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Mazid, Mohd, Rajib Chowdhury und Fiza Khan. „Evaluation of Chickpea Cultiv ation Approaches in Terms of Environmental Resilience and Future Protein Security“. Current Agriculture Research Journal 2, Nr. 2 (19.11.2014): 102–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/carj.2.2.07.
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The commercial growth in chickpea production for exportation purposes is not keeping pace with increasing demand for protein and protein derived products. In this concern, a pot experiment was conducted under field conditions during winter 2013-2014 at Botany department, AMU, Aligarh, India. Treatment consists of (1) FW (2) FP (3) FS (4) FPS (5) SGA (6) SGA+FP (7) SGA+FS (8) SGA+FPS (9) FGA (10) FGAP (11) FGAS (12) FGAPS (13) SGA+FGA (14) SGA+FGAP9 (15) SGA+FGAS (16) SGA+FGAPS. Before sowing, the seeds of chickpea are soaked for 8 h in 10-6M GA3. After 60 and 70 days of sowing, the plants were sprayed with 10-6MGA3 along with 2 kg P and /or S/ha in equal splits. Performance of the crop was assessed especially in terms of nodule number per plant, nitrate reductase activity (NR), nitrogenase (N-ase) two most significant N-fixing enzymes, leghaemoglobin content (Lb), pod weight per plant, seed yield per plant, and seed protein content. Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) content in leaves were influenced almost non-significantly due to applied P and S level. Treatment (16) SGA+FGAPS proved best, it enhanced NR by 22.37% and 22.46%; Lb by 206.113 and 215.38% respectively at 90 and 100 DAS. Seed yield per plant and seed protein content enhanced by 86 and 21% by the same treatment at harvest without compromising the N-fixing activity.
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Shi, Xingsong, und Wenjing Wan. „A Cross-Cultural Genre Analysis of Firm-Generated Advertisements on Twitter and Sina Weibo“. Journal of Business and Technical Communication 36, Nr. 1 (01.10.2021): 71–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10506519211044186.
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To investigate the generic features of firm-generated advertisements (FGAs) in cross-cultural contexts, this study analyzed 327 FGAs by Dell Technologies and the Lenovo Group on Twitter and Sina Weibo. Integrating affordances and multimodality into genre analysis, the study showed that the FGAs were characterized by (a) flexible move structure, (b) persuasive language, (c) visual illustration, and (d) hyperlinks, hashtagging (#), and mentioning (@) functions. The FGAs on Sina Weibo, compared with those on Twitter, tended to use more language play, emojis, and contextual product pictures and show more emphasis on the niche of products, incentives, and celebrity endorsement.
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Borja, Norilie Jann A., Mary Rhovian B. Bacani, Jiven F. Coloma und Alyanna Mariko Esconde. „Fermented Golden Apple Snail (Pomacea canaliculata L.) as Nutrient Solu-tion on the Growth of Batavia Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) under Kratky Hy-droponic Method“. International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research 4, Nr. 8 (23.08.2023): 3034–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.11594/ijmaber.04.08.36.
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Golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata L.) is considered as a notorious pest in the rice fields along with different agricultural countries including the Philippines. This study was conducted to develop a fermented golden apple snail (FGAS) nutrient solution and investigate its effects on the growth of green loose-leaf Batavia lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) under a Kratky hydroponic method. Green-loose leaf in grand rapid variety were used as the test plant to assess the effectiveness of the five treatments in the study: T1-SNAP solution, T2-FGAS, T3-double strength FGAS, T4-molasses, and T5-water. Due to its better suitability for trials carried out inside a screenhouse system, complete randomized design was used in the study. Moreover, the pH, electric conductivity (EC) and temperature of the treatments were measured as well as relative humidity and temperature within the screenhouse as indicators of its physicochemical characteristics. The developed FGAS has a 1:1:1 ratio composed of the meat of the P. canaliculata, food-grade molasses, and water. The result indicated that the lettuces which grew on T2-FGAS are comparable with the lettuces on the positive control. T1-SNAP solution in terms of plant height, number of leaves, length and width of the biggest leaf, fresh weight, and root length. However, lettuces on T2-FGAS displayed better leaf coloration, dry weight, and width of the biggest lettuce leaf than T1-SNAP. Additionally, L. sativa plants cultivated in T3-double strength FGAS produced results that were comparable to those obtained with negative treatments T4-molasses and T5-water. The study further revealed that the developed FGAS can probably be used as hydroponic nutrient solution by plant growers. The researchers recommend microbiological water analysis and lettuce contents analysis for further study.
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Dibben, Claire R. M., Golam M. Khandaker, Benjamin R. Underwood, Christopher O'Loughlin, Catherine Keep, Louisa Mann und Peter B. Jones. „First-generation antipsychotics: not gone but forgotten“. BJPsych Bulletin 40, Nr. 2 (April 2016): 93–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.bp.115.050708.
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Aims and methodTo identify training needs of the next generation of psychiatrists and barriers in prescribing first-generation antipsychotics (FGAs). We have surveyed psychiatry trainees in East Anglia with regard to their training experience, knowledge and attitudes to the use of oral FGAs as regular medication.ResultsTwo-thirds of trainees were aware that first- and second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) have similar efficacy, and a similar proportion perceived the older drugs to have more or ‘stronger’ side-effects. Lack of training experience was noted as the second leading concern for prescribing FGAs. A quarter of trainees received no training exposure to the older drugs and two-thirds had never initiated these drugs themselves. Although nearly 90% of trainees felt confident about initiating an oral SGA as a regular medication, only about 40% felt confident with FGAs (P<0.001).Clinical implicationsThe survey highlights worrying gaps in training. FGAs can be used effectively, minimising side-effects, by careful dose titration, avoiding antipsychotic polypharmacy, high-dose, and high-potency drugs, thus ensuring they are not lost to future generations of psychiatrists.
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Zhang, Jian-Ping, Juan A. Gallego, Delbert G. Robinson, Anil K. Malhotra, John M. Kane und Christoph U. Correll. „Efficacy and safety of individual second-generation vs. first-generation antipsychotics in first-episode psychosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis“. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 16, Nr. 6 (01.07.2013): 1205–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1461145712001277.
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Abstract Because early treatment choice is critical in first-episode schizophrenia-spectrum disorders (FES), this meta-analysis compared efficacy and tolerability of individual second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) with first-generation antipsychotics (FGAs) in FES. We conducted systematic literature search (until 12 December 2010) and meta-analysis of acute, randomized trials with ⩾1 FGA vs. SGA comparison; patients in their first episode of psychosis and diagnosed with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders; available data for psychopathology change, treatment response, treatment discontinuation, adverse effects, or cognition. Across 13 trials (n = 2509), olanzapine (seven trials) and amisulpride (one trial) outperformed FGAs (haloperidol: 9/13 trials) in 9/13 and 8/13 efficacy outcomes, respectively, risperidone (eight trials) in 4/13, quetiapine (one trial) in 3/13 and clozapine (two trials) and ziprasidone (one trial) in 1/13, each. Compared to FGAs, extrapyramidal symptom (EPS)-related outcomes were less frequent with olanzapine, risperidone and clozapine, but weight gain was greater with clozapine, olanzapine and risperidone. Pooled SGAs were similar to FGAs regarding total psychopathology change, depression, treatment response and metabolic changes. SGAs significantly outperformed FGAs regarding lower treatment discontinuation, irrespective of cause, negative symptoms, global cognition and less EPS and akathisia, while SGAs increased weight more (p < 0.05–0.01). Results were not affected by FGA dose or publication bias, but industry-sponsored studies favoured SGAs more than federally funded studies. To summarize, in FES, olanzapine, amisulpride and, less so, risperidone and quetiapine showed superior efficacy, greater treatment persistence and less EPS than FGAs. However, weight increase with olanzapine, risperidone and clozapine and metabolic changes with olanzapine were greater. Additional FES studies including broader-based SGAs and FGAs are needed.
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Brownson, Simcha, Francesco Belfiore, Roberto Maiolino, Lihwai Lin und Stefano Carniani. „What drives galaxy quenching? Resolving molecular gas and star formation in the green valley“. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters 498, Nr. 1 (24.07.2020): L66—L71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnrasl/slaa128.
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ABSTRACT We study quenching in seven green valley galaxies on kpc scales by resolving their molecular gas content using 12CO(1–0) observations obtained with NOrthern Extended Millimeter Array and Atacama Large Millimeter Array, and their star formation rate using spatially resolved optical spectroscopy from the Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory survey. We perform radial stacking of both data sets to increase the sensitivity to molecular gas and star formation, thereby avoiding biases against strongly quenched regions. We find that both spatially resolved gas fraction (fgas) and star formation efficiency ($\rm {SFE}$) are responsible for quenching green valley galaxies at all radii: both quantities are suppressed with respect to typical star-forming regions. fgas and $\rm {SFE}$ have roughly equal influence in quenching the outer disc. We are, however, unable to identify the dominant mechanism in the strongly quenched central regions. We find that fgas is reduced by $\rm \sim\! 1~dex$ in the central regions, but the star formation rate is too low to be measured, leading to upper limits for the $\rm {SFE}$. Moving from the outer disc to central regions, the reduction in fgas is driven by an increasing $\rm \Sigma _{\star }$ profile rather than a decreasing $\rm \Sigma _{H_{2}}$ profile. The reduced fgas may therefore be caused by a decrease in the gas supply rather than molecular gas ejection mechanisms, such as winds driven by active galactic nuclei. We warn more generally that studies investigating fgas may be deceiving in inferring the cause of quenching, particularly in the central (bulge-dominated) regions of galaxies.
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Di Lorenzo, G., A. Mucci, A. Vignapiano, G. Giordano, F. Ferrentino, C. Niolu, M. Altamura, D. Marasco und S. Galderisi. „Effects of chronic antipsychotic treatment on neurophysiological correlates of the auditory oddball task in schizophrenia: A preliminary report from a multicentre study“. European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.2124.
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IntroductionThe effects of chronic antipsychotic administration on the human brain are debated. In particular, first-generation (FGAs) and second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) seem to have different impacts on brain function and structure in subjects with schizophrenia. Few studies have investigated the effect of chronic administration of FGAs and SGAs on indices of brain function, such as event-related potentials (ERP) or neuropsychological performance.ObjectivesWithin the Italian Network for Research on Psychoses study, subjects stabilized on FGAs or SGAs were compared on P300, an ERP component, thought to reflect attention, working memory and context integration and on neurocognitive indices.MethodsERPs were recorded in 110 chronic, stabilized patients with Schizophrenia (28 used FGAs) during a standard auditory oddball task. P300 latency and amplitude were assessed at Pz channel. MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) was used for cognitive assessment.ResultsCompared with the SGAs group, patients on FGAs showed significant increased P300 latency (P = 0.003; Cohen's d = 0.67) and significant decreased P300 amplitudes (P = 0.023; Cohen's d = 0.38). The two groups did not differ on psychopathology and MCCB scores. Multiple linear regressions revealed that “FGAs vs. SGAs” (β = 0.298, P = 0.002) and MCCB neurocognitive composite T-score (β = –0.273, P = 0.004) were independent predictors of P300 latency, whereas only age (β = –0.220, P = 0.027) was an independent predictor of P300 amplitude.ConclusionsFGAs seem to affect the functional brain activity more than SGAs, particularly slowing cortical processing. Our results suggest that discrepant findings concerning P300 latency in schizophrenia might be related to the type of antipsychotic treatment used. Longitudinal studies are needed to further address this issue.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Corbo, M., T. Acciavatti, S. Marini, E. Cinosi, L. Di Tizio, L. Di Caprio, D. Viceconte et al. „First-generation versus second-generation antipsychotic drugs for depression in schizophrenia“. European Psychiatry 33, S1 (März 2016): s245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.620.
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IntroductionA certain degree of depressive symptoms is common in schizophrenic patients. The assessment and treatment of depressive symptoms in schizophrenia is clinically challenging.ObjectivesWe conducted a cross-sectional study to investigate the depressive dimension of schizophrenic patients.AimsThe aim was to evaluate the effect of pharmacotherapy on depressive symptomatology.MethodsThirty-four outpatients (18-65 years old) with stable schizophrenia in monotherapy with FGAs or SGAs. We evaluated: depressive symptoms with Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia; positive and negative symptoms (with Positive and Negative Symptom Scale); neurocognition (with Matrics Cognitive Consensus Battery); social cognition (with Facial Emotional Identification Test); social functioning (with Personal and Social Performance Scale and with UCSD Performance-based Skills Assessment). Collected data underwent statistical analyses.ResultsA SGAs therapy was associated with: lower depressive symptoms (mean SGAs group = 4.0; mean FGAs group = 7.86, P < 0.05); lower mean positive symptoms (mean SGAs group = 12.65; mean FGAs group = 17.43, P < 0.05); lower negative symptoms (mean SGAs group = 21.35; mean FGAs group = 29.07, P < 0.05); lower scores on the PANSS-total (mean SGAs group = 71.05; mean FGAs group = 91.86, P < 0.01). After correction for multiple variables, the SGAs group still had significantly lower values towards the FGAs group (P < 0.05).ConclusionsOur study support the notion that switch from a FGA to a SGA could be a relatively simple first-step for the treatment of this condition. Atypical antipsychotics might exercise antidepressant effects with different potential mechanism including: remission of a FGA-induced depression and action on of 5-hydroxytryptamine, dopamine [other than postsynaptic D2], and α1-noradrenergic receptor sites.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Mantz, Adam B., R. Glenn Morris, Steven W. Allen, Rebecca E. A. Canning, Lucie Baumont, Bradford Benson, Lindsey E. Bleem et al. „Cosmological constraints from gas mass fractions of massive, relaxed galaxy clusters“. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 510, Nr. 1 (26.11.2021): 131–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab3390.
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ABSTRACT We present updated cosmological constraints from measurements of the gas mass fractions (fgas) of massive, dynamically relaxed galaxy clusters. Our new data set has greater leverage on models of dark energy, thanks to the addition of the Perseus cluster at low redshifts, two new clusters at redshifts z ≳ 1, and significantly longer observations of four clusters at 0.6 < z < 0.9. Our low-redshift (z < 0.16) fgas data, combined with the cosmic baryon fraction measured from the cosmic microwave background (CMB), imply a Hubble constant of h = 0.722 ± 0.067. Combining the full fgas data set with priors on the cosmic baryon density and the Hubble constant, we constrain the dark energy density to be ΩΛ = 0.865 ± 0.119 in non-flat Lambda cold dark matter (cosmological constant) models, and its equation of state to be $w=-1.13_{-0.20}^{+0.17}$ in flat, constant-w models, respectively 41 per cent and 29 per cent tighter than our previous work, and comparable to the best constraints available from other probes. Combining fgas, CMB, supernova, and baryon acoustic oscillation data, we also constrain models with global curvature and evolving dark energy. For the massive, relaxed clusters employed here, we find the scaling of fgas with mass to be consistent with a constant, with an intrinsic scatter that corresponds to just ∼3 per cent in distance.
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Mancera Piña, Pavel E., Lorenzo Posti, Gabriele Pezzulli, Filippo Fraternali, S. Michael Fall, Tom Oosterloo und Elizabeth A. K. Adams. „A tight angular-momentum plane for disc galaxies“. Astronomy & Astrophysics 651 (Juli 2021): L15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202141574.
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The relations between the specific angular momenta (j) and masses (M) of galaxies are often used as a benchmark in analytic models and hydrodynamical simulations as they are considered to be amongst the most fundamental scaling relations. Using accurate measurements of the stellar (j*), gas (jgas), and baryonic (jbar) specific angular momenta for a large sample of disc galaxies, we report the discovery of tight correlations between j, M, and the cold gas fraction of the interstellar medium (fgas). At fixed fgas, galaxies follow parallel power laws in 2D (j, M) spaces, with gas-rich galaxies having a larger j* and jbar (but a lower jgas) than gas-poor ones. The slopes of the relations have a value around 0.7. These new relations are amongst the tightest known scaling laws for galaxies. In particular, the baryonic relation (jbar − Mbar − fgas), arguably the most fundamental of the three, is followed not only by typical discs but also by galaxies with extreme properties, such as size and gas content, and by galaxies previously claimed to be outliers of the standard 2D j − M relations. The stellar relation (j* − M* − fgas) may be connected to the known j* − M*-bulge fraction relation; however, we argue that the jbar − Mbar − fgas relation can originate from the radial variation in the star formation efficiency in galaxies, although it is not explained by current disc instability models.
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Bahji, Anees, und Neeraj Bajaj. „Attitudes to antipsychotics: a multi-site survey of Canadian psychiatry residents“. Journal of Mental Health Training, Education and Practice 13, Nr. 6 (05.11.2018): 318–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmhtep-03-2018-0019.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify the training needs of the next generation of psychiatrists, and barriers in prescribing first-generation antipsychotics (FGAs), long-acting injectable (LAIs) antipsychotics and clozapine. Design/methodology/approach An electronic survey was sent to psychiatry residents (N= 75/288, 26 percent) at four Canadian residency programs in late December 2017. The survey was based on an instrument originally developed at the University of Cambridge and consisted of 31 questions in 10 content domains. Findings Nearly 80 percent of residents were aware that FGAs and second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) have similar efficacy. However, extra-pyramidal symptoms and lack of training experience were the leading concerns associated with the prescribing of FGAs. Although over 90 percent of residents felt confident about initiating an oral SGA as a regular medication, only 40 percent did so with FGAs. Confidence with initiating LAIs and clozapine was 60 and 61 percent, respectively. Practical implications The survey highlights the need for better training in the use of FGAs, clozapine and LAIs. These medications can be effectively used in providing patients with the most appropriate evidence-based treatment options to improve treatment outcomes, while ensuring that these resources are not lost to the future generations of psychiatrists. Originality/value The survey may be the first of its kind to assess antipsychotic prescribing attitudes in Canadian psychiatry residents in multiple sites.
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Cárdenas, Víctor H., Carla Bernal und Alexander Bonilla. „Cosmic slowing down of acceleration using fgas“. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 433, Nr. 4 (02.07.2013): 3534–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stt983.
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Dessauges-Zavadsky, Miroslava, Michel Zamojski, Daniel Schaerer, Françoise Combes, Eiichi Egami, Panos Sklias, Mark A. Swinbank, Johan Richard und Tim Rawle. „New emerging results on molecular gas, stars, and dust at z ~ 2, as revealed by low star formation rate and low stellar mass star-forming galaxies“. Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 11, S319 (August 2015): 88–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921315009874.
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AbstractRecent CO surveys of star-forming galaxies (SFGs) at z ~ 2 have revolutionized our picture of massive galaxies. It is time to expand these studies toward the more common z ~ 2 SFGs with SFR < 40 M⊙ yr−1 and M* < 2.5 × 1010 M⊙. We have derived molecular gas, stars, and dust in 8 such lensed SFGs. They extend the LIR–L'CO(1-0) distribution of massive z>1 SFGs and increase the spread of the SFG star formation efficiency (SFE). A single star formation relation is found when combining all existing CO-detected galaxies. Our low-M* SFGs also reveal a SFE decrease with M* as found locally. A rise of the molecular gas fraction (fgas) with redshift is observed up to z ~ 1.6, but it severely flattens toward higher redshifts. We provide the first insight into the fgas upturn at the low-M* end 109.4 < M*/M⊙ < 1010 reaching fgas ~ 0.7, it is followed by a fgas decrease toward higher M*. Finally, we find a non-universal dust-to-gas ratio among local and high-redshift SFGs and starbursts with near-solar metallicities.
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Dessauges-Zavadsky, Miroslava, Michel Zamojski, Daniel Schaerer, Françoise Combes, Eiichi Egami, A. Mark Swinbank, Johan Richard et al. „Molecular gas content in typical L* galaxies at z ∼ 1.5 − 3“. Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 10, S309 (Juli 2014): 285–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921314009880.
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AbstractTo extend the molecular gas measurements to typical L* star-forming galaxies (SFGs) at z ∼ 1.5 − 3, we have observed CO emission for five strongly-lensed galaxies selected from the Herschel Lensing Survey. The combined sample of our L* SFGs with CO-detected SFGs at z >1 from the literature shows a large spread in star formation efficiency (SFE). We find that this spread in SFE is due to variations of several physical parameters, primarily the specific star formation rate, but also stellar mass and redshift. An increase of the molecular gas fraction (fgas) is observed from z ∼ 0.2 to z ∼ 1.2, followed by a quasi non-evolution toward higher redshifts, as found in earlier studies. We provide the first measure of fgas of z >1 SFGs at the low-stellar mass end between 109.4 < M∗/M⊙ < 109.9, which shows a clear fgas upturn.
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Yan, Jun. „FGAs Not Necessarily Safer Than SGAs in Elderly“. Psychiatric News 43, Nr. 19 (03.10.2008): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/pn.43.19.0019.
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Herliana, Heri, Harmas Yazid Yusuf, Avi Laviana, Ganesha Wandawa und Basril Abbas. „In Vitro Hemostatic Activity of Novel Fish Gelatin–Alginate Sponge (FGAS) Prototype“. Polymers 16, Nr. 14 (18.07.2024): 2047. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16142047.
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A hemostatic sponge prototype was successfully synthesized from fish gelatin as an alternative to mammalian gelatin; it was mixed with alginate in certain combinations, double cross-linked with calcium ions, and gamma irradiated at a dose of 20 kGy to improve the characteristics and effectiveness of its function as a local hemostatic agent. There were improvements in the physicochemical and mechanical properties, porosity index, absorption capacity, biodegradation properties, biocompatibility, and hemocompatibility of the fish gelatin–alginate sponge (FGAS) prototypes compared with the pure fish gelatin sponge. Hemostatic activity tests showed that the means for clotting time, prothrombin time, and activated partial thromboplastin time were shorter in the FGAS prototype than in the negative control, and there was no significant difference compared with the commercial gelatin sponge. The hemostatic mechanism of the FGAS prototype combined a passive mechanism as a concentrator factor and an active mechanism through the release of calcium ions as a coagulation factor in the coagulation cascade process.
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Terevnikov, Viacheslav, Jan-Henry Stenberg, Jari Tiihonen, Evgeni Chukhin, Marina Joffe, Mark Burkin und Grigori Joffe. „Relationships between pharmacotherapy-induced metabolic changes and improved psychopathology in schizophrenia: data from a mirtazapine and first-generation antipsychotics combination trial“. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 16, Nr. 7 (01.08.2013): 1661–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s146114571200137x.
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Abstract Clinical efficacy and metabolic side-effects of antipsychotics seem to correlate with each other. In this study, interrelationship of similar metabolic effects of mirtazapine and its earlier reported desirable effects on psychopathology in first-generation antipsychotics (FGAs)-treated schizophrenia were explored. Symptomatic FGAs-treated patients with schizophrenia received a 6-wk double-blind treatment with add-on mirtazapine (n = 20) or placebo (n = 16), followed by a 6-wk open-label mirtazapine treatment. Mirtazapine (but not placebo) induced an increase in body weight and cholesterol levels. The latter was associated with a clinical improvement in all (sub)scales of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale [PANSS; an increase of cholesterol by 1 mmol/l predicted 7 points reduction on the PANSS total score (r = 0.85, p = 0.001)]. In schizophrenia, mirtazapine-induced weight gain and increase of total cholesterol are associated with the improved efficacy of mirtazapine-FGAs combination – a novel observation with possible clinical and theoretical implications.
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Bruyne, Pauline De, Koen Boussery, Thierry Christiaens, Els Mehuys und Myriam Van Winckel. „HOW SAFE IS ON-LABEL DRUG USE IN PAEDIATRICS? THE CASE OF FIRST GENERATION H1-ANTIHISTAMINES“. Archives of Disease in Childhood 101, Nr. 1 (14.12.2015): e1.58-e1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2015-310148.61.
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BackgroundFor obvious reasons, much attention has recently been paid to off-label prescriptions in paediatrics. However, on-label prescribing can cause health issues too: we discuss the case of first generation H1-antihistamines (FGAs). These have been in use for over 70 years, for a variety of indications such as relief of allergic conditions, cough and insomnia.Materials and methodsThe FGAs were listed using their International Nonproprietary Names (INN). For each formulation, the information of the Summary of Product Characteristics issued in five selected European countries (Belgium, France, Germany, the Netherlands and United Kingdom) was collected. This was plotted against the published evidence on efficacy and safety of each FGA.Results16 different FGAs are currently marketed in single-drug oral preparations in the evaluated countries. When investigating each drug separately, a huge variability in labelled indications, licensing age for paediatric use, and availability characteristics in the different countries is observed. Most of the indications are not supported by evidence from published clinical trials.ConclusionBoth health care professionals and consumers generally assume that all approved H1-antihistamines have been shown to be efficacious and safe, but many in this class – in particular those introduced before 1985 – have not been optimally studied. This might explain the inconsistencies in indications and licensing ages of the evaluated drugs in different countries. Moreover, many of the antihistamines are sold over the counter, which may contribute to overuse. Such overuse can be a serious problem, as sedation is a known side effect of all FGAs.
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Cote, David J., Timothy R. Smith, Courtney N. Sandler, Tina Gupta, Tejus A. Bale, Wenya Linda Bi, Ian F. Dunn et al. „Functional Gonadotroph Adenomas“. Neurosurgery 79, Nr. 6 (17.12.2015): 823–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/neu.0000000000001188.
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Abstract BACKGROUND: Functional gonadotroph adenomas (FGAs) are rare tumors of the pituitary gland that secrete biologically active gonadotropins. OBJECTIVE: To advance clinical understanding of FGAs. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of adult patients who underwent resection of a pituitary lesion between August 1997 and October 2014 and remain under care at our center. We identified patients who had pathologic and biochemical confirmation of FGAs, as defined by a lack of serum follicle-stimulating hormone/luteinizing hormone suppression in the setting of elevated gonadal steroids, associated clinical symptoms, or both. RESULTS: FGAs were documented in 7 patients (5 men, 2 women) over a 17-year period. Clinical findings at presentation included visual field deficits in 5 patients, headache in 3, sexual dysfunction in 3, and ovarian cysts in both women. Each patient underwent lesion resection (6 via the endonasal transsphenoidal approach and 1 via a craniotomy with transsphenoidal reoperation). Analysis of tumor samples revealed immunopositivity for follicle-stimulating hormone/luteinizing hormone in 5 patients and FSH only in 2 patients. Postoperative follow-up (median, 10 months; range, 4-213 months) indicated remission in 6 of 7 patients. CONCLUSION: An FGA can pose both a diagnostic and a therapeutic challenge. The tumor is often diagnosed as a nonfunctioning macroadenoma after presenting with nonspecific symptoms and is the cause of significant morbidity. An FGA should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients harboring pituitary adenomas with reproductive dysfunction. Transsphenoidal resection is the initial treatment of choice and can reduce endocrine dysfunction, resolve headaches, improve visual impairment, and provide tissue for detailed analysis.
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Atti, A. R., B. Ferrari Gozzi, G. Zuliani, V. Bernabei, P. Scudellari, D. Berardi, D. De Ronchi, I. Tarricone und M. Menchetti. „A systematic review of metabolic side effects related to the use of antipsychotic drugs in dementia“. International Psychogeriatrics 26, Nr. 1 (09.10.2013): 19–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610213001658.
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ABSTRACTBackground:In clinical practice, Second Generation Antipsychotics (SGAs) are often used as first-line treatment for the Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD) in older adults due to their fewer neurological adverse events and similar effectiveness compared with First Generation Antipsychotics (FGAs). SGAs, however, are associated with more severe metabolic side effects (weight gain, hyperglycemia, diabetes risk, and hyperlipidemia) than FGAs are. In general, older patients, especially those affected by dementia, are at increased risk for malnutrition, and tend to have lower basal metabolism and reduced liver and kidney function. However, little is known about the metabolic side effects of antipsychotic drugs in this population.Methods:A comprehensive review of the literature published between January 1996 and December 2012 investigating the metabolic side effects related to FGAs and SGAs use in old patients affected by dementia.Results:Antipsychotic drugs currently used to treat BPSD in subjects with mild to moderate dementia are associated with weight gain. Currently, there are insufficient data to support a causal relationship between the use of FGAs and SGAs and changes in glucose homeostasis or lipid metabolism in older persons affected by severe dementia (MMSE <14).Conclusion:A possible association between antipsychotic drugs use and weight gain might exist, in particular in subjects with mild to moderate dementia whereas no significant effects are demonstrated regarding glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism. The antipsychotic drugs potential for causing metabolic abnormalities in older patients requires further specifically designed studies. Clinicians must be aware of this possibility even if the shorter periods of treatment administered in late-life might not be as harmful as it is in younger individuals.
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Magdis, Georgios E., Raphael Gobat, Francesco Valentino, Emanuele Daddi, Anita Zanella, Vasily Kokorev, Sune Toft, Shuowen Jin und Katherine E. Whitaker. „The interstellar medium of quiescent galaxies and its evolution with time“. Astronomy & Astrophysics 647 (März 2021): A33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202039280.
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We characterise the basic far-IR properties and the gas mass fraction of massive (⟨log(M*/M⊙)⟩ ≈ 11.0) quiescent galaxies (QGs) and explore how these evolve from z = 2.0 to the present day. We use robust, multi-wavelength (mid- to far-IR and sub-millimetre to radio) stacking ensembles of homogeneously selected and mass complete samples of log(M*/M⊙)≳10.8 QGs. We find that the dust to stellar mass ratio (Mdust/M*) rises steeply as a function of redshift up to z ∼ 1.0 and then remains flat at least out to z = 2.0. Using Mdust as a proxy of gas mass (Mgas), we find a similar trend for the evolution of the gas mass fraction (fgas), with z > 1.0 QGs having fgas ≈ 7.0% (for solar metallicity). This fgas is three to ten times lower than that of normal star-forming galaxies (SFGs) at their corresponding redshift but ≳3 and ≳10 times larger compared to that of z = 0.5 and local QGs. Furthermore, the inferred gas depletion time scales are comparable to those of local SFGs and systematically longer than those of main sequence galaxies at their corresponding redshifts. Our analysis also reveals that the average dust temperature (Td) of massive QGs remains roughly constant (⟨Td⟩ = 21.0 ± 2.0 K) at least out to z ≈ 2.0 and is substantially colder (ΔTd ≈ 10 K) compared to that of SFGs. This motivated us to construct and release a redshift-invariant template IR SED, that we used to make predictions for ALMA observations and to explore systematic effects in the Mgas estimates of massive, high-z QGs. Finally, we discuss how a simple model that considers progenitor bias can effectively reproduce the observed evolution of Mdust/M* and fgas. Our results indicate universal initial interstellar medium conditions for quenched galaxies and a large degree of uniformity in their internal processes across cosmic time.
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Alberts, Stacey, Jéa Adams, Benjamin Gregg, Alexandra Pope, Christina C. Williams und Peter R. M. Eisenhardt. „Significant Molecular Gas Deficiencies in Star-forming Cluster Galaxies at z ∼ 1.4“. Astrophysical Journal 927, Nr. 2 (01.03.2022): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac48f6.
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Abstract We present the average gas properties derived from Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) Band 6 dust continuum imaging of 126 massive (log M ⋆/M ⊙ ≳ 10.5), star-forming cluster galaxies across 11 galaxy clusters at z = 1–1.75. Using stacking analysis on the ALMA images, combined with UV–far-infrared data, we quantify the average infrared spectral energy distributions (SEDs) and gas properties (molecular gas masses, M mol;gas depletion timescales, τ depl; and gas fractions, fgas) as functions of cluster-centric radius and properties including stellar mass and distance from the main sequence. We find a significant dearth in the ALMA fluxes relative to that expected in the field—with correspondingly low M mol and fgas, and short τ depl—with weak or no dependence on cluster-centric radius out to twice the virial radius. The Herschel+ALMA SEDs indicate warmer dust temperatures (∼36–38 K) than coeval field galaxies (∼30 K). We perform a thorough comparison of the cluster galaxy gas properties to field galaxies, finding deficits of 2–3×, 3–4×, and 2–4× in M mol, τ depl, and fgas compared to coeval field stacks, and larger deficits compared to field scaling relations built primarily on detections. The cluster gas properties derived here are comparable with stacking analyses of (proto-)clusters in the literature, and at odds with findings of field-like τ depl and enhanced fgas reported using CO and dust continuum detections. Our analysis suggests that environment has a considerable impact on gas properties out to large radii, in good agreement with cosmological simulations which project that gas depletion begins beyond the virial radius and largely completes by first passage of the cluster core.
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Cheng, F., und P. B. Jones. „Drug treatments for schizophrenia: pragmatism in trial design shows lack of progress in drug design“. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 22, Nr. 3 (07.02.2013): 223–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s204579601200073x.
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Aims.The introduction of second generation antipsychotic (SGA) medication over a decade ago led to changes in prescribing practices; these drugs have eclipsed their predecessors as treatments for schizophrenia. However, the metabolic side effects of these newer antipsychotics have been marked and there are increasing concerns as to whether these novel drugs really are superior to their predecessors in terms of the balance between risks and benefits. In this article, we review the literature regarding comparisons between first generation antipsychotic (FGA) and SGA in terms of clinical effectiveness.Methods.Large (n > 150) randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the effectiveness (efficacy and side effects) of FGA and SGA medications other than clozapine were reviewed, as were meta-analyses that included smaller studies.Results.The superiority in efficacy and reduced extrapyramidal side effects (EPSE) of SGAs is modest, especially when compared with low-dose FGAs. However, the high risk of weight gain and other metabolic disturbances associated with certain SGAs such as olanzapine is markedly higher than the risk with FGAs at the doses used in the trials.Conclusions.The efficacy profiles of various FGAs and SGAs are relatively similar, but their side effects vary between and within classes. Overall, large pragmatic trials of clinical effectiveness indicate that the care used in prescribing and managing drug treatments to ensure tolerability may be more important than the class of drug used.
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Mahmoud, Ahmed, Karen P. Hayhurst, Richard J. Drake und Shôn W. Lewis. „Second Generation Antipsychotics Improve Sexual Dysfunction in Schizophrenia: A Randomised Controlled Trial“. Schizophrenia Research and Treatment 2011 (2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/596898.
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The impact of antipsychotic drug treatment on sexual function was investigated during a randomised trial comparing first generation antipsychotics (FGAs) to (nonclozapine) second generation antipsychotics (SGAs). Sexual function and quality of life were (rater-blind) assessed in 42 patients with DSM-IV schizophrenia (aged 18–65) using the self-report version of the Derogatis Interview for Sexual Function (DISF-SR) and the Heinrichs Quality of Life Scale (QLS), prior to, and 12 weeks following, a change in medication from an FGA drug to either an FGA or SGA drug. SGAs significantly improved sexual function compared to FGAs. Change in sexual function was associated with change in quality of life. Where impaired sexual functioning is a distressing adverse effect of treatment with an FGA agent, consideration should be given to switching to an SGA.
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Ayyaj Shaikh, Afroj, und Jaydeep Pawar. „THE FIRST GENERATION AND SECOND-GENERATION ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS AND THEIR PHARMACOLOGY IN TREATMENT OF SCHIZOPHRENIA“. Suranaree Journal of Science and Technology 30, Nr. 6 (05.02.2024): 070068(1–9). http://dx.doi.org/10.55766/sujst-2023-06-e0828.
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Schizophrenia is a complex and severe psychiatric disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. Antipsychotic drugs have been widely used for the treatment of schizophrenia for over 60 years. The first-generation antipsychotic drugs (FGAs) were introduced in the 1950s and revolutionized the treatment of schizophrenia. However, their use is associated with a number of adverse effects, including Extrapyramidal Symptoms (EPS) and Tardive Dyskinesia (TD). Second-generation antipsychotic drugs (SGAs), also known as atypical antipsychotics, were developed in the 1990s and have become the preferred treatment for schizophrenia due to their lower incidence of EPS and TD. They also have a broader range of therapeutic effects, such as improving negative symptoms and cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia. This review article summarizes the pharmacology of both FGAs and SGAs, including their mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, and adverse effects. The efficacy and safety of these drugs in the treatment of schizophrenia are also discussed. In addition, this review examines the controversy surrounding the use of SGAs and their potential metabolic side effects, such as weight gain, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes. Despite the availability of SGAs, FGAs still have a role in the treatment of schizophrenia, particularly for patients who are unresponsive to SGAs or experience intolerable side effects. Furthermore, research continues to identify new pharmacological targets and treatment strategies for schizophrenia. Understanding the pharmacology and clinical use of antipsychotic drugs is essential for optimizing the treatment of schizophrenia and improving patient outcomes.
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ZHU, Li-li, Huan-chun ZHAN und Ya-zhi JING. „FGAs-Based Data Association Algorithm for Multi-sensor Multi-target Tracking“. Chinese Journal of Aeronautics 16, Nr. 3 (August 2003): 177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1000-9361(11)60180-5.
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Liu, Xuanting. „The treatment of schizophrenia“. Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 8 (17.08.2022): 250–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v8i.1140.
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Schizophrenia is a kind of disease worldwide nowadays, and about twenty million people were found that have schizophrenia. For now, the treatment for treating schizophrenia methods includes using the psychological method, medical treatment, and Medicaid enterprise certification toolkit (MECT). The psychological method in treating schizophrenia has special advantages when the patients are not diagnosed. Pet therapy is a new way to treat patients without medicines or use in an adjuvant way. This therapy will help people get love or get warmness or become better. Research has shown that first-generation anti-schizophrenia medicine (FGAs) and second-generation anti-schizophrenia medicines (SGAs) have different effects. For example, CPZ in FGAs can help patients think normally and reduce the possibility of nervousness, but CPZ also has certain side effects, such as causing patients to have skin pigmentation. SGAs are very effective in treating schizophrenia and can also reduce the risk of side effects. SGAs have been replaced by FGAs in large populations and are also the first choice for researchers to use. Clozapine is a classic SGA drug. Studies have shown that it is safe for patients taking clozapine long-term. However, additionally, clozapine has been shown to cause a number of blood problems, as well as cardiac arrhythmias, such as QT prolongation. For now, the psychological method should be the first choice for the patient who has not been diagnosed. Some new treatment methods are still in progress, like MECT and new medicines for more target acceptors. This paper review briefly the treatment of schizophrenia.
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Gentile, Salvatore, und Maria Luigia Fusco. „Neurodevelopmental outcomes in infants exposed in utero to antipsychotics: a systematic review of published data“. CNS Spectrums 22, Nr. 3 (21.11.2016): 273–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852916000699.
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The proportion of pregnancies exposed to either second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) or first-generation antipsychotics (FGAs) varies between 0.3%–2% of all pregnancies, but, until now, little is known about the potential neurobehavioral teratogenicity of antipsychotics. Assessing this safety facet is the aim of this article. PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched for eligible articles. PubMed (1954 to May 2016) was searched using several medical subject headings, variously combined. PubMed search results were also limited using the search filter for human studies published in English. Scopus and Google Scholar searches were filtered for article title (antipsychotics/neuroleptics, pregnancy). After excluding duplicates, 9,250 articles were identified and 29 met the following inclusion criteria: only articles that provided original/primary data on neurodevelopmental outcome in human offspring older than 4 months of age, independently of the study design, were selected for review. Indeed, some relevant neurodevelopmental milestones are achieved at this time. Length of study and neurodevelopmental assessment methodology did not influence the study selection. Unfortunately, published data on neurodevelopmental teratogenicity of SGAs mainly derive from case reports and small case-series studies. Even findings emerging from case-control and prospective/retrospective studies are of limited clinical relevance because of their small sample sizes. Limited data are also available on FGAs. Hence, we have to conclude that the long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes for children exposed in utero remain unclear. Low to very low quality evidence of retrieved data makes impossible to confirm or exclude potential long-lasting untoward effects on infant neurocognitive development associate with antenatal exposure to either SGAs or FGAs.
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Voloskov, Boris, Stanislav Evlashin, Sarkis Dagesyan, Sergey Abaimov, Iskander Akhatov und Ivan Sergeichev. „Very High Cycle Fatigue Behavior of Additively Manufactured 316L Stainless Steel“. Materials 13, Nr. 15 (24.07.2020): 3293. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13153293.
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The present paper is focused on an experimental study of the damage-to-failure mechanism of additively manufactured 316L stainless steel specimens subjected to very high cycle fatigue (VHCF) loading. Ultrasonic axial tension-compression tests were carried out on specimens for up to 109 cycles, and fracture surface analysis was performed. A fine granular area (FGA) surrounding internal defects was observed and formed a “fish-eye” fracture type. Nonmetallic inclusions and the lack of fusion within the fracture surfaces that were observed with SEM were assumed to be sources of damage initiation and growth of the FGAs. The characteristic diameter of the FGAs was ≈500 μm on the fracture surface and were induced by nonmetallic inclusions; this characteristic diameter was the same as that for the fracture surface induced by a lack of fusion. Fracture surfaces corresponding to the high cycle fatigue (HCF) regime were discussed as well to emphasize damage features related to the VHCF regime.
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Bauer, Gerald, Agnes Wildauer, Günter Povoden, Benjamin Menzi und Christophe Curty. „Crime Scene Novichok—Optical Detection of Fourth-Generation Agents (FGAs) Using Handheld Forensic Light Sources“. Forensic Sciences 3, Nr. 2 (30.03.2023): 231–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/forensicsci3020017.
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Novichok-like or fourth-generation agents (FGAs) are chemical warfare agents (CWAs) which have been gaining attention since their use in assassination attempts on Sergei Skripal and Alexei Navalny. Due to their physicochemical properties, these substances are difficult to detect by implemented technologies, resulting in massive response efforts if their occurrence is suspected in a civilian environment. In this work, an approach is presented that uses handheld forensic light sources to visually detect surfaces contaminated with Novichok. More than 100 different wavelength combinations were applied to seven substances chosen to represent the newly listed schedule 1 subgroups in the Annex on Chemicals of the Chemical Weapons Convention. One waveband was identified as promising, which allowed the optical detection of all tested substances. Several surfaces, which could be affected in case of a possible attack using novichok-like nerve agents, were also successfully evaluated. The proposed procedure could be implemented for CBRN responders and security agencies to significantly reduce response efforts, thereby diminishing the overall threat posed by this group of chemicals (FGAs). This procedure was also extended to carbamates and CWAs.
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Garakani, Amir, Rafael C. Freire, Frank D. Buono, Robyn P. Thom, Kaitlyn Larkin, Melissa C. Funaro, Mona Salehi und Mercedes M. Perez-Rodriguez. „An umbrella review on the use of antipsychotics in anxiety disorders: A registered report protocol“. PLOS ONE 17, Nr. 6 (16.06.2022): e0269772. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269772.
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Anxiety disorders, including panic disorder (PD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), social anxiety disorder (SAD), agoraphobia, and specific phobia, are among the most common psychiatric disorders. Although the traditional pharmacologic treatments for anxiety included barbiturates and then benzodiazepines, the introduction of tricyclic antidepressants, followed by the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), marked a tidal shift in the treatment of anxiety. Although not approved for treatment of anxiety disorders (with the exception of trifluoperazine) there is ongoing off-label, unapproved use of both first-generation “typical” antipsychotics (FGAs) and second-generation or “atypical” antipsychotics (SGAs) for anxiety. Although there have been systematic reviews and meta-analyses on the use of antipsychotics in anxiety disorders, most of these reviews focused on SGAs, primarily the use of quetiapine in GAD. Given that there is little known about the potential benefits and short-and long-term risks of using antipsychotics in anxiety, there is a need for an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of the use of both FGAs and SGAs in anxiety disorders. The specific aims of this study are as follows: (1) Evaluate the evidence of efficacy of FGAs and SGAs in anxiety disorders as an adjunctive treatment to SSRIs, serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) and other non-antipsychotic medications; (2) Compare monotherapy with antipsychotics to first-line treatments for anxiety disorders in terms of effectiveness, risks, and side effects; and (3) Evaluate the short- and long-term risks and side effects of prescribing antipsychotics in anxiety disorders. The review is registered on PROSPERO (CRD42021237436). Since data extraction has not begun, there is not preliminary data to share.
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King, Tseng-Ven, Takao Oi, Anthony Popowicz, Karl Heinzinger und Takanobu Ishida. „Vapor Pressure Isotope Effects in Liquidand Solid Ammonia“. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 44, Nr. 5 (01.05.1989): 359–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1989-0503.
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The H/D and 14N/15N vapor pressure isotope effects in liquid and solid ammonia have been measured at temperatures between 163 K and 243 K. The isotopic vapor pressure data have been fitted to T ln (P′P) = A/T- B for the liquid/liquid, liquid/solid and solid/solid ranges of temperature. The triple points are; 195.41 K (45.49 torr) for 14NH3, 198.96 K (48.35 torr) for 14ND3, and 195.58 K (48.83 torr) for 15NH3. The isotopic difference in the vapor pressures of NH3 and ND3 at temperatures between 195.41 K and 198.96 K is nearly independent of temperature within the present experimental uncertainty. The phase ratios of the reduced partition function ratios, fliq/fgas and fsol/fgas, deduced from these results are well represented by Tin (fc/fg) = A/T-B. Molecular forces in the liquid and solid ammonias are discussed using a simple cell and a 4-molecular unit cell model, respectively. The librational motions in the liquid are almost as highly hindered as they are in the solid, but the directionality of the external forces on nitrogen atoms in liquid ammonia is not as well defined as in the solid.
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Abi-Dargham, Anissa, und Marc Laruelle. „Mechanisms of action of second generation antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia: insights from brain imaging studies“. European Psychiatry 20, Nr. 1 (Januar 2005): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2004.11.003.
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AbstractMultiple lines of evidence including recent imaging studies suggest that schizophrenia is associated with an imbalance of the dopaminergic system, entailing hyperstimulation of striatal dopamine (DA) D2 receptors and understimulation of cortical DA D1 receptors. This DA endophenotype presumably emerges from the background of a more general synaptic dysconnectivity, involving alterations in N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and glutamatergic (GLU) functions. Equally important is the fact that this DA dysregulation might further impair NMDA transmission. The first generation antipsychotic (FGA) drugs are characterized by high affinity to and generally high occupancy of D2 receptors. The efficacy of FGAs is limited by a high incidence of extrapyramidal side-effects (EPS). Second generation antipsychotic (SGA) drugs display reduced EPS liability and modest but clinically significant enhanced therapeutic efficacy. Compared to FGAs, the improved therapeutic action of SGAs probably derives from a more moderate D2 receptor blockade. We will review the effects of SGAs on other neurotransmitter systems and conclude by highlighting the importance of therapeutic strategies aimed at directly increasing prefrontal DA, D1 receptor transmission or NMDA transmission to enhance the therapeutic effect of moderate D2 receptor antagonism.
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Chale-Matsau, Bettina, Louis P. Van Staden, Tanja Kemp und Tahir S. Pillay. „LBMON141 Macroorchidism In A Patient With A Functional Gonadotroph Macroadenoma“. Journal of the Endocrine Society 6, Supplement_1 (01.11.2022): A470. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvac150.977.
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Abstract Background Functioning gonadotroph adenomas (FGAs) are rare, since most pituitary adenomas of gonadotroph origin are clinically silent or non-functioning. FGAs produce hormones that are adequate to result in clinical syndromes. Clinical case We describe a 38-year-old male who presented with pressure effects from a sellar mass manifesting as persistent and progressive headache. He also complained of swelling of the feet, excessive sweating and coarsening of facial features as well as increased libido. The patient also reported symptoms consistent with obstructive sleep apnoea. His shoe size remained the same and had no features of acromegaly. His visual fields appeared intact on informal assessment. He appeared well virilised and had bilateral macroorchidism, with both testes markedly larger than the largest measurement on the orchidometer (25ml). He was found to have elevated follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) 26.7 to 38.4 IU/L [1.3 -19.3] and testosterone levels from 28.1 to 44.3 nmol/L [6.1 - 27.1] with luteinising hormone (LH) levels being either inappropriately non-suppressed or high, 5.7 - 12.3 IU/L [1.2 - 8.6]. He also had erythrocytosis [Hb 19.5 to 21.7 g/dL (14.3 -18.3) and macroorchidism, owing to high gonadotropin levels. The rest of his pituitary axis appeared intact, including TFT, cortisol levels, and IGF-1, were all within normal limits. Although histology of the pituitary adenoma could not be obtained as the patient declined surgery, clinical and biochemical findings were supportive of FGA diagnosis. Conclusions FGAs are rare, can have none or subtle clinical features, and often present late with mass effects. Functional gonadotroph adenoma should be suspected in a patient with a sellar mass, with high or non-suppressed gonadotropins in the presence of elevated gonadal steroids. Clinical features such as macroorchidism and polycythaemia may be easily missed or misinterpreted. Surgical removal should be the therapy of choice, and if successful can lead to reversal of the biochemical and clinical abnormalities. Presentation: Monday, June 13, 2022 12:30 p.m. - 2:30 p.m.
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Magaña, Juan, V. Motta, Víctor H. Cárdenas und G. Foëx. „Testing cosmic acceleration for w(z) parametrizations using fgas measurements in galaxy clusters“. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 469, Nr. 1 (29.03.2017): 47–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx750.
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Fusco-Femiano, Roberto. „SuperModel predictions in the outskirts of the galaxy cluster Zwicky 3146“. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 494, Nr. 1 (18.03.2020): 1250–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa759.
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ABSTRACT The relaxed galaxy cluster Zwicky 3146 is analysed via the SuperModel, a tool already tested on many clusters since 2009. In particular, this analysis is focused on the intracluster medium X-ray temperature data measured by XMM–Newton up to r500. A previous analysis was based on the temperature profile derived from the Sunyaev-Zeld′ovich effect pressure data. The gas mass fraction fgas is obtained from the resulting SuperModel temperature profile extrapolated up to the virial radius R, which turns out in agreement with the steep temperature profiles observed by Suzaku, and from the gas density profile observed by XMM–Newton. The comparison between fgas with the universal value indicates a non-thermal pressure component, pnth, in the cluster outskirts. The SuperModel analysis shows a ratio α(R) (${\simeq}50{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$) of pnth to the total pressure greater than the values found by simulations, highlighting the possible presence of accreting substructures and inhomogeneities in the gas density profile. Once that this profile is corrected for clumpiness, the level of pnth is considerably reduced. However, a significant turbulence ($\alpha (R)\simeq 20{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$) and entropy flattening are still present in the outskirts of the galaxy cluster Zwicky 3146.
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Salinas, Cristina A., Alice Liu und Basel A. Sharaf. „Facial Morphometrics in Black Celebrities: Contemporary Facial Analysis Using an Artificial Intelligence Platform“. Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, Nr. 13 (05.07.2023): 4499. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm12134499.
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The diversity of patients pursuing facial aesthetic and facial gender-affirming surgery (FGAS) is increasing, yet there is a paucity of objective guidelines to facilitate surgical decision-making in patients of color. We conducted a quantitative analysis of black celebrities using standardized frontal photos of 21 female and 21 male celebrities. Celebrities were chosen from popular entertainment magazines and websites, including People Magazine, the Internet Movie Database (IMDb), Cosmopolitan, and Essence. For each celebrity, 100 facial landmarks were detected through a facial analysis artificial intelligence (AI) program. Black males had greater facial height, bizygomatic width, lower facial height, and bigonial width than females. However, the facial height to bigonial width ratio was similar between genders and approximated the golden ratio (1.618). Female faces demonstrated a greater mid-face height to total facial height proportion, and males had a greater lower facial height proportion. Females exhibited an upward-slanted medial brow and shorter total eyebrow length, nose height, and alar width. Forehead height above the lateral brow was greater in males, while central forehead height was similar to females. This is the first study that has utilized AI to provide ethnicity-specific facial morphometrics relevant to facial rejuvenation and FGAS in the black population.
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Perna, M., M. T. Sargent, M. Brusa, E. Daddi, C. Feruglio, G. Cresci, G. Lanzuisi et al. „Molecular gas content in obscured AGN at z > 1“. Astronomy & Astrophysics 619 (November 2018): A90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201833040.
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Aims. The standard active galactic nuclei (AGN)-galaxy co-evolutionary scenario predicts a phase of deeply “buried” supermassive black hole growth coexisting with a starburst (SB) before feedback phenomena deplete the cold molecular gas reservoir of the galaxy and an optically luminous quasar (QSO) is revealed (called the SB-QSO evolutionary sequence). The aim of this work is to measure the cold gas reservoir of three highly obscured QSOs to test if their gas fraction is similar to that of submillimetre galaxies (SMGs), as expected by some models, and to place these measurements in the context of the SB-QSO framework. Methods. We target CO(1-0) transition in BzK4892, a Compton thick (CT) QSO at z = 2.6, CO(1-0) in BzK8608 and CO(2-1) in CDF153, two highly obscured (NH ≈ 6 × 1023 cm−2) QSOs at z = 2.5 and z = 1.5, respectively. For these targets, we place 3σ upper limits on the CO lines, with L′CO < (1.5 ÷ 2.8)×1010 K km s−1 pc2. We also compare the molecular gas conditions of our targets with those of other systems at z > 1, considering normal star-forming galaxies and SMGs, and unobscured and obscured AGN from the literature. For the AGN samples, we provide an updated and almost complete collection of targets with CO follow-up at z > 1. Results. BzK4892 displays a high star formation efficiency (SFE = LIR/L′CO > 410 L⊙/(K km s−1 pc2 )) and a gas fraction fgas = Mgas/(Mstar + Mgas)< 10%. Less stringent constraints are derived for the other two targets (fgas < 0.5 and SFE > 10 L⊙/(K km s−1 pc2 )). From the comparison with the literature data we found that, on average, i) obscured AGN at z > 1 are associated with higher SFE and lower fgas with respect to normal star-forming galaxies and SMGs; ii) mildly and highly obscured active galaxies have comparable gas fractions; iii) the SFE of CT and obscured AGN are similar to those of unobscured AGN. Conclusions. Within the SB-QSO framework, these findings could be consistent with a scenario where feedback can impact the host galaxy already from the early phases of the SB-QSO evolutionary sequence.
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&NA;. „USE OF FIBRIN GLUE ANTIBIOTIC SUSPENSION (FGAS) IN THE PREVENTION OF PROSTHETIC GRAFT INFECTION“. Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care 29, Nr. 7 (Juli 1989): 1032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005373-198907000-00047.
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Fabrazzo, Michele, Salvatore Cipolla, Alessio Camerlengo, Francesco Perris und Francesco Catapano. „Second-Generation Antipsychotics’ Effectiveness and Tolerability: A Review of Real-World Studies in Patients with Schizophrenia and Related Disorders“. Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, Nr. 15 (03.08.2022): 4530. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11154530.
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Despite methodological limitations, real-world studies might support clinicians by broadening the knowledge of antipsychotics’ (APs) effectiveness and tolerability in different clinical scenarios and complement clinical trials. We conducted an extensive literature search in the PubMed database to evaluate the effectiveness and tolerability profiles of second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) from real-world studies to aid clinicians and researchers in selecting the proper treatment for patients with schizophrenia and related disorders. The present review evidenced that SGAs demonstrated superior effectiveness over first-generation antipsychotics (FGAs) in relapse-free survival and psychiatric hospitalization rate and for treating negative symptoms. Persistence and adherence to therapy were higher in SGAs than FGAs. Most studies concluded that switching to long-acting injectables (LAIs) was significantly associated with a lower treatment failure rate than monotherapy with oral SGAs. Considerable improvements in general functionality, subjective well-being, and total score on global satisfaction tests, besides improved personal and social performance, were reported in some studies on patients treated with LAI SGAs. Clozapine was also associated with the lowest rates of treatment failure and greater effectiveness over the other SGAs, although with more severe side effects. Effectiveness on primary negative symptoms and cognitive deficits was rarely measured in these studies. Based on the data analyzed in the present review, new treatments are needed with better tolerability and improved effectiveness for negative, affective, and cognitive symptoms.
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Lin, Ching-Hua, Fu-Chiang Wang, Hung-Chi Wu und Li-Shiu Chou. „P31: Prescribing patterns for older age bipolar disorder patients discharged from two public mental hospitals in Taiwan, 2006-2019“. International Psychogeriatrics 35, S1 (Dezember 2023): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610223003472.
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Objective:Older age bipolar disorder (OABD) is commonly defined as bipolar disorder in individuals aged 60 or more. General principles of pharmacotherapy in guidelines for treating OABD are greatly like those for younger adults. We aimed to investigate prescription changes among OABD patients discharged from two public mental hospitals in Taiwan from 2006 to 2019.Methods:OABD patients discharged from the two study hospitals, from 1 January 2006 to 31 December 2019 (n = 1072), entered the analysis. Prescribed drugs at discharge, including mood stabilizers (i.e., lithium, valproate, carbamazepine, and lamotrigine), antipsychotics (i.e., second- and first-generation antipsychotics; SGAs & FGAs), and antidepressants, were investigated. Complex polypharmacy was defined as the use of 3 or more agents among the prescribed drugs. Temporal trends of each prescribing pattern were analyzed using the Cochran-Armitage Trend test.Results:The most commonly prescribed drugs were SGAs (72.0%), followed by valproate (48.4%) and antidepressants (21.7%). The prescription rates of SGAs, antidepressants, antidepressants without mood stabilizers, and complex polypharmacy significantly increased over time, whereas the prescription rates of mood stabilizers, lithium, FGAs, and antidepressants plus mood stabilizers significantly decreased.Conclusion:Prescribing patterns changed remarkably for OABD patients over a 14- year period. The decreased use of lithium and increased use of antidepressants did not reflect bipolar treatment guidelines. Future research should examine whether such prescribing patterns are associated with adverse clinical outcomes.
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Sim, Faye, Isabel Sweetman, Shitij Kapur und Maxine X. Patel. „Re-examining the role of benzodiazepines in the treatment of schizophrenia: A systematic review“. Journal of Psychopharmacology 29, Nr. 2 (21.07.2014): 212–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881114541013.
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Background Benzodiazepine prescribing for schizophrenia occurs in clinical practice and antipsychotic trials. This review examined the clinical outcomes for benzodiazepines in schizophrenia. Method A systematic search identified randomised controlled trials that evaluated benzodiazepines in comparison with placebo or antipsychotics, and also as adjuncts to antipsychotics. Relevant clinical outcome data was extracted. Results Twenty six studies were included with some reporting multiple comparisons. Seven short-term studies compared benzodiazepines with placebo: benzodiazepine superiority was found in two out of five studies for global improvements and two out of four studies for psychiatric/behavioural outcomes. Eleven studies compared benzodiazepines with first-generation antipsychotics (FGAs): four out of nine studies (including two long-term studies) reported greater global improvements for antipsychotics; four out of five studies showed no treatment differences for psychiatric/behavioural outcomes. Fourteen studies compared benzodiazepines (as adjunct to antipsychotics) vs antipsychotics alone (mostly FGAs); benzodiazepine superiority was found for global improvement in one out of eight studies and inferiority in two out of eight short-term studies whereas superiority was found for psychiatric/behavioural outcomes in three out of 12 short-term studies and inferiority in three out of 12 studies. Conclusion Benzodiazepine superiority over placebo was found for global, psychiatric and behavioural outcomes, but inferiority to antipsychotics on longer-term global outcomes. Conflicting evidence exists regarding the addition of benzodiazepines to antipsychotics; thus the use of benzodiazepines in clinical practice and antipsychotic trials should be limited.
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Xu, Lixin, und Yuting Wang. „Observational constraints to Ricci dark energy model by using: SN, BAO, OHD, fgas data sets“. Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 2010, Nr. 06 (01.06.2010): 002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2010/06/002.
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Wirths, Stephan, Giovanni Alfieri, Alyssa Prasmusinto, Andrei Mihaila, Lukas Kranz, Marco Bellini und Lars Knoll. „Improved SiO2/ 4H-SiC Interface Defect Density Using Forming Gas Annealing“. Materials Science Forum 963 (Juli 2019): 465–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.963.465.
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We investigated the influence of forming gas annealing (FGA) before and after oxide deposition on the SiO2/4H-SiC interface defect density (Dit). For MOS capacitors (MOSCAPs) that were processed using FGAs at temperatures above 1050°C, CV characterization revealed decreased flat band voltage shifts and stretch-out for different sweep directions and frequencies. Moreover, constant-capacitance deep level transient spectroscopy (CC-DLTS) was performed and showed Dit levels below 1012 cm-2eV-1 for post deposition FGA at 1200°C. Finally, lateral MOSFETs were fabricated to analyze the temperature-dependent threshold voltage (Vth) shift.
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Raynaldy, David, Endang Supriyati und Tri Listyorini. „Sistem Informasi Penjualan Aluminium, Kaca Dan Besi Custom Berbasis Website Study Kasus Family Glass And Stell“. Jurnal Terapan Teknologi Informasi 7, Nr. 1 (30.04.2023): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21460/jutei.2023.71.221.
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Di Family Glass and Stell (FGAS) untuk pemesanan masih menggunakan sistem manual yaitu dengan menggunakan buku dan kertas, tentu ini akan memakan waktu dan juga sering terjadi kesalahan pada pencatatan pesanan dan kurang efisien jika dalam keadaan ramai. Juga sering terjadi kehabisan stok karena lupa terhadap persediaan yang ada sehingga terpaksa menolak pesanan pelanggan. Maka di perlukanya sistem kasir dan stok barang yang lebih baik agar meningkatkan kinerja. Sistem ini mampu mencatat stok produk dan menjalankan program pemesanan. Menggunakan sistem berbasis website, metode waterfall digunakan untuk membuat sistem ini.
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Piotrowska, Joanna M., Asa F. L. Bluck, Roberto Maiolino und Yingjie Peng. „On the quenching of star formation in observed and simulated central galaxies: evidence for the role of integrated AGN feedback“. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 512, Nr. 1 (24.12.2021): 1052–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab3673.
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ABSTRACT In this paper, we investigate how massive central galaxies cease their star formation by comparing theoretical predictions from cosmological simulations: EAGLE, Illustris, and IllustrisTNG with observations of the local Universe from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). Our machine learning (ML) classification reveals supermassive black hole mass (MBH) as the most predictive parameter in determining whether a galaxy is star forming or quenched at redshift z = 0 in all three simulations. This predicted consequence of active galactic nucleus (AGN) quenching is reflected in the observations, where it is true for a range of indirect estimates of MBH via proxies as well as its dynamical measurements. Our partial correlation analysis shows that other galactic parameters lose their strong association with quiescence, once their correlations with MBH are accounted for. In simulations, we demonstrate that it is the integrated power output of the AGN, rather than its instantaneous activity, which causes galaxies to quench. Finally, we analyse the change in molecular gas content of galaxies from star-forming to passive populations. We find that both gas fractions (fgas) and star formation efficiencies (SFEs) decrease upon transition to quiescence in the observations but SFE is more predictive than fgas in the ML passive/star-forming classification. These trends in the SDSS are most closely recovered in IllustrisTNG and are in direct contrast with the predictions made by Illustris. We conclude that a viable AGN feedback prescription can be achieved by a combination of preventative feedback and turbulence injection which together quench star formation in central galaxies.
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Pillay, Jennifer, Khrista Boylan, Amanda Newton, Lisa Hartling, Ben Vandermeer, Megan Nuspl, Tara MacGregor, Robin Featherstone und Normand Carrey. „Harms of Antipsychotics in Children and Young Adults: A Systematic Review Update“. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 63, Nr. 10 (04.06.2018): 661–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0706743718779950.
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Objective: To update and extend our previous systematic review on first- (FGAs) and second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) for treatment of psychiatric and behavioral conditions in children, adolescents, and young adults (aged ≤24 years). This article focuses on the evidence for harms. Method: We searched (to April 2016) 8 databases, gray literature, trial registries, Food and Drug Administration reports, and reference lists. Two reviewers conducted study screening and selection independently, with consensus for selection. One reviewer extracted and another verified all data; 2 reviewers independently assessed risk of bias. We conducted meta-analyses when appropriate and network meta-analysis across conditions for changes in body composition. Two reviewers reached consensus for ratings on the strength of evidence for prespecified outcomes. Results: A total of 135 studies (95 trials and 40 observational) were included, and 126 reported on harms. FGAs caused slightly less weight gain and more extrapyramidal symptoms than SGAs. SGAs as a class caused adverse effects, including weight gain, high triglyceride levels, extrapyramidal symptoms, sedation, and somnolence. They appeared to increase the risk for high cholesterol levels and type 2 diabetes. Many outcomes for individual drug comparisons were of low or insufficient strength of evidence. Olanzapine caused more short-term gains in weight and body mass index than several other SGAs. The dose of SGAs may not make a difference over the short term for some outcomes. Conclusions: Clinicians need to weigh carefully the benefit-to-harm ratio when using antipsychotics, especially when treatment alternatives exist. More evidence is needed on the comparative harms between antipsychotics over the longer term.
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Ansell, B. R. E., D. B. Dwyer, S. J. Wood, E. Bora, W. J. Brewer, T. M. Proffitt, D. Velakoulis, P. D. McGorry und C. Pantelis. „Divergent effects of first-generation and second-generation antipsychotics on cortical thickness in first-episode psychosis“. Psychological Medicine 45, Nr. 3 (31.07.2014): 515–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291714001652.
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BackgroundWhether there are differential effects of first-generation antipsychotics (FGAs) and second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) on the brain is currently debated. Although some studies report that FGAs reduce grey matter more than SGAs, others do not, and research to date is limited by a focus on schizophrenia spectrum disorders. To address this limitation, this study investigated the effects of medication in patients being treated for first-episode schizophrenia or affective psychoses.MethodCortical thickness was compared between 52 first-episode psychosis patients separated into diagnostic (i.e. schizophrenia or affective psychosis) and medication (i.e. FGA and SGA) subgroups. Patients in each group were also compared to age- and sex-matched healthy controls (n = 28). A whole-brain cortical thickness interaction analysis of medication and diagnosis was then performed. Correlations between cortical thickness with antipsychotic dose and psychotic symptoms were examined.ResultsThe effects of medication and diagnosis did not interact, suggesting independent effects. Compared with controls, diagnostic differences were found in frontal, parietal and temporal regions. Decreased thickness in FGA-treated versus SGA-treated groups was found in a large frontoparietal region (p < 0.001, corrected). Comparisons with healthy controls revealed decreased cortical thickness in the FGA group whereas the SGA group showed increases in addition to decreases. In FGA-treated patients cortical thinning was associated with higher negative symptoms whereas increased cortical thickness in the SGA-treated group was associated with lower positive symptoms.ConclusionsOur results suggest that FGA and SGA treatments have divergent effects on cortical thickness during the first episode of psychosis that are independent from changes due to illness.
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Robson, Dylan, und Romeel Davé. „Redshift evolution of galaxy group X-ray properties in the Simba simulations“. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 518, Nr. 4 (08.12.2022): 5826–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac2982.
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ABSTRACT We examine the evolution of intragroup gas rest-frame X-ray scaling relations for group-sized haloes (M500 = 1012.3–1015 M⊙) in the Simba galaxy formation simulation. X-ray luminosity LX versus M500 shows increasing deviation from self-similarity from z = 3 → 0, with M500 < 1013.5 M⊙ haloes exhibiting a large reduction in LX and slight increase in X-ray luminosity-weighted temperature TX. These shifts are driven by a strong drop in fgas with time for these haloes, and coincides with the onset of Simba’s black hole (BH) jet feedback, occurring when MBH > 107.5 M⊙ and Eddington ratio <0.2, in group haloes at z ∼ 1.5. The connection with BH feedback is corroborated by fBH ≡ MBH/M500 in M500 < 1013.5 M⊙ haloes being strongly anticorrelated with LX and fgas at $z\lesssim 1.5$. This is further reflected in the scatter of LX − TX: haloes with small fBH lie near self-similarity, while those with the highest fBH lie furthest below. Turning off jet feedback results in mostly self-similar behaviour down to z = 0. For the X-ray weighted metallicity ZX, stellar feedback impacts the enrichment of halo gas. Finally, halo profiles show that jet feedback flattens the electron density and entropy profiles, and introduces a core in X-ray surface brightness, particularly at M500 < 1013.5 M⊙. This argues that in Simba, intragroup X-ray evolution is largely driven by jet feedback removing hot gas from the cores of massive groups, and expelling gas altogether in less massive groups.
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Groenendaal, Emily, Sean Lynch, Rhea Dornbush, Lidia Klepacz und Stephen Ferrando. „Clinical Determinants, Patterns, and Outcomes of Antipsychotic Medication Prescribing in the Treatment of Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective Disorder: A Naturalistic Cohort Study“. CNS Spectrums 28, Nr. 2 (April 2023): 226–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852923001487.
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AbstractBackgroundSchizophrenia affects individuals, families, and systems, with treatment primarily being antipsychotic medications. Long-acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotics are increasingly being used. This study sought to identify predictors of antipsychotic choice, in terms of formulation (LAI vs oral) and class (FGA vs SGA), and clinical outcomes.Methods123 patients who received LAI antipsychotics were diagnosis-matched to patients who received oral antipsychotics. Sociodemographic and clinical factors were extracted from the medical record, including indicators of illness severity. Groups were compared with Chi-Square and t-tests, and logistic regression models were used to identify independent predictors of antipsychotic choice.ResultsPatients that received LAIs had longer admissions, more complex discharges, and greater illness severity; however, there were no differences in readmission rates. Independent predictors of LAIs included younger age, being single, and longer admission. Patients who received FGA LAIs were more likely to use substances and be undomiciled compared to SGA LAIs, with the only predictor being older age. Oral FGAs were more likely than oral SGAs to be prescribed to older and female patients, as well as those with co-occurring substance use, complex discharges, and longer admissions.ConclusionsIllness severity and duration of illness appear to drive choice of LAI vs. oral antipsychotic medication and FGA vs. SGA. While LAIs were prescribed to patients with greater illness severity, readmission rates were equivalent to those receiving oral medication, supporting the use of LAI in patients with greater illness severity. Rationales for prescribing LAIs to younger patients and FGAs to older patients are discussed.FundingNo Funding