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1
Boothe, Paul, und Iryna Kryvoruchko. „Do Federal Transfers Stabilize Regional Government Revenues? Evidence from Australia and Canada (1)“. Public Finance and Management 4, Nr. 4 (Dezember 2004): 480–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/152397210400400402.
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This paper looks at the design of intergovernmental transfers in two mature federations, Australia and Canada, in an effort to determine empirically how well transfers in these countries mitigate shocks to regional government revenues. Two general results emerge. First, the average impact of federal transfers in Australia and Canada is not generally stabilizing for regional government revenues. Second, using the methodology of von Hagen and Hepp, we found little evidence of a marginal stabilizing impact of federal transfers on Australian state revenues. for Canada, we found evidence of somewhat larger impacts.
2
Gray, Anthony. „Discriminatory Taxation in Light of Fortescue: Its Implications for the Development of Northern Australia“. Federal Law Review 42, Nr. 1 (März 2014): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.22145/flr.42.1.3.
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In the recent Fortescue decision, the High Court made some interesting observations regarding interpretation of the word ‘discrimination’ in the context of the Federal Government's power with respect to taxation in s 51(2) of the Australian Constitution. Coincidentally, the Federal Government has commenced consideration of options for the development of northern regions of Australia. Of course, one option would be to introduce a variable taxation system to encourage businesses and individuals to be based, and/or invest, in northern Australia. This article considers possible constitutional issues associated with variable taxation schemes overtly favouring businesses and individuals based in the ‘north’, given the recent High Court decision.
3
Trinder, J. „The Current Status of Mapping in the World – Spotlight on Australia“. ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-4 (23.04.2014): 263–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-4-263-2014.
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Prior to 1950, there was very limited mapping in Australia covering only strategic areas. After World War II, the Federal Government funded the small scale mapping of the whole country. This involved the development of the Australian National Spheroid in 1966, the Australian Geodetic Datum in 1966 and 1984 (AGD66 and AGD84) which were replaced by the Australian Geocentric Datum in 1994 (GDA94). The mapping of the country was completed in 1987 with 100 % of the country mapped at 1:100,000 and 1:250,000 although about half of the 1:100,000 are unpublished products. The Federal Government through Geoscience Australia continues to provide digital data, such as the GEODATA 250K (now series 3). Mapping at larger scales is undertaken by the states and territories, including cadastral mapping. This paper will demonstrate the extent of mapping in Australia as part of the current UN global survey of mapping.
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Schofield-Georgeson, Eugene, und Michael Rawling. „Industrial legislation in Australia in 2019“. Journal of Industrial Relations 62, Nr. 3 (02.04.2020): 425–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185620911682.
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In this 2019 electoral year, a federal Morrison Liberal Government was returned to power with little in the way of an industrial agenda. It failed to implement its key legislation, which mainly included reform to union governance and changes to religious freedom in the workplace. Meanwhile, the state governments, particularly the Victorian Andrews Labor Government, reviewed a swathe of labour law, including wage theft, industrial manslaughter, owner–driver legislation and workers' compensation laws and implemented a host of progressive changes. This year has also seen the continuation of a key policy trend, observable at both state and federal levels of government, towards regulation of aspects of industrial relations by the state that were once exclusively the province of employers and trade unions through a twentieth-century system of conciliation and arbitration.
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Warren, Matthew, und Shona Leitch. „Data retention: an assessment of a proposed national scheme“. Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society 17, Nr. 1 (03.05.2018): 98–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jices-12-2017-0073.
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Purpose The information society has developed rapidly since the end of the twentieth century. Many countries (including Australia) have been looking at ways to protect their citizens against the variety of risks associated with the continued evolution of the internet. The Australian Federal Government in 2013 proposed data retention as one possible method of protecting Australian society and aiding law enforcement agencies to investigate and prosecute cyber-crime. Design/methodology/approach The aim of this paper is to consider the issue of data retention from a stakeholder’s perspective by analysing the public submissions garnered by the Australian Federal Government and identify the key issues and concerns that were raised by these stakeholders. The paper used a qualitative approach to undertake theme analysis. Findings The paper shows the concerns and wishes that different stakes holders have regarding data retention within Australia. Originality/value This is a unique study into implementation of data retention at a national level, in terms of the paper focussing on Australia.
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Rawling, Michael, und Eugene Schofield-Georgeson. „Industrial legislation in Australia in 2018“. Journal of Industrial Relations 61, Nr. 3 (01.05.2019): 402–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185619834058.
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It has been a quiet year like last year for the passing of federal industrial legislation (due to a number of factors, including the political turmoil of the federal coalition government and their lack of an overall labour law reform agenda). This article examines key federal industrial legislative developments including the Modern Slavery Act 2018 (Cth). The article identifies that the federal Act contains much weaker compliance measures than the counterpart New South Wales legislation also passed in 2018 – the Modern Slavery Act 2018 (NSW). Also, although the Coalition government has attempted to continue to prosecute its case for further union governance measures, this agenda has been less successful than in previous years, with key government Bills not yet passed by the Parliament. The stagnation in the federal Parliament continues to motivate certain State Parliaments to address worker exploitation, and the article goes on to examine key State industrial legislation passed in 2018 including the Victorian labour hire licensing statute. In light of the continuing dominant position of the federal Labor opposition in opinion polls and an impending federal election in 2019, the article concludes by briefly considering the federal Labor opposition's agenda for industrial legislation.
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Weston, London T. „Smoky Wine Variety: How Federal Crop Insurance Hinders Grape Growers Affected by Wildfire Smoke“. Texas A&M Journal of Property Law 9, Nr. 3 (Mai 2023): 391–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/jpl.v9.i3.3.
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This Note comparatively argues that while both Californian and Australian grape growers lose millions of dollars from crops damaged by wildfire smoke taint, the two countries support and insure their farmers very differently. When both areas of the world are susceptible to the damaging effects of climate change, why are the producers not susceptible to the same type of crop relief? After a careful analysis of the types of insurance the United States and Australian governments offer grape growers, the inequity stands between the systematic approach to insuring citizens against wildfires. In America, federal crop insurance only protects crops touched by the flames of wildfires, whereas, in Australia, the government recognizes the consequential effects of wildfires—smoke taint—and provides relief to their farmers for those crops damaged by smoke. The United States will fall behind the world in the wine industry, and more importantly, the billion-dollar viticulture industry in California will cease to exist, and millions of Americans will lose their jobs, homes, and hope without the support of the federal government. Thus, the United States must reevaluate the long-standing federal crop insurance policies and emulate those policies in Australia so that grape growers may feel overdue relief.
8
Butler, Julia. „Law Libraries in Australia - Government Libraries“. International Journal of Legal Information 28, Nr. 2 (2000): 429–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500009203.
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Since the mid 1980's to the present time there has been an unprecedented attitudinal change by governments, both at the federal and state levels, regardless of political persuasion, towards the role of the public sector. There has been a sustained policy to wind back the size of the Public Service across the board.
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BARANOVSKA, LILIYA, und NATALIIA ZHURAVEL. „LEGISLATIVE SUPPORT FOR HIGHER EDUCATION IN AUSTRALIA“. Comparative Professional Pedagogy 13, Nr. 1 (25.05.2023): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2308-4081/2023-13(1)-4.
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The article examines and analyses legislative support of higher education in Australia and compares it with the educational legislation of Ukraine. It is defined that Australia is a federal country and its education legislation is provided by the National and State Governments. The national government develops the national education policy and substantiates its guiding principles. The federal government is responsible for funding higher education and provides additional funding to the states. State and territory governments control all aspects of education except universities. The laws in this country are effective. In education, they are focused on improving the quality of professional training, forming such competences of higher education students that employers expect and that are appropriate for workplaces. Higher education in Australia is provided by universities and colleges, as well as institutions of the state-controlled TAFE (Technical and Further Education) system. Universities in Australia provide theoretical training for higher education applicants. Vocational education, focused on the development of specific skills for activities in a specific workplace, is provided by TAFE institutions. Their programmes are developed in partnership with business and industry communities.
In addition to the public TAFE system, there are also private vocational colleges. The legislative framework of higher education in Australia includes: Australian Education Act, Higher Education Act, Higher Education Support Act, Australian Qualifications Framework, Training Packages.
The latter outline the standards of professional skills that can be used to train and assess the competences of education seekers. Training Packages were developed in the process of national consultations with industry. Their goals are to determine the match between the demand for qualifications and the supply; encourage the development of a flexible and relevant workforce and training; ensure national recognition of professional and technical training results; support people in the choice of education and career.
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Leitch, Shona, und Matthew Warren. „Applying classification controls to Internet content in Australia“. Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society 13, Nr. 2 (11.05.2015): 82–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jices-08-2014-0037.
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Purpose – The purpose of this study is to explore Australian public and stakeholders views towards the regulation of the Internet and its content. The federal government called for submissions addressing their proposal, and this paper analyses these submissions for themes and provides clarity as to the Australian public and stakeholders key concerns in regards to the proposed policy. Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses a qualitative approach to analyse the public consultations to the Australian Federal Government. These documents are coded and analysed to determine negative and positive viewpoints. Findings – The research has shown, based upon the analysis of the consultation, that there was no public support for any of the measures put forward, that the Australian Federal Government in its response has not recognised this public feedback and instead has only utilised some of the qualitative feedback obtained through the public consultation process to try to justify its case to proceed with its proposals. Research limitations/implications – The study is focussed on Australia. Practical implications – The paper analyses a proposed national approach to filtering the content of the Internet and discussed the public reaction to such an approach. Social implications – The paper looks at how different parts of Australian society view Internet filtering in a positive or negative manner. Originality/value – The only study that directly looks at the viewpoint of the Australian public.
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Plumb, James. „‘Back to the Future' A review of Australian reservation and other natural gas export control policies“. APPEA Journal 59, Nr. 2 (2019): 505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj18282.
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Despite record levels of domestic production, forecasters are predicting that the east coast Australian gas market will remain tight in 2019. The introduction of the Australian Domestic Gas Security Mechanism (ADGSM) by the Federal Government in 2017, and the proposal announced by the Australian Labour Party (ALP) to bolster the mechanism, have again thrust the issue of political intervention in the export gas market into sharp focus. This paper provides an overview of the current regulatory intervention at the state and federal level, and looks back at the history of controls imposed upon the Australian gas export market. The paper is divided into two parts: Part 1, which looks at current regulatory controls engaged by various State and Federal governments: (a) the development and implementation of the ADGSM; (b) the development and implementation of the Queensland Government’s Prospective Gas Production Land Reserve policy (PGPLR); and (c) the Government of Western Australia’s (WA Government) domestic gas policy. The paper also reviews policy announcements made by the ALP in the lead up to the 2019 Federal election. Part 2 provides a broad overview of the history of controls on gas exports in Australia, from the embargo on exports from the North West Shelf between 1973 and 1977, through the increasing liberalisation of Australian energy policy during the 1980s and 1990s (and the associated conflict with state concerns of ensuring sufficiency of the domestic supply of gas), up to the removal of federal controls on resources exports (including liquefied natural gas) in 1997.
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Eggington, William. „Language Policy and Planning in Australia“. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 14 (März 1994): 137–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0267190500002865.
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Australian federal and state government language policy and planning efforts have had a remarkable effect on Australian educational and non-educational life during the past twenty years. This effort has resulted in strong international recognition of the Australian language policy experience. For example, Romaine, in the introduction to her anthology focusing on the languages of Australia states that “the movement to set up a national language policy is so far unprecedented in the major Anglophone countries” (Romaine 1991:8).
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Wescott, Geoffrey Charles. „Australia's Distinctive National Parks System“. Environmental Conservation 18, Nr. 4 (1991): 331–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s037689290002258x.
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Australia possesses a distinctive national parks and conservation reserves system, in which it is the State Governments rather than the Federal Government which owns, plans, and manages, national parks and other conservation reserves.Most Australian States declared their first national parks in the latter quarter of last century, Australia's first national park being declared in New South Wales in March 1879. These critical declarations were followed by a slow accumulation of parks and reserves through to 1968. The pace of acquisition then quickened dramatically with an eight-fold expansion in the total area of national parks between 1968 and 1990, at an average rate of over 750,000 ha per annum. The present Australian system contains 530 national parks covering 20.18 million hectares or 2.6% of the land-mass. A further 28.3 million hectares is protected in other parks and conservation reserves. In terms of the percentage of their land-mass now in national parks, the leading States are Tasmania (12.8%) and Victoria (10.0%), with Western Australia (1.9%) and Queensland (2.1%) trailing far behind, and New South Wales (3.92%) and South Australia (3.1%) lying between.The Australian system is also compared with the Canadian and USA systems. All three are countries of widely comparable cultures that have national parks covering similar percentage areas, but Canada and the USA have far fewer national parks than Australia and they are in general of much greater size. In addition, Canada and the USA ‘resource’ these parks far better than the Australians do theirs. The paper concludes that Australia needs to rationalize its current system by introducing direct funding, by the Federal Government, of national park management, and duly examining the whole system of reserves from a national rather than States' viewpoint.
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Roffey, Paul, und Michelle Gahan. „Responses to Security Sensitive Biological Agents (SSBA) risks by the Australian Federal Police“. Microbiology Australia 41, Nr. 3 (2020): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma20034.
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As Australia’s national law enforcement agency the Australia Federal Police (AFP) plays a number of roles, broadly grouped under intelligence and investigation, in supporting a whole of government approach to responding to, and mitigating, risks from Security Sensitive Biological Agents (SSBA). The AFP is responsible for coordinating the investigation of national and transnational crimes, which includes acts of bioterrorism, and preventing, countering and responding to attacks in Australia and on Australian interests overseas. This paper provides an overview of the responses to SSBA risks by the AFP.
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Wilde, W., und Paul Swatman. „Federal Government Policy and Community Objectives in Regional Telecommunications: A SISP-Based Study of Ballarat“. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research 1, Nr. 1 (01.04.2006): 16–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jtaer1010003.
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The decline of regional Australia in terms of wealth and population during the two decades since 1980 has compelled the Federal Government to intervene. In 1997 the Australian Federal Government devoted in excess of $A460 million to a grant award scheme called the Regional Telecommunication Infrastructure Fund (RTIF) in which regional communities identified local telecommunication problems and applied for funds to correct them. Our project examines, through the lens of a conceptual framework extended from and informed by Strategic Information Systems Planning (SISP), the effectiveness of the mechanism of this and similar schemes. The primary purpose of this paper is to present a study of the experience of Ballarat in relation to the Australian RTIF programme.
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Biggs, Anthony G. „HORTICULTURAL RESEARCH IN AUSTRALIA“. HortScience 27, Nr. 6 (Juni 1992): 608f—608. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.608f.
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Australian horticultural research and development is now co-ordinated by an industry supported, federal government statutory body — the Horticultural Research and Development Corporation (HRDC). The Corporation, constituted in 1987, co-ordinated project funding to the value of just over $10 million in 1991/92. More than 300 projects are now supported, covering all sectors of horticulture. Federal government funds are available to match industry contributions to a value of up to 0.5% gross value of product. Traditional funding organisations are reducing commitments to research and development, thus placing increasing pressure on industries to help themselves on a user-pays basis. Examples will be provided of completed projects which are proving of great value to Australian horticultural domestic and export opportunities.
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Rawling, Michael, und Eugene Schofield-Georgeson. „Industrial legislation in Australia in 2017“. Journal of Industrial Relations 60, Nr. 3 (20.04.2018): 378–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185618760088.
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This article examines key industrial legislation passed by federal Parliament in 2017. The main development in federal industrial legislation for this year, which passed with bipartisan support, saw a weakened Coalition Government (forced from its traditional industrial relations (IR) stance) act to improve protections for vulnerable workers. This initiative introduced extended liability provisions regulating franchisors and holding companies. However, these provisions are a narrow response to an economy-wide problem because they do not establish measures to better regulate supply chains, labour hire and gig economy arrangements for the protection of vulnerable workers. Back in more familiar territory, the Coalition Government managed to implement part of its agenda to further regulate unions by establishing legislation that criminalises bargaining payments by employers to unions. A constitutional crisis over the citizenship status of federal Parliamentarians prevented the Coalition Government from passing legislation designed to curtail trade union activities. The article also considers significant State legislative developments including the introduction of mandatory labour hire licensing laws in South Australia and Queensland, industrial manslaughter laws in Queensland and regulation of ridesharing arrangements in Victoria. The article concludes by contrasting federal criminal penalties against union activity with civil penalties for businesses that exploit vulnerable workers, before suggesting future directions in industrial legislation.
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Scott, Janet L., Colin L. Raston, Christopher R. Strauss und W. Roy Jackson. „Centre for Green Chemistry, Monash University, Australia“. Pure and Applied Chemistry 73, Nr. 8 (01.08.2001): 1251–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200173081251.
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The Centre for Green Chemistry is an Australian Research Council (ARC) Special Research Centre (SRC), located at Monash University in Melbourne, Australia. SRCs are funded by the Australian federal government, via the vehicle of the ARC, with the express goal of supporting excellent basic research and research training that has strong international links. The goal of the center is to provide a fundamental scientific base for future green chemical technology, identifying niche areas in the Australian context and beyond. Establishment of this SRC and its modus operandi are discussed.
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Clyne, Michael. „Multilingualism in Australia“. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 17 (März 1997): 191–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0267190500003342.
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Although English fulfills many of the functions of an official language in Australia, the Australian Constitution does not declare it to be the official language. Instead, it serves as the lingua franca of a culturally and linguistic diverse population. It is the language of Parliament and Administration, and the language in which official records are kept. Only on one occasion was a federal government bill passed multilingually, the Report and Recommendations of the Review of Programs and Services for Migrants (in 1978), which was written in ten languages other than English.
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Cassidy, Julie. „Hollow Avowals of Human Rights Protection - Time for an Australian Federal Bill of Rights?“ Deakin Law Review 13, Nr. 2 (01.12.2008): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.21153/dlr2008vol13no2art162.
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<p>Unlike the constitutions of many nations, such as the United States of America and the Republic of South Africa, the constitutions of the Australian States and Territories and the Commonwealth Constitution Act 1901 (UK) contain no bill of rights. Australia is the only western democracy without a federal bill of rights. The debate regarding the need for a bill of rights necessitates an understanding of what human rights the people of Australia already enjoy. If sufficient protection can be found in existing sources, does Australia really need a federal bill of rights? Opponents of a bill of rights state that we have sufficient protection from arbitrary government intervention in our personal affairs and thus a bill of rights is<br />unnecessary. There are a number of potential sources of human rights in Australia that might provide the suggested existing protection, including the common law, specific domestic legislation, international law and constitutional law. Each of these sources of human rights has, however,<br />important limitations. The focus of this article is on the inadequacy of the Australian constitutions as a source of purported protection. This in turn suggests that an alternative source of rights is needed – a federal bill of rights? In the course of this analysis the author makes suggestions for<br />reform; specifically how a federal bill of rights may address the paucity of constitutional protection.</p>
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Forsyth, Anthony. „Industrial legislation in Australia in 2016“. Journal of Industrial Relations 59, Nr. 3 (22.05.2017): 323–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185617693876.
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After three years of trying, the Coalition Government finally succeeded in obtaining passage of several key workplace reform statutes in 2016. This followed the outcome of the federal election held on 2 July, delivering the Government a differently composed Senate and a new opportunity to secure support for its legislative program. This review article explains key aspects of the industrial legislation passed by federal Parliament in 2016, including statutes abolishing the specialist road transport industry tribunal, re-establishing the Howard-era regulator for the construction industry, and setting up a new agency to enforce enhanced governance and accountability standards for registered unions and employer organisations. Legislative amendments aimed at resolving the long-running bargaining dispute in Victoria’s Country Fire Authority are also considered, along with the Government’s muted response to the 2015 Productivity Commission review of the workplace relations framework. The article then examines developments at state level, including a major rewrite of Queensland’s industrial legislation, structural changes in New South Wales, and proposed changes to long service leave and the labour hire sector in Victoria. It concludes by noting the irony that just as the federal Government has tasted some success after a long legislative ‘dry spell’, its labour law reform agenda appears limited and piecemeal.
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Chubaka, Chirhakarhula E., Harriet Whiley, John W. Edwards und Kirstin E. Ross. „A Review of Roof Harvested Rainwater in Australia“. Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2018 (2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6471324.
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To address concern regarding water sustainability, the Australian Federal Government and many state governments have implemented regulatory mechanisms and incentives to support households to purchase and install rainwater harvesting systems. This has led to an increase in rainwater harvesting in regional and urban Australia. This review examines the implementation of the regulatory mechanisms across Australia. In addition, the literature investigating the potential health consequences of rainwater consumption in Australia was explored. Studies demonstrated that although trace metals such as arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, and iron were present in Australian rainwater, these metallic elements were generally found below the health limit guideline, except in high industrial areas. In addition, pathogenic or indicator microorganisms that include, but are not limited to,Escherichia coli, total and faecal coliforms,Campylobacter,Salmonella,Legionella,Pseudomonas,Cryptosporidium, Enterococci,Giardia,Aeromonas, andMycobacterium aviumComplex (MAC) have been detected in rainwater collected in Australia. However, epidemiological evidence suggests that drinking rainwater does not increase the risk of gastrointestinal disease. It was also identified that there is a need for further research investigating the potential for rainwater to be a source of infection for opportunistic pathogens.
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Angliss, V. E. „Holte Revisited — A Review of the Quality of Prosthetic Treatment“. Prosthetics and Orthotics International 10, Nr. 1 (April 1986): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03093648609103073.
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The standards recommended at the United Nations Inter regional Seminar on Standards for the Training of Prosthetists in Holte, Denmark, in 1968 were universally accepted as being ideal, practical and economical. As these standards and the services to patients are not always observed, world wide, a study was made to investigate the situation in Australia. Australia is a federation with responsibility for health and education vested in six States. The Federal Government is the principal taxing authority with the States dependent on it for financing services. The isolation of Australia led the Government during 1960 to send a rehabilitation medical officer to survey the system in Europe and North America. The best features of overseas practice became the basis for updating an Australian Service and establishing the Central Development Unit. The Artificial Limb Service is based on clinical care, formal in-service training of limb makers and fitters, patient training by therapists and the purchase of components from mass producers. The Service is answerable to lay and medical staff in the State Branches and to the Central Office of the Department, located in Canberra. The division of responsibility between the State and Federal Governments seems to lead to competition for control of services rather than to an integrated plan for Prosthetic-Orthotic training with services. Industrial conflict due to a perceived threat of the supplanting of apprentices by formally trained prosthetists-orthotists has also adversely affected development. In this paper the views of Government authorities, medical prosthetic prescribers and of personnel who conducted a pilot study in delivery of a prosthetic service are discussed.
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Mackie, Joanne, Paul R. Campbell, Monica A. Kehoe, Lucy T. T. Tran-Nguyen, Brendan C. Rodoni und Fiona E. Constable. „Genome Characterisation of the CGMMV Virus Population in Australia—Informing Plant Biosecurity Policy“. Viruses 15, Nr. 3 (14.03.2023): 743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v15030743.
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The detection of cucumber green mottle mosaic (CGMMV) in the Northern Territory (NT), Australia, in 2014 led to the introduction of strict quarantine measures for the importation of cucurbit seeds by the Australian federal government. Further detections in Queensland, Western Australia (WA), New South Wales and South Australia occurred in the period 2015–2020. To explore the diversity of the current Australian CGMMV population, 35 new coding sequence complete genomes for CGMMV isolates from Australian incursions and surveys were prepared for this study. In conjunction with published genomes from the NT and WA, sequence, phylogenetic, and genetic variation and variant analyses were performed, and the data were compared with those for international CGMMV isolates. Based on these analyses, it can be inferred that the Australian CGMMV population resulted from a single virus source via multiple introductions.
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Gurdon, Michael A. „Divergent Paths: Civil Service Employment Relations in Australia and Canada“. Articles 42, Nr. 3 (12.04.2005): 566–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/050336ar.
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This article describes the legislated strengthening of employee involvement in decision-making within the federal civil service in Australia. While the quite distinct differences between the two industrial relations Systems must be recognized, particularly the resulting distribution of power between the government as employer and its employees, aspects of the general philosophy underlying the Australian model may find some useful applications as the Canadian public sector Systems continues to evolve.
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Omelyanovskiy, V. V., E. S. Saybel, T. P. Bezdenezhnykh und G. R. Khachatryan. „The health technology assessment system in Australia“. FARMAKOEKONOMIKA. Modern Pharmacoeconomic and Pharmacoepidemiology 12, Nr. 4 (18.02.2020): 333–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17749/2070-4909.2019.12.4.333-341.
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In Australia, the federal government is in charge of providing the health care to patients. The government agencies determine the list of reimbursable pharmaceuticals and medical services and also define the preferential categories of the population. The states and territories may have their own health care programs in addition to the federal ones. The Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee (PBAC) is responsible for the health technology assessment (HTA) and decides which technology is eligible for reimbursement by the federal budget. The drug evaluation process includes five stages: a review of general information about the product, assessment of its clinical efficacy, cost-effectiveness analysis, assessment of financial implications of including the drug in the reimbursement list, and consideration of any other factors that may influence the committee decision. In addition to the full reimbursement of pharmaceuticals, the committee may decide to provide funding based on a managed entry agreement.
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Irkhin, Igor V. „Features of the federal structure of the Australian Union (in the context of the principle of subsidiarity)“. Gosudarstvo i pravo, Nr. 8 (2023): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s102694520026147-2.
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The article devoted to the peculiarities of the federal structure of the Australian Union (in the context of the principle of subsidiarity) gives a general description of the Australian federal model, shows the public-legal basis for the delimitation of competence between the Union and the states, as well as the problems of implementing the principle of subsidiarity in the system of federal relations of Australia. The author makes a conclusion that the federal model of the Australian Union is characterized by pronounced tendencies of centralization. The principle of subsidiarity in the system of federal relations is deformed, since there are no guarantees of independence in the sphere of internal self-government of the states. To implement this principle, it is necessary to develop an adaptive system of criteria for distinguishing the powers and responsibilities of the Union and the States in relation to specific subjects of competence. This approach will allow for coordinated (coordinated) interaction within the scope of joint competence.
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Schess, Jaclyn, Sandra Diminic, Emily Hielscher, Meredith G. Harris, Yong Yi Lee, Jan Kealton und Harvey A. Whiteford. „Investment in Australian mental health carer services: how much and does it reflect evidence of effectiveness?“ Australian Health Review 44, Nr. 1 (2020): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah18065.
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Objective The aims of this study were to quantify Australian federal and state government expenditure on mental health carer services for 2014–15, map the types of services being provided and explore how funded service types compare with the evidence base for the outcomes of these carer services. Methods Web searches were conducted to identify in-scope mental health carer services in Australia funded by federal and state and territory governments. Funding estimates were confirmed where possible with available government and carer organisation contacts. A literature search was conducted for reviews of studies investigating mental health carer service outcomes. Results In 2014–15, the estimated Australian national, state and territory government expenditure on mental health carer services was approximately A$90.6million. This comprised A$65.6million in federal expenditure and A$25.0million in state and territory expenditure. Most funding streams provided respite and psychoeducation. The literature showed positive carer outcomes for psychoeducation and intensive family interventions. Evidence was lacking for the effectiveness of respite services. Conclusions These findings suggest a mismatch between what is known about the extent to which different service types deliver positive carer outcomes and the current allocation of funds across Australia’s mental health system. This study also highlights the fragmentation of the mental health carer services system, supporting the need to streamline access. What is known about this topic? Informal carers of people with mental disorders provide a critical role to the significant number of individuals with mental illness in Australia, and provide an unpaid workforce to the Australian mental health system. This role comes with significant physical, emotional and financial burden, which government-funded services can assist with to allow mental health carers to continue to serve in their caring role while improving their quality of life. What does this paper add? Using both published data and communication with health and non-government officials, we have estimated federal and state expenditure on mental health carer services at A$90.6million in 2014–15 fiscal year and have provided a mapping of the services this expenditure funds. In addition, through analysis of the literature on outcomes of carer services provided, we have seen a mismatch of expenditure and the evidence base. What are the implications for practitioners? There is a necessity for both more research into service outcomes aimed particularly at mental health carers and thinking critically about whether the current prioritisation of funds can be increased and/or reallocated to create better outcomes for mental health carers.
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Fairbrother, Peter, Stuart Svensen und Julian Teicher. „The Ascendancy of Neo-Liberalism in Australia“. Capital & Class 21, Nr. 3 (Oktober 1997): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030981689706300101.
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On 19 August 1996, thousands of trade unionists and others stormed the Australian Parliament protesting against the Coalition Government's Work place Relations Bill. In a very visible departure from the years of cooperation and compromise with the previous Federal Labor Government, the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU) called on trade unionists and their supporters to demonstrate their opposition to the proposed legislation. This outbreak of anger might be thought to herald a reaction to heightened attacks on the Australian working class, ushered in by the election of the Coalition Government on 2 March 1996, which ended thirteen years of Labor rule under leaders Bob Hawke (1983-1991) and Paul Keating (1991-1996). However, while indicating a renewed activism by a disenchanted and alienated working class, this outburst of anger was not attributable to a sudden shift in the overall direction of government policy. Rather, it was an expression of a profound disenchantment with thirteen years of Australian ‘New Labor’ and a fear of the future under a Coalition Government committed to the sharp edges of the neo-liberal agenda.
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GRAY, ANTHONY. „PRECEDENT AND POLICY: AUSTRALIAN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS REFORM IN THE 21ST CENTURY USING THE CORPORATIONS POWER“. Deakin Law Review 10, Nr. 2 (01.07.2005): 440. http://dx.doi.org/10.21153/dlr2005vol10no2art286.
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<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>[</span><span>This article will discuss the topical issue of whether the Commonwealth, in Australia’s federal system of government, can rely on its so-called “corporations power” in order to pass planned industrial relations laws. The Federal Government has recently indicated its plans to introduce a national system of industrial relations regulation in Australia. While the detail of the proposed legislation is not currently to hand, the planned changes raise a controversial issue whether the Australian Government would permit such regulation. This article considers the corporations power as justification for the proposed laws.</span><span>] </span></p></div></div></div>
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Garrett, Paul M., Joshua P. White, Stephan Lewandowsky, Yoshihisa Kashima, Andrew Perfors, Daniel R. Little, Nic Geard, Lewis Mitchell, Martin Tomko und Simon Dennis. „The acceptability and uptake of smartphone tracking for COVID-19 in Australia“. PLOS ONE 16, Nr. 1 (22.01.2021): e0244827. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244827.
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In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, many Governments are instituting mobile tracking technologies to perform rapid contact tracing. However, these technologies are only effective if the public is willing to use them, implying that their perceived public health benefits must outweigh personal concerns over privacy and security. The Australian federal government recently launched the ‘COVIDSafe’ app, designed to anonymously register nearby contacts. If a contact later identifies as infected with COVID-19, health department officials can rapidly followup with their registered contacts to stop the virus’ spread. The current study assessed attitudes towards three tracking technologies (telecommunication network tracking, a government app, and Apple and Google’s Bluetooth exposure notification system) in two representative samples of the Australian public prior to the launch of COVIDSafe. We compared these attitudes to usage of the COVIDSafe app after its launch in a further two representative samples of the Australian public. Using Bayesian methods, we find widespread acceptance for all tracking technologies, however, observe a large intention-behaviour gap between people’s stated attitudes and actual uptake of the COVIDSafe app. We consider the policy implications of these results for Australia and the world at large.
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Rosenberg, Sebastian, und Carol Harvey. „Mental Health in Australia and the Challenge of Community Mental Health Reform“. Consortium Psychiatricum 2, Nr. 1 (20.03.2021): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/cp44.
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Australia was one of the first countries to develop and implement a national mental health plan, 30 years ago. This national approach belied the countrys federal structure, in which the federal government takes responsibility for primary care while state and territory governments manage acute and hospital mental health care. This arrangement has led to significant variations across jurisdictions. It has also left secondary care, often provided in the community, outside of this governance arrangement. This article explores this dilemma and its implications for community mental health, and suggests key steps towards more effective reform of this vital element of mental health care.
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Scott, Paul G. „It Ain't Necessarily So: Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Pfizer Australia Pty Ltd and the Reasons for Reforming s 36 of the Commerce Act“. Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 51, Nr. 2 (01.09.2020): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v51i2.6571.
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The Government has indicated it is going to amend s 36 of the Commerce Act 1986. Its reasons are that s 36 fails to capture sufficient anticompetitive conduct, is difficult and complex to apply and makes litigation unpredictable. The Government proposes a substantial lessening of competition test which it claims will capture more conduct, make analysis more straightforward and provide a source of Australian authority for New Zealand courts. This article uses an Australian Federal Court case, Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Pfizer Australia Pty Ltd, to show that the claims for reform are overstated and in some cases incorrect. It argues the foundations of the case for reform of s 36 are wobbly and infirm.
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Choiseul, Juliette Caroline, Paris Jade Emmerson, Turan Eslanloo Pereira, Seyed-Moeen Hosseinalipour und Jennifer Hasselgård-Rowe. „What Can Be Learned from the Early Stages of the COVID-19 Vaccination Rollout in Australia: A Case Study“. Epidemiologia 2, Nr. 4 (03.12.2021): 587–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/epidemiologia2040040.
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This paper addresses the SARS-CoV-2 vaccination progress in Australia. Globally, Australia was initially praised for its national COVID-19 response, reflecting well with regard to case numbers and mortality rates. However, Australia’s progress with its vaccine rollout has come under scrutiny. When compared globally, it fares very low in terms of the number of vaccine doses administered. This paper discusses the first three months of the vaccination process, and the challenges Australia faced during that time. Through an extensive literature review, data was collected on relevant topics concerning all aspects of the Australian COVID-19 situation. The following key points are discussed: the specific COVID-19 organisation at the federal vs. the state government levels, the Australian economy, the vaccine supply strategy, and the vaccine priority roll out. In conclusion, we highlight the impact of Australia initially relying heavily on the AstraZeneca vaccine, which subsequently came under fire regarding safety issues likely linking the vaccine to thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS).
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Peterson, Nicolas. „Legislating for Land Rights in Australia“. Practicing Anthropology 23, Nr. 1 (01.01.2001): 21–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.23.1.1rp8324376861j67.
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A commitment in applied anthropological policy work to maximising cultural appropriateness or even to supporting what indigenous people say they want is not always possible. This proved to be the case in connection with formulating recommendations for land rights legislation in Australia's Northern Territory. Until 1992 the only rights in land that Aboriginal people had as the original occupiers of the continent were statutory (that is, through acts of state and federal parliaments). No treaties were signed with Aboriginal people and until that date the continent was treated as terra nullius, unowned, at the time of colonisation in 1788. From early on in the history of European colonisation, however, areas of land had been set aside for the use and benefit of Aboriginal people. These reserves were held by the government, or by one of a number of religious bodies that ministered to Aboriginal people, usually supported by government funding. Beginning with South Australia in 1966 all of the states, except Tasmania, have passed legislation that gives varying degrees of control of these reserves to land trusts governed by Aboriginal people. Each of these pieces of legislation had/have different shortcomings which included some or all of the following: the total area that had been reserved was small; the powers granted over the land were limited; the majority of the Aboriginal population did not benefit from the legislation; and none of them addressed the issue of self-determination. In 1973 a Royal Commission into Aboriginal Land Rights, with a single Commissioner, Mr. Justice Woodward, was established by the newly elected Federal Labor government, the first in 23 years. It was planned that it would deal with the continent but that it would begin by focusing on the Northern Territory which until 1978 was administered by the Federal government. At the time there were 25,300 Aboriginal people in the Territory making up 25% of the population.
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Booth, Geoffrey. „Achieving Integrated Planning in a Federal Westminster System of Government“. Queensland Review 7, Nr. 1 (August 2000): 53–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1321816600002063.
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Since all resources are limited, their most judicious and efficient use can only be achieved through forethought and planning. Such resource allocation decisions are predominantly made by government. When this function is spread across three levels of government each with their own departments of state and other agencies this task is made more difficult. Integrated planning involves the coordinated delivery of Commonwealth, State, Local Government and private sector investment to implement an agreed plan. The level of government in both Canada and Australia best placed to initiate, formulate and guide the implementation of such integrated plans is local government. This is despite the fact that it has no constitutional recognition and, in both revenue raising and expenditure terms, it remains very much the third tier of government.
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Brodie, Donald. „OIL POLLUTION RESPONSE ARRANGEMENTS IN AUSTRALIA: THE GOVERNMENT VIEW (INCLUDING AN UPDATE ON DISPERSANT TESTING)“. International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1987, Nr. 1 (01.04.1987): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1987-1-181.
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ABSTRACT Australia has an extensive and varied coastline and 25 major ports. While marine traffic density is significantly less than in North America and European waters, the potential for oil spills nevertheless exists. In 1973, the Australian National Plan to Combat Pollution of the Sea by Oil was established. Its aim was to provide all the elements of a contingency plan designed to respond to oil pollution from ships. The plan brought together the resources of the federal and state governments and the oil industry. A unique funding arrangement, based on the “polluter pays” principle, was established to maintain the currency of the plan. This paper discusses the continuing development of the national plan, its equipment philosophies and training programs. It also discusses in some depth the tests being carried out on dispersants. Multispectral scanning is a comparatively new science in the Australian scene and trials have taken place to develop its use in oil spill operations. Today the Australian government believes a comprehensive set of operational and administrative arrangements exists to respond to the threat of marine oil spills.
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Muhlen-Schulte, Minna. „'in defence of liberty'?“ Public History Review 26 (19.12.2019): 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/phrj.v26i0.6823.
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After the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe in September 1939, emergency internment legislation passed by the Australian Federal Parliament created a network of camp sites across Australia. What do these historic landscapes mean in Australia today and how can we interpret them? Some feature government-installed interpretation signs; others remain silent concrete ruins concealed within private farmland, unmoored from any context and living memory. These sites are connected to other Allied internment sites globally, and the journeys between these sites vividly rendered in artworks, diaries and letters left behind by internees as well as the isolated cemeteries where they were buried adrift between continents.
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T. Schaper, Michael. „A brief history of small business in Australia, 1970-2010“. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy 3, Nr. 2 (14.10.2014): 222–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jepp-08-2012-0044.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the development of the SME sector in Australia, concentrating on a number of key areas: small business definitions and numbers; the role of government; the emergence of key industry groups; and the evolution of education, training and research services. Design/methodology/approach – The study is a result of extensive literature reviews, desk research and the recollections of various participants in the field. Findings – There have been major changes to the Australian small business sector over the last 40 years. In 1983-1984 there were an estimated 550,000 small firms, and by 2010 this had grown to almost two million. Government involvement in, and support for, SMEs was virtually non-existent before 1970. Following the delivery of the Wiltshire report (1971), however, both state and federal governments responded by developing specialist advisory services, funding programmes and other support tools. Virtually non-existent before the 1970s, several peak industry associations were formed between 1977 and the 1990s. At the same time, formal education and teaching in the area expanded in the 1970s and 1980s and is now widespread. Practical implications – Development of the small business sector in Australia has often paralleled similar trends in other OECD nations. State and territory governments have often (but not always) been the principal drivers of policy change. Originality/value – There has been no little, if any, prior documentation of the evolution of the small business sector in Australia in the last 40 years.
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Green, Mick, und Barrie Houlihan. „Governmentality, Modernization, and the “Disciplining” of National Sporting Organizations: Athletics in Australia and the United Kingdom“. Sociology of Sport Journal 23, Nr. 1 (März 2006): 47–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.23.1.47.
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This article investigates the nature of, and policy outcomes from, the relationship between federal/central government departments and agencies and the national sporting organizations (NSOs) for athletics in Australia and the United Kingdom. We draw on neo-Foucauldian writings on “governmentality” to problematize governmental activities directed at shaping, channeling, and guiding the conduct of NSOs. We conclude that, although effective “responsibilization” of NSOs remains a clear ambition, governments in both countries have shown themselves to be very willing to apply disciplinary forms of practice in order to ensure compliance with prevailing government rationalities.
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Coombs, Carolyn. „The Sociological Implications of Voluntary Redundancy: The South Australian Experience“. Australian Journal of Primary Health 4, Nr. 1 (1998): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py98003.
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The experience of voluntary redundancy on the current scale is fairly new in Australia and its impact on workers and society is only just beginning to be observed and interpreted. Under the economic rationalist policies of successive federal governments which promoted a free market economy driven by privatisation, deregulation and de-institutionalisation, Australia has undergone considerable structural change in the 1990s. This change has been marked by government-supported labour restructuring, within both the private and public sectors of industry. The purpose of the study was to explore the concept of voluntary redundancy, whether mature-aged workers were being targeted, and the sociological implications of voluntary redundancy for workers in South Australia.
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Hanna, Liz. „Support Funding for Australian Rural and Remote Health Workforce: A Medical - Nursing Mismatch“. Australian Journal of Primary Health 7, Nr. 1 (2001): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py01002.
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Successive Australian federal governments have introduced numerous strategies aimed at reducing the differentials in health status between rural and remote populations and their metropolitan counterparts. Foremost among these strategies have been those focused on increasing the numbers of medical practitioners in rural and remote areas (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 1998a). The paper challenges the prioritisation of this strategy, identified as a "planning priority" by the Commonwealth government. The 1999-2000 Federal Budget allocated $171 million to "significantly improve access to services in rural and remote areas of Australia and to strengthen the rural workforce". Nurses provide 90% of the health services to these populations yet receive only 0.9% of funding in direct role specific support. This systematic neglect of nursing services results in high turnover as nurses desert their posts, frustrated by lack of organisational support, and subsequent inability to provide adequate care in the difficult circumstances in which they must function. Interruptions to clinical health care provision and health promotion activities diminish health enhancement opportunities for the communities with demonstrated high levels of need (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare [AIHW], 1999; Commonwealth Department of Health & Aged Care, 2000; Kreger, 1991; NSW Health Department, 1998).
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Lehmann, Caitlyn. „Editorial“. Children Australia 42, Nr. 4 (29.11.2017): 225–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cha.2017.44.
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Among the plethora of minor parties fielding candidates in Australia's 2016 federal election was a relative newcomer called Sustainable Australia. Formed in 2010 and campaigning with the slogan ‘Better, not bigger’, the party's policy centrepiece calls for Australia to slow its population growth through a combination of lower immigration, changes to family payments, and the withdrawal of government agencies from proactive population growth strategies (Sustainable Australia, n.d.). At a global level, the party also calls for Australia to increase foreign aid with a focus on supporting women's health, reproductive rights and education. Like most minor parties, its candidates polled poorly, attracting too few votes to secure seats in the Senate. But in the ensuing months, the South Australian branch of The Greens broke from the national party platform by proposing the aim of stabilising South Australia's population within a generation (The Greens SA, 2017). Just this August, Australian business entrepreneur Dick Smith launched a ‘Fair Go’ manifesto, similarly calling for reductions in Australia's population growth to address rising economic inequality and a “decline in living standards” (Dick Smith Fair Go Group, 2017).
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Gifford, John S., und Paul N. McFarlane. „The Development of Environmental Control Legislation and Effluent Standards for Australasian Wood Processing Industries“. Water Science and Technology 24, Nr. 3-4 (01.08.1991): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0460.
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The Australasian wood processing industry is poised for a substantial expansion over the next twenty years. Australia, which is presently an importer, is developing plans to become a net exporter of forest products,while New Zealand's wood supply is expected to double over this period. In both countries, the expansion of processing capacity will be required to occur in a sustainable and environmentally sound manner. For example, the Australian Federal government has developed environmental guidelines for new bleached Eucalyptus kraft pulp mills,while the New Zealand government is presently enacting a comprehensive Resource Management Act. The implications of these developments for the Australasian wood processing industry is discussed.
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Warburton, A. M., und S. E. Singleton. „THE EMERGING MARKET IN CARBON CREDITS IN AUSTRALIA“. APPEA Journal 47, Nr. 1 (2007): 347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj06025.
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Climate change policy in Australia is in a state of upheaval.The Federal Government, after years of opposing mandatory carbon constraints, has changed tack and is now investigating emissions trading as a possible means of reducing greenhouse gas emissions.With a federal election looming, the Labor Opposition has committed to ratifying the Kyoto Protocol and reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 60% (against 1990 levels) by 2050. Not to be left out, the State governments say they will introduce an emissions trading regime themselves, if the federal government of the day does not move quickly enough.It now seems clear that there will be some form of carbon price signal in Australia within the next five to 10 years. What is unclear is the form that the carbon constraints might take.Amid this policy uncertainty, large energy producers and users are starting to invest in emissions reduction projects in Australia, as a form of risk management for potential future carbon liabilities. These projects are unusual in that the carbon rights that are being traded are not recognised under any existing Australian statutory scheme, nor are they part of the Kyoto mechanisms. Consequently, they are not recognised by law and do not have any real value today. Their value is largely potential future value under some form of emissions trading scheme or carbon tax regime (which places a price on carbon emissions).These projects raise some novel issues for project developers and purchasers. What is the carbon right that is being sold? How do you frame it to maximise flexibility for use under a future carbon constraint regime?How do you ensure ongoing validity of the carbon right for an indefinite period into the future? For carbon sink projects, the purchaser will want some comfort regarding permanence of abatement of CO2 emissions.Project developers are often small start-up companies with few assets and limited cash flow. They may not be in a position to offer securities for performance. What mechanisms can a purchaser use to assist with start-up funding and also secure the rights they are purchasing?What pricing structures are available, particularly for future sales, against the background of a possible future carbon market?What obligations should the developer/seller have in relation to verification, monitoring and reporting of avoided emissions?How might projects be structured to involve multiple buyers to support the project and facilitate development of a market?
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Richards, Newman U. „Administration of Value Added Tax (Goods and Services Tax) and Fiscal Federalism in Nigeria: Lessons from Australia, Canada, the USA, India and Ethiopia“. African Journal of International and Comparative Law 30, Nr. 4 (November 2022): 502–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ajicl.2022.0422.
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One of the incidences of federalism is that taxing powers are shared between the federating units. Thus fiscal federalism affects the administration of consumption taxes in federal systems. The implication of fiscal federalism under the Nigerian constitution on consumption taxes has generated some controversies over the years. The question has been whether the constitution allows a dual level administration of consumption taxes by the federal and states governments or whether the powers are solely vested in the federal government. This article argues that there is a hiatus in the constitution as it is unclear who has the powers to impose consumption taxes in Nigeria. The article will propose necessary constitutional amendment drawing from the lessons the experiences other federal systems like Australia, Canada, the United States of America, India and Ethiopia present.
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Dirkis, Michael. „Moving to a More "Certain" Test for Tax Residence in Australia: Lessons for Canada?“ Canadian Tax Journal/Revue fiscale canadienne 68, Nr. 1 (01.04.2020): 143–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.32721/ctj.2020.68.1.sym.dirkis.
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Canada and Australia have superficially similar tests for determining the tax residence of individuals. Both have a common-law residence (or resides) test, "continuing attachment" rules (a statutory test in Australia), a 183-day type of test, and provisions focused on government officials. A key difference between the countries in this regard, despite broadly similar residence tests, is that litigation in Canada is rare whereas Australia, over the last decade, has seen at least 43 administrative tribunal, Federal Court, and High Court decisions with respect to tax residence. In response to the high levels of litigation resulting from concentrated Australian Taxation Office compliance programs, the Board of Taxation commenced a self-initiated review of the income tax residence rules for individuals in May 2016. The report subsequently submitted to government noted that the current rules were no longer appropriate and needed to be updated and simplified. Although the Australian government has not endorsed the board's recommendations, the board was directed to undertake further consultation in order to ensure that the proposed residence rules are appropriately designed and targeted, with a particular focus on integrity (that is, anti-avoidance) issues. A final report, sent to the government in April/May 2019, proposed a number of bright-line tests. These proposed tests are based in part on the approach adopted in the NZ and 2013 UK residence rules. In this paper, the author considers the similarities and shortcomings of the Canadian and Australian rules on individual tax residence according to the criteria of equity, simplicity, and efficiency (integrity), and then reviews the Board of Taxation's recommendations with an eye to whether the proposed Australian changes could provide guidance for any future Canadian reform, should the political circumstances so dictate in the future.
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Prehn, Jacob, und Douglas Ezzy. „Decolonising the health and well-being of Aboriginal men in Australia“. Journal of Sociology 56, Nr. 2 (20.05.2020): 151–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1440783319856618.
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Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander men have the worst health of any group in Australia. Despite this, relevant policies do not specifically explain how the issue will be improved. Existing research demonstrates the complexity of the problems facing Australian Indigenous men. The intersection of masculinity and Indigeneity, compounded by colonisation, historical policies, stigma, marginalisation, trauma, grief and loss of identity are key factors that shape these poor health outcomes. These outcomes are acknowledged in federal and some state government policies but not implemented. The article argues for a holistic and decolonised approach to Australian Aboriginal men’s health. Effective models of intervention to improve men’s health outcomes include men’s health clinics, men’s groups, Men’s Sheds, men’s health camps/bush adventure therapy, fathering groups and mentoring programs. Further research needs to be undertaken, with a greater emphasis on preventative health measures, adequate specific funding, culturally and gender appropriate responses to health, and government policy development and implementation covering Aboriginal male health.
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Marshall, Neil. „Administration locale et démocratie : réformes récentes en Australie“. Revue française d'administration publique 88, Nr. 1 (1998): 547–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rfap.1998.3241.
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Local Administration and Democracy : Recent Reforms in Australia Recent local government reforms in Australia respond first of ail to economic preoccupations and aim to integrate principles of management into local structures, and to impose upon them the laws of the market and sharing of resources. But these reforms must also bear witness to the concern over protecting democratic values at local level. Evaluation of the impact of reforms on government functions seems to indicate that it remains rather low. In recent years the election of a federal government which defends rationalist principles has, however, accentuated the danger of privileging efficiency over democracy.
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Turner, J. Neville. „Schoolchildren's Perception of Their Rights: A Pilot Study“. Children Australia 18, Nr. 4 (1993): 28–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200003709.
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The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child was ratified by Australia in December 1990. The Convention contains 55 articles, 41 of which are substantive, the others being procedural.The Convention has been analysed in legal and other literature in Australia. Its ratification was actively promoted by the National Children's Bureau of Australia and other bodies. Its implementation is the primary responsibility of the Federal and State governments. Periodic reports are required to be made to a Committee of the United Nations established for this purpose. It is foreseen that non-government organisations in each ratifying country will be invited to comment on the performance of their country. This surely means that the NCHA has a role in monitoring the implementation of the Convention.