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1
Biswas, Diganta. „Impacts of corporation of agriculture on farmers right to land seed protection in west bengal in 1996-2006“. Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1290.
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Allen, Joseph B. „Where the Extreme Right Took Root: A Comparison of Midwestern Counties in the 1980s“. PDXScholar, 1996. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/5053.
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This thesis evaluates two theories purporting to explain the rise of right-wing extremism in the Midwest during the farm crisis of the 1980s. The pluralist argument suggests that Midwestern right-wing extremism was rooted in previous episodes of agrarian radicalism. The political tradition perspective, on the other hand, claims that right-wing extremism in the Midwest was rooted in traditional conservatism. To evaluate these theories, an analysis of ten counties was performed. Particular attention was paid to seven variables which theorists argue point agriculturally based communities down political paths of radicalism or conservatism. Regional analyses were also performed on those counties which resided in similar areas of the Midwest. The findings offer stronger support for the political tradition perspective than for the pluralist argument. These finding suggest that those counties in which right-wing extremist activity did not occur were ones which supported past agrarian radical movements while those counties which experienced right-wing extremism were for the most part opponents of past radical agrarian movements. The thesis suggests that future research on rightwing extremism should focus attention on the political traditions of the communities were such movements become established and that a number of alternative variables should be considered.
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Alderman-Tuttle, Zoey. „"A Dress of the Right Length to Die In": Mortuary and Memorial Practices Amongst Depression-Era Tenant Farmers of the Piedmont South“. W&M ScholarWorks, 2012. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626678.
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Lubira-Bagenda, Faith-Mary. „Land-grabbing, Women and Food : An Investigation of Developmental Projects and Their Impact on Women’s Right to Food and Participation“. Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-444045.
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There has been a surge in demand for arable land as a resource for agricultural production for food and energy purposes. This surge can be attributed to increases in global food prices, climate change, population pressure, and escalating energy prices. The search for land has given rise to the practice of large-scale land acquisitions (LSLA). Due to misconceptions and old colonial views of land in Africa, the continent has become the most targeted region for these land acquisitions. The establishment of these projects in Africa is justified in the name of development. Paradoxically, LSLA has left local communities, especially women, in a more disadvantageous position than before. This qualitative study explores and relates LSLA to the right to food and participation. The thesis also critically engages with SDG – 2 to examine if large-scale projects comply with the goal’s purpose. This thesis aims to investigate the phenomenon of LSLA and how they impact women’s right to food and participation. The author has used qualitative content analysis as a method and relied on peer-reviewed studies on women and land-grabbing in three different countries. Compared to the previous research, the thesis results showed that the impacts of LSLA are gendered and have had severe consequences on women and their access and right to food. The support for business interests that are permeated in SDG – 2 has, based on the cases examined, also exacerbated rather than alleviated hunger which does not comply with the purpose of the goal.
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Geldenhuys, Megan. „The Effectiveness of competition law as a merchanism for the protection of the right to food in an African context“. Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/41516.
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This dissertation aims to provide a study on the right to food in an African context and to determine whether or not African states may effectively adopt competition law as a mechanism to protect against hunger. The study begins by examining the right to food and the obligations which flow from this right. Given that the predominant reason that people suffer from hunger is because they lack the ability to economically access adequate food, the dissertation examines the obligations of states to protect this right against abuse from non-state parties. In the framework of the food supply chain, this equates to providing protection against companies such as commodity traders and retailers that have gained a dominant position in the food market and are consequently in a position where they are able to abuse this position of power over the smaller producers and suppliers. The dissertation analyses the importance of the right to food by looking at the key role which smallholder farmers play in their communities. This is central to an African based study because smallholders make up the majority of the world’s hungry people, and it is also the foremost means through which people in Africa gain an income. The study looks at the traditional purpose of competition law and examines whether it would be an effective means to regulate the food market in order to guard against the abusive practices committed by large food companies that threaten the livelihoods of African smallholders. The dissertation concludes with an investigation into the international best practices that can be drawn from competition law regimes across the globe, in order to provide recommendations for a competition regime that is particular to an African context and which would provide the best possible protection for smallholder farmers to ensure that the right to food is upheld.Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
gm2014
Centre for Human Rights
unrestricted
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Beyene, Atakilte. „Soil conservation, land use and property rights in northern Ethiopia : understanding environmental change in smallholder farming systems /“. Uppsala : Dept. of Rural Development Studies, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2003. http://epsilon.slu.se/a395-ab.html.
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Kamensky, John Andrei. „Research on the Protection of Chinese Farmers’ Land Rights During Land Expropriation“. The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1338394467.
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Moore, Karen. „Seed Governance in Tanzania: Seed Capitalism, Pluralism, and Sovereignty Discourses Compared, and the Value of Nuance“. Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/38627.
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This thesis explores debates around seed governance in the context of Tanzania’s recent changes to its seed policies and laws, in order to critically examine the framings and discourses employed. Three narratives emerge, Seed Capitalism, Seed Pluralism, and Seed Sovereignty. Consistent with Westengen (2017), Seed Capitalism and Seed Sovereignty rely on, and are entrenched in, binary opposition, despite the complexity of the problems involved, and put forward singular solutions that risk harming smallholder resilience. Seed Capitalism portrays scientist-bred certified seed as superior to farmer varieties, and as optimal for smallholders, despite evidence to the contrary. Seed Sovereignty constructs rigid distinctions between peasant seeds and industrial seeds, failing to engage with the phenomenon of creolized seed, the intermixing of farmer varieties with scientist-bred varieties. Creolized seed presents a narrative threat to Seed Sovereignty’s rejection of industrial seed. Both Seed Capitalism and Seed Sovereignty narratives obscure evidence relating to seed quality and yield that is in tension with their underlying agendas. A third discourse, Seed Pluralism, not previously identified as such by the literature, resists binary framings and recommends a multiplicity of approaches informed by the nuance of relevant facts. Tanzania’s seed governance framework predominantly reflects the Seed Capitalism discourse. While Seed Pluralism has a small foothold in Tanzania’s seed governance, through the Quality Declared Seed (QDS) system, overall Tanzania’s seed laws are threatening smallholder resilience. Positive reform under Tanzania’s current political settlement is unlikely. Pro-poor donors should withdraw support for governance frameworks rooted in Seed Capitalism, and instead promote seed governance reforms grounded in Seed Pluralism, including eliminating restrictions on smallholder seed exchange in low income countries.
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Tshabalala, Moloadi Johannes. „The right to basic education : what about farm school learners? / M.J. Tshabalala“. Thesis, North-West University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/1780.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the challenges faced by farm
schools in exercising the right to basic education. In doing so, also to
determine possible reasons behind learners' drop-out rate at farm schools.
This stUdy was prompted by political changes, which took place after the
democratic elections of April 1994, impacting on the provisioning of education
in South Africa. The South African education system and its institutions were
confronted by many laws and policies, including the South African Schools Act
84 of 1996 (84/1996), the National Education Policy Act 27 of 1996 (27/1996)
and specific obligations under the Convention on the Rights of the Child.
Through literature and empirical studies it was found that the State's
commitment to social justice, especially to education, remains unfulfilled for
large numbers of children, youths and adults living in rural areas. Literature
revealed that the South African government is failing to protect the right to a
primary education for learners living on commercial farms by neither ensuring
their access to farm school, nor maintaining the adequacy of learning
conditions at these schools.
The research findings revealed that poverty resulting from unemployment or
low income on the farms increases the need for teenagers to be in paid
employment in the evenings or at the weekend, increasing absenteeism and
ultimately resulting in learners dropping out, and an increase in child-labour.
The empirical method, using questionnaires, was successful in obtaining
information about what challenges are faced by farm schools in exercising the
right to basic education and the reasons behind farm school learners
dropping-out. It also established how participants felt and thought about their
experiences and perceptions on the challenges confronting the right to basic
education as well as the reasons behind farm school learners dropping out.
The study established that if the State could respect and fulfil economic and
social rights of the farm sChool community, including the right to basic
education, by eradicating measures that deny the enjoyment of the right to
education as seen at the farm schools, great progress and sustainability as far
as education is concerned could be achieved by these schools.
A number or recommendations were made with regard to the research on
findings for the Sedibeng-West District (08).Thesis (M.Ed. (Education Law))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2008.
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Stores, Chaun A. „African American farmers tilling for congressional attention exploring the agenda status of agricultural support policy and the hopeful permeations of civil rights (1940-1998) /“. Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2005. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=4065.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2005.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 161 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 144-155).
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Kganyago, Mpho Clementine. „Understanding farmer seed systems in Sespond, North West Province“. Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32486.
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Farmer-led seed systems (FSS) provide the backbone for small-scale farmers and many rural communities that use traditional methods of farming to produce seeds that grow and adapt to local conditions. FSS differ from one community and farmer to the next, depending on the methods and practices used to maintain seed varieties. Seed diversity can enhance FSS by improving livelihoods and strengthening farmers' networks, thus contributing to resilient communities. Although nuanced, the dualistic agricultural system in South Africa consists largely of subsistence (small-scale) and commercial (large-scale) farming and includes different crop management systems and post-harvest practices. In South Africa, maize (Zea mays) is a major staple grain crop with a significant role as animal and poultry feed. The North West region is one of the highest white-maize-producing provinces in South Africa. Maize seed systems include both traditional, openpollinated varieties (OPVs) and cultivars such as modern hybrids and genetically modified (GM) seed varieties, including those engineered for specific purposes. The dominant GM maize is that designated for pest resistance using Bacillus thuringienesis (Bt), a soil bacterium which produces a toxin that is fatal to a wide variety of insects such as moths and flies. Many small-scale farmers prefer their own traditional seeds for breeding, planting, selection, selling and consuming. However, FSS based on traditional varieties are threatened by modern cultivars which may be introduced in different ways including through seed exchange, purchasing at shops or by pollination from nearby commercial farms. This study was conducted in the Sespond community of the North West Province. The aim of the study was to understand how small-scale farmers in Sespond maintain traditional maize varieties through selection and storage in a complex agricultural landscape that incorporates both formal and informal seed systems. The formal system represents industrialised farms and companies that work with commercial seed. The informal system represents small-scale farmers who rely on their own seed. Qualitative methods included mapping software which was used to obtain visual agricultural data in and around Sespond. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 30 small-scale farmers to collect information about their farming practices, including the maize varieties planted. Quantitative methods included collecting 20 maize samples from different farmers for genetic analysis. Agdia® immunostrip tests were used to detect for the presence of Crystal protein (Cry protein) produced by the Bt bacterium, engineered to improve the resistance of maize against insects. The results showed that 13 samples were negative for the protein and seven samples were positive for the protein. A key finding is that small-scale farmers are not able to detect the different maize varieties in their seed systems. This represents a threat for traditional seed varieties in the community as without this knowledge, farmers are not able to adequately manage their production and storage systems. Farmers made use of alternative storage methods such as the mill to reduce seed damage they experienced at home. However, the findings of this research showed that there was an increasing risk of farmers' traditional maize being mixed with GM maize at the mill. Farmers' rights to plant and consume traditional maize were therefore undermined. This study recommends that (a) efforts are made to increase awareness among farmers that help to distinguish transgenes from hybrids and traditional maize varieties; (b) measures are implemented at mills to both improve the transparency about the storage and processing of traditional maize and to separate traditional maize from hybrid and GM maize.
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Du, Toit Johanna Helena. „An analysis of the elements of genocide with reference to the South African farmer's case“. Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1568.
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The definition of genocide encompasses not only the killing of a protected group as is so often erroneously believed, but also inter alia the causing of serious bodily and mental harm to a group and deliberately inflicting conditions of life on a group calculated to bring about its destruction in whole or in part. Eight stages have been identified through which conventional genocide goes. There is a closed list of four groups named in the Genocide Convention in respect of which genocide can be perpetrated. Problems have been experienced with the classification and the determination whether a group should qualify or not. In answer to this problem, the definition of the groups should be seen cohesively and attempts should preferably not be made to compartmentalise any group suspected of being targeted for genocide. The special intent required for genocide sets it apart from other crimes against humanity. The intention that needs to be proven is the desire to exterminate a group as such in whole or in part. The mention of “in part” opens the door for genocide to be perpetrated against a small sub-group which conforms to the definition of a group. The white Afrikaner farmer forms part of the larger white Afrikaner group residing in South Africa. Incitement to genocide is an inchoate crime and is regarded as a lesser crime reflected in lower sentences being passed for incitement than for genocide itself. The requirements are that the incitement must be direct and public. The required intention to incite must also be proven for a conviction to follow. The farmer who laid the complaint with the International Criminal Court, did so in the hope that the Prosecutor would utilise his or her proprio motu powers to instigate an investigation in South Africa regarding white Afrikaner farmers. The complaint and petition as well as the statistics used by the farmer paint the picture of incitement to genocide and possible genocide. The allegations are not specific and will have to be proven in a court of law for any such finding to follow.Abstract
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Sathirathai, Suthawan. „The adoption of conservation practices by hill farmers, with particular reference to property rights : a case study in northern Thailand“. Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.281978.
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Berkey, Rebecca Elaine. „Just Farming: An Environmental Justice Perspective on the Capacity of Grassroots Organizations to Support the Rights of Organic Farmers and Laborers“. Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1408359645.
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Kibugi, Robert M. „Governing Land Use in Kenya: From Sectoral Fragmentation to Sustainable Integration of Law and Policy“. Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/20268.
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The search for development that is sustainable often results in the complex challenge of having to reconcile the need for socio-economic activities with protection of the environment. This challenge of integrating such fundamentally important considerations that often contrast, but should be mutually supportive, is necessarily addressed by legal and policy frameworks of the country in question. These could be laws and policies with competence to manage the environment, or to manage socio-economic and political activities that impact the environment. This challenge is profound for developing countries like Kenya that experience higher levels of degradation, poverty and food insecurity. Arguably in this context, while addressing integration involves reconciliation of legal principles for a coherent legal concept of sustainability, it is also a serious matter of survival for millions of people. This raises compelling reasons to ensure that any legal reform measures positively impact how these people make decisions on the socio-economic utilization of land or forestry resources that they have access to. The research aimed to develop a legal and policy framework that will facilitate integration of environmental protection with socio-economic activities during land use decision making, as a mechanism to achieve sustainability. We investigated how a legal/policy framework, founded in the 2010 Constitution, and in environmental and tenure rights laws of Kenya, can conceptually reconcile the right (and duty) respecting a clean environment, with socio-economic rights. The research further analysed how such conceptual reconciliation can impact integration in policies, plans and decision making by sectoral laws and institutions to ensure environmental consideration across sectoral areas. To this end, we have proposed enacting a legal duty requiring tenure rightholders to integrate their socio-economic activities with environmental protection during land use decision making. We further frame mechanisms to guide the attitudes, and decisions of farmers and forest communities in making that transition to sustainable practices.
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Prince, Nick. „Agricultural property rights and the county farms estate in England and Wales“. Thesis, University of Gloucestershire, 2012. http://eprints.glos.ac.uk/1252/.
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Structural change across the agricultural sector in the United Kingdom has continued to reduce the opportunities for new farmers to enter the industry. This, in turn, has led to a reduction in and ageing of the agricultural workforce. The difficult situation has been compounded by conditions in the agricultural tenancy sector, which also reduce the number of opportunities made available to new entrants. These structural changes have, in theory, increased the significance of the County Farms Estate (CFE) in England and Wales as a widely recognised entry mechanism into tenant farming. However, little is know about the current structure of this service as it has received limited attention within academic research. This research provides the first detailed analysis of the CFE for over forty years. It adopts a property rights approach and focuses on the property relationships associated with State regulation and the ownership, occupation and use of the CFE. This allows an examination of its current structure and future potential as an agricultural service and as a county council and local authority asset. A three-stage, mixed methodology is developed, with the findings of the first two stages used to inform the detailed content of the final stage. The first stage employs a desk-based analysis of secondary data to explore the historic development and current structure of the CFE. Location Quotient analysis is used to map the geographical concentration of the CFE in relation to the wider agricultural and tenanted sectors at the county council and local authority level. The second stage uses an electronic questionnaire survey of estate managers to examine key influences on estate management strategy and their consequences for the use of, and relationships associated with, estate property. The final stage involves detailed case study analysis in three specific local authorities (Cambridgeshire, Gloucestershire and Powys). Here, the research focuses on the influence of state regulation on the ownership, occupation and use of property rights on each estate, as well as the consequential impacts on both landlords (county councils and local authorities) and tenants (new entrants and established tenants). The analysis of secondary and questionnaire data highlights how the geographical distribution of the contemporary CFE occurs mainly in two regional clusters: first, in the arable areas of eastern England; and secondly, in the livestock rearing areas of western and south-western England and Wales. Historically, the development of the CFE was influenced by direct regulation. However, it is increasingly being used to satisfy wider statutory obligations. This increases the level of potential socio-economic outputs obtained from estate ownership (agricultural provision, non-agricultural rentals, environmental, recreational and education). However, the rates at which individual county councils and local authorities engage with direct and indirect State regulation vary. Detailed case study analysis helped to identify how individual estate management policies can be categorised into one of four differing strategies: consolidation; partial disinvestment (rationalisation); partial disinvestment (core estate); and comprehensive disinvestment. These strategies are defined by the level and type of property retention. Each strategy has consequential impacts on the distribution of the rights to property, influencing the socio-economic benefits of estate ownership. As the rate of property disposal increases, so the level of socio-economic outputs falls. Property disposal does, however, increase the short-term economic benefits of estate ownership through sales receipts. At local and national levels, the CFE is a key source of agricultural property rights, particularly the provision of equipped holdings. However, many of those accessing these holdings are not new entrants and have previously held some agricultural property rights. Established tenants often progress their farm business by using their current holding as a base. Business expansion strategies include the occupation of additional land, on-farm diversification and off-farm employment. These often and invariably tie a tenant to the existing holding as a point of access to business and marketing opportunities, thus reducing opportunities for new tenants. In order to manipulate property relationships, tenants rely heavily on the family as a source of social and financial capital.
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Arisunta, Caroline. „Women, land rights and HIV/AIDS in Zimbabwe: the case of Zvimba communal area in Mashonaland West Province“. Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/233.
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This study explores women’s access to land under the customary tenure system. It examines how the changes in land tenure, access and rights to land as a consequence of HIV/AIDS are affecting agricultural productivity, food security and poverty, with a specific focus on women who have lost their husbands to HIV/AIDS in Zvimba. Zvimba is a village community located in Zvimba District in the Mashonaland West Province of Zimbabwe. The study also discusses policy responses designed to cushion the impact of HIV/AIDS on local communities especially women living with HIV/AIDS. The study highlights the vulnerability of widows to land rights violations, mainly inflicted by relatives but sometimes by the wider community. The main form of abuse encountered included the use of abusive language, threats of evictions and at times, beatings. The legal route for seeking redress was rarely used. Fear of witchcraft, low educational levels and fear of causing conflict between children and their paternal relatives also led widows to abandon the fight for their rights. The study further reveals that widows are heavily exposed to dispossession of their land rights. HIV/AIDS has increased the vulnerability of widows and other women to threats and dispossession of their land and other property rights. Dispossession of arable fields was observed in the four wards. The dispossessions and threats to livelihoods were directly related to the HIV positive status of the widows. The findings from this study illustrate the predominant role that male members of the household or family have over land. Thus, culture and traditional practices still affect women in other cases, disadvantaging them in favour of men, as in inheritance of land and property in the household.
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Jimenez, Michael. „To The CORE: The Congress of Racial Equality, the Seattle Civil Rights Movement, and the Shift to Black Militancy“. Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2012. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5323.
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This thesis compares the history of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) to that of its Seattle chapter. The study traces the entire history of CORE from 1942-1968 as well as the history of Seattle CORE from 1961-1968. The goal of this examination is to identify why Seattle CORE successfully fended off the movement for black militancy and consequently why national CORE failed to do so. Juxtaposing the two radically different histories shows an integrated organization, bureaucratic leadership, a plan of action based on nonviolent actions, and a strong attachment to the black community were the central reasons for the success of Seattle CORE, and conversely, these areas were why national CORE struggled. Moreover, this study shows the events and failures over the first two decades created a susceptible environment for the organization to abandon CORE's nonviolent ideology and the subsequent disintegration of the Congress of Racial Equality as the walls of Jim Crow broke down.ID: 031001481; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Title from PDF title page (viewed July 17, 2013).; Thesis (M.A.)--University of Central Florida, 2012.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 102-105).
M.A.
Masters
History
Arts and Humanities
History; Public History
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Lengers, Bernd [Verfasser]. „The relation between indicators for the crediting of emission rights and abatement costs : a systematic modeling approach for dairy farms / Bernd Lengers“. Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1045878626/34.
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Foua, Bi Kema Alexis. „Enduring child labour on Ivory Coast's cocoa farms : practicality of the ILO standards and the missed opportunities“. Thesis, Brunel University, 2014. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/10578.
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This thesis examines the enduring nature of child labour on Ivory Coast’s cocoa farms. The thesis shows that the role of the state in promoting instead of inhibiting child labour practices in the Ivory Coast favours the thriving of challenging factors to any prospect of a total abolition. This thesis focuses on the influences of traditions customary practices underpinning the child labour practice. The thesis shows the adverse role of Multinational Corporations operating in Ivory Coast’s cocoa industry. This thesis shows that despite Ivory Coast being a signatory to the ILO Convention on the Worst Forms of Child Labour 1999 (No. 182), the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (1999) as well as other regional and sub-regional legal instruments, the appropriate legal and policy response to child labour has yet to be provided. The thesis, therefore, offers the pedagogic approach as the shifting factor.
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Musandirire, Sally. „The nature and extent of child labour in Zimbabwe: a case study of Goromonzi District farms in Zimbabwe“. Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/266.
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The study examines the nature and extent of child labour in Goromonzi District farms in Zimbabwe. The main objective of the study was to investigate the nature and extent of child labour in Goromonzi District farms. The study reveals high levels of child exploitation and abuse. A qualitative design was chosen and purposive sampling was used. Interviews were used to collect data. The sample consisted of 40 children between 7 and 16 years. Interviews were also conducted with the Coalition Against Child Labour in Zimbabwe (CACLAZ). CACLAZ is an NGO that specializes in the elimination of child labour in Zimbabwe through the provision of education. The study reveals different forms of child labour. These include children working in communal and commercial farms, children working in domestic set up and child prostitution. The study exposes some of the causes and effects of child labour. Poverty, increased cost of education, and cultural practices were some of the causes of child labour. The study also reveals gaps that exist in the LRA. In view of the findings, the study makes recommendation on how to curb child labour and protect the rights of children as enshrined in various international instruments such as the CRC and ILO Conventions.
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Hurst, Laurie B. „Evidence of Agrarian Urbanism: Land Use Preferences of Residents Living on Small Acreage Farms or Large Lots with Animal Rights in Cache Valley, Utah“. DigitalCommons@USU, 2013. http://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/1541.
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Until the last half century, land development patterns in the Intermountain West were designed after the Mormon settlement pattern. With its gridiron streets and in-town farmsteads, this pattern gave families the opportunity to grow crops and raise a few animals on their one acre or less in town with the added advantage of having a social life. Over the last century, small farms have dwindled and large farms have increased in size. However, in the Intermountain West the farmstead tradition continues with families who grow gardens and raise animals on their large city lots, who value self-sufficiency, and who thrive in wide open spaces. To better understand the land uses and preferences of this population, a research survey was mailed to a sample pool of residents of Cache Valley, Utah who live on large lots with animal rights. They contributed an array of data about their backgrounds and how they are specifically using their land. Their responses validated the existence of a continued agrarian culture and gave insight on how they felt about trends in conservation subdivisions and common open space. A range of opinions about ideal lot size supported rural planners' suggestions to develop lots of varying sizes to meet the needs of a diverse population. Small farms on large lots can be a valuable part of a sustainable urban and rural environment. Local vegetables and agricultural products bring nature and natural processes back to an urban setting and reduce the environmental footprint imposed by extensive shipping. Culturally, small farmers provide a connection to the past and fulfill a lifestyle choice for a rural-minded population. Particularly in the Intermountain West, planners need to integrate these small farms into their developments to preserve the rural character of towns and cities of the region.
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Luck, Kelly. „Contested rights : the impact of game farming on farm workers in the Bushmen's River area“. Thesis, Rhodes University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004144.
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This thesis is an investigation of the impact of commercial game farming on former farm workers in the Bushman's River area of the Eastern Cape. In its examination of the broader economic and political changes that have facilitated a move from agriculture to game farming, it analyses how these changes affect farm workers. The main concern of the thesis is the ways in which farm workers (at the local level) respond to changes at the national and global level (legal and political changes, the advent of tourism, and the injection of foreign capital and businessmen into the area). Lack of knowledge about their rights under the current political dispensation, as well as the perceived need for mediation between themselves and foreign landowners, points to a general sense of powerlessness. Feelings of alienation from local government structures aimed at fulfilling this function indicate a significant gap between the statute at the national level and the local reality. Local reality is informed by a strong conservatism which is generated by African Independent Church structures and local Xhosa perceptions of manhood and respectability. This conservative discourse leads to a frame of reference which is largely informed by pre-1994 interactions with farmers and government. This results in a situation in which farm workers, largely unaware of their rights in the new dispensation, operate as they did in the past; waiting for landowners to decide their fate for them. What ensues is a lack of meaningful interaction with government and landowners, perpetuating their subjugation and cynicism as to whether government structures are in fact working in their interests. The thesis comes to three main conclusions. The first is that game farming has been negatively received by farm workers due to the associated threats of unemployment and eviction. The second is that despite high levels of subjugation, even the very poor are agents to some degree. The creation of a masculine identity which is internally articulated, as opposed to outwardly expressed, and the grounding of reputation in the family suggest that farm workers have developed mechanisms to deal with their disempowered position. Lastly, farm workers are in possession of social capital which has made it possible for them to deal with their low status in the societal hierarchy. This includes the Church, family and fellow community members. These coping strategies have however proved a disadvantage in the current era because they prevent direct communication with landowners, government and NGOs.
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Rantlo, Montoeli. „The role of property rights to land and water resources in smallholder development: the case of Kat River Valley“. Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/386.
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Property rights are social institutions that define and delimit the range of privileges granted to individuals of specific resources, such as land and water. They are the authority to determine different forms of control over resources thus determining the use, benefits and costs resulting from resource use. That is, they clearly specify who can use the resources, who can capture the benefits from the resources, and who should incur costs of any socially harmful impact resulting from the use of a resource. In order to be efficient property rights must be clearly defined by the administering institution whether formal or informal and must be accepted, understood and respected by all the involved individuals and should be enforceable. These institutions influence the behaviour of individuals hence the impact on economic performance and development. The thesis has attempted to determine how the situation of property rights to land and water affects the development of smallholders in the Kat River Valley. Data was collected from 96 households who were selected using random sampling. To capture data, a questionnaire was administered through face-to-face interviews. Institutional analysis and ANOVA were used for descriptive analysis to describe the property rights situation, security of property rights and the impact of property rights on the development of smallholder farming. The results show that individual land rights holders have secure rights to land and water resources while communal smallholders and farmers on the invaded state land have insecure rights to land and water resources. The results from institutional analysis show that the situation of property rights negatively affects development of all smallholder farmers in the Kat River Valley. There are various institutional factors that negatively affect development of smallholder farmers in the Kat River Valley. Based on the research findings, some policy recommendations are made. These include consideration of the local context and strengthening of the protection of property rights.
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Ulaner, Magnus. „Privatiseringen av de växtgenetiska allmänningarna : Konsekvenserna av regimkomplexet kring växtgenetiska resurser för bönders rättigheter och matsäkerhet“. Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för livsvetenskaper, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-17472.
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This thesis discusses the global regime complex concerning the management of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture, and how different regimes concerning these resources cooperate or stand in opposition to each other. Because of changes in US patent law and the establishment of TRIPS, patent claims over plant genetic resources has increased dramatically globally. This, amongst other things, in turn has lead to the development of CBD which in turn lead to the creation of access and benefit laws in many countries. To create a free flow of genetic resources for food and agriculture the ITPGRFA, with its multilateral system, were negotiated. The aim of this thesis is to investigate which consequences the regime complex concerning plant genetic resources for food and agriculture can have on the rights of small farmers, agricultural research and food security in the global South. The thesis shows how patents and strict access laws creates a situation where more and more actors has exclusive rights which excludes others from using these, for the global food security, essential resources. Further it is shown that there also are processes going on within the UPOV that risk to take away farmers right to save seeds, and thereby make them dependent on the more and more monopolistic global seed markets dominated by a few multinational corporations. It is established that ITPGRFAs multilateral system is an opening in this hyperownership of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture; but that the international community at the same time has to see to that the patent claims on plant genetic resources not violate farmers’ rights to their resources.Denna uppsats behandlar det globala regimkomplexet för förvaltningen av växtgenetiska resurser för livsmedel och jordbruk, samt hur avtalen rörande dessa resurser samverkar eller står i motsättning till varandra. I och med förändringar i amerikansk patentlagstiftning och upprättandet av TRIPS har patentanspråk på växtgenetiska resurser ökat dramatiskt, vilket i sin tur påverkade tillkomsten av CBD vilken innefattar upprättandet av lagstiftning rörande tillträde till och den rättvisa fördelningen av nyttor härstammande från, genetiska resurser. För att möjliggöra ett relativt fritt flöde av växtgenetiska resurser har ITPGRFA med dess multilaterala system fram förhandlats. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka vilka konsekvenser den nuvarande globala förvaltningen av växtgenetiska resurser för livsmedel och jordbruk kan få för jordbruksforskning, småbönders rättigheter och matsäkerhet i Syd. Uppsatsen visar på hur patent och tillträdeslagstiftningar skapar en situation där fler och fler parter innehar rättigheter att utestänga andra från att nyttja dessa, för den globala matsäkerheten, essentiella resurser. Vidare visas på hur det samtidigt pågår processer inom UPOV som riskerar att undanta bönder rätten att spara utsäde och därmed göra dem beroende av de i allt högre grad monopolartade frömarknaderna, vilka domineras av att fåtal multinationella företag. Här konstateras även att ITPGRFAs multilaterala system är en öppning i detta hyperägande, men att det internationella samfundet samtidigt måste försäkra att patentanspråk inte kränker bönders rättigheter till sina resurser.
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Williams, Brian Scott. „Perpetual Mobilization and Environmental Injustice: Race and the Contested Development of Industrial Agriculture in the Yazoo-Mississippi Delta“. The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1366218013.
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27
Matondi, Prosper Bvumiranayi. „The struggle for access to land and water resources in Zimbabwe : the case of Shamva district /“. Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 2001. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/2001/91-576-5805-6_abstract+errata.pdf.
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28
Baysse-Lainé, Adrien. „Terres nourricières ? : la gestion de l'accès au foncier agricole en France face aux demandes de relocalisation alimentaire : enquêtes dans l’Amiénois, le Lyonnais et le sud-est de l’Aveyron“. Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE2087/document.
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Cette thèse se demande en quoi les demandes de relocalisation alimentaire contribuent à transformer la gestion de l’accès au foncier agricole. Plus largement, il s’agit de comprendre comment le partage des terres entre les personnes souhaitant y avoir accès prend en compte la diversité des modèles agricoles et alimentaires. Le corpus étudié se compose de mobilisations de terre pour une agriculture nourricière de proximité, qui sont menées par des acteurs publics locaux, le mouvement Terre de Liens et des agriculteurs. Leur analyse est réalisée de manière croisée, à partir d’enquêtes conduites dans trois zones d’étude françaises couplant ville et campagne.Le projet de relocalisation est d’abord porté par une large diversité d’exploitations. Son inscription spatiale complexe et les représentations territoriales qui y sont liées invitent à redéfinir la catégorie de "local" en matière alimentaire. Ensuite, les mobilisations de terre participent à renouveler les voies d’accès au foncier : des stratégies domaniales misent sur la mise en œuvre localisée de modes de gestion du foncier alternatifs, tandis que des stratégies réticulaires ciblent la circulation de l’information foncière. L’application du cadre des faisceaux de droits foncier permet d’analyser les réajustements des limites respectives de la propriété et de l’usage de la terre. Enfin, les rapports de pouvoir présidant au partage du foncier, qui font notamment intervenir les Safer et les représentants de la profession agricole, ne sont modifiés qu’à la marge. Au-delà de rares cas de gouvernance de la coexistence foncière des modèles agricoles, la thèse indique comment comprendre l’objet d’étude depuis une perspective de justice foncièreThis dissertation focuses on how the rise of local food issues impacts the way access to farmland is managed in France. This question fits into a a broader concern about how processes of allocation of land take into account the diversity of agricultural models. My corpus is made up of case studies of land operations benefiting a relocalized agriculture and carried out by local public authorities,the civic movement Terre de Liens and farmers. I study them through a cross analysis of surveys undertaken in three regions associating a city and the surrounding countryside : the Ami´enois, the Lyonnais and the south-east of the Aveyron departement.Fist, the relocalization project appears to be implemented in a wide variety of farms. Its complex spatial scope and the related social representations call for a renewed definition of the ”food localness” category. Second, the land operations help renewing the means of accessing farmland. Estate strategies rely on setting up alternative farmland management styles at a local scale, whereas network strategies target land information flows. Building on a bundle of rights framework, the dissertation analyses how the demarcartion between property and use of the land evolves. Third, the power relationships governing the allocation of land are only incrementally modified, as the Safer and traditional farmers’ unions remain at the center. Beyond scarce cases of governance of the land-based coexistence of agricultural models, the dissertation build up a land justice frameworksuited to France
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Ching-JungLin und 林靖蓉. „Discussion on the Intellectual Property Right Protection of Genetic Modified Crops from the Perspective of Farmers’ Right in the Constitutional Law“. Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/gsxa37.
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碩士國立成功大學
法律學系
106
The paper discussed how to protect intellectual property right (IPR) of genetic modified crops without invading farmers’ rights. The paper reviewed how the U.S. and the European protect IPR of genetic modified crops. Besides, the paper introduced the concept of Farmers’ Rights in three international treaties. Consequently, the paper argued that a new Constitutional right-the right of farmers-should be protected by Article 22 of the Constitutional Law based on the protection of the right of property, the right of work, the right of existence and fundamental national policies rights in the Constitutional Law. No matter what kind of IPR a genetic modified crop is protected, the IPR of the genetic modified crops should be restricted accordingly in order to balance the rights of farmers. Three suggestions have been proposed to amend the Patent Act. First, the right for a patentee to demand a person to stop the infringement towards its genetic modified crops should only be allowed when the person is an intentionally infringer. In the case of non-intentional infringer, the patentee should compensate the non-intentional infringer. Second, patent exhaustion should be adapted when the patented product is plant. The owner of the patented genetic modified crops should be allowed to save seeds on their own holding but cannot exceed the amount of he/she bought from the patentee. In addition, to pay the license fee to the patentee is required. Lastly, it is legislators’ obligation to add a new article allow farmers to save and exchange seed on their own holding but cannot excced the mount of the farmer bought from the patentee.
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Venter, Theo Muller. „The right sized cow for emerging and commercial beef farmers in semi-arid South Africa : connecting biological and economic effeciency“. Diss., 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/26004.
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Text in EnglishCow size influences biological efficiency of individual animals, which influences herd composition and stock flow. This in turn influences the economic efficiency of the herd. This research followed the thread from animal size, to biological efficiency, to economic efficiency for beef cattle production under a typical production system in semi-arid South Africa. Cattle were grouped into three groups namely small, medium and large cattle, with mature weights of 300kg, 450kg and 600kg respectively. The net energy requirements of individual cattle were calculated for maintenance, growth, lactation and foetal production, for each of the three sizes. Growth rates, milk yield, reproduction rates, and management practices were assumed from existing research. Next the stock flow for a herd of small, medium and large cattle were calculated from the above. Income and expenses as commonly used in the research area were calculated from the stock flow. Gross profit above allocated costs were subsequently calculated for the three herds under the above-mentioned conditions. When assuming similar reproduction and growth rates for small, medium and large mature cattle, the following results were obtained: more heads of small cattle could be held on a set resource base, but the total live weight of a herd of large cattle that could be held on the same resource base was greater. This was mostly due to proportionately lower maintenance energy requirements in the herd of large cattle. In the simulation in this study, maintenance energy requirements for the herd of large cattle was 71.2%, compared to 72.0% for the herd of medium cattle and 73.1% for the herd of small cattle. Income from the herd of small cattle was the lowest, as less kilograms of beef were available to sell. Allocated costs for the herd of small cattle were the highest, due to a large number of expenses being charged per head of cattle. As a result, the herd of large cattle were more economically efficient than their smaller counterparts. Income above allocated costs for the herds of large, medium and small cattle were R1,182,865, R1,085,116 and R946,012 respectively. Larger cattle generally have a lower reproduction rate under similar conditions. No equation exists that directly links size to reproduction rates, especially considering the vast number of variables that influences reproduction rates. However, in the form of scenarios, it could be calculated that, given a reproduction rate of 80% for mature small cattle, when reproduction rates of large cattle were 24.7% lower than that of small cattle and the reproduction rates of medium cattle were 15.4% lower than that of small cattle, the large and medium herds became less profitable than the small herd. Smaller cattle mature faster than larger cattle which provides the opportunity for early breeding. When small cattle were bred early, at 15 months, at a calving rate of only 44.5% it was more profitable than when the same cows were bred at 24 months. When medium cattle were bred at 15 months, a calving rate of 37.0% was needed to be more profitable than when they were bred at 24 months. Even when the herd of small cattle were bred at 15 months with a reproduction rate of 100%, it could still not match the profitability of the herd of large cattle bred at 24 months given the reproduction rates of all other classes of animals were similar. When the herd of medium cattle were bred at 15 months, at a calving rate of 53.7%, it matched the profit of the herd of large cattle that were bred at 24 months, when the reproduction rates of other classes were equal. Scenarios were considered were feed intake was limited. When feed was limited to a specific amount, smaller cattle were more biologically efficient and cattle with potential for small mature sizes would grow to a larger size than cattle with potential for medium and large mature sizes. When feed was limited by a factor of the calculated energy requirements of small, medium and large cattle, large cattle were more effective. This is because large cattle use proportionately less energy for maintenance, which allows more energy to be allocated to growth, lactation and foetal production. When energy was limited to an amount per unit of metabolic weight, small cattle were more efficient than medium and larger cattle in the growth and production phases. Small, medium and large cattle were equally efficient (or inefficient) in the maintenance and lactation phases. Energy requirements of cattle in South Africa are commonly calculated using the Large Stock Unit (LSU). The LSU typically overestimates energy requirements for cattle, except in the lactation phase. When using the LSU to match small, medium or large cattle to a resource base, the LSU overestimates energy requirements of large cattle proportionately more than that of small and medium cattle. This is excluding the lactation phase, where energy requirements for all three sizes are underestimated and that of large cattle underestimated proportionately more. There are more considerations when matching cow size to managerial practices. A smaller body size is a natural adaptation to a semi-arid environment and this adaptation can be expressed in different ways. The number of animals on a resource base has implications on management practices. Having more heads of cattle on a resource base increases genetic variation of the herd, allowing for genetic progress to be made faster than in herd of fewer cattle.
Agriculture and Animal Health
M.Sc. (Agriculture)
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„Intellectual property rights, genetically modified seeds and farmers' food sovereignty : the case study of South Africa“. Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/917.
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This dissertation discusses the concepts of Food Security and Food Sovereignty and
the introduction of biotechnology into the international agricultural sector. It
specifically focuses on the effects of the introduction of Genetically Modified seeds
and Intellectual Property Rights.
By discussing the effects of biotechnology and the concurrent implementation of neoliberal
market-oriented economic policies, this dissertation aims to highlight
international Food Regime developments during the last half century. In South Africa,
the case study, these developments have bifurcated the national agricultural sector and
strengthened the relationship between Agricultural Trans National Corporations and
subsequent governments. This has led to the promotion of large-scale commercial
farmers in the formal market sector, at the expense of the food sovereignty of smallscale
traditional farmers in the informal market sector.
A substantial portion of this discussion concerns the role and behaviour of the United
States, as the dominant economic power post World War II. Strategic agricultural
support given to individual nations during the Cold War, shaped the contemporary
international Food Regime. In addition, the United States' Food Aid program (an
attempt to resolve its overproduction) and its promotion of neo-liberal policies
through supranational institutions have created an environment in which Agricultural
Trans-national Corporations have emerged, consolidated and become increasingly
influential. By embracing biotechnologies and lobbying governments to assist in their
introduction and protection, these Agricultural Trans National Corporations have
substantially altered the relationship between farmers and their crops.
This dissertation analyses the South African agricultural sector in the light of the
international Food Regime, taking into account its domestic legacy. A legacy
characterized by: Centuries of discriminatory policies; a close relationship between
the governments of the United States and South Africa; neoliberal friendly economic
policies; the adoption and promotion of biotechnologies; Intellectual Property Right legislation; and a heavily bifurcated agricultural sector in which small-scale
traditional farmers are effectively losing their Food Sovereignty.Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2008.
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CHANG, CHIH-CHI, und 張志吉. „Protection of Farmers' Rights after the Implementation of Plant Patents from the Perspective of International Conventions“. Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/6ga27m.
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碩士嶺東科技大學
財經法律研究所
103
There have been breakthroughs in the life sciences and technology during the 21st century, but the world’s population increases rapidly each year. At the end of last century, the total population in the world was 6 billion. According to the statistics from United States Census Bureau on March 2012, the total population in the world was 7 billion , and will increase to 9 billion or even 10 billion by 2050. n addition, based on statistics from Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, there were 0.925 billion people suffering from undernourishment in 2010 . In this case, following the Great Depression from 1929 to 1933, the Energy Crisis beginning in 1973, and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome （SARS） in 2003 , the food crisis has become a potential problem every country needs to pay attention to. To solve this problem, genetically modified food （GMF） was created in the biotechnology industry, and those genetically modified organisms （GMO） and genetically modified foods （GMF） created with gene transfer technology are under a concrete application phase and have become star products among biotechnology companies . Therefore, whether to grant patents for new substances based on genetic modification has become an important issue. In the historical development of patents, disputes relevant to patents for genetics constitute the broadest and longest-standing . However, genetically modified food is actually a technological product of human beings tampering with the laws of nature. Producers have said that this can solve famine and reduce the usage of pesticides, however, its production doesn’t actually increase or even decrease these things . Furthermore, in the long run, it will cause irreversible damage to human sustainability and the earth’s ecosystem . For example, Monsanto Company , along with the Food and Drug Administration （FDA） released genetically modified milk containing recombinant bovine growth hormone （BGH） through attractive marketing and using clear and accurate scientific descriptive language. Therefore, people should understand the nature of GMF safety（or more precisely, harmful effects） before using it to solve the food shortage, as more and more evidence indicates that GMFs are unsafe. Although GMFs are broadly used in our daily lives， we can’t avoid issues relevant to their safety and bio-ethics. On the contrary, we shall consider what norms shall be established for this technology so as to prevent governments or companies utilizing genetic modification from forcing people or other countries to accept GMFs. The purpose of this study is to explore international norms relevant to important GMF products and provide deep analysis of the environmental disputes and impacts on farmers in Taiwan if animal and plant related inventions are the objects of patent protection. Furthermore, due to traditional family farms lacking related biotechnology, they are unable to compete on the scale of those professional biotechnology companies. As a result, their livelihoods will be severely impacted. Based on existing global plant patent norms, this study will discuss how to utilize intellectual property rights as a strategy to both protect farmers’ legal rights and maintain the global competitiveness of our agricultural biotechnology after the implementation of plant patents.
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Wang, Ho-Lin, und 王和麟. „A Study on the Perception of Plant Variety Rights and the Business Model Among Bulb-Flower Farmers“. Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/41816370664713792283.
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碩士國立中興大學
生物產業管理研究所
105
Since the enactment of the Plant Variety and Seed Act in Taiwan in 1988, the agricultural producers have progressed from improving techniques towards protecting intellectual property rights. According to 2014 Agricultures Statistical Yearbook, the area of bulb flowers production has reached 577 hectare, which was the second largest of the cut-flower production in Taiwan. However, such a large amount of production relies almost entirely on the import of bulbs. Regardless of whether the business of bulb flowers could be sustainable, The issues of plant variety rights (PVRs) should not be underestimated because of they are undoubtedly critical to whether the business of bulb flowes can be sustainable. The PVR system may enhance the progression of marketing models and benefit the development of bulb-flowers business. Thus, there might be impacts on the entire flower production in our country. In this study, understanding the current practice of bulb-flowers production was the starting point, followed by the study on the perception of PVRs and business models adopted in the flower industry. Finally, this study tried to explore the business model that could improve the flower industry based on the farmers’ current perception of the PVRs, in order to keep pace with their counterparts around the world.
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Chang, Wei Fu, und 張維甫. „Research exemption and farmer’s privilege in plant intellectual property right protection in Taiwan─the perspective of comparative jurisprudence“. Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/9w24ys.
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碩士國立清華大學
科技管理研究所
103
Given that the need for food, the adaption for climate change and the cure for diseases are emerging challenges in the 21st century, to accelerate breeding new plant varieties to address these challenges is regarded therefore, as the effectives way. The emphasis on plant research and development makes intellectual property right (hereinafter: IPR) protection for plants become a hot issue. Although there are already laws and regulations in place to offer intellectual property protection for new plant varieties, exemptions of IPR left for researchers and farmers are inequitable. Scopes of exemptions either defined by patent or plant variety rights in some major countries in the world serve good references for improving domestic regulation in Taiwan. Historically from the narrowest US system to the fairest European one, they have already impacted on Taiwanese IPR system. In the mean time, when review of the Taiwanese ‘Plant Variety and Seedling Act (PVSA)’ is in process, to deliberate upon a sustainable IPR system is necessary. This thesis proposes to introduce mechanisms such as proportional reward to breeders/farmers of merit for innovative application of research results, discounted royalty payment of preliminary research conducts, and broader exemption for negligence of the third party. By means of the system reform in plant IPR protection, a hopeful environment for plant breeding research and agricultural growing will be expected.
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Taylor, Anthea Wedgwood. „African seed systems : the crises of food security and the rights of the farmer in Africa's globalising food regime“. Thesis, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/10539/24562.
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A research report submitted to the Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (International Relations), 2017Through a close reading of the changes that have occurred within African agriculture using Food Regime Theory, this study will attempt to further understand the impact that has been felt by small-scale farmers who are a dominant feature of African agriculture. This paper will seek to understand the influence that the increased corporatization of agriculture through globalization has had on the small-scale farmer in Africa. As agriculture has become more and more corporatized and commodi:ied, it becomes important to consider the changes that have occurred for those actors within the industry and how these changes will impact them. This paper is attempting to do that through a close reading of the changes that have taken place within an integral part of the agricultural process: the seed.
GR2018
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Chuan-Siang, Ciou, und 邱傳翔. „The Civil Rights Movement in Johnson’s Administration- A Case Study of James Farmer and the Congress of Racial Equality“. Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/26091607473731704063.
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碩士中興大學
歷史學系所
95
The 1960’s in the United States was an era that all voices could be expressed and a crucial time for the African-Americans. In 1963, after the assassination of J. F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson succeeded as President. The rapid growth of the civil rights movement during 1963-1969 was a result of the Johnson administration’s constructive actions. The pass of the Civil Rights Act by the Congress represented the government’s amelioration of racial issues and reactions to the calls of the civil rights movement as well as an emblem of breakdown of racial segregation in the nation. In the age of civil rights movement, Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), an age-old and one of the “Big Four” civil rights organizations, was the first to bring the non-violent approach into civil rights movement. James Farmer, a co-founder of CORE in 1942 and the first CORE national director from 1961 to 1966, played a critical role in non-violent method since the founding of CORE through the transformation of the ideas of non-violent in late 1960’s. The Johnson administration’s civil rights legislation and the enthusiastic civil rights organizations were both the main factors of the civil rights movement’s unparalleled achievements. In order to pass the Civil Rights Act, Johnson and the federation government established contacts with civil rights organizations. The civil rights organizations, in the meantime, expected to gain the rights, freedom and equality that they had been anxious for for so long under such amicable relationship. The relationship between CORE, Farmer and Johnson was established with such societal background. However, as Farmer and CORE opposed the government’s Vietnam policy publicly, along with the growing difference of cognizance toward civil rights movement among CORE, Farmer and Johnson, the relationship finally faced its disruption. This study explores the contributions of Johnson, CORE and Farmer to the civil rights movement and examines the connections and relationships among CORE, Farmer and Johnson.
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Belling, Frank Edward Albert. „Case studies of the changing interpretations of land restitution legislation in South Africa“. Diss., 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/920.
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This study briefly discusses land restitution in several countries in Europe and the Americas, the history of land deprivation in South Africa, and the legislation introduced to remedy the inequality of land ownership.
Differing interpretations of the legislation in respect of the valuation of land to be purchased by the state for restitution purposes and the valuation formulae recommended at various times by the state and its advisors are discussed. Some of the problems encountered in the implementation of the South African restitution program, including the highly emotional expropriation/confiscation issues, are mentioned.
Three case studies based on these differing interpretations are given. The case studies illustrate the evolution of the interpretations of the legislation concerning land restitution valuations in South Africa.School: Management sciences
M. Tech. (Real Estate)
38
Hong, Jui-Kuo, und 洪瑞國. „Research on the Justification of the Control of Agricultural Land Separation-Conflict Between the Policy of the Constitution of Farmer's Property Rights“. Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/6h69ed.
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碩士國立高雄大學
政治法律學系碩士班
106
The people’s property rights can be divided into Obligations , Rights In Rem , intangible asset rights, and public law returning claims. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the property rights, like other human inborn powers, had absolute control over the use of dispositions. Absolute freedom was enjoyed, but the views on property rights changed somewhat after the 20th century, and it was held that the obligation imposed by the state on the exercise of property rights based on the public interest, if not excessive, was still permitted by the Constitution, which was the social obligation of property rights. Restrictions on property rights are generally required to be retained by principle of legal reservation and must not violate the principle of proportionality and the principle of improper connection forbidden, unless otherwise stipulated by the statute, and the statute of restriction must be adopted by the Parliament on third reading, and must comply with the constitutional necessity, public welfare and the principle of non-compliance with the principle of proportionality, or if it is declared unconstitutional and ceases to apply, it may impose restrictions on the people's property rights. Under the premise that current policy mining property rights are socially obligatory, today’s administrators often use this as a basis for the formulation and implementation of policies and then impose obligations on the people’s property and limit the right to control the people’s property rights. The extent of minorities that do not exceed social obligations should be tolerated. According to historical opinions, there is no violation of the constitutional provisions that guarantee the protection of people’s property rights. Like land policies, land is also a common property right that is subject to social obligations. For example, The 37.5% Arable Rent Reduction Act. restricts landlord property rights, the proportion of statutory open land in construction sites, and Article 16 of Agricultural Development Act stipulates that the parcel of land after the arable land is divided is subject to a minimum area. Limits on the number of pens...etc. Since the land use department is most often subjected to social obligations, it is worth discussing whether or not all social obligations of land and property are necessary, whether there is a principle of proportionality, and whether the means and purpose are relevant. This study will make a preliminary discussion on the current system of agricultural land segmentation, starting with the constitutional property rights restrictions, and summarizing the land control policy, and then examining the current restrictions on agricultural land and arable land segmentation, and implementing the practice of the current land registration authority. Cases of disputes, with relevant practitioners through in-depth interviews, to explore the rationality and necessity of segmentation restrictions on agricultural land, so that China's land resources can be properly used, and improve the efficiency of land registration agencies, and rationalize the value of land transactions, in the national land policy Balance points with people’s land property rights.
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Muyengwa, Loveness. „A critical analysis of the impact of the fast track land reform programme on children’s right to education in Zimbabwe“. 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/2170.
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Muyengwa, Loveness. „A critical analysis of the impact of the fast track land reform programme on childrenâs right to education in Zimbabwe“. Thesis, 2013. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_7371_1380714351.
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Zamchiya, Phillan. „Changing labor, land and social relations on commercial farms: a case study from Limpopo, South Africa“. 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/3157.
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Magister Philosophiae (Land and Agrarian Studies) - MPhil(LAS)Over the past fifteen years, the South African government has extended various land, labour and social rights to farm workers, ranging from provisions of basic labour rights in 1993 to the minimum wage in 2003. Literature suggests that social relations on commercial farms do not remain static in the context of policy changes. This thesis sets out to understand the ways in which social relations have or have not changed, on one commercial farm in Limpopo province, South Africa, and to establish factors that impede or promote such change as well as the consequences for farm workers’ daily lives. Drawing from the interpretive and critical social science philosophical perspectives, the thesis adopts a qualitative research methodology that takes into consideration the experiences and perceptions of farm workers, farm managers, the farm owner and key informants from government institutions and civil society. At a theoretical level the study is informed by four paradigms namely: the materialist perspective; the total institution thesis; paternalism; and structuration theory. It considers three overlapping conceptual models of understanding relations between farm owners and farm workers namely the welfarist, workerist and transformative models. The paper argues that, in the past decade, the extension of farm labour and tenure laws to the farm sector has eroded the welfarist relations between the farm owner and farm workers. There is now a rise in workerist relations in a context of unequal power relations tilted in favour of the farm employer. The thesis concludes that in order to adequately understand land, labour and social relations, one has to consider the politics of land ownership as well as the politics of agricultural capitalist employment.
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Ketchell, Shelly D. „Re-locating Japanese Canadian history : sugar beet farms as carceral sites in Alberta and Manitoba, February 1942-January 1943“. Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/16585.
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This thesis examines Alberta and Manitoba sugar beet farms as carceral sites for displaced
Japanese Canadians during the Second World War. Previous literature has focused on the
relocation of Japanese Canadians but has not addressed the many distinct sites that marked the
boundaries of incarceration for Japanese Canadians. By exploring issues of citizenship and
history, this thesis examines the many ways that regulation was imposed on Japanese Canadians
by state and extra-state organizations and individuals. This subject was explored using critical
discourse analysis of the Calgary Herald and the Winnipeg Free Press for a twelve month period
beginning February 1, 1942, two months prior to the announcement of the Sugar Beet
Programme and ending January 31, 1943, as original beet contracts covered only the 1942 crop
year.
My analysis follows two major themes: sugar beet farms as carceral sites and the use of
citizenship narratives to both legitimize and erase Japanese Canadian labour. Utilizing Fbucault's
notion of 'carceral', I show how disciplinary strategies were used to strip Japanese Canadians of
their social, economic and political citizenship. While Japanese Canadians were never formally
incarcerated, I argue that the term carceral needs to be reworked in order to include losses of
liberty that are not formally sanctioned. I examine newspaper reports regarding official state
policy, local community responses, protests and individual letters to the editors, and conclude
that, indeed, Japanese Canadians underwent surveillance, supervision, constraint and coercion,
all markers of incarceration.
Citizenship discourses were a crucial tool of both state and non-state agencies. Further,
'whiteness' was central to these discourses. Citizenship discourses such as patriotism and duty
were directed at 'white' citizens to encourage their acceptance of Japanese Canadian relocation.
Further, these same discourses were used to recruit a volunteer 'white' labour force. However,
despite the significant contributions of Japanese Canadians to this wartime industry, never were
these types of discursive rewards or the subsequent material benefits offered to them. Further, the
voices of Japanese Canadians were also silenced by the media. Thus, Japanese Canadians
became invisible and silent workers who could claim no voice and thus, no membership in the
nation.Arts, Faculty of
Sociology, Department of
Graduate
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„An economic analysis of the institutions related to the land rental market of rural KwaZulu-Natal“. Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/1700.
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Previous studies by Thomson (1996) and Crookes (2002) in land rental markets of rural KwaZulu-Natal were based on the premise that rental markets brought about efficiency and equity gains. Indeed these gains were proven by econometric analyses in both studies. Poor households that lacked the labour, time and other resources to farm land prior to the introduction of the rental market, tended to leave their arable land idle. In participating in rental transactions, land transferred from these poor households to households with the resources and the willingness to farm; and rental income was earned by the poor households. The current 2003/4 survey sought to evaluate the gains in two new areas, Mhlungwini in the Estcourt District and Duduza in the Bergville District, not covered in previous studies. Institutional interventions, related to the land rental market, in Mhlungwini and Duduza, had started in 2000 and 1993 respectively. Equity and efficiency gains were again proven as Lyne (2004) reports. While Chapter 2 provides an in-depth review of literature related to the theory of economic institutions, Chapter 3 applies this knowledge to Thomson's (1996) pilot project on institutional reform. This project, in terms of its action research that bore the ex ante transaction costs of willing participants, set in motion a process of institutional change leading to the development of the land rental market. The introduction of a formal contract, approved by the tribal authorities, served to give credence to rental transactions. In addition, institutional changes were made to reduce the likelihood of crop damage by stray cattle on arable land, in order to encourage willingness of households to lease in land. Recommendations were made by Thomson (1996) to further increase the exclusivity of arable land property rights. Options were evaluated by the author for institutional reform of communal grazing resources. This is to prevent degradation of grazing land caused by overstocking. Recommendations were made to promote sustainable use of the land. Chapter 4, apart from briefly analyzing the current survey results, provides two comparative studies of institutional reform, the first related to Australian water resources and the second related to land registration experiences in Africa. The last section of the Chapter evaluates a proposal for introduction of formal financial services to rural farmers.Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2005.
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Zulu, Nqobile. „Local perceptions of the fast track land reform programme (FTLRP) in Umguza resettlement scheme in Zimbabwe“. Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/3424.
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Magister Philosophiae (Land and Agrarian Studies) - MPhil(LAS)Fast track land reform in Zimbabwe has caused a raging debate drawing a lot of attention to the re-distribution programme. The invasion of commercial farms had a bearing on agricultural production, food security, security of tenure, rule of law and respect for property rights. This thesis examines the implications of such a frayed land reform resulting in strained donor and government relations. The crux of the argument is that land reform is harmful and damaging when the rule of law is flouted, directly impacting on social and power relations at grassroots level. These strained relations result from a lack of commitment by government, external donors and white commercial farmers to correct land injustices from the colonial period and ineffective agencies of restraint. This thesis will test these perceptions and views basing on the experiences of the grassroots people. It will also attempt to test whether the land question in Zimbabwe has finally been resolved or there are still aspects to it that need attention, since land reform is often viewed in moral and political terms. Was poverty alleviation prioritized in fast track land reform by giving land to the landless poor; to help redress population imbalances or meant to reward those who struggled for liberation? The thesis attempts to answer the question of ‘equity’ or restructuring of access over production and ownership of land. It then questions the equity trump card as touted by the government. Did the government commit another injustice while trying to redress past injustices by overlooking the rightful claimants in favour of entrenching state power? This thesis contributes to the raging debate on fast track land reform in Zimbabwe, using the case study of UMguza resettlement scheme.