous Isotropic Turbulence“. In ASME/JSME 2007 5th Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2007-37234.

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Direct numerical simulations of homogeneous isotropic turbulence laden with particles have been conducted to clarify the relationship between particle dispersion and coherent fine scale eddies in turbulence. Dispersion of 106 particles are analyzed for several particle Stokes numbers. The spatial distributions of particles depend on their Stokes number, and the Stokes number that causes preferential concentration of particles is closely related to the time scale of coherent fine scale eddies in turbulence. On the plane perpendicular to the rotating axes of fine scale eddies, number density of particle with particular Stokes number is low at the center of the fine scale eddy, and high in the regions with high energy dissipation rate around the eddy. The maximum number density can be observed at about 1.5 to 2.0 times the eddy radius on the major axis of the fine scale eddy.

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D'Spain, G. L., J. Skinner, G. Edmonds, W. S. Hodgkiss, D. Ensberg und R. A. Harriss. „Fine-spatial-scale measurement of the mid-frequency (1 kHz-10 kHz) ocean noise field with a vertical billboard array“. In Oceans 2003. Celebrating the Past ... Teaming Toward the Future (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37492). IEEE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/oceans.2003.178319.

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Nemoto, Mitsutaka, Yoshitaka Masutani, Shouhei Hanaoka, Yukihiro Nomura, Soichiro Miki, Takeharu Yoshikawa, Naoto Hayashi und Kuni Ohtomo. „Coarse-to-fine localization of anatomical landmarks in CT images based on multi-scale local appearance and rotation-invariant spatial landmark distribution model“. In SPIE Medical Imaging, herausgegeben von Sebastien Ourselin und David R. Haynor. SPIE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2007134.

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Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Fine spatial scale"

Schmidt, Kirsten M., James P. Menakis, Colin C. Hardy, Wendall J. Hann und David L. Bunnell. Development of coarse-scale spatial data for wildland fire and fuel management. Ft. Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/rmrs-gtr-87.

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Miller, Aileen. Site Selection by Migratory Shorebirds in Oregon Estuaries Over Broad and Fine Spatial Scales. Portland State University Library, Januar 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.443.

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Miles, L. L., E. N. Edinger und D. J. W. Piper. Cold-water coral distributions and surficial geology at five spatial scales on the Flemish Cap, northwest Atlantic. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/305897.

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Reyes, Julian, Jeb Williamson und Emile Elias. Spatio-temporal analysis of Federal crop insurance cause of loss data: A roadmap for research and outreach effort. U.S. Department of Agriculture, April 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2018.7202608.ch.

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Federal crop insurance provides a financial safety net for farmers against insured perils such as drought, heat, and freeze. In 2016 over $100 billion dollars of crops were insured through the Federal crop insurance program administered by the U.S. Department of Agriculture Risk Management Agency. In this white paper, we analyze publicly-available Federal crop insurance data to understand how weather and climate-related perils, or causes of loss (COL), change over time and spatial areas. We find that over 75% of all weather/climate-related indemnities (i.e., crop losses) from 2001 to 2016 are due to three COL: drought, excess moisture, and hail. However, the extent to which these top COL and others impact indemnities is highly dependent on the time period, temporal scale, and spatial scale of analysis. Moreover, we identify what COL are region- or season-specific, and visualize COL trends over time. Finally, we offer a road map of research applications to quantify such trends in indemnities, as well as outreach and extension efforts that include an online data portal.

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Pelletier, Austin, Amanda Hohner, Idil Deniz Akin, Indranil Chowdhury, Richard Watts, Xianming Shi, Brendan Dutmer und James Mueller. Bench-scale Electrochemical Treatment of Co-contaminated Clayey Soil. Illinois Center for Transportation, Juni 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-018.

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Industrial soil contamination is frequently unearthed by transportation agencies during construction within the right-of-way. As a result, transportation agencies may experience construction delays. Soils co-contaminated with high-molecular-weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (HMW-PAHs) and metals are commonly encountered in Illinois and exhibit recalcitrance towards conventional treatment technologies. This issue is exacerbated in the fine-grained soils common to Illinois, where low-permeability and immense sorption capacity increase treatment complexity, cost, and duration. Contaminated sites are spatially and temporally restrictive and require rapid in situ treatments, whereas conventional soil remediation requires 1 to 3 years on average. Consequently, transportation agencies typically pursue excavation and off-site disposal for expediency. However, this solution is expensive, so a comparatively expeditious and affordable treatment alternative is needed to combat the increasing cost of hazardous waste disposal. The objective of this work was to develop an accelerated in situ treatment approach adaptable for use at any construction site to cost-effectively remove HMW-PAHs and metals from clayey soil. It was hypothesized that an in situ electrochemical treatment which augments electrokinetics with H2O2 could remediate both HMW-PAHs and metals in less than a month. Bench-scale reactors resemblant of field-scale in situ electrokinetic systems were designed and fabricated to assess the electrochemical treatment of clayey soils contaminated with HMW-PAHs and metals. Pyrene, chromium, and manganese were used as model contaminants, spiked into kaolinite as a model clay. Electrokinetics were imposed by a low-intensity electrical field distributed by graphite rods. Electrolytic H2O2 systems were leveraged to distribute electrical current and facilitate contaminant removal. Average contaminant removals of 100%, 42.3%, and 4.5% were achieved for pyrene, manganese, and chromium, respectively. Successful development of this bench-scale treatment approach will serve to guide transportation agencies in field-scale implementation. The results from this work signify that electrochemical systems that leverage eco-friendly oxidant addition can replace excavation and disposal as a means of addressing clayey soils co-contaminated with HMW-PAHs and metals.

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Rusk, Todd, Ryan Siegel, Linda Larsen, Tim Lindsey und Brian Deal. Technical and Financial Feasibility Study for Installation of Solar Panels at IDOT-owned Facilities. Illinois Center for Transportation, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-024.

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The Smart Energy Design Assistance Center assessed the administrative, technical, and economic aspects of feasibility related to the procurement and installation of photovoltaic solar systems on IDOT-owned buildings and lands. To address administrative feasibility, we explored three main ways in which IDOT could procure solar projects: power purchase agreement (PPA), direct purchase, and land lease development. Of the three methods, PPA and direct purchase are most applicable for IDOT. While solar development is not free of obstacles for IDOT, it is administratively feasible, and regulatory hurdles can be adequately met given suitable planning and implementation. To evaluate IDOT assets for solar feasibility, more than 1,000 IDOT sites were screened and narrowed using spatial analytic tools. A stakeholder feedback process was used to select five case study sites that allowed for a range of solar development types, from large utility-scale projects to small rooftop systems. To evaluate financial feasibility, discussions with developers and datapoints from the literature were used to create financial models. A large solar project request by IDOT can be expected to generate considerable attention from developers and potentially attractive PPA pricing that would generate immediate cash flow savings for IDOT. Procurement partnerships with other state agencies will create opportunities for even larger projects with better pricing. However, in the near term, it may be difficult for IDOT to identify small rooftop or other small on-site solar projects that are financially feasible. This project identified two especially promising solar sites so that IDOT can evaluate other solar site development opportunities in the future. This project also developed a web-based decision-support tool so IDOT can identify potential sites and develop preliminary indications of feasibility. We recommend that IDOT begin the process of developing at least one of their large sites to support solar electric power generation.

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Brophy, Kenny, und Alison Sheridan, Hrsg. Neolithic Scotland: ScARF Panel Report. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, Juni 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.06.2012.196.

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The main recommendations of the Panel report can be summarised as follows: The Overall Picture: more needs to be understood about the process of acculturation of indigenous communities; about the Atlantic, Breton strand of Neolithisation; about the ‘how and why’ of the spread of Grooved Ware use and its associated practices and traditions; and about reactions to Continental Beaker novelties which appeared from the 25th century. The Detailed Picture: Our understanding of developments in different parts of Scotland is very uneven, with Shetland and the north-west mainland being in particular need of targeted research. Also, here and elsewhere in Scotland, the chronology of developments needs to be clarified, especially as regards developments in the Hebrides. Lifeways and Lifestyles: Research needs to be directed towards filling the substantial gaps in our understanding of: i) subsistence strategies; ii) landscape use (including issues of population size and distribution); iii) environmental change and its consequences – and in particular issues of sea level rise, peat formation and woodland regeneration; and iv) the nature and organisation of the places where people lived; and to track changes over time in all of these. Material Culture and Use of Resources: In addition to fine-tuning our characterisation of material culture and resource use (and its changes over the course of the Neolithic), we need to apply a wider range of analytical approaches in order to discover more about manufacture and use.Some basic questions still need to be addressed (e.g. the chronology of felsite use in Shetland; what kind of pottery was in use, c 3000–2500, in areas where Grooved Ware was not used, etc.) and are outlined in the relevant section of the document. Our knowledge of organic artefacts is very limited, so research in waterlogged contexts is desirable. Identity, Society, Belief Systems: Basic questions about the organisation of society need to be addressed: are we dealing with communities that started out as egalitarian, but (in some regions) became socially differentiated? Can we identify acculturated indigenous people? How much mobility, and what kind of mobility, was there at different times during the Neolithic? And our chronology of certain monument types and key sites (including the Ring of Brodgar, despite its recent excavation) requires to be clarified, especially since we now know that certain types of monument (including Clava cairns) were not built during the Neolithic. The way in which certain types of site (e.g. large palisaded enclosures) were used remains to be clarified. Research and methodological issues: There is still much ignorance of the results of past and current research, so more effective means of dissemination are required. Basic inventory information (e.g. the Scottish Human Remains Database) needs to be compiled, and Canmore and museum database information needs to be updated and expanded – and, where not already available online, placed online, preferably with a Scottish Neolithic e-hub that directs the enquirer to all the available sources of information. The Historic Scotland on-line radiocarbon date inventory needs to be resurrected and kept up to date. Under-used resources, including the rich aerial photography archive in the NMRS, need to have their potential fully exploited. Multi-disciplinary, collaborative research (and the application of GIS modelling to spatial data in order to process the results) is vital if we are to escape from the current ‘silo’ approach and address key research questions from a range of perspectives; and awareness of relevant research outside Scotland is essential if we are to avoid reinventing the wheel. Our perspective needs to encompass multi-scale approaches, so that ScARF Neolithic Panel Report iv developments within Scotland can be understood at a local, regional and wider level. Most importantly, the right questions need to be framed, and the right research strategies need to be developed, in order to extract the maximum amount of information about the Scottish Neolithic.

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Downes, Jane, Hrsg. Chalcolithic and Bronze Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.184.

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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings:  Building the Scottish Bronze Age: Narratives should be developed to account for the regional and chronological trends and diversity within Scotland at this time. A chronology Bronze Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report iv based upon Scottish as well as external evidence, combining absolute dating (and the statistical modelling thereof) with re-examined typologies based on a variety of sources – material cultural, funerary, settlement, and environmental evidence – is required to construct a robust and up to date framework for advancing research.  Bronze Age people: How society was structured and demographic questions need to be imaginatively addressed including the degree of mobility (both short and long-distance communication), hierarchy, and the nature of the ‘family’ and the ‘individual’. A range of data and methodologies need to be employed in answering these questions, including harnessing experimental archaeology systematically to inform archaeologists of the practicalities of daily life, work and craft practices.  Environmental evidence and climate impact: The opportunity to study the effects of climatic and environmental change on past society is an important feature of this period, as both palaeoenvironmental and archaeological data can be of suitable chronological and spatial resolution to be compared. Palaeoenvironmental work should be more effectively integrated within Bronze Age research, and inter-disciplinary approaches promoted at all stages of research and project design. This should be a two-way process, with environmental science contributing to interpretation of prehistoric societies, and in turn, the value of archaeological data to broader palaeoenvironmental debates emphasised. Through effective collaboration questions such as the nature of settlement and land-use and how people coped with environmental and climate change can be addressed.  Artefacts in Context: The Scottish Chalcolithic and Bronze Age provide good evidence for resource exploitation and the use, manufacture and development of technology, with particularly rich evidence for manufacture. Research into these topics requires the application of innovative approaches in combination. This could include biographical approaches to artefacts or places, ethnographic perspectives, and scientific analysis of artefact composition. In order to achieve this there is a need for data collation, robust and sustainable databases and a review of the categories of data.  Wider Worlds: Research into the Scottish Bronze Age has a considerable amount to offer other European pasts, with a rich archaeological data set that includes intact settlement deposits, burials and metalwork of every stage of development that has been the subject of a long history of study. Research should operate over different scales of analysis, tracing connections and developments from the local and regional, to the international context. In this way, Scottish Bronze Age studies can contribute to broader questions relating both to the Bronze Age and to human society in general.

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