Thematische Bibliographien / Field effect emission

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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Field effect emission“

Autor: Grafiati

Veröffentlicht am 23. November 2024

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Field effect emission"

Sapkota, Anish, Amir Haghverdi, Claudia C. E. Avila und Samantha C. Ying. „Irrigation and Greenhouse Gas Emissions: A Review of Field-Based Studies“. Soil Systems 4, Nr. 2 (13.04.2020): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems4020020.

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Irrigation practices can greatly influence greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions because of their control on soil microbial activity and substrate supply. However, the effects of different irrigation management practices, such as flood irrigations versus reduced volume methods, including drip and sprinkler irrigation, on GHG emissions are still poorly understood. Therefore, this review was performed to investigate the effects of different irrigation management strategies on the emission of nitrous oxide (N2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4) by synthesizing existing research that either directly or indirectly examined the effects of at least two irrigation rates on GHG emissions within a single field-based study. Out of thirty-two articles selected for review, reduced irrigation was found to be effective in lowering the rate of CH4 emissions, while flood irrigation had the highest CH4 emission. The rate of CO2 emission increased mostly under low irrigation, and the effect of irrigation strategies on N2O emissions were inconsistent, though a majority of studies reported low N2O emissions in continuously flooded field treatments. The global warming potential (GWP) demonstrated that reduced or water-saving irrigation strategies have the potential to decrease the effect of GHG emissions. In general, GWP was higher for the field that was continuously flooded. The major finding from this review is that optimizing irrigation may help to reduce CH4 emissions and net GWP. However, more field research assessing the effect of varying rates of irrigation on the emission of GHGs from the agricultural field is warranted.

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Palma, John, und Samson Mil’shtein. „Field effect controlled lateral field emission triode“. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B, Nanotechnology and Microelectronics: Materials, Processing, Measurement, and Phenomena 29, Nr. 2 (März 2011): 02B111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.3554216.

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Dencső, Márton, Ágota Horel, Igor Bogunovic und Eszter Tóth. „Effects of Environmental Drivers and Agricultural Management on Soil CO2 and N2O Emissions“. Agronomy 11, Nr. 1 (29.12.2020): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11010054.

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Understanding the roles of natural drivers and anthropogenic activities in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of arable fields is crucial for adopting the most appropriate agricultural management. This study investigated the effect of two tillage treatments of mouldboard ploughing (MP) and no-tillage (NT), and the environmental factors (soil water content and temperature, carbon content and nitrogen forms) on soil carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. The research was conducted on chernozem soil under winter wheat cultivation. Besides field monitoring, several laboratory experiments took place to examine the effects of environmental drivers and fertilization management on soil GHG emissions. We observed no significant difference between the CO2 emission of MP and NT during a full year period. Nevertheless, significant differences were found in the sub-periods (more particularly during vegetation and then after harvest). NT had higher CO2 emission than MP in all laboratory experiments (p < 0.001) and in the after harvest period of the field trial, measured on bare soil (p < 0.0001). NT had significantly higher N2O emission both under laboratory (p < 0.0001) and field conditions (p < 0.0081). Different fertilization showed no distinguishable effect on N2O emission in the laboratory. This study confirms that N2O emission of the arable field depended more on soil water content than soil temperature, and vice-versa for CO2 emission.

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Varela, J., V. Réville, A. S. Brun, P. Zarka und F. Pantellini. „Effect of the exoplanet magnetic field topology on its magnetospheric radio emission“. Astronomy & Astrophysics 616 (August 2018): A182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201732091.

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Context. The magnetized wind from stars that impact exoplanets should lead to radio emissions. According to the scaling laws derived in the solar system, the radio emission should depend on the stellar wind, interplanetary magnetic field, and topology of the exoplanet magnetosphere. Aims. The aim of this study is to calculate the dissipated power and subsequent radio emission from exoplanet magnetospheres with different topologies perturbed by the interplanetary magnetic field and stellar wind, to refine the predictions from scaling laws, and to prepare the interpretation of future radio detections. Methods. We use the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) code PLUTO in spherical coordinates to analyze the total radio emission level resulting from the dissipation of the kinetic and magnetic (Poynting flux) energies inside the exoplanet’s magnetospheres. We apply a formalism to infer the detailed contribution in the exoplanet radio emission on the exoplanet’s day side and magnetotail. The model is based on Mercury-like conditions, although the study results are extrapolated to exoplanets with stronger magnetic fields, providing the lower bound of the radio emission. Results. The predicted dissipated powers and resulting radio emissions depend critically on the exoplanet magnetosphere topology and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) orientation. The radio emission on the exoplanet’s night and day sides should thus contain information on the exoplanet magnetic field topology. In addition, if the topology of an exoplanet magnetosphere is known, the radio emission measurements can be used as a proxy of the instantaneous dynamic pressure of the stellar wind, IMF orientation, and intensity.

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Litovchenko, V., A. Evtukh, O. Yilmazoglu, K. Mutamba, H. L. Hartnagel und D. Pavlidis. „Gunn effect in field-emission phenomena“. Journal of Applied Physics 97, Nr. 4 (15.02.2005): 044911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1847724.

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Srisonphan, Siwapon, Weerawoot Kanokbannakorn und Nithiphat Teerakawanich. „Field emission graphene-oxide-silicon field effect based photodetector“. physica status solidi (RRL) - Rapid Research Letters 9, Nr. 11 (30.09.2015): 656–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssr.201510199.

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Zhuang, Gen Huang, Ling Yun Wang und Dao Heng Sun. „The Effect of Temperature on Field Emission Current“. Advanced Materials Research 60-61 (Januar 2009): 461–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.60-61.461.

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In this paper, we present our recent works on the measurement of field emission performance of silicon tip arrays and investigate the thermal instability of emission current by measuring the emission current as the function of time under three different cooling conditions—natural free radiation，contact conduction and air forced convection respectively. Draw the conclusions that field emission performance of the silicon-based emitters is quite sensitive to the temperature change and resistive heating produced as emission current flowing through the apex of silicon emitters induces the instability of emission current.

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Huang, Hongxun, Chunhui Zhou, Changshi Xiao, Liang Huang, Yuanqiao Wen, Jianxin Wang und Xin Peng. „Effect of Seasonal Flow Field on Inland Ship Emission Assessment: A Case Study of Ferry“. Sustainability 12, Nr. 18 (11.09.2020): 7484. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187484.

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The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the effect of the seasonal flow field on inland ship emissions and to improve calculation accuracy. Firstly, the flow field model is built through numerical simulation to correct the sailing speed of the ship from the Automatic Identification System (AIS) information in real-time. Then, an optimal emission estimation model for inland ships considering flow field factors is proposed. Finally, the effectiveness of the optimization model is demonstrated by a case study, and the influence of the seasonal flow field on emission calculation is analyzed. It indicates that the calculation results of the model considering the influence of the flow field are more accurate. Without considering the flow field, the results of emission calculations are often underestimated, especially in summer, which shows the importance of incorporating the flow field factors into the calculation of inland ship emissions.

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Lobanov, V. M., und E. P. Sheshin. „Effect of interference on field electron emission“. Technical Physics 56, Nr. 2 (Februar 2011): 282–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063784211020204.

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Paulini, J., T. Klein und G. Simon. „Thermo-field emission and the Nottingham effect“. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 26, Nr. 8 (14.08.1993): 1310–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/26/8/024.

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Dissertationen zum Thema "Field effect emission"

Sanborn, Graham Patrick. „A thin film triode type carbon nanotube field electron emission cathode“. Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/50302.

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The current technological age is embodied by a constant push for increased performance and efficiency of electronic devices. This push is particularly observable for technologies that comprise free electron sources, which are used in various technologies including electronic displays, x-ray sources, telecommunication equipment, and spacecraft propulsion. Performance of these systems can be increased by reducing weight and power consumption, but is often limited by a bulky electron source with a high energy demand. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) show favorable properties for field electron emission (FE) and performance as electron sources. This dissertation details the developments of a uniquely designed Spindt type CNT field emission array (CFEA), from initial concept to working prototype, to specifically prevent electrical shorting of the gate. The CFEA is patent pending in the United States. Process development enabled fabrication of a CFEA with a yield of up to 82%. Furthermore, a novel oxygen plasma etch process was developed to reverse shorting after CNT synthesis. CFEA testing demonstrates FE with a current density of up to 293 μA/cm² at the anode and 1.68 mA/cm² at the gate, with lifetimes in excess of 100 hours. A detailed analysis of eighty tested CFEAs revealed three distinct types of damage. Surprisingly, about half of the damaged chips are not electrically shorted, indicating that the CFEAs are very robust. Potential applications of this technology as cathodes for spacecraft electric propulsion were explored. Exposure to an operating electric propulsion thruster showed no significant effect or damage to the CFEAs, marking the first experimental study of CNT field emitters in an electric propulsion environment. A second effort in spacecraft propulsion is a collaboration with the Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT). CFEAs are the payload on an AFIT developed Cube Satellite, called ALICE, to test electron emission in the space environment. ALICE has passed flight tests and is awaiting launch scheduled for 5 December 2013.

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Ludwick, Jonathan. „Physics of High-Power Vacuum Electronic Systems Based on Carbon Nanotube Fiber Field Emitters“. University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1613745398331048.

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Kong, Xiangliang, Fan Guo, Joe Giacalone, Hui Li und Yao Chen. „The Acceleration of High-energy Protons at Coronal Shocks: The Effect of Large-scale Streamer-like Magnetic Field Structures“. IOP PUBLISHING LTD, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626416.

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Recent observations have shown that coronal shocks driven by coronal mass ejections can develop and accelerate particles within several solar radii in large solar energetic particle (SEP) events. Motivated by this, we present an SEP acceleration study that including the process in which a fast shock propagates through a streamer-like magnetic field with both closed and open field lines in the low corona region. The acceleration of protons is modeled by numerically solving the Parker transport equation with spatial diffusion both along and across the magnetic field. We show that particles can be sufficiently accelerated to up to several hundred MeV within 2-3 solar radii. When the shock propagates through a streamer-like magnetic field, particles are more efficiently accelerated compared to the case with a simple radial magnetic field, mainly due to perpendicular shock geometry and the natural trapping effect of closed magnetic fields. Our results suggest that the coronal magnetic field configuration is an important factor for producing large SEP events. We further show that the coronal magnetic field configuration strongly influences the distribution of energetic particles, leading to different locations of source regions along the shock front where most high-energy particles are concentrated. This work may have strong implications for SEP observations. The upcoming Parker Solar Probe will provide in situ observations for the distribution of energetic particles in the coronal shock region, and test the results of the study.

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West, Ryan Matthew. „Work function fluctuation analysis of polyaniline films“. Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/47586.

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In this thesis, the development of a novel experimental technique for measuring the spontaneous, stochastic work function (WF) fluctuations of conducting polymer films, at equilibrium, is discussed. Polyaniline (PANI) is studied as a representative conducting polymer. This technique utilizes an insulated-gate field-effect transistor (IGFET) with PANI gate electrode (PANI-IGFET). The fluctuations of PANI WF are transduced into measurable drain current fluctuations of the device. By analyzing these fluctuations while systematically controlling the temperature, electric field and doping level, a model of WF fluctuations in PANI films is developed. These experiments suggest that the source of WF fluctuations is the hopping of charge carriers, or trapping/detrapping of charge carriers, around the Fermi level of the PANI film at the PANI-insulator interface. This process is thermally activated with a field and doping dependent activation energy in the range of 0.1 to 0.5 eV. Thus, this new technique provides detailed information about charge-carrier dynamics in the space-charge region of the PANI film, at equilibrium. These results have important implications for organic electronics and furthering fundamental understanding of the relationship between doping, disorder and work function in organic semiconductors.

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Seidemann, Johanna. „Iontronic - Étude de dispositifs à effet de champ à base des techniques de grilles liquides ioniques“. Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAY075/document.

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Les liquides ioniques sont des fluides non volatiles, constitués de cations et d’anions, qui sont conducteurs ioniques, isolants électriques, et peuvent avoir des valeurs de capacité très élevées. Ces liquides sont susceptibles non seulement de remplacer les électrolytes solides, mais également de susciter des champs électriques intenses (>SI{10}{megavoltpercentimetre}) au sein d’une couche dite double couche électronique (electric double layer, EDL) à l’interface entre le liquide et le matériau sur lequel il est déposé. Ceci conduit à une injection de porteurs de charge bidimensionelle avec des densités allant jusqu’à SI{e15}{cm^{-2}}. Cet effet de grille remarquablement fort des liquides ioniques est réduit en présence d’états piégés ou de rugosité de surface. À cet égard, les dicalchogénures de métaux de transitions, de très haute qualité cristalline et atomiquement plats, font partis des semi-conducteurs les plus adaptés aux grilles EDL.Nous avons réalisé des transistors à effet de champ avec des EDL dans des nanotubes multi-couches de ce{WS2}, avec des performances comparables à celles de transistors EDL sur des ilots de ce{WS2}, et meilleurs que celles de nanotubes de ce{WS2} avec une grille solide. Nous avons obtenu des mobilités allant jusqu’à SI{80}{squarecentimetrepervoltpersecond} pour les porteurs n et p, et des ratios de courants on/off dépassant SI{e5}{} pour les deux polarités. Pour de forts dopages de type électron, les nanotubes ont un comportement métallique jusqu’à basse température. De plus, utiliser un liquide ionique permet de créer une jonction pn de manière purement électrostatique. En prenant avantage de cet effet, nous avons pu réaliser un transistor photoluminescent dans un nanotube.La possibilité de susciter de très forte densités de charges donne la possibilité d’induire des phases métalliques ou supraconductrices dans des semi-conducteurs a large bande interdite. Nous avons ainsi réussi à induire par effet de champ une phase métallique à basse température dans du diamant intrinsèque avec une surface hydrogénée, et nous avons obtenu un effet de champ dans du silicone dopé métallique.Les liquides ioniques offrent beaucoup d’avantages, mais leur champ d’application est encore réduit par l’instabilité du liquide, ainsi que par les courants de fuites et l’absorption graduelle d’impuretés. Un moyen efficace de s’affranchir de ces inconvénients, tout en conservant la possibilité d’induire de très fortes densités de porteurs, est de gélifier le liquide ionique. Nous sommes allés plus loin en fabriquant des gels ioniques modifiés, avec les cations fixés sur une seule surface et les anions libres de se mouvoir au sein du gel. Cet outil nous a permis de réaliser une nouvelle diode à effet de champ de faible puissance
Ionic liquids are non-volatile fluids, consisting of cations and anions, which are ionically conducting and electrically insulating and hold very high capacitances. These liquids have the ability to not only to replace solid electrolytes, but to create strongly increased electric fields (>SI{10}{megavoltpercentimetre}) in the so-called electric double layer (EDL) on the electrolyte/channel interface, which leads to the injection of 2D charge carrier densities up to SI{e15}{cm^{-2}}. The remarkably strong gate effect of ionic liquids is diminished in the presence of trapped states and roughness-induced surface disorder, which points out that atomically flat transition metal dichalcogenides of high crystal quality are some of the semiconductors best suited for EDL-gating.We realised EDL-gated field-effect transistors based on multi-walled ce{WS2} nanotubes with operation performance comparable to that of EDL-gated thin flakes of the same material and superior to the performance of backgated ce{WS2} nanotubes. For instance, we observed mobilities of up to SI{80}{squarecentimetrepervoltpersecond} for both p- and n-type charge carriers and our current on-off ratios exceed SI{e5}{} for both polarities. At high electron doping levels, the nanotubes show metallic behaviour down to low temperatures. The use of an electrolyte as topgate dielectric allows the purely electrostatic formation of a pn-junction. We successfully fabricated a light-emitting transistor taking advantage of this utility.The ability of high charge carrier doping suggests an electrostatically induced metal phase or superconductivity in large gap semiconductors. We successfully induced low temperature metallic conduction into intrinsic diamond with hydrogen-terminated surface via field-effect and we observed a gate effect in doped, metallic silicon.Ionic liquids have many advantageous properties, but their applicability suffers from the instability of their liquid body, gate leakage currents and absorption of impurities. An effective way to bypass most of these problems, while keeping the ability of ultra-high charge carrier injection, is the gelation of ionic liquids. We even went one step further and fabricated modified ion gel films with the cations fixed on one surface and the anions able to move freely through the film. With this tool, we realised a novel low-power field-effect diode

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Quentin-Schindler, Marie. „Étude et développement d’une source d’ions équipée d’une cathode à nanotubes de carbone, émettrice d’électrons par effet de champ avec une application aux tubes neutroniques scellés“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024SORUS251.

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Ce projet de thèse, réalisé au sein de Sodern, filiale d'ArianeGroup, est dédié à l'optimisation des tubes neutroniques scellés. Ces dispositifs sont utilisés pour l'analyse de matière, principalement dans les secteurs pétrolier et minier. Ils fonctionnent sur le principe des accélérateurs de particules miniaturisés, générant des neutrons par la réaction de fusion deutérium-tritium.La problématique centrale de cette recherche concerne la source d'ions des tubes, actuellement reposant sur une cathode froide de type Penning. Cette configuration présente des limitations significatives, telles qu'un contrôle inefficace de la décharge de plasma génératrice d'ions. Ce problème est exacerbé par une gigue (jitter), qui caractérise une variabilité dans les largeurs de pulsations, et un retard à l'amorçage, qui est le décalage entre la mise sous tension de la source et l'extraction des ions. Pour surmonter ces obstacles, tout en limitant la puissance d'entrée, l'introduction d'une cathode émettrice d'électrons à base de nanotubes de carbone (CNT), fonctionnant par effet de champs, est envisagée du fait de la possibilité d'émettre sous relativement faible potentiel et sans ajout de température.La méthodologie adoptée inclut initialement des tests d'émission électronique des CNT pour évaluer leur intégration pratique dans la source d'ions. Les paramètres opérationnels examinés comprennent l'environnement gazeux dans la gamme de pression des tubes, la durée de vie, la répétabilité, la température, et la pulsation neutronique. Ces investigations ont conduit au développement d'une source d'ions modifiée, intégrant une source de CNT. Cette intégration a d'abord été réalisée par simulation sur le logiciel CST Studio, puis par la conception d'une maquette. Cette dernière a été réalisée et testée en laboratoire pour caractériser ses propriétés temporelles. Les résultats montrent une réduction significative du retard à l'amorçage et du jitter, bien que cela ait entraîné une dégradation irréversible des CNT après quelques heures de fonctionnement. Ces essais montrent qu'un courant d'émission minimum permettrait ces améliorations.En conclusion, cette thèse démontre le potentiel de l'ajout d'une source d'électrons pour améliorer les performances temporelles d'une source d'ions de type Penning
This doctoral project, carried out at Sodern, a subsidiary of ArianeGroup, is dedicated to the optimization of sealed neutron tubes. These devices are used for material analysis, primarily in the oil and mining sectors. They operate on the principle of miniaturized particle accelerators, generating neutrons through the deuterium-tritium fusion reaction.The central issue of this research concerns the ion source of the tubes, currently based on a cold Penning-type cathode. This configuration presents significant limitations, such as inefficient control of the ion-generating plasma discharge. This problem is exacerbated by jitter, which characterizes variability in pulse widths, and a delay in ignition, which is the lag between powering the source and ion extraction. To overcome these obstacles while limiting power input, the introduction of a carbon nanotube (CNT) based electron-emitting cathode, operating by field effect, is considered due to its ability to emit under relatively low potential and without added temperature.The methodology adopted initially includes tests of CNT electron emission to evaluate their practical integration into the ion source. The operational parameters examined include the gaseous environment in the pressure range of the tubes, lifespan, repeatability, temperature, and neutron pulsation. These investigations led to the development of a modified ion source, integrating a CNT source. This integration was first carried out by simulation on CST Studio software, then by the design of a prototype. This prototype was realized and tested in the laboratory to characterize its temporal properties. The results show a significant reduction in ignition delay and jitter, although this has led to irreversible degradation of the CNTs after a few hours of operation. These tests show that a minimum emission current would allow these improvements.In conclusion, this thesis demonstrates the potential of adding an electron source to improve the temporal performance of a Penning-type ion source

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Cooper, Joseph Andrew. „Investigation of the effects of process variables on the properties of europium-doped yttrium oxide phosphor“. Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/20503.

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Andrew), Patterson Alex A. (Alex. „An analytical framework for field electron emission, incorporating quantum- confinement effects“. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/84863.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2013.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 141-151).
As field electron emitters shrink to nanoscale dimensions, the effects of quantum confinement of the electron supply and electric field enhancement at the emitter tip play a significant role in determining the emitted current density (ECD). Consequently, the Fowler-Nordheim (FN) equation, which primarily applies to field emission from the planar surface of a bulk metal may not be valid for nanoscale emitters. While much effort has focused on studying emitter tip electrostatics, not much attention has been paid to the consequences of a quantum-confined electron supply. This work builds an analytical framework from which ECD equations for quantum-confined emitters of various geometries and materials can be generated and the effects of quantum confinement of the electron supply on the ECD can be studied. ECD equations were derived for metal emitters from the elementary model and for silicon emitters via a more physically-complete version of the elementary model. In the absence of field enhancement at the emitter tip, decreasing an emitter's dimensions is found to decrease the total ECD. When the effects of field enhancement are incorporated, the ECD increases with decreasing transverse emitter dimensions until a critical dimension dpeak, below which the reduced electron supply becomes the limiting factor for emission and the ECD decreases. Based on the forms of the ECD equations, alternate analytical methods to Fowler-Nordheim plots are introduced for parameter extraction from experimental field emission data. Analysis shows that the FN equation and standard analysis procedures over-predict the ECD from quantum-confined emitters. As a result, the ECD equations and methods introduced in this thesis are intended to replace the Fowler-Nordheim equation and related analysis procedures when treating field emission from suitably small field electron emitters.
by Alex A. Patterson.
S.M.

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Mo, Yudong. „The Effects of Residual Gases on the Field Emission Properties of ZnO, GaN, ZnS Nanostructures, and the Effects of Light on the Resistivity of Graphene“. Thesis, University of North Texas, 2014. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500202/.

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In this dissertation, I present that at a vacuum of 3×10-7 Torr, residual O2, CO2, H2 and Ar exposure do not significantly degrade the field emission (FE) properties of ZnO nanorods, but N2 exposure significantly does. I propose that this could be due to the dissociation of N2 into atomic nitrogen species and the reaction of such species with ZnO. I also present the effects of O2, CO2, H2O, N2, H2, and Ar residual gas exposure on the FE properties of GaN and ZnS nanostructure. A brief review of growth of ZnO, GaN and ZnS is provided. In addition, Cs deposition on GaN nanostructures at ultra-high vacuum results in 30% decrease in turn-on voltage and 60% in work function. The improvement in FE properties could be due to a Cs-induced space-charge layer at the surface that reduces the barrier for FE and lowers the work function. I describe a new phenomenon, in which the resistivity of CVD-grown graphene increases to a higher saturated value under light exposure, and depends on the wavelength of the light—the shorter the wavelength, the higher the resistivity. First-principle calculations and theoretical analysis based on density functional theory show that (1) a water molecule close to a graphene defect is easier to be split than that of the case of no defect existing and (2) there are a series of meta-stable partially disassociated states for an interfacial water molecule. Calculated disassociation energies are from 2.5 eV to 4.6 eV, that match the experimental observation range of light wavelength from visible to 254 nm UV light under which the resistivity of CVD-grown graphene is increased.

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Narayanan, Sruthi Annapoorny. „Effect of magnetic seed fields on Lyman Alpha emission from distant quasars“. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/105651.

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Thesis: S.B., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Physics, 2016.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 55-57).
There are indications that weak magnetic fields originating in the early Universe and magnified via magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) processes could cause perturbations in the thermodynamic state of the gas in the intergalactic medium which affect the Lyman-Alpha spectrum we observe. In this work we investigate to what extent the properties of the Lyman-Alpha forest are sensitive to the presence of large-scale cosmological magnetic fields as a function of the seed field intensity. To do so, we develop and use a series of numerical tools to analyze previously constructed cosmological MHD simulations that include state-of-the-art implementation of the relevant physical processes for galaxy formation. The inclusion of these physical mechanisms is crucial to get the level of magnetic field amplification currently observed in the structures that populate our Universe. With these tools we isolate characteristics, namely the Flux Probability Density Function and the Power Spectrum, of the Lyman-Alpha forest that are sensitive to the magnetic field strength. We then examine the implications of our results.
by Sruthi Annapoorny Narayanan.
S.B.

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Bücher zum Thema "Field effect emission"

Prasad, Ghatak Kamakhya, Hrsg. Fowler-Nordheim field emission: Effects in semiconductor nanostructures. Heidelberg: Springer, 2012.

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M, Katkov V., und Strakhovenko V. M, Hrsg. Electromagnetic processes at high energies in oriented single crystals. Singapore: World Scientific, 1998.

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Association, Western Interprovincial Scientific Studies. Western Canada study of animal health effects associated with exposure to emissions from oil and natural gas field facilities: A study of 33,000 cattle in British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan. Calgary, Alta: WISSA, 2006.

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Butusov, Oleg, und Valeriy Meshalkin. Fundamentals of informatization and mathematical modeling of ecological systems. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1477254.

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The concept, theory and methodological foundations of environmental informatics are presented, the tools of informatization and digitalization of technogenic-natural systems are described, methods of mathematical modeling of ecological systems in industrial areas are considered. The main methods of ecological informatics, methods of mathematical and computer modeling of quasi-static (long-term) dynamics of ecosystems are described. The theoretical foundations of calculating the "dose-effect" dependencies as the main indicators of the degree of impact of industrial emissions on the environment are presented. The results of practical application of mathematical models of woodlands are given. The purpose and architecture of decision support systems for environmental protection are described; the principles of automated organizational and managerial decision-making to reduce emissions of hazardous chemicals into the atmosphere are outlined. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. For undergraduates and undergraduates studying in the field of training "Energy- and resource-saving processes of chemical technology, petrochemistry and biotechnology". It can also be used by undergraduates and undergraduates studying in the areas of training "Technosphere safety" and "Organization and management of high-tech industries".

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(Editor), Nebojsa Nakicenovic, und Robert Swart (Editor), Hrsg. Special Report on Emissions Scenarios: A Special Report of Working Group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, 2000.

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Solymar, L., D. Walsh und R. R. A. Syms. The free electron theory of metals. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829942.003.0006.

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The model of the free electron theory is presented. The density of states and the Fermi–Dirac distribution function are discussed, leading to the specific heat of the electrons, the work function, thermionic emission, and the Schottky effects. As examples of applications the field-emission microscope and quartz–halogen lamps are discussed. The photoelectric effect and the energy diagrams relating to the junction between two metals are also discussed.

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Ghatak, Kamakhya Prasad, und Sitangshu Bhattacharya. Fowler-Nordheim Field Emission: Effects in Semiconductor Nanostructures. Springer Berlin / Heidelberg, 2014.

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Ghatak, Kamakhya Prasad, und Sitangshu Bhattacharya. Fowler-Nordheim Field Emission: Effects in Semiconductor Nanostructures. Springer, 2012.

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Kolmičkovs, Antons. Electric Field Effect on Combustion of Pelletized Biomass in Swirling Flow. RTU Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7250/9789934227257.

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The Doctoral Thesis examines the control of the swirling flame flow dynamics with an external static electric field by firing the gaseous products of thermal decomposition of pelletized straw, woody biomass, and peat with the aim of more efficient heat production with a decrease of flue gas emissions. The intensification of the downward vortex in the electric field has been determined, ensuring improved mixing of the air vortex with the biomass thermal decomposition gas flow, intensifying the convective mass transfer towards the heating surfaces, and increasing the amount of heat energy produced in the biomass thermochemical conversion process.

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Nitrous oxide emissions from rice fields: Past, present, and future. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers, 2009.

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Buchteile zum Thema "Field effect emission"

Villarreal, Carlos, R. Jáuregui und S. Hacyan. „Dynamical Casimir Effect, “Particle Emission” and Squeezing“. In Quantum Field Theory Under the Influence of External Conditions, 46. Wiesbaden: Vieweg+Teubner Verlag, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-663-01204-7_6.

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Smolyaninov, I. I. „Light Emission from the Tunnel Junction of the STM. Possible Role of Tcherenkov Effect“. In Near Field Optics, 353–60. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1978-8_40.

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Kazarnovskii, M. V., und A. V. Stepanov. „Recoilless γ Emission and Absorption by Atoms in a Magnetic Field“. In Proceedings of the Dubna Conference on the Mössbauer Effect 1963, 148–51. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-4848-9_14.

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Lee, Shih-Fong, Li-Ying Lee und Yung-Ping Chang. „The Effect of Hydrogen Plasma Treatment on the Field-Emission Characteristics of Silicon Nanowires“. In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 931–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04573-3_114.

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Zaman, M., K. Kleineidam, L. Bakken, J. Berendt, C. Bracken, K. Butterbach-Bahl, Z. Cai et al. „Automated Laboratory and Field Techniques to Determine Greenhouse Gas Emissions“. In Measuring Emission of Agricultural Greenhouse Gases and Developing Mitigation Options using Nuclear and Related Techniques, 109–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55396-8_3.

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AbstractMethods and techniques are described for automated measurements of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in both the laboratory and the field. Robotic systems are currently available to measure the entire range of gases evolved from soils including dinitrogen (N2). These systems usually work on an exchange of the atmospheric N2with helium (He) so that N2 fluxes can be determined. Laboratory systems are often used in microbiology to determine kinetic response reactions via the dynamics of all gaseous N species such as nitric oxide (NO), nitrous oxide (N2O), and N2. Latest He incubation techniques also take plants into account, in order to study the effect of plant–soil interactions on GHGsand N2 production. The advantage of automated in-field techniques is that GHG emission rates can be determined at a high temporal resolution. This allows, for instance, to determine diurnal response reactions (e.g. with temperature) and GHG dynamics over longer time periods.

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Luo, J. „On the Stress Field and Dislocation Emission of an Elliptically Blunted Mode III Crack with Surface Stress Effect“. In IUTAM Symposium on Surface Effects in the Mechanics of Nanomaterials and Heterostructures, 277–87. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4911-5_24.

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Farías, Oscar, Pablo Cornejo, Cristian Cuevas, Jorge Jimenez, Meylí Valín, Claudio Garcés und Sebastian Gallardo. „Design of a Condensing Heat Recovery Integrated with an Electrostatic Precipitator for Wood Heaters“. In Proceedings of the XV Ibero-American Congress of Mechanical Engineering, 210–16. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-38563-6_31.

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AbstractHigh emission of particulate matter from fixed sources of biomass combustion and the effects on the health of the population have driven the implementation of public policies for changes in the energy matrix and a technological replacement in Chile. Due to this, a prototype of a condensing heat exchanger is developed integrating an electrostatic precipitator, seeking to enhance the positive effects of these technologies in a single and relatively compact device. The state of the art shows similar developments, but with high levels of complexity in construction, as a shell and tube heat exchanger, that is why the concept of a thermocannon was optimized to condense the moisture present in the fumes and reduce smoke emissions through an electric field. It is expected that using an electrostatic precipitator, up to 90% of particulate matter emissions will be captured, and thermal efficiencies of an additional 9%. For its design, heat transfer and thermodynamics models were used and validated through CFD modeling.

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Kumar, Abhishek. „Creating Effects with Particle Emissions and Fields/Solvers“. In Beginning VFX with Autodesk Maya, 109–38. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-7857-4_6.

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Zaman, M., K. Kleineidam, L. Bakken, J. Berendt, C. Bracken, K. Butterbach-Bahl, Z. Cai et al. „Climate-Smart Agriculture Practices for Mitigating Greenhouse Gas Emissions“. In Measuring Emission of Agricultural Greenhouse Gases and Developing Mitigation Options using Nuclear and Related Techniques, 303–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55396-8_8.

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AbstractAgricultural lands make up approximately 37% of the global land surface, and agriculture is a significant source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, including carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). Those GHGs are responsible for the majority of the anthropogenic global warming effect. Agricultural GHG emissions are associated with agricultural soil management (e.g. tillage), use of both synthetic and organic fertilisers, livestock management, burning of fossil fuel for agricultural operations, and burning of agricultural residues and land use change. When natural ecosystems such as grasslands are converted to agricultural production, 20–40% of the soil organic carbon (SOC) is lost over time, following cultivation. We thus need to develop management practices that can maintain or even increase SOCstorage in and reduce GHG emissions from agricultural ecosystems. We need to design systematic approaches and agricultural strategies that can ensure sustainable food production under predicted climate change scenarios, approaches that are being called climate‐smart agriculture (CSA). Climate‐smart agricultural management practices, including conservation tillage, use of cover crops and biochar application to agricultural fields, and strategic application of synthetic and organic fertilisers have been considered a way to reduce GHG emission from agriculture. Agricultural management practices can be improved to decreasing disturbance to the soil by decreasing the frequency and extent of cultivation as a way to minimise soil C loss and/or to increase soil C storage. Fertiliser nitrogen (N) use efficiency can be improved to reduce fertilizer N application and N loss. Management measures can also be taken to minimise agricultural biomass burning. This chapter reviews the current literature on CSA practices that are available to reduce GHG emissions and increase soil Csequestration and develops a guideline on best management practices to reduce GHG emissions, increase C sequestration, and enhance crop productivity in agricultural production systems.

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de Colle, Fabio, und Alejandro Raga. „Effects of the Magnetic Field on the Hα Emission from Jets“. In Virtual Astrophysical Jets, 173–80. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2664-5_19.

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Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Field effect emission"

Palma, John F., und Samson Mil'shtein. „P1.4: Field effect controlled lateral field emission triode“. In 2010 23rd International Vacuum Nanoelectronics Conference (IVNC). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ivnc.2010.5563165.

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Yafyasov, A., V. Bogevolnov, A. Tomilov, B. Pavlov und G. Fursey. „Modelling of the electron field emission effect on the low dimensional carbon structures“. In 2014 2nd International Conference on Emission Electronics (ICEE). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/emission.2014.6893980.

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Knap, Wojciech, Nina V. Dyakonova, Franz Schuster, Dominique Coquillat, Frédéric Teppe, Benoît Giffard, Dmytro B. But et al. „Terahertz detection and emission by field-effect transistors“. In SPIE Optical Engineering + Applications, herausgegeben von Manijeh Razeghi, Alexei N. Baranov, Henry O. Everitt, John M. Zavada und Tariq Manzur. SPIE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.930091.

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Baturin, Stanislav S., Alexander V. Zinovev und Sergey V. Baryshev. „Vacuum effect on field emission I-V curves“. In 2017 30th International Vacuum Nanoelectronics Conference (IVNC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ivnc.2017.8051638.

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Yang, Y., S. Huo, L. H. Jiang, Y. C. Kong, T. S. Chen, H. Zhou, A. S. Teh, T. Butler, D. Hasko und G. A. Amaratunga. „Carbon Nanotube Lateral Field Emission Device with Embedded Field Effect Transistor“. In 2018 IEEE International Conference on Electron Devices and Solid State Circuits (EDSSC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/edssc.2018.8487091.

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Tao, Zhi, Xiang Liu, Wei Lei, Chi Li und Yuxuan Chen. „Photo enhanced QDs/ZnO-nanowire field-emission type field-effect transistor“. In 2015 IEEE International Vacuum Electronics Conference (IVEC). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ivec.2015.7223927.

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Liu, Thomas, David Morris, Jonathan Zagel, Codrin Cionca, Yang Li, Christopher Smith, Alexandru Riposan, Alec Gallimore, Brian Gilchrist und Roy Clarke. „Use of Boron Nitride for Field Effect Electron Emission“. In 43rd AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2007-5253.

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Dyakonova, N., A. El Fatimy, J. Lusakowskil, W. Knap, M. I. Dyakonov, M. A. Poisson, E. Morvan et al. „Room-temperature terahertz emission from nanometer field-effect transistors“. In >2006 Joint 31st International Conference on Infrared Millimeter Waves and 14th International Conference on Teraherz Electronics. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icimw.2006.368353.

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Schulz, S. „Field effect enhanced carrier-emission from InAs Quantum Dots“. In PHYSICS OF SEMICONDUCTORS: 27th International Conference on the Physics of Semiconductors - ICPS-27. AIP, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1994352.

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Liao, M. X., S. Z. Deng, N. S. Xu und Jun Chen. „Photosensitivity effect of field emission from zinc oxide nanowires“. In 2012 25th International Vacuum Nanoelectronics Conference (IVNC). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ivnc.2012.6316961.

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Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Field effect emission"

Porter, Troy A., Igor V. Moskalenko und Andrew W. Strong. Inverse Compton Emission from Galactic Supernova Remnants: Effect of the Interstellar Radiation Field. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/888781.

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Tong, W., T. E. Felter, L. S. Pan, S. Anders, A. Cossy-Facre und T. Stammler. The effect of aspect ratio and sp2/sp3 content on the field emission properties of carbon films grown by Ns-spiked PECVD. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/666026.

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Cowell, Luke, Alejandro Camou, Ivan Carlos und Dustin Truesdel. PR-283-16201-R01 Improved SoLoNOx Taurus 60 Control Algorithm to Reduce Part Load Emissions. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), August 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011510.

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An executed NDA is required from Solar Turbines to have access to this document. The low load control algorithm for Solar Turbines' TaurusTM 60-7802S has been modified and evaluated in a field trial at the TransCanada Glenville Compressor Station. The algorithm has been modified to extend the bleed valve operating range to lower engine speed settings covering operation from idle to 50% load. The pilot fuel schedule has also been optimized with the new bleed valve schedule. The new control algorithm is designated as Enhanced Emissions Control (EEC). A Mobile Emissions Lab (MEL) and three site visits for extensive low load emissions mapping were used to document the emissions performance of the test unit over 20 months from August 2016 to April 2018. Data was collected over a wide ambient temperature range from -7 to 97 �F. The field trial has demonstrated that the new algorithm results in a significant reduction in NOx, CO and UHC emissions from idle to 50% load. Reductions in CO and UHC emission of 35 to 99% were demonstrated from idle to 50% load. NOx emissions reductions were slightly less ranging from 50 to 20% from idle to 50% load, respectively. The emissions performance above 50% load were unchanged when comparing the EEC to the production algorithm. Continuous emission measurements indicate that emissions of NOx and CO above 50% load were very consistent with average levels of 10 and 2 ppm, respectively. No clear emission variation trends were evident with ambient temperature or engine speed (load). By extending the load range with temperature control, by modulating the bleed valve, the engine heat rate was increased slightly from idle to 50% load. No measurable impact on heat rate was detected from 50 to 100% load. An improved BAM 2.0 with Active Control was included in the field trial. The BAM 2.0 demonstrated reliable performance and hardware durability over the test period. The Active Control also performed as designed to modulate the pilot fuel flow to maintain combustion stability as required, typically at cold ambient conditions with no measurable effect on emissions.

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Busby, Ryan, Morgan Conrady, Kyoo Jo und Donald Cropek. Characterising earth scent. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), Februar 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/48262.

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Rationale. Earth scent is the odour emitted from soils. This scent, primarily comprising the alcohols geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol (MIB), has not been fully characterised, but offers high potential for use as an environmental interrogation tool. Methodology. We utilised our field- based, solid-phase microextraction fibre method to test the hypothesis that soil activity and soil property variation can be detected in situ by comparing biogenic volatile emissions. Results. We eliminated sources of error utilising field-based sampling with these fibres, concluding that room temperature storage for up to 7 days is acceptable with minimal loss. Variation in individual fibre affinity for both compounds was higher than expected but no measured concentrations were observed to constitute outliers. Disturbance of minor soil volumes led to significantly higher emission of both compounds over background levels. Soil texture and soil cover had a significant effect on the emission of both compounds. Simulated rainfall, producing the characteristic odour known as petrichor, initiates elevated emission of geosmin. Background (undisturbed soil) concentrations of MIB were occasionally detectable during some sampling events, but geosmin concentrations in the air were always below detection limits without soil disturbance. Virtually all background and disturbed soil samples contained much higher concentrations of MIB compared to geosmin, but geosmin variation between replicates and experimental units was much lower. Discussion. Soil disturbance and soil property variation can be remotely detected using emission of volatile compounds. Correlating emission from the soil with respect to disturbance events and environmental properties could yield a powerful new tool for acquiring soil information.

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Ottinger, P. F., G. Cooperstein, J. W. Schumer und S. B. Swanekamp. Self-Magnetic Field Effects on Electron Emission as the Critical Current is Approached. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1185204.

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Ottinger, P. F., G. Cooperstein, J. W. Schumer und S. B. Swanekamp. Self-Magnetic Field Effects on Electron Emission as the Critical Current is Approached. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada390441.

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Klausmeier. L51483 Evaluation of EPA Method 20 Ambient Correction Procedure. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), Mai 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010652.

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Addresses the effects of the current EPA Method 20 correction factors on predicted NOx levels vs. actual observed NOx emissions based upon data from some 800 engine field test data sets. The report demonstrates that correction procedure to the 85 degrees F / 75 grains of water per pound of dry air standard introduces considerable over-prediction and presents a case for the elimination of the procedure or at a minimum a modification to permit regional correction factors. The data sets are displayed in Appendix of some 200 p.

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Fowler. L51754 Field Application of Electronic Gas Admission with Cylinder Pressure Feedback for LB Engines. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), Juni 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010363.

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�The purpose of this project was to evaluate the performance of electronic fuel gas admission valves and effects of continuous automatic cylinder balancing of large bore natural gas engines under actual field conditions. These goals have already been met under laboratory conditions at the Colorado State University Engines and Energy Conversion Laboratory in Fort Collins. The specific project objectives were to:1. Extend the feasibility of electronic fuel gas admission valves where gas valve timing and duration are varied to optimize fuel control and charge mixing from the laboratory environment to actual field applications. 2. Extend the feasibility of closed loop control using in-cylinder pressure sensors to achieve continuous, automatic power cylinder balancing from the laboratory environment to actual field applications. 3. Repeat the benefits of automatic continuous cylinder balancing shown in the laboratory testing under actual field conditions (i.e. fuel savings, improved cylinder misfire rates, improved emissions levels). In order to accomplish these objectives, the Woodward Governor Company AutoBalance TM 5000 control system was installed and tested at four host sites. Although the specific test plan differed slightly for the four host sites, the focus of the test program was consistent. The primary objective was to evaluate the effects of engine balance and the performance of the control system by testing a matrix of varying engine loads and speeds. Load and speed are the two primary control parameters affecting engine balance. Other tests were conducted to determine the effects of the electronic gas admission valve (EGAV) configuration (i.e. start of admission, end of admission, and duration).

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Almutairi, Hossa, und Axel Pierru. Assessing Climate Mitigation Benefits of Public Support to CCS-EOR: An Economic Analysis. King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center, Juni 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30573/ks--2023-dp12.

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By storing carbon dioxide CO2 captured from the atmosphere or point sources into oil fields, carbon capture and storage with enhanced oil recovery (CCS-EOR) increases the fields’ output by raising reservoir pressures. Since CO2-EOR has been experimented with for decades and the revenues from the additional oil production improve projects’ economics, CCS-EOR is the most readily deployable CCS technology. However, public support for CCS-EOR projects is sometimes contested on the grounds that the resulting increase in oil production undermines their environmental benefits. Addressing this concern requires determining the effects of implementing CCS-EOR on global CO2 emissions. This note presents a simple approach based on a marginal reasoning consistent with economic decision-making. It produces analytical formulas that account for the effects on the global oil market of incentivizing CCS-EOR. In addition, we quantify the volume of oil that can be decarbonized by storing a tonne of captured CO2 through EOR from different perspectives. We produce numerical results based on a first-cut calibration. Results suggest that, from an economic perspective, CCS-EOR is a technology that mitigates global emissions. However, after accounting for the need to decarbonize the EOR oil, the reduction in emissions is significantly less than the stored quantity of CO2. If fully allocated to oil production, the environmental benefits of capturing a tonne of CO2 and storing it through conventional EOR can allow the oil producer to decarbonize 3.4 barrels on a well-to-wheel basis and 14.4 barrels when offsetting its oil-upstream emissions only. Fiscal incentives granted by governments to support CCS-EOR as a climate-change mitigation technology should be sized accordingly. We compare our findings to the size of the subsidy in the revised Section 45Q of the 2022 United States Inflation Reduction Act.

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Khalil, M. A. K., und R. A. Rasmussen. Methane emissions from rice fields: The effects of climatic and agricultural factors. Final report, March 1, 1994--April 30, 1997. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), Oktober 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/534483.

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