Dissertationen zum Thema „Feux de forêt d'Amazonie“
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Tra, Bi Zamblé Mathieu. „Polyphonie sur les médias socionumériques : le cas des interactions sur YouTube à propos des feux de forêt d’Amazonie“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UBFCC002.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis study examines polyphonic enunciation in online writings, focusing on that which arises from and is induced by interactions on YouTube during the Amazon rainforest wildfires. After presenting the context and the concepts and theories related to polyphony, it proposes a methodological framework for analyzing polyphony that first captures the role of techno-semiotic, socio-economic, and psychosociological aspects of YouTube in polyphony, and then interrogates this polyphony at the level of other media actors mentioned from YouTube. This allows us to identify consistencies and changes in polyphonic configurations during our observation period and to show how these polyphonic configurations during the Amazon rainforest wildfires could be influenced by exogenous contextual variables. We also observe power dynamics when this polyphony is used as a strategy by various media actors involved in the social controversy surrounding the Amazon rainforest wildfires. This study complements previous research on editorial enunciation in screen writings by considering polyphony at both the network actors’ level and the argumentation level
Lahaye, Sébastien. „Comprendre les grands feux de forêt pour lutter en sécurité“. Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEP042/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDespite the large expenditure that is dedicated to forest fire suppression in Euro-Mediterranean countries, Australia and North-America, firefighters still face large and severe fire events which eventually entrap them. Investigation of Fire Services’ internal reports addresses here the weather and terrain leading to these dangerous fires. In France, strong wind is the main driver of the largest fires and of the fires that entrap firefighters. However, high temperature is also a key contributor as it influences violent fires with high rates of surface spread. In Australia, a lot of firefighters’ entrapments are due to shifts in wind direction, but others are associated to strong winds in rugged terrain. Whatever the regional specificities, more than 100 firefighters’ entrapments across the world were investigated to find the contribution of dynamic fire behaviors in these entrapments. The results return three different types of fires. During topography-influenced fires, in mountainous area, almost all the entrapments happen on slopes steeper than 20°, prone to flame attachment. During wind-driven fires, leeward slopes prone to vorticity-driven lateral fire spread are the most prominent configurations associated with entrapments. Finally, during convective fires, which are the most violent, entrapments can happen far away from any dangerous configuration. Firefighters should adjust their training courses and promote fire behavior analysts (FBAN) capabilities to benefit from the results of this work and improve their safety. FBAN may consider feedbacks from previous fires to suggest the most efficient and secure firefighting strategies and locations
Gaertig-Stahl, Alice. „Modèles probabilistes de feux de forêt sur des graphes infinis“. Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1884/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis work is concerned with a probabilistic study of forest-fire models. The models studied here were introduced in the context of self-organized criticality at the end of the eighties. These models are systems of particles, the trees, defined on connected graphs. Their evolution is governed by two families of Poisson processes, one for the growth of trees, the other one for the ignition of trees by lightning. The influence of lightning is characterized by a parameter lambda > 0. These models were widely studied on Z. However, only the existence and uniqueness of more general infinitevolume forest-fire processes have been proven yet. In this thesis, we studied forest-fire models on Zd for d > 2 and on binary trees, in two directions. The first one is concerned with the existence of stationary measures. The second one is concerned with the study of these processes when the parameter lambda tends to zero. In the first part, we will show the existence of at least one stationary measure for forest-fire processes on Zd, d > 2, for all parameters lambda > 0. The forest-fire processes are Markov processes but not Feller processes, so the usual arguments cannot be used here. Moreover, the geometry of Zd does not allow using the same arguments as for Z. Tools developed while studying these processes on Zd will be used here. In the second part, we will study the behavior of the forest-fire processes on binary trees when the parameter lambda tends to zero. We will begin with the study of a model without any fires, in order to understand better how the clusters of trees grow. We will show a convergence in law of the number of sites of a set construct from a ball of radius and the intersecting clusters, after a time tn > 0, for processes rescaled in space and time. Then, we will add fires and define a modified forest-fire model. In this new model, apart from the cluster of the origin, the clusters evolve under a stationary measure which we expect at the limit in lambda, and not under the dynamic of the initial forest-fire model. For this model, we will show a convergence in law of the rescaled size of the cluster of the origin when it burns for the first time
Bartoli, Pauline. „Feux de forêt : amélioration de la connaissance du couplage combustible-flamme“. Corte, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011CORT0016.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePelletier, Claude. „Méthodologie de détection des feux de forêt à partir d'images satellitaires NOAA“. Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ62002.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePlante, Caroline. „Acceptabilité visuelle et émulation des feux en forêt boréale : un compromis possible?“ Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29417/29417.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHamamousse, Nadjet. „Caractérisation des propriétés physiques des matériaux impliqués dans l'accélération des feux de forêt“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021AIXM0621.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleEvery year, fires devastate millions of hectares of wildland and cause serious impacts on natural, economical, and human resources. Firefighters highlighted that some forest fires behave differently; they are called flashover. These fires are characterized by a sudden acceleration. Those fires are called flashover. Such phenomenon was observed in September 2000 in Palasca where two young firefighters passed away, four were seriously injured and about 5 hectares burned in few minutes. This thesis is devoted to the characterization of the physical properties of materials that can contribute to the sudden and unpredictable acceleration of fires. First, the Small World network model was validated on a historical fire. The sensitivity analysis of the model allows identifying the most important parameters that affect the fire spread. Since the flammability depends on the fuel moisture content and the flammable volatile organic compounds, these two parameters were characterized experimentally
Moretti, Basiliu. „Modélisation du comportement des feux de forêt pour des outils d’aide à la décision“. Thesis, Corte, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CORT0007/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleModeling the spread of forest fires is a complex affair which can be examined in different ways (physical, semi-physical, empirical). Numerous simulators exist, each one bearing its own particularities, benefits and weak points. The work which has led to the writing of this thesis aims at improving the simplified physical model of fire propagation (Balbi et al, 2007), as well as at laying down the first foundation stones of what will favor an evolution towards a fire behavioral pattern. This study is based upon three main themes :• Modeling the spread of a surface fire with the main engine the radiative heat transfer. This modeling leads to achieve improvements in the formulation of its speed on flat ground, without wind. It finally led to the characterization of two criteria of extinction with characterization of critical values of two parameters (leaf area index and the water content of the fuel).• Quantification of the energy radiating from the flame front. This quantification was performed assuming the solid flame model. This approach has led to obtaining an analytical relationship for the evaluation of Admissible Safety Distance (ASD) in a very short time. • Sensitivity analysis of the different results attained in order to confirm them as a whole and identify the relative influence of various parameters
Gharbi, Chourouk. „Approches de modélisation de la planification forestière tactique et d'intégration des feux de forêt“. Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/40137.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleForest planning is a difficult task that needs important human and material efforts. Many forest planning modelsare proposed in the literature. However, their implementation is usually complex. More over, their performanceis limited to small and medium forests. The whole objective of this thesis is to propose simple and efficient tools to reduce the complexity of the forest planning using mathematical modeling. In this thesis, proposed models are applied for tactical forest planning and consider mainly two spatial restrictions that are adjacency or green-up restrictions and sustainable timber yields restrictions.In the first part, we proposed a new mathematical formulation based on integer programming to model the tactical forest planning under spatial restrictions. We solved the model with an exact method using a commercial solver. We used many real forests with different sizes. Three of them are very large forests and are located in the Mauricie region of Quebec. We evaluated the performance of the proposed model using two other formulation sexisting in the literature to model the same problem under the same restrictions. Results showed that there isno formulation that out performed others when small and medium forests are used. However, the proposed formulation out performed others when large forests are used.In the second part, we proposed two heuristic approaches to solve the same problem using large forests. The first one is a linear relaxation heuristic. We compared results obtained with the heuristic with those obtained with a commercial solver when a computational time is predefined. Results showed that the solver is more performant when mono-periods problems were solved. However, when multi-periods problems were solved, unlike ourheuristic, the solver does not find any feasible solution within the fixed computational time. The second heuristicis a size reduction heuristic which uses a shape index to control the shape of the clusters of stands. Besides its simplicity, this method is very beneficial as it reduces significantly problems size and anticipate the operational planning by eliminating non-profitable clusters. In the third part, we proposed a stochastic programming model formulated as an integrated mixed integerprogramming model for scheduling harvesting operations, which directly takes into account a fire spread model. It is a bi-level model. In the first level, we used the tactical forest planning model proposed in the first part. The second level represents the fire spread model that considers fire spread between ignition points and critical points, which could be, for example, municipalities and important road crossings. It considers multiple scenarios, which takes into account wind direction, and wind spread. The integration is possible due to a reformulation of a bi-level optimization problem where the lower level shortest path representation is written explicitly with aprimal-dual reformulation of its optimality conditions. Results based on a set of illustrative instances are presented. Results vary depending on spatial restrictions considered in the model. However, harvesting scheduled are usually allocated to delay fires reaching critical points and tends to allocate harvesting operations around critical points.
Coudour, Bruno. „Influence de la végétation et du relief dans les feux de forêt extrêmes : étude de l'accumulation, de la dégradation et des propriétés de combustion des composés organiques volatiles issus des feux de forêt“. Thesis, Poitiers, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015POIT2290/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMediterranean firefighters cope with powerful accelerations of forest fires (AFF) whose mechanisms are not very well understood. Vegetation is the only fuel of forest fire, then we studied the gases coming from them. First, we studied the thermal degradation of four Biogenic Volatil Organic Compounds (BVOCs) thanks to a flash pyrolysis and a tubular oven. From this study and literature, we chose a representative VOC mixture to study its combustion properties. We determined Minimal Ignition Energy (MIE) and its laminar burning speed of mixtures of α-pinene/benzene that are respectively the main VOC detected in vegetation and forest fire smoke. The last chapter experiment the steady-state gas accumulation above a 1/400 V-shaped forest model
Asdourian, Bruno. „COMMUNICATION RELATION ET MÉDIAS SOCIAUX Étude du cas de la sensibilisation aux feux de forêt“. Phd thesis, Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille II, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00573962.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTihay, Virginie. „Contribution expérimentale et théorique pour la modélisation de la combustion dans les feux de forêt“. Phd thesis, Corte, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00376628.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePelletier-Bergeron, Sylvain. „Propriétés fonctionnelles du charbon de bois en fonction de la sévérité des feux de forêt“. Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6596.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThériault, Laura. „Expérience vécue des feux de forêt et de l'évacuation chez les résidents de Fort McMurray“. Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/69374.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGiroud, Frédérique. „Contribution à la modélisation de la propagation des feux : approche multiphasique des feux de forêt. Développement d'un feu de propergol en milieu semi-confiné“. Aix-Marseille 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AIX11023.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLacroix, Claire. „Chronologie holocène des feux de forêt et dynamique éolienne pour le secteur de Radisson, Québec nordique“. Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28606/28606.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFayad, Jacky. „Études numériques des feux extrêmes“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Corte, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023CORT0015.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleExtreme fires are characterized by their high intensity and rate of spread, which overwhelm firefighting resources. These phenomena result in increased damage, civilian and operational fatalities and disruption to ecosystems, human life and the economy. There are several types of extreme fires, including high-intensity fires, which are the main subject of this thesis. This type of fire presents a real risk, given the increase in its frequency and scale throughout the world. Consequently, it is very useful to assess the conditions of propagation that can trigger a high- intensity fire in order to be able to anticipate these phenomena. In addition, studying the behavior of a high-intensity fire (rate of spread, intensity and impact) can provide information to operational staff during the firefighting phase. The main aim of this thesis is to study the propagation of high-intensity fires by means of experimental fires carried out on a field scale on Corsican shrub species named 'Genista salzmannii'. These experiments were carried out during two periods (winter and autumn), in two different regions: North-West and South-West of Corsica, using an experimental protocol and technologies that make it possible to assess the dynamic and impact of these fires. Following the experiments, numerical studies were carried out using fully physical fire models based on a multiphase formulation, FireStar2D and 3D, in order to test the relevance of these propagation models in predicting the behavior of these experimental fires. The different numerical results obtained for the three terrain configurations chosen were in agreement with the experimental results. This shows that these models can be used to study other configurations without necessarily having to resort to experiments. The fire campaigns carried out were representative of high-intensity fires that occurred despite marginal propagation conditions related to low wind speeds, high fuel moisture content and relative air humidity. These experiments can also provide detailed observations, as well as input data that can be used in modelling, given that carrying out such experiments is not easy and is always subject to difficulties and constraints. The second part of the research focused on a numerical study of a "critical case" of a high- intensity fire. This fire was studied using several empirical approaches, fully physical models found in the literature, in particular FireStar2D and 3D and the simplified physical Balbi model. Several parameters were evaluated using the different approaches, including the rate of spread, the intensity of the flame front, the geometry of the front and of the flame (length and tilting). The main aim of this study was to assess not only the behavior but also the impact of this high-intensity fire on two different targets: the human body and a four level building. This made it possible to establish correlations between the total heat fluxes received by the targets as a function of their position in front of the fire. The aim was to assess the safety distance around wildland urban interfaces by considering the maximum tolerable value of thermal heat flux that can be received by the target without causing damage. The safety distances assessed using this methodology, for a firefighter and a building, are less than 50 meters. This confirms, for this configuration, the effectiveness of the value of the safety distance around buildings, set by operational experts and assumed to be equal to a minimum of 50 m in France
Leroy, Valérie. „Contribution à la modélisation des feux de forêt: Cinétique de dégradation thermique et Cinétique de combustion des végétaux“. Phd thesis, Université Pascal Paoli, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00343986.
Der volle Inhalt der Quelle•la cinétique de dégradation thermique des végétaux,
•la cinétique de combustion des gaz émis lors de la pyrolyse.
La dégradation thermique de végétaux méditerranéens a été étudiée par thermogravimétrie. L'utilisation d'une méthode cinétique hybride a apporté des connaissances sur la quantification de la perte de masse et le modèle cinétique de dégradation thermique des combustibles. D'autre part, la combustion d'un mélange CH4/CO/CO2 a été étudiée dans un réacteur auto-agité par jets gazeux. Nous avons développé, dans un premier temps, un mécanisme squelettique à partir d'un mécanisme cinétique détaillé connu traduisant l'oxydation du méthane. Puis, l'application de l'AEQS a abouti à un mécanisme réduit comprenant 4 réactions globales. Ce mécanisme réduit peut désormais être introduit dans un code de simulation plus vaste d'écoulement réactif.
Remy, Cécile. „Spatio-temporalité des dynamiques de feux et de végétation au cours de l'Holocène en forêt boréale coniférienne (Québec-Labrador)“. Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTS010.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWildfire activity is projected to increase under global warming in circumboreal forests. Predictive fire models based on historical data are commonly used to anticipate fire regimes and their impacts for 2100. However, these models at large scale depend on concepts developed from only some regional data, while many studies showed that regional and local factors such as topography, soil type, vegetation composition and structure, and particular climatic and meteorological patterns can impact the fire activity.In north-eastern Canada, the eastern region of Quebec-Labrador and the western and central regions of Quebec display distinctive types of relief, climate and vegetation. The drier and flatter western region is mainly dominated by black spruce (Picea mariana) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana), while the more humid and hilly eastern region is dominated by black spruce and balsam fir (Abies balsamea). In this thesis, I compared the processes linked to dynamics of fire and vegetation within and among the three regions. The main objective was to test whether working at the supra-regional scale rather than at regional or local scale is enough to predict efficiently the consequences of current climatic changes on the coniferous forest dynamics in Quebec-Labrador.Results highlight the impact of fire size, hitherto underestimated, on the long-term vegetation dynamics within each region. Overall, the presence or absence of large fires promoted the propagation of jack pine or balsam fir in black spruce forests, respectively. Moreover, the prerequisite conditions for ignitions inducing large fires differ between the eastern region and the two others. This divergence is mainly explained by the predominant influence of regional topography on fire activity (ignition and propagation) in eastern region, while large climatic trends and their impacts explain better the fire activity (mainly propagation) in western and central regions.According to these results, future climate changes could increase large-fire occurrences in western and central regions of Quebec likely without significant consequences on forest composition. In the eastern region, projections are more uncertain due to a lack of full understanding of past large-fire causes. However, all assumptions for future vegetation trajectories showed that balsam fir should be still present in these landscapes.Due to the high diversity of interactions able to impact significantly fire size at regional scale, our understanding of processes linked to dynamics of disturbances and of vegetation seems to be still not sufficient to make predictions at large scale. It would be worth, first, to study more finely these processes on homogenous zones in terms of vegetation composition, topography and climate. The methodological improvement on lacustrine charcoal analysis presented in this thesis has been developed in this perspective. It allows differentiating fires that occurred in the studied lake watershed (local) from those that burned further away (regional). In the future, analyses of local fire histories combined with studies of other proxies to reconstruct the past environment at local scale should allow a better understanding of causes and consequences of fire size variations according to the various combinations of environmental factors
Bisgambiglia, Paul-Antoine. „Approche de modélisation approximative pour des systèmes à événements discrets : Application à l'étude de propagation de feux de forêt“. Phd thesis, Université Pascal Paoli, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00480555.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBisgambiglia, Paul-Antoine. „Approche de modélisation approximative pour des systèmes à évènements discrets : application à l’étude de propagation de feux de forêt“. Corte, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008CORT0003.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn this thesis report, we present an approximate modeling approach for discrete events systems. The aim of this research is to develop tools to link modeling and simulation formalism, with fuzzy logic. This new method called iDEVS allows to model and to simulate inaccurate systems. Throughout the manuscript, we discuss various concepts such: take into account inaccuracies with fuzzy sets theory; fuzzy simulation with defuzzification methods…In the first chapter, we present the theories associated with fuzzy logic. In the second chapter, we describe the modeling and simulation concepts, including DEVS formalism. In the third chapter, we explain the method iDEVS, and the tools developed for use. Before concluding, we propose an application of the approach iDEVS to study the spread of forest fires
St-Onge, Isabelle. „Impact des coupes forestières et des feux de forêt sur les communautés de poissons des lacs du Bouclier Laurentien“. Thèse, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 2001. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/2754/1/000681101.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFrangieh, Nicolas. „Physique et modélisation du comportement des feux de forêts“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0220.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis research work aims to numerically study the behavior of a fire front propagating through a homogeneous solid-fuel layer, using "FireStar3D" model. Laboratory fire experiments have been reproduced numerically and grassland fires have been simulated with finite and quasi-infinite firelines. The simulations were carried out using both Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations approach (RANS) and Large Eddy Simulation approach (LES). The comparison with the experimental data concerned mainly the Rate of Spread (ROS) of fire, the fireline intensity, the frequency of flames fluctuation, and the wavelength characterizing the crest-and-trough structure of the fire front along the transverse direction. The numerical results highlighted the competition between buoyancy forces and the wind inertial forces in governing the fire behavior, as well as the similarity of fire-front dynamics (intensity and 3D structuration) at small and large scales.This research work was also carried out in the context of developing and validating "FireStar3D" model. The level of details in the physical modeling, the properties of the used numerical method, and the good agreement obtained with the experimental and numerical data reported in the literature, all-together place "FireStar3D" in a good position at an international level among other numerical tools used to study the behavior of wildfires
Ouarmim, Samira. „Historique et caractéristiques écologiques des îlots résiduels après feu en forêt boréale mixte“. Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20206.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFire is the main natural disturbance shaping boreal forest landscapes. In North American boreal ecosystems, wildfires contribute to the creation of a complex mosaic of stands of varying age, composition, and structure, within which other disturbances and processes can interact. A burned area usually includes tree patches that partially or entirely escaped fire, called post-fire residual patches. The spatially occurrence of post-fire residual patches has been extensively described. However, the presence of fire refuges has been reported in Fennoscandia and in United-States, which can escape fire for several millennia. The aim of this study was to characterize temporal dynamics in post fire residual patches in mixedwood boreal forest of eastern Canada. The analyses concern the reconstruction of fire and forest dynamics history though Holocene and identify characteristics features of these patches. This research aimed to contribute significantly to the objectives of ecosystemic management to preserve biological diversity in the forest mosaics.Thirteen post-fire residual patches which escaped the last fire have been sampled. At each stand, cores and monoliths were extracted for paleoecological analyses. The reconstitution of fire history and forest dynamics were studies by using macroscopic charcoals and macroremains. The characteristics features of stands were also sampled, to differentiate fire refuges from other post-fire residual patches. The fuel load was also measured, and all these data were used as inputs for fire behavior modeling (Fire Behavior Prediction System, BehavePlus, FlamMap3), to identify stand characteristics prevent fire refuges to burn in comparison with other residual stands and forest matrix.The results showed the presence in the landscaped of two types of post-fire residual patches in mixedwood boreal forest: fire refuges and other post-fire residual patches. The fire refuges present less fire susceptibility than other post-fire residual patches, which escape only the last fire probably by chance. On the other hand, fire refuges can persist in the landscape for several millennia, burning in the most severe fires. The forest dynamics reconstruction in fire refuges, highlight major shift in the vegetation from Larix laricina/Picea sp. to late successional species Abies balsamea/Thuja occidentalis. Occuring at all stands, but at different periods of Holocene, these changes can be attributed to internal processes. The presence of Larix laricina was associated to the occurrence of aquatic taxa (e.g. Characear). The late successional species (Abies balsamea/Thuja occidentalis) can persist in the landscape for several centuries due to moisture conditions. The thickness of organic matter recorded in fire refuges seems to inhibit the recruitment of early successional species such as Betula papyrifera et Populus tremuloïdes.The fire refuges owe their persistence in the landscape to abiotoc and biotic factors that limit fire occurrence. Then results obtained from fire behavior simulations, suggest a minor role of fire breaks (lakes, rocks), fuel load and topography in persistence of fire refuges. Local moisture condition seems to be key factor in their occurrence in the landscape. The fire refuges occur likely in depressions, which favor organic matter accumulation. The structure of fire refuges and other residual patches revealed two main characteristics, which distinguish between the two types of residual patches: Mean diameter of trees and thickness of organic matter. The trees of fire refuges present smaller tree diameter than other post-fire residual patches. The thickness of organic matter accumulation in fire refuges affects negatively the growth of trees. These features can be used as tools for decision support in forest management strategies
Marcelli, Thierry. „Propagation de feux de forêt : Modélisation et étude expérimentale de la transition d'un feu de surface vers un feu de cime“. Corte, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002CORT0005.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleChaste, Émeline. „Risques passés et futurs de feux de forêts et leurs incidences sur la résilience de la forêt boréale de l’Est Canadien“. Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEP047/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleChanges in forest composition and structure are projected in response to the future climate likely more conducive to fire and water stress. A decrease in carbon and biomass stocks could significantly affect the forest industry and global warming by high carbon emissions during fires. However, despite its ecological and socio-economic importance, the future of the forest is uncertain because the impacts of climate change on ecosystem processes and standing biomass are still poorly understood. The primary objective is therefore to assess the potential effects of climate change on vegetation dynamics and fires, and to characterize their joint effects on the resilience of eastern Canada's boreal forest on both sides of the northern limit of managed forests (NLMF). Simulations were carried out with the LPJ-LMfire dynamic global vegetation model and focused on three specific objectives: (1) to reconstruct fire activity during the 20th century and analyze changes in spatial and temporal fire trends related to vegetation and climate, (2) to analyze the forest response projection to climate change and to fire increase to assess if abrupt changes in biomass of dominant species could occur, (3) to simulate trajectories of past fires and vegetation in response to Holocene climatic variations to understand the relationship between climate, fire and vegetation. For the first time, simulations are performed on the eastern boreal forest with LPJ-LMfire over 6000 years and at high spatial resolution (100 km 2) over a study area stretching west to east, from Manitoba to Newfoundland. The plant functional types for the four dominant tree genera (Picea, Abies, Pinus, Populus) have been parameterized. The predictive capabilities of the model were tested over the 20th century by comparing simulated annual rates of combustion and biomass with independent observations. The same variables, simulated over the past 6,000 years, have been compared to paleoecological reconstructions from lacustrine records of microcharcoals and pollen. Finally, the present version of LPJ-LMfire has been used with IPCC climate scenarios to analyze trajectories along the 21st century. The results show that LPJ-LMfire correctly reproduces the spatio-temporal trends in fire frequency observed in the 20th century, particularly in Manitoba and Ontario. The simulated spatial distribution of plant biomass is also consistent with observations, except at the northern limit of trees where it is overestimated, especially for Picea. The trajectories of simulated fires and vegetation over the last 6,000 years were spatially shifted compared to paleoecological reconstructions: too far south in the west and too far north in the east. The observed difference would be due to the IPSL-CM5A-LR climate data provided as input of LPJ-LMfire. Climate variability and lightning impacts are the determining factors in the distribution of fire frequency during the 20th century, while vegetation feedbacks on fires control the distribution of their frequency over long time scales. Our results contradict the predicted increase in future fire risk, suggesting a decrease in fire frequency by 2100, especially in the south, associated with an increase in the proportion of deciduous taxa and an opening of landscapes that should limit ignition and spread of fires. The frequency and intensity of droughts induced by climate change are expected to increase and favor tree mortality south of the NLMF. Rising temperatures and atmospheric CO2 will only temporarily increase forest productivity. By 2100, declining biomass stocks and increasing broadleaf proportion south of the NLMF could threaten the economy of the forest sector. Silvicultural practices that preserve productivity and boreal forest resilience are therefore recommended to maintain sustainable forest management
Patoine, Alain. „Effets de la coupe forestière et des feux de forêt sur la structure des communautés zooplanctoniques des lacs du Bouclier boréal canadien“. Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/NQ61391.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAntoine-Santoni, Thierry. „Vers une application des réseaux de capteurs sans fil dans la problématique des feux de forêt : modélisation, simulation et plate-forme expérimentale“. Corte, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2006CORT4004.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleOne of the causes which supports large scale wildfires is the alarm precision lack. Indeed, firemen need tools able to detect fast and specify a sit of a fire. A new generation of tool is appeared : Wireless Sensor Network. In environemental monitoring, these sensors networks, having decentralized architecture and deployed in a zone, must to transmit their information, by a multi-hop communication, towards a base station. For this communication, the routing protocols attempt to carry out reliable data transmission, while testing to save the energy resources. In the problems of forest fires, the networks of sensors are able to help them firemen. However, we identify three axes for which it is necessary to provide answers : these networks, are they able to envisage, detect and follow a fire ? To answer these questions, the existing simulation tools are incomplete or unusable in our context study. In this essay, we introduce a new application, DEVS-WSN, based on a DEVS description. It allows to study performance and the deployment stratégies of the Wireless Sensor Networks. Moreover, we present a new algorithm of routing VOX, which improves the energy saving and increases lifetime of the network in the particular context of destroying phenomenons. We supplement this theoretical study by a test of Wireless Sensor Network on real fire. All these work advances the conditions of use of Wireless Sensor Network in the fire problems
Lowe, Fuentes Jeovanna. „Caractéristiques de la forêt boréale de l'Est du Québec en relation avec la faune aviaire“. Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/26603/26603.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe first objective of this project was to understand the effect of natural fire disturbance on the availability and abundance of dead trees (snags) and their use by cavity-nesting birds in the northeastern part of Quebec’s unmanaged boreal forest stands. Secondly, I aimed to understand the effects of the structure and composition of the boreal forest on bird species communities along two long-term chronosequences after fire (0 to >200 years postfire). Results show that tree mortality follow a U-shape pattern, with more snags in young and old-growth forests, where I also found more nest cavities and foraging signs. Although bird species richness did not vary greatly according to the different age classes, many species were lost and others recruited following succession stages. This study highlights the need to protect the forest at all stages, especially old-growth, which provides a heterogeneous environment suitable for several bird species.
Mangiavillano, Adrien. „Multi-scalarité du phénomène feu de forêt en régions méditerranéennes françaises de 1973 à 2006“. Phd thesis, Université d'Avignon, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00346345.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMindykowski, Pierrick. „Etude des mécanismes d'inflammation impliqués dans le développement des feux de végétation“. Aix-Marseille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX1A080.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe present work is an experimental, numerical and theoretical study of the mechanisms involved in the piloted ignition of wildland fuels. In the first part, the transport and combustion of firebrands, responsible for the spotting process, are modeled to determine the ignition potential of these particles at landing. Model results are in good agreement with literature data. Scaling laws based on the Froude modeling approach are proposed. The second part is devoted to the piloted ignition of wildland fuel beds exposed to a radiant heat flux. Experiments were conducted on pine needle fuel beds using the FPA. A comparative analysis between the experimental data and the results obtained using the two-phase model SAFIR, developed at IUSTI, is carried out to improve the knowledge of the ignition mechanism. An integral model is also proposed describing the transient heating of a fuel bed exposed to an incident heat flux and including convective and radiative losses. From this integral model, a relevant high-flux asymptotic solution is derived that relates linearly the inverse of the ignition time to the incident heat flux. Eventually we propose a procedure based on the asymptotic solution for the determination of the ignition time from a few experiments at high incident heat fluxes
Margerit, Jonathan. „Modélisation et Simulations Numériques de la Propagation de Feux de Forêts“. Phd thesis, Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine - INPL, 1998. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00003730.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBastianelli, Carole. „Changements globaux et dynamiques forestières des pessières du Québec au cours des 8000 dernières années à partir d'approches paléoécologiques et biogéochimiques“. Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEP044/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn order to better figure out the ongoing transition of the boreal forest in northern Quebec and to identify the responsible factors, this thesis studied the dynamics, stability and resilience of the two forest ecosystems at stake, over time. These ecosystems, the closed-canopy dense moss forest and the open lichen woodland, share the same dominant tree species (black spruce, Picea mariana). The thesis focused on the development of innovative geochemical tools in palaeoecological studies that could track present and past terrestrial ecosystem structure and composition, and then focused on the reconstruction of past fire regimes through lacustrine charcoal analyses. A first step demonstrated that the soils of both ecosystems displayed distinct physical and chemical properties and are maintained by the feedback interactions in the soil-vegetation-climate system. The second step showed that modern sediments of study lakes recorded variations in their chemical composition depending on whether they were surrounded by moss forest or lichen woodland. Using the so calibrated geochemical proxies, the third chapter reconstructed the vegetation and fire histories during the Holocene. A major disruption in ecosystem structure was evidenced 4500-4000 years calibrated before present and led to the conclusion of a boreal forest opening at that time due to an increase in fire frequency. The precariousness of the present states stability is discussed in light with the current context of fire increase in the study region and suggests that forest management should be adapted consequently
Toulouse, Tom. „Estimation par stéréovision multimodale de caractéristiques géométriques d’un feu de végétation en propagation“. Thesis, Corte, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CORT0009/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis presents the geometrical characteristics measurement of spreading vegetation fires with multimodal stereovision systems. Image processing and 3D registration are used in order to obtain a three-dimensional modeling of the fire at each instant of image acquisition and then to compute fire front characteristics like its position, its rate of spread, its height, its width, its inclination, its surface and its volume. The first important contribution of this thesis is the fire pixel detection. A benchmark of fire pixel detection algorithms and of those that are developed in this thesis have been on a database of 500 vegetation fire images of the visible spectra which have been characterized according to the fire properties in the image (color, smoke, luminosity). Five fire pixel detection algorithms based on fusion of data from visible and near-infrared spectra images have also been developed and tested on another database of 100 multimodal images. The second important contribution of this thesis is about the use of images fusion for the optimization of the matching point’s number between the multimodal stereo images.The second important contribution of this thesis is the registration method of 3D fire points obtained with stereovision systems. It uses information collected from a housing containing a GPS and an IMU card which is positioned on each stereovision systems. With this registration, a method have been developed to extract the geometrical characteristics when the fire is spreading.The geometrical characteristics estimation device have been evaluated on a car of known dimensions and the results obtained confirm the good accuracy of the device. The results obtained from vegetation fires are also presented
Delaitre, Sabine. „Gestion des connaissances en gestion des risques naturels. CREAD : capitaliser et réutiliser l'expérience pour l'aide à la decision. Cas d'application : la gestion de la lutte contre les feux de forêt“. Paris, ENMP, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000ENMP0979.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleZammit, Olivier. „Détection de zones brûlées après un feu de forêt à partir d'une seule image satellitaire SPOT 5 par techniques SVM“. Phd thesis, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00345683.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLe modèle est fondé sur les Séparateurs à Vaste Marge (SVM), une technique de classification supervisée qui a démontré une meilleure précision et une meilleure capacité de généralisation que les algorithmes de classification plus traditionnels. Concernant notre problème de détection, les différentes zones brûlées possèdent des caractéristiques spectrales assez similaires, au contraire des zones non brûlées (végétation, routes, eau, zones urbaines, nuage, ombre...) dont les caractéristiques spectrales varient énormément. Nous proposons donc d'utiliser les One-Class SVM, une technique qui dérive des SVM mais qui n'utilise que des exemples de pixels brûlés pour les phases d'apprentissage et de classification.
Afin de prendre en compte l'information spatiale de l'image, l'algorithme OC-SVM est utilisé comme une technique de croissance de régions, ce qui permet de diminuer les fausses alarmes et d'améliorer les contours des zones brûlées.
De plus, la base d'exemple de pixels brûlés nécessaire à l'apprentissage des techniques SVM est déterminée automatiquement à partir de l'histogramme de l'image.
Finalement, la méthode de classification proposée est testée sur plusieurs images satellitaires afin de valider son efficacité selon le type de végétation et la surface des zones brûlées. Les zones brûlées obtenues sont comparées aux vérités de terrain fournies par le CNES, Infoterra France, le SERTIT, les Services Départementaux d'Incendies et de Secours ou l'Office National des Forêts.
Aleman, Julie. „Structure de la végétation en Afrique centrale : rôles des forçages anthropiques et naturels“. Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00998484.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFourcade, Benoît. „Modélisation hydrologique et hydrochimique d'un petit bassin versant méditerranéen : conséquences de la variabilité hydrologique et d'un incendie de forêt (bassin du Rimbaud, Réal Collobrier, Var)“. Montpellier 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MON20131.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMaureira, Fabiola. „Favoriser la construction d’un collectif apprenant : les conditions organisationnelles du développement des compétences d’un collectif éphémère“. Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CNAM1018/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe present research is developed to identify the organizational conditions that create and develop teamwork oriented to learn at the national Forest Fire Control and Coordination Centre in Chile. The aim is to set up the operational configuration of a temporary team in order to give its members the knowledge to manage and deal with dynamic, complex and potentially risky situations. In this context, the quick training of novices and the updating of knowledge and know-how of experienced workers is an important issue for both developing operator skills and operationalizing the collective. Using an ethnomethodology approach based on the theories of situated action and distributed social cognition we have analyzed the formal learning process at the beginning of the forest fire season and the informal learning strategies developed during the season in order to operationalize an heterogeneous team. We also have analyzed the role of each team member and the assistance provided by each in order to help others learn and become a high performance team member.Several strategies are employed during the two periods of the season. We observed an active participation of members of the team, self-organization, and mutual support not only in order to fulfill the task, but also in order to exploit opportunities for learning from experience. We also have found seven different kinds of behaviour and verbal interaction aimed at learning while on the job, identified as accelerator of training, learning and knowledge recovery. Some of them proved to be most used in calm periods of the work day, while others were used during the management of forest fires. By the end of the season, all strategies tended to be less frequent.It is possible to identify an organizational strategy aimed at creating environments that allow a community of practice in action to be created, that contribute to the construction of a collective and to the development of a collective competence, the “épistèmo-vigilance” that exploits both the constructive and productive dimension of the activity. All of those strategies allow them to deal with risky dynamic work environments, to establish a high-performance team and to set an enabling work environment
Bodin, Stéphanie. „Caractérisation de l'impact des feux anthropiques de la période pré-colombienne sur la végétation forestière de la Réserve Naturelle des Nouragues en Guyane française par une approche anthracologique“. Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTG029.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe Amazonian forest has long been considered "virgin" from any ancient human impact. However, evidence contradicting this preconceived idea has been accumulating over the past few decades, including vast expanses of terra pretas. These are soils that are highly enriched in nutrients, very fertile and whose anthropogenic origin is now beyond doubt. They are proof that pre-Columbian societies have had a considerable impact on their environment. Many studies have focused on the central and western Amazon where terra preta areas are numerous and host very diversified vegetation. The Guiana Shield has not benefited from the same interest. However, in the Guianan forests, there are many signs of ancient human occupation, including in the vegetation. As on terra preta sites, many useful species are found in some places, in greater abundance than can be observed in the case of natural dispersion. It is in this context that this thesis, which focuses on the impact of pre-Columbian populations on the forest vegetation of the Nouragues Reserve in French Guiana, is based. This work seeks to characterize this impact through an anthracological approach - the identification of charcoal, a method rarely used in tropical ecosystems. As a result, a significant part of the thesis is devoted to methodology. As a first step, an identification key specifically adapted to the anatomical characteristics observed on charcoal and targeting Guianan species was implemented to facilitate the identification process. This key is freely downloadable online and is editable, so that new descriptions and taxa can be added. Then, different methods of charcoal sampling - soil profile sampling, auger sampling and opportunistic sampling on uprooting mounds or during digging - were compared. The results show that the first two methods allow to recover the same amount of charcoal but not the same taxonomic diversity. In most of the studied sites, sampling along a soil profile provides more diversity than augers because of the often monospecific assemblages provided by the latter. Nevertheless, almost every new auger sampling allows to recover a new taxon. Opportunistic sampling also increases the assemblage diversity. The combination of the three methods therefore makes it possible to obtain more diversified and more representative assemblages. A sampling protocol combining several pits, augers and opportunistic sampling is proposed to ensure a better representation of anthracological assemblages and to overcome this spatial heterogeneity as much as possible. Finally, the dates carried out on the charcoals collected during the thesis indicate that the Nouragues experienced two main periods of occupation ranging from 1300-1000 cal years BP to 600-400 cal years BP. Anthracological assemblages show that these occupations have induced significant vegetation changes at some sites. Indeed, in two sites, the forest has given way to very different plant formations, dominated by bambusiform poaceae or lianas. The results suggest that one of the bamboo formations may have developed after the abandonment of a semi-permanent cultivation plot, thus joining hypotheses formulated in previous historical ecological studies. The results of anthracological analyses also show the presence of useful and secondary vegetation taxa, thus reflecting the impact of ancient populations on forest environment. Finally, the selection of firewood seems to have been adapted according to the local vegetation. The type of activity that causes these vegetation changes remains to be defined and the understanding of pre-Columbian sites in French Guiana, as elsewhere in the Amazon, should be improved through the complementary contributions of other disciplines.Keywords: Amazonian dark earths – French Guiana – Anthracology – Charcoal – Pre-Columbian period – Tropical forest
Favier, Charly. „Hommes, Savanes, Forêts : modélisation de systèmes dynamiques liant l'homme à son environnement“. Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00009014.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBorsali, Amine Habib. „Contribution à l’évaluation de l’impact des incendies sur les écosystèmes forestiers : cas de la Forêt de Fénouane , Commune d’Ain El Hadjer, Wilaya de Saida ( Algérie)“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4362.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWithin this research was to evaluate dynamic return to short and long-term of the physicochemical and microbiological properties of the burnt grounds and to study to become to it burned vegetable communities. For the study of the ground we analyzed the physical properties, chemical and microbiological of 25 samples of ground taken in the Forest of Fénouane (Wilaya of Saida, Algeria) along a chono-sequence of 2,4,8,13 and 20 years after last. This study made it possible to show the vulnerability of the forest grounds of the semi-arid stage of the Tellian Atlas at the frequencies of fires higher than 1 fire every 20 years. For the study of the effect of fire on the composition of the pine forests with Pinus halepensis Mill.de the forest of Fénouane (Algeria) one used the same small squares and chrono-sequence that selected for the study of the ground. Floristic statements were carried out according to the method sigmatist according to the last fire. The comparative method showed a progressive reconstitution of the pine forests without much variation in their floristic composition. In fact practically the same species existed before fire which reappears afterwards. It arises from the phyto-ecological study that the forest of Fénouane is very fragile and the little of plant species which it contains could decrease to reach a critical level because of the climatic and edaphic aridity accentuated by the fires and the overgrazing
Magne, Gwenaël. „Paléo-incendies et changements climatiques dans les forêts boréales nord-européennes au cours de l'Holocène“. Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTG068.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBoreal forest ecosystems represent almost 30% of the world forest area. These regions characterized by a complex forest mosaic are mainly structured by climate (temperature and precipitations) and fire regime. The predictive ability of forest fires is essential to mitigate their impacts on forest ecosystem dynamics, considering related ecological and social-economic aspects. Under global warming (IPCC, 2014), changes in climatically-driven fire regime (frequency and severity) are expected, which could represent a potential threat to boreal ecosystems. Consequently, it is necessary to better investigate the link between fire and climate in order to apprehend the natural variability of ecological processes. But before looking at future changes with the use of models, it is essential to understand the changes in the past with palaeoecological proxy. Paleoecological studies use time series of physical or chemical properties of paleontological, geological and glaciological records, thus allowing understanding of climatic variability even in the absence of direct meteorological observations. With this study, different methods were used to reconstruct the paleo-fires history (lacustrine charcoals and dendrochronology) and past climates (subfossil chironomids and pollens) in order to study the fire-climate link in Northern Europe during Holocene. Firstly, he was shown here that it was possible to detect surface fires in Fennoscandian boreal forests from sedimentary records. Climate change in Lapland has also been reconstructed over the last 9500 years using chironomid and pollen inferred-temperatures. These results were compared with the local fire history to study the link between fire dynamics and climate oscillations. The data resulting from the charcoal analysis indicate an increase in fire frequency since 3500 cal. BP. This dynamic seems to be linked to climate changes, as evidenced by the temperatures decrease observed during the past 4000 years. The colder and wetter climatic and environmental conditions have apparently led to a change the forest composition (including the arrival of Picea) that may have caused this change in fire regime. Furthermore, the quantity of charcoal sequestered in sediments decreases during the last 4000 years. This suggests that these changes have also changed the type of fire affecting this boreal region, from large crown fires to frequent surface fires. The increase in fire frequency has finally reached its maximum in the last 2000 years, suggesting that an increase in summer drought periods is behind these changes. In the end, this study confirms that climate and environmental changes tend to lead to a fire increase in the northern European boreal forest
Dussol, Lydie. „Feux et forêts mayas : usages et gestion des combustibles ligneux dans les Basses Terres centrales mayas à la période Classique : le cas du site de Naachtun, Petén, Guatemala : approche anthracologique“. Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01H072.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe rise and development of ancient Maya societies in the tropical forests of the Maya Lowlands, a demanding environment, have raised important questions, most of which remain unanswered due to a lack of empirical data. Models describing Maya forest exploitation, landscapes impact and adaptation to environmental changes over three millennia of occupation mostly rely on palynological and sedimentological data. Archaeological or archaeobotanical data has conversely very rarely been used to test these models. Specifically, no attempt has been made to reconstruct systematically the global wood economy of ancient Maya cities. Wood was an indispensable resource for the Maya, as for all pre-industrial societies, and thus constitutes a key economic and ecological indicator for understanding socio-environmental interactions over time. This doctoral study therefore aims to conduct a systematic and diachronic anthracological study at a Maya site, in order to reconstruct domestic firewood collection strategies and analyze cross relations between human activities and woodland changes throughout the whole length of the occupation. This research has been carried out at the site of Naachtun, a Classic period city (AD 250-950) located in northern Petén, Guatemala. The development of the city over eight centuries≈ ( AD 150 -950/1000), with non-linear population dynamics, and its resilience during the Terminal Classic crisis, made the site of Naachtun a relevant candidate for the study of the interactions between the ancient Maya and the forest on a long-term scale. This required beforehand the compilation of a wood reference collection for the Central Maya Lowlands, which now comprises 231 taxa belonging to 52 families, physical and numerical materials included. Two other lines of research have been developed in this project. The first focuses on the impact of taphonomic processes on the preservation of archaeological charcoal at Maya sites, by means of an experimental study of the combustion of five tree species of the Maya forest. The second one deals with the use of fire and ashes in the ritual practices of the ancient Maya. Ash and charcoal deposits resulting from ritual actions are examined through a spatial approach in order to reconstitute the human gestures that are responsible for their formation. These three interdependent lines of research allow us to demonstrate the usefulness of anthracology in the study of the socio-environmental dynamics and human behaviors in the Maya Lowlands
Cogos, Sarah. „Fire, people and reindeer in the boreal forest : the role of fire in the historical and contemporary interactions between Sami reindeer herding and forest management in northern Sweden“. Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASB031.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn the boreal forest of northern Sweden, fire was used from around 1920 to 1970 as a forest regeneration measure, and then abandoned for some decades. Since the 1990s, fire restoration has been carried out through regeneration and conservation burning in commercial and protected forests. The same forest is also used as reindeer pasturelands by indigenous Sami herders. The overall aim of this thesis was to investigate the human dimensions of fire regimes in the Swedish boreal forest, with a focus on interactions between fire, Sami reindeer husbandry and forest management during the 20th century and up to the present. This goal was addressed through an interdisciplinary approach combining historical ecology and environmental anthropology. The results show that while forest managers conceive fire as a natural perturbation, Sami herders have conflicting feelings about fire, as they have had to endure the effects of imposed burning strategies on their livelihood. While burning can promote summer pasture and maintain the long-term availability of winter pasture, it destroys lichen pasture temporarily and Sami ecological knowledge shows that burning also affects the behaviour and movement patterns of the reindeer. These pitfalls already affected reindeer herding during the first half of the 20th century, and even triggered an early form of consultation with the forestry sector. Today, while generally opposed to all external measures that affect reindeer grazing grounds, Sami herders increasingly see in burning a way to restore winter pasturelands. They use the consultation process with forest owners to negotiate for burning that serves their interests. The fire regime thus reflects a combination of technical constraints, forest management and nature conservation objectives, and conditions posed by Sami herders. However, in order for Sami herders to actually assert their interests, true fire co-management would have to be implemented
Gennaro, Matthieu de. „Modélisation de la propagation des grands incendies de forêts et élaboration d'un outil opérationnel d'aide à la lutte tactique“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0148/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis work is focused on the development of a wildfire spread model and its integration into a decision-making tool for planning firefighting operations. The fire spread model is based on a network model to represent vegetation distribution on land and considers the main heat transfer mechanisms from burning to unburnt vegetation items (i.e. radiation from the flaming zone and embers, surface convection and wind-driven convection through the fuel bed, and radiative cooling from the heated fuel element to the environment). The effects of local conditions of wind, topography, and vegetation are included. To address the challenge of real-time fire spread simulations, the model is also extended in two ways. First, the Monte Carlo method is used in conjunction with a genetic algorithm to create a database of radiation view factors from the flame to the fuel surface for a wide variety of flame properties and environment conditions. Second, the front-tracking method is introduced in order to reduce the amount of data to store and handle during propagation. The fire spread model is validated against data from different fire scenarios, showing it is capable of capturing the trends observed in experiments in terms of rate of spread, and area and shape of the burn, with reduced computational resources. It is then extended to evaluate fire risk at the wildland fire interface. In the frame of the TechForFire project coordinated by the NOVELTIS company, the new version of the fire spread model is coupled with the other modules of the operational chain. Finally, data from the fire of Velaux in 2015 are used to evaluate the TechForFire solution
Bailon-Ruiz, Rafael. „Design of a wildfire monitoring system using fleets of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles“. Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020ISAT0011.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWildfires, also known as forest or wildland fires, are uncontrolled vegetation fires occurring in rural areas that cause tremendous damage to the society, harming environment, property and people. The firefighting endeavor is a dull, dirty and dangerous job and as such, can greatly benefit from automation to reduce human exposure to hazards. Aerial remote sensing is a common technique to obtain precise information about a wildfire state so fire response teams can prepare countermeasures. This task, when performed with manned aerial vehicles, expose operators to high risks that can be eliminated by the use of autonomous vehicles. This thesis introduces a wildfire monitoring system based on fleets of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to provide firefighters with timely updated information about a wildland fire. We present an approach to plan trajectories for a fleet of fixed-wing UAVs to observe a wildfire evolving over time. Realistic models of the terrain, of the fire propagation process, and of the UAVs are exploited, together with a model of the wind, to predict wildfire spread and plan UAV motion. The approach tailors a generic Variable Neighborhood Search method to these models and the associated constraints. The execution of the planned monitoring mission provides wildfire maps that are transmitted to the fire response team and exploited by the planning algorithm to plan new observation trajectories. Algorithms and models are integrated within a software architecture allowing for execution under scenarios with different levels of realism, with real and simulated UAVs flying over a real or synthetic wildfire. Mixed-reality simulation results show the ability to plan observation trajectories for a small fleet of UAVs, and to update the plans when new information on the fire are incorporated in the fire model
Merino, Albert. „Vivre avec le feu en région méditerranéenne : une approche participative multicritère et multi-scénarios appliquée au cas du massif des Maures (Var, France)“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLV016/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis aims to: (i) explore and evaluate several ways of living with fire in Mediterranean forests; (ii) appraise different evaluative frameworks for wildfire risk governance. The case study concerns the Massif des Maures (Var; France), a fire-prone territory where structural socio-economic transformations are coming about since 50 years now. The thesis consists of three main parts clearly distinguishable (thematically as well as methodologically). First part focuses on “Fire Economics”, that is, the set of theoretical concepts and methodological tools commonly applied by economists for the study of wildfire risk (C+NVC model, “most efficient program level”, etc.). We highlight up to three fundamental sophisms in such an evaluative framework. We thus underline its inadequacy for dealing with the complexity, uncertainty, ambiguity and incommensurability of wildfires phenomenon. The focus of the thesis moves then to the presentation of an alternative approach in which several semi-qualitative and integrated Scenarios are explored through an inclusive Multi-Criteria reasoning. Second part thus treats Environmental Scenarios, an approach which is first presented in a general way and whose application to our case study is then analysed in detail, from the very first interviews with local actors to the final scenarios generated with their participation. These scenarios are: (i) Technical Confrontation; (ii) Forest (re)Colonisation; (iii) Fire Domestication; and (iv) Collective Adaptation. Third part deals with Participatory Multi-Criteria Approaches (PMCA). We first present and contextualise these evaluative frameworks as an example of Value-Articulating Institution (VAI). We then apply to our case study a hybrid PMCA inspired from two approaches frequently used in social-ecological systems management and risk governance: Multi-Criteria Mapping and INTÉGRAAL Approach. The thesis concludes with several recommendations that could improve social acceptability of current fire management strategies and more generally, enhance fire risk governance practices
Moussu, Guy. „Définition d'une méthodologie de détection de phénomènes dynamiques dans une chronique d'images et son application à quelques études“. Phd thesis, Nice, 1988. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00956228.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleVan, Exem Antonin. „Reconstructions de changements environnementaux dans les archives lacustres par imagerie hyperspectrale“. Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMR101/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleOver time, lakes trap sedimentary particles that form sedimentary reserves. Tracing the origin of those particles with a precise stratigraphic resolution, involves reconstituting one or more paleo environmental information thus allowing the identification of past environmental changes. Decrypting that information requires a sedimentary carrot analysis technic to identify their high resolution composition indicators. Hyperspectral imagery remains one of the rare technics capable of showing those indicators in a two dimensional form so as to characterize the variations in the composition of the sediment as well as the finer stratigraphic structures. In comparison to the methods used routinely, hyperspectral imagery is a highresolution (nanometers resolution) technic that does not destroy the core of the sediment and is time efficient (1 hour per meter of sediment). In this thesis, the potential of the high resolution imagery is highlighted through the study of several case studies. The aim is to reconstitute environmental changes based on the origin of high resolution sedimentary organic matter (OM) quickly whilst preserving their history. Several hyperspectral indicators have been developed on two carefully chosen study sites to understand the origins of those OM. Those sites were chosen based on their potential sedimentary organic signature. In a Mediterranean environment, detrital OM inputs in the Bresson lake give a history of the various forest fires whereas the organic carbon variations in a series of reserve sediments, reconstruct the fluctuations of glacier erosion in an artic lake. In both cases, the OM of detrital origin is traced for the first time through a non-destructive method. Tracing OM issued from Primary aquatic production is improved with a new spectroscopic index. These indicators are validated by the methods routinely used (HPLC and RE6) then are calibrated by these technics in order to rebuilt high resolution COT concentrations. Hyperspectral imagery allows to trace the sedimentary composition and to see geo chemical variations in order to quantify the origin of organic inputs. Those results seem promising and bring essential foundations to develop the routine use of this new technic in order to reconstitute accurately past environmental changes