Dissertationen zum Thema „Febdok“

Borealis i Stenungsund är Sveriges enda polyetentillverkare och deras krackeranläggning är en av de mest flexibla i Europa. Då anläggningen är i ständig utveckling behövs nya verktyg för att modellera elanläggningarna som kan ge en helhetsbild. Syftet med rapporten är att undersöka hur väl det fungerar att implementera Borealis existerande lågspänningsställverk i programmet Febdok, som används för att dimensionera kablar och skydd i elanläggningar enligt svensk standard. För att undersöka detta tas modeller fram för två olika lågspänningsställverk i Borealis anläggning fram för att utvärdera programmet. Rapporten tar fram tre generella beräkningsexempel i Febdok och utför manuella beräkningar för att kontrollera resultaten i programmet. Exemplen beskriver olika driftlägen för ett enkelt lågspänningsnät i normal drift, drift med UPS och drift med reservgenerator. Resultaten av de manuella beräkningar som utförts ligger nära motsvarande värde i Febdok. Metoden för beräkningarna diskuteras i varje exempel utifrån felkällor och de förenklingar som gjorts. Utifrån beräkningsexemplen utförs modelleringen av ställverken i Febdok. Detaljer har utelämnats av sekretesskäl och delar som är svåra att modellera har lyfts fram. Exempelvis beskrivs hur reläskydd kan modelleras som effektbrytare och hur felaktig kabelförläggning kan hanteras. Problematiken med modelleringen diskuteras utifrån de specifika ställverken men också ur ett generellt perspektiv. Rapporten visar att det går att skapa en modell av ett befintligt lågspänningsställverk i Febdok om vissa metoder används för att kringgå säkerhetsfunktioner och kontrollfunktioner i programmet. Dessutom beskrivs hur värden på strömmar och spänningar i Febdok kan reproduceras med hjälp av manuella beräkningar. Exemplen som används beskriver vilka parametrar som har använts för att räkna fram belastningsströmmar, spänningsfall och felströmmar samt en diskussion kring avvikelser görs också när resultaten jämförs. Slutligen beskrivs ett antal förbättringsförslag som förenklar modellering av existerande anläggningar.
Borealis in Stenungsund is Sweden's only polyethylene manufacturer and their cracker plant is one of the most flexible in Europe. As the plant is in constant development, new tools are needed to model the electrical systems that can provide an overall picture. The purpose of the report is to investigate how well it works to implement Borealis existing low voltage substation in the Febdok program, which is used to dimension cables and protection devices in electrical installations according to Swedish standards. To investigate this, models are produced for two different low-voltage substations at Borealis facility in order to evaluate the program. The report produces three general modelling examples in Febdok and performs manual calculations to validate the results in the program. The examples describe different operating modes for a simple low-voltage network in normal operation, operation with UPS and operation with a backup generator. Results of the manual calculations performed are close to the corresponding values given by Febdok. Calculation methods and resulting accuracy are discussed in each example based on sources of error and the simplifications made. Based on the general modelling examples, the modeling of the selected low-voltage substations is performed in Febdok. Details have been omitted for reasons of confidentiality and parts that are difficult to model have been described in detail. Problems with the modeling are discussed based on the specific switchgear but also from a general perspective. The report shows that it is possible to create a model of an existing low-voltage substation in Febdok if certain methods are used to circumvent safety functions and control functions in the program. In addition, it is described how values of currents and voltages in Febdok can be reproduced using manual calculations. The examples used describe which parameters have been used to calculate load currents, voltage drop, fault currents and a discussion of deviations is also made when the results are compared. Finally, several proposals for improvements are described that simplify modeling of existing facilities.

Syftet med detta examensarbete i elektroteknik är att konstruera en Febdok-fil samt tre beräkningsmallar för att effektivisera de befintliga lösningarna som EBAB använder för selektiva elanläggningar och att applicera dessa lösningar till användarvänliga beräkningsmallar. Beräkningsmallarna ska därefter ge EBAB en förbättrad riktlinje i arbetsprocesserna och kan sedan användas av elkonsulter vid EBAB förframtida projekt. Examensarbetet började med att författaren fördjupade sig i en litteraturstudie. Därefter konstrueradesen Febdok-fil av en elanläggning i centrala Karlstad och utformningen av tre beräkningsmallar i Excelsom utför beräkningar av: Maximal kortslutningsström vid en transformator, kortslutningsströmmar i änden på en kabel och spänningsfallet i en kabel. Examensarbetet resulterade i en Febdok-fil med god selektivitet och som uppfyller dimensioneringskraven samt tre beräkningsmallar som kommer effektivisera framtida projekt för EBAB

Este trabalho tem como objectivo elaborar uma proposta de arquitectura para renovar o sítio Web do Agrupamento de Escolas Febo Moniz. A ideia para reformular o sítio Web do Agrupamento de Escolas Febo Moniz resulta do facto de termos verificado que o actual sítio Web apresenta algumas lacunas. Assim, pretendemos alterá-lo tendo em atenção os critérios e recomendações da legislação e regulamentos existentes, nomeadamente documentos de boas práticas na elaboração de sítios Web. Teremos sempre presentes as informações e orientações do "Plano Tecnológico para a Educação". – ABSTRACT: The goal of this project is to elaborate an architectural proposal to renew the website called "Agrupamento de Escolas Febo Moniz". It was decided to redesign the website "Agrupamento de Escolas Febo Moniz" as we identify several problems on the current format. The proposal is to change the website having in mind the current criteria of the existing law and taking always into account the "Plano Tecnológico para a Educação".

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The development of spintronic has motivated the research for new half-metallic magnetic materials due to multifunctionality of these compounds and the spin-based devices fabrication with increased performance as compared to the usual electronic devices. From this perspective, we propose a theoretical investigation of FeBO3 (B = Ti, Zr, Hf, Si, Ge, Sn) ilmenite materials based on Density Functional Theory (DFT) within B3LYP hybrid functional to investigate the B-site cation replacement effect on the structural, elastic, magnetic and electronic properties of ilmenite materials. Calculated structural parameters are in agreement with experimental results and shown that the unit cell volume can be controlled by ionic radius of the B-site metals. The bond distances for FeO6 and BO6 octahedral clarify the Jahn-Teller distortion and Fe-O-B-O-Fe intermetallic connection. The elastic behavior was investigated from bulk modulus and showed that such results were influenced by different material densities. Furthermore, these quantities can be used for analyzing the thermodynamic stability of solids, proving that FeSnO3 and FeHfO3 are unstable due to the negative values for bulk modulus. The B-site radius effect is also evidenced on the magnetic property, where Fe(Ti, Si, Ge)O3 are antiferromagnetic, while Fe(Zr, Hf, Sn)O3 are ferromagnetic. The Mulliken population analysis and charge density maps show the charge corridor formation in the [001] direction due to the intermetallic connection with the B-site metals and electronegativity affecting the stability of ilmenite materials. The Density of States and Band Structure profiles show that antiferromagnetics materials and FeZrO3 are convectional semiconductors, whereas FeHfO3 and FeSnO3 exhibit intrinsic half-metallic behavior, making them promising candidates for spintronic devices.
O desenvolvimento da spintrônica tem motivado a busca por novos materiais magnéticos com comportamento meio-metálico devido à multifuncionalidade desses compostos e ao desenvolvimento de dispositivos baseados no spin do elétron, proporcionando um aumento do desempenho em relação aos dispositivos eletrônicos usuais. Nesse trabalho, propomos a investigação teórica, baseada na Teoria do Funcional de Densidade utilizando o funcional híbrido B3LYP, dos materiais FeBO3 (B = Ti, Zr, Hf, Si, Ge, Sn) na estrutura ilmenita com objetivo de esclarecer o efeito da substituição do cátion B sobre as propriedades estruturais, elásticas, magnéticas e eletrônicas. Os parâmetros estruturais calculados se mostraram em concordância com resultados experimentais e teóricos, revelando que o volume da célula unitária é controlado pelo raio iônico do cátion B. As distâncias de ligação calculadas para os octaedros FeO6 e BO6 indicam a existência do efeito de distorção Jahn-Teller e da conexão intermetálica Fe-O-B-O-Fe. O comportamento elástico foi investigado a partir do bulk modulus, indicando que tal entidade é dependente da densidade dos materiais e discute-se a possibilidade de utilizar esse fator para análise da estabilidade termodinâmica de sólidos, sugerindo a instabilidade dos materiais FeSnO3 e FeHfO3 devido aos valores negativos de bulk modulus. O efeito do tamanho dos cátions B é evidenciado sobre as propriedades magnéticas dos materiais, sendo que Fe(Ti, Si, Ge)O3 são antiferromagnéticos; enquanto que, Fe(Zr, Hf, Sn)O3 são ferromagnéticos. A análise populacional de Mulliken e os mapas de densidade de carga mostraram a formação de um corredor de carga nas conexões intermetálicas observadas na direção [001] e que a eletronegatividade dos cátions B afeta a estabilidade dos materiais com estrutura ilmenita. Os perfis de Densidade de Estados e Estrutura de Bandas mostram que os materiais antiferromagnéticos e o FeZrO3 são semicondutores convencionais, entretanto, FeHfO3 e FeSnO3 exibem comportamento meiometálico intrínseco, tornando-os promissores candidatos para dispositivos spintrônicos, porém, com outra estrutura.

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a significant cause of mortality and morbidity in both children and older adults, with infection resulting in invasive disease, pneumonia and otitis media. The inclusion of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in routine infant immunisation programmes has had a major impact on disease rates. Vaccine-induced protection against pneumococcal infection is thought to be mediated by the generation of persistent serotype-specific functional antibodies and antigen-specific memory B cells, the latter capable of generating a rapid secondary antibody response on re-exposure to antigen. Although many studies have investigated the immunogenicity of pneumococcal vaccines in different age groups by measuring serotype-specific antibodies, there is more limited information about the B cells underlying such an immune response. Important areas to investigate include the identity of the B cell subsets involved in antibody production and the potential link between memory B cells (B_MEM) and persistent antibody production by long-lived plasma cells. In this thesis I have investigated in detail the immune response to pneumococcal vaccines given to children and adults by a variety of different methods. By examining the variability of a B_MEM ELISpot method, it was shown that this assay is robust and reproducible and can be performed on fresh or frozen samples and in different laboratories. Using this technique, in a study of pre-school children, it was demonstrated for the first time that the level of pre-existing serotype 3-specific antibody is negatively correlated with, and may directly impair the B_MEM response to a booster dose of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV-13) containing serotype 3 glycoconjugate. In the same study, it was shown that antibody persistence against most vaccine serotypes can be expected until the age of 3.5 years. A novel antigen-labelling technique was used in a detailed kinetics study of antigen-specific B cell subsets in response to either PCV-13 or 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in adults. The results of this study revealed distinct B cell subset response patterns that were observed in all study participants indicating that IgM B_MEM seem to play a major role in the immune response to pneumococcal vaccines. In addition, in the same study, genome wide analysis of gene expression was performed and it was shown that vaccination with either a pneumococcal conjugate or polysaccharide vaccine results in a marked difference in numbers of differentially expressed genes 8 days following vaccination. A further tool likely to be of use in investigating B cell responses is the analysis of the antibody repertoire using next-generation sequencing techniques. In order to test the ability of these methods to detect vaccine responses, a large dataset of high-throughput B cell receptor sequences was analysed and revealed convergence of antigen-specific complementary-determining region (CDR)₃ amino acid (AA) sequences following vaccination and identified antigen-specific sequences. It was further demonstrated that for sequences directed against the H. influenzae type b (Hib) polysaccharide, diversity of immunoglobulin gene rearrangements is much greater than previously recognised. Frequencies of Hib-specific CDR₃ AA sequences were linked with anti-Hib avidity indices highlighting the potential of this method as an alternative (functional) measure of vaccine immunogenicity. These data suggest that studying the B cells and antibody repertoire post-vaccination can give novel insights into the biology that underlies the immune responses.

碩士
國立中央大學
物理研究所
98
For single crystal Fe57BO3 and single crystal Fe57CO3, there is the character of Storage of Nuclear Excitation Energy in Fe57BO3 through Magnetic Switching and the character of electromagnetically induced transparency of hard X‐ray pulse in 57FeCO3 by nuclear level mixing of nucleus separately. F or the development of lasing without inversion, the characters are very important. So we need to research single crystal Fe57BO3 and single crystal Fe57CO3. We need to make the polycrystal Fe57BO3 and polycrystal Fe57CO3 if we want to make the single crystal Fe57BO3 and single crystal Fe57CO3. The goal in this paper is that making the single crystal FeBO3 by pulsed laser deposition (PLD), and I will speak how to make the polycrystal FeBO3 and single crystal Fe57BO3 step by step. The first chapter introduces the character of Storage of Nuclear Excitation Energy in Fe57BO3 through Magnetic Switching and the character of electromagnetically induced transparency of hard X‐ray pulse in 57FeCO3 by nuclear level mixing of nucleus separately. The second chapter introduces the pulsed laser deposition (PLD) system. The third chapter introduces the experimental procedure and result. And the final chapter introduces the summary and the future work.

Computational modeling is increasingly necessary to the biomechanics and biophysics communities in order to model the solid, fluid, and solute mechanics of biological systems of interest, spanning across the molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, and whole-body levels. However, most commercial and custom codes are not suitable for biomechanical applications. Many such problems require either the use of specialized boundary conditions and material models or multiphysics simulations to obtain sufficiently accurate results and predictions. Verifying and sharing results from available software can be problematic as they are typically compatible only within the same program and their specific implementation details are not well documented. In addition, the source codes of these software are generally unavailable. As a result, there is a need for a computational modeling tool for biomechanical applications that has robust multiphysics capabilities while also allowing for both customizability and accessibility. To address these needs, FEBio, a free, open-source finite element software, was developed specifically for the computational modeling requirements of the biomechanics and biophysics communities. FEBio has a large collection of novel computational algorithms and methodologies with detailed documentation and new user tutorials, and source code that is freely available and customizable. However, prior to the studies presented in this dissertation, FEBio only had solvers for analyzing the structural mechanics of deformable and rigid solids, as well as standard multiphasic mixtures. It did not yet have a dedicated computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solver, which is a crucial tool for many applications in biomechanics. In this dissertation, a “standard multiphasic” material refers to the existing FEBio framework for modeling a mixture of solid, fluid, and solute constituents where dynamic effects and intrinsic solvent viscosity are neglected, and where all the constituents are assumed to be intrinsically incompressible. One of the main contributions of the studies presented here is the formulation and finite element implementation of a multiphasic-fluid-structure interaction (MFSI) domain where the dynamics of solid and fluid constituents, and the viscosity of the fluid are taken into account. The term “multiphasic” may be used as shorthand for “standard multiphasic mixture,” whereas the multiphasic-fluid-structure interaction mixture is always described explicitly, or abbreviated as MFSI. Many biological fluids interact with surrounding tissues or contain solutes and other constituents, which would require such fluid solvers to be coupled with the structural mechanics and multiphasic mixture solvers. Fluid solvers that can account for interactions with deformable multiphasic mixtures, while also accommodating reactive processes, are currently unavailable in any finite element code, and their formulation and implementation would represent a major milestone that greatly expands modeling capabilities and problem configurations. Consequently, the objective of this thesis is to formulate and implement a novel and fully general MFSI finite element solver into FEBio that allows for dynamic fluid flow, dynamic and finite deformation solid mechanics, fluid-structure interactions (FSI), porous media mechanics, and reactive and charged solute transport simultaneously. To do so, for each of the components, we propose to systematically formulate the governing equations using the mixture framework and implement them as finite element code into FEBio before combining all of these features together into one solver. In particular: (1) We formulate and implement an isothermal and compressible CFD solver in FEBio that is combined with its solid mechanics solver to allow for FSI. (2) We extend biphasic theory by developing a biphasic-fluid-structure interaction (BFSI) formulation that allows for dynamic and viscous fluid flow and implement it in FEBio. (3) We formulate and implement a CFD-solute transport solver in FEBio that accommodates diffusion, convection, chemical reactions, osmotic effects, body forces, and frictional drag between the solvent and the solutes. (4) We finally combine all of the features from these solvers (CFD, FSI, BFSI, and CFD-solute) to develop the MFSI solver, in FEBio. We develop the CFD solver using a solid mechanics approach to solve the governing equations in order to circumvent the need for stabilization methods. The fluid dilatation is used as a degree of freedom to represent the compressibility of the fluid, and as a kinematic quantity, may further serve as a state variable for functions of state such as the fluid pressure. Using the CFD solver, an FSI solver derived from mixture theory is developed to model the deformation of the fluid domain mesh and allow interactions with any of the hyperelastic materials available in FEBio. Here, the FSI material is a special case of a biphasic medium, where the fluid flows relative to the solid constituent, which is defined on the mesh. We formulate a novel biphasic mixture that includes dynamics and models a viscous interstitial fluid that can interface with a dynamic viscous fluid domain, such that the fluid can flow across the interface and into or out of the biphasic mixture. The new biphasic material formulation employs a hybrid approach, where the porous solid skeleton is intrinsically incompressible but the interstitial fluid is compressible, such that the overall biphasic mixture is compressible due to changes in pore volume. The speed of sound in each medium (compressible porous solid and compressible fluid) remains finite. This framework is then implemented into FEBio as the BFSI solver. Then, we develop a CFD-solute transport formulation derived from the mixture framework, as an extension of the CFD solver. In addition to modeling convection, diffusion, and reactions for solutes, the CFD-solute formulation can also consider body forces for the solutes, frictional drag between the fluid and solutes, and osmotic effects. Like the CFD solver, the CFD-solute solver can model both viscous Newtonian or non-Newtonian solvents. It can also include any number of reactive and charged solute species like the existing standard multiphasic solver in FEBio. The CFD-solute solver does not require any stabilization method, neither for the fluid nor the solute equations, unlike standard methods that assume intrinsic fluid incompressibility. Finally we formulate and implement the MFSI solver by using the mixture framework to combine the capabilities of the previous solvers, namely the CFD, FSI, CFD-solute, standard biphasic, BFSI, and standard multiphasic solvers in FEBio, where solvent and solutes may be exchanged across the fluid-structure interfaces, while also allowing for chemical reactions and the presence of charged solute species. The MFSI solver forms the foundation of a fully general multiphysics finite element code that can, in principle, be used in almost any FEBio scenario to obtain the most physiological results possible for a wide range of biomechanics problems. All of the solvers developed in this thesis encompass innovative formulations based on the framework of mixture theory, greatly expanding the modeling capabilities available to the biomechanics and biophysics communities. By being open-source, the FEBio project encourages verification and sharing of results through the availability of the source code and modular code structure. The MFSI finite element solver in particular can also potentially act as a foundation for further extension by being amenable the addition of new capabilities that are currently not considered here.